THE GEOGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVENS, AND CLASSBOOKOFASTRONOMY, ACELESTIALATLAS. BYELIJAHH.BURRITT,A. If. REVISEDANDCORRECTED BYO.M.MITCHEL,A NEWYORK: PUBLISHEDBYHUNTINGTONANDSAVAGE, 216PEARLSTREET. CINCINNATI :-H. W.DERBY&.CO. 1849. TABLEOFCONTENTS. P ~ a &P ~ a & Pre&ee to thelint edidlm, 7Ur-. major, 110 ..Mitehel'. edition,.11BoO..,. .. 128 PreIimiDarychapter,17Draco,.180 MagnitwIeeof stan,".18ComaBezeaicea,. 1M UOll8t.ellatioos19CanesVenatici,. 138 Right..-naion and decIiDatiou,20COlODa BomaIis, 138 Siderealtime,..22Leominor, 139 'rable bliDding meridianJIU"TheLynx, 140 BlIp of objec&sinmean time,KLibra,. 141 Correction lOr mean fromappa- Scorpia,..j 44 renttime,28Ur-.minor,"148 DefinitioIII,..28CepheuB, 163 GreekaIphabet,.MCameloperoWl,166 Andromeda,87BagiUariWl,.167 PtllIIII1I8 et Caput Mem.., 40ScutumSobielki,159 Triangulom,44Hen:nles,161 CIIIBiopeia,45CygnWl,186 Piscea,.51Lyra,.170 Aries,55AquilaetAntinoWl,.174 Cetus,.82DelphinWl,.,177 Tauma,~86VulpeculaetAnser,. 179 Orion,.728erpentariusvelOphiuchus,.181 Eridanus,79Pegasus,...188 Auriga,.81Equulus velEqui8ectio,.189 Gemini,85Aquarius,190 Cancer,:90Capricomus,194 Canis minor,93Rising,culminating, and setting Monoceros,.95oftheVisibleconateUatiOl\ll Canismajor,96ineachmonth, 198 Leomajor,.102Filled stan, PIII1I11u,. 201 8e1ltaus,107Distancesof the/hedstan, 206 Hydm,108Mi1kyWay,.. 208 Virgo,.1181 Cluaten md Nebula,. 207 Carvus, 118AatzaI.,.atem and central sun, 209 "(v) TABLEOFCONTENTS, PAS.. ,PAS.. 8oIar.,....,.. III INeptaDe, sst TheSuD, 110 IComebI, 186 Men:ury,. 116 'TranIIati.oD of the IIQDtJuoush Venlll, 119'1IpIIIlII,....... .. 198 The Earth,. 138Law of grantation,. 198 TheMoon, MeAUrIeIiveandprojediletimlell,SOl SolarandlUJletEelipa, 163~ , . 308 EcIiJI- oCtileaun,.. . t56N utatlon, Ahcjrrati.ou,. 304. Ecli.- of the Moon,. 168ParalIu:,. 806 Man, 181'RefracIicm, 306 TheAIIIianJidI, 1184.Tw.,.. S07 Jupiter, 170 I The 8euoaI,. 811 8atum, 176AII&ronomiealIDltramlmll,. 811 t!nnUi atB...... 181QUIIItioDI, tabJe8, &co, 8M PREFACE TOTHBPIRBTEDITION. IBAVBlong felt the want of aClassBook, which should betothe starry heavens, what Geography is to the earth;awork that should exhibit, by means .ofappropriatedelineations,thesceneryofthe heavens,thevariousconstellationsarrangedin theirorder,pointoutandclassifytheprincipal stars,accordingtotheirmagnitudesand places, andbeaccompaniedatthesametime, with such familiarandillustrations,adaptedto recitation,asshouldbringitwithinthepale of popularinstruction,andthe8copeof juvenile understandings. Such awork I have attempted to supply.I have endeavored to makethedescriptions of the starsso familiar,andtheinstructionsforfindingthemso . plain, that themost"shouldnotfail to understand them.Inaccomplishing this, I have reliedbutlittleuponglobesandmaps, orbooks. I veryearlydiscoveredthat it wasan easymatter to sit downbyacelestialglobe,and, bymeansof anapprovedcatRlogue,andthehelpofa.little graduated slip ofbrus, make out, in detail, a minute (vii) viiiPREFACE TOTHEFIRSTEDITION. descriptionof thestars, anddiscoursequite fami..; liarly of their position, magnitude and arrangement, and that whenall this was done, I had indeed given the pupil a few additional facilities for finding those starsupontheartificialglobe,but which left him, after all, about asignorant of their apparent situa-tion in the heavens, as before.I came, at length, to theconclusion, that any descnption of thestars, to bepractically useful,must bemade fromacareful observationof thestarsthemselves,andmadeat the timeof observation. To beconvincedof this, let any person sit down toacelestialglobeormap, andfromthisalone, makeoutasetofinstructionsinregard to some favoriteconstellation, andthendesirehispupil to traceout in thefirmament, by means of it, the vari-~ u sstarswhich he has thus described.The pupil will finditlittlebetter thanafancysketch.The bearingsand distances, and especially, thecompar-ative brightness,andrelativepositions, will rarely beexhibitedwithsuchaccuracythattheyoung observer will be inspiredwithmuchconfidencein hisguide. I have demonstratedtomyself,at least,thatthe mostjudiciousinstructionstoput onpaper forthe guideof theyoung inthisstudyare thosewhich I haveusedmostsuccessfully, while inaclear eve-ning, without any chart but thefirmamentabove,I havepointedout,withmyfinger,toagroupof listeners, the variousstars which composethisand that constellation. PRU'ACETOTHEEDITION.ix Inthisway, theteacherwilldescribethestars asthey actually appear to thepupil- takingad-vantage of those obvious and more striking feature. serve to identifyand todistinguishthem from allothers.Now, if theseverbalinstruction8be committedtowriting, andplaced inthe handsof anyother pupil, theywill&nswernearly the same enc.Thisisthe method whichI havepursuedin this work.The descriptivepart of it, at least, was notcomposedbythelightof thesun, principally, of alamp, but by thelightof the stars them-Havingfixeduponthemost conspicuous star,or groupofstars, ineachconstellation, asit passu!themeridian,andwithapencilcarefully Dotedall the identifying circumstances of position, brightness,numberanddistance - their geom4ricalallocation, if any, andsuchotherde-scripti'\e featuresas seemed most worthyof notice, I then lI3turned to my room to transcribe and classifY thesenemoranda in their proper order;repeating theSaIDobservationsatdifferent hoursthe same evening,and onother eveningsat variousperiods, fora of year_;always adding such emen-dations81subsequentobservations matured.To satisfYmYlelf of the applicabilityof theBedescrip-tions,Ih_egivendetachedportionsof themto differentand sent them out tofindthe stars ; and I havehad the gratification of hearing them"everythingwasjust asI had describedit.,Ifapupilfoundanydifficultyin recognizin,.,star,Ire-examinedthedescription \ XPREFACETOTBEFIRSTEDITION. tosee if it could bemade better, and when I found it susceptibleof improvement, it wasmadeon the spot.Itisnotpretended,however, thatthereis not yet much1:oomforimprovement;forwhoever undertakestodelineMeordescribeeveryvisible starintheheavens,assumesatask,intheac-complishmentof whichhemaywellclaimsome indulgence. PREFACE TOIU'OHEL'BEDITION. To extraordinary discoveries :which have mark-ed theHistoryof Astronomy. duringthelast few years. demandcorresponding changes in the books designedfortheinstructionof thosewhoseeka knowledgeof thisscience.Feeling confident that nothing can bemore important. than the furnishing of ourschoolswith valuableeleinentary works in science.Ihavebeeninducedtoundertakethe revision and the re-writingof alargepartof the wellknownschoolbook,TheGeographyoffJuJ Heavena.Inconsequenceof the rapid advance in Astronomy. andtheimportantchange, whichhas recentlycommencedinourcountry, inthemode ofpros8Cuting its study, this revision has become ab-solutely necessary.When this work first appeared therewereveryfewtelescopesintheUnited Statee, andof theseavery smallproportionwere employedintheschoolsand academies. asmeans of instruction.Hence, atthattime,anydElscrip-tionofthetelescopicobjects,foundwithinthe (xi) xiiPREFACETOMITCHEL'SEDITION. limitsoftheseveralconstellations,wouldhave been almost useless.Withinthelastsixyearsa newerain sciencehason ,ourcountry.A zeal andardorhasbeenaroused initsbehalf, which, atonetime,was regarded as quiteimpossible,inconsequenceofthepeQuliar natureof ourgovemmentandinstitutions.The reproachcastuponusbyEuropeans, forour utter neg]ectofscience,if everjust,isnolongerso. Onlyafe. years have p88Beci, since thefirst. elfort wasmade toarousetIMAmericanpeopletothe importanceofthecultiVationofAstrenomical loienC&,and.wenowareabletopoint to no less thanthreefil'lltcl818observatories,aUerected withinthelut fiveyean,atpointswidelydis-tantfromeachother.The.examplethussetin theWestandtheEast,baspramptedtoactive ejfortinmany partsofoureaotry, and,atthis time, thereisscarcelyaschoolorcollegeof any rank, at which it has not been J'et!lolvedtoattempt thefoundingof anAstrOJu)JniceJObservatory,of greaterorleumagnitude.Tomeettheserapid changes. inthemodeofconveyingthetruthsof Astronomy, and to present,.in I.imple and intelligible form, the results of the recent important discoveries, win be the main objects of attention in the: revisidn of this work. A large put of theMythological noticeswill be PllEI'ACBTOMITCHEL'SEDITION.xiii omitted, lUIlessimportantthanthedescriptionof telescopicolUectsfoundinthevariousconstella-tions.These objects, consisting ofnebulm, clusters, double, triple,multipleand binary stars, rich fields andvacantspots, willbenoticed,anddescribed, their placesgiven, anddrawingsof themoreim-portant objecta, with anote of the diameterof the olUectglasswhich willshow them, andtheir observationpossible. Amongthenewtopicstreated, wemaynotice the followingas someof the moreimportant. The subject of the binaryand doublestars, their distancesandperiodsof revolution,hasengaged the attentionandtalentof manyof thebest As-tronomersof the .world, forthe last twenty years. Tlieserevolvingsunswillbefoundtofilltheir appropriateplacesintherevisedwork.The en-largingof thelimitsof thesolarsystem,bythe discoveryof aplanet exterior toUranus. theextra- meansofitsdiscovery,itssubsequent history,aDdtheelementaof itsorbit, constitute a topicof deepinterest;add to thi. thediscovery of fivenewasteroids, within the last twoyears; and theperfectionof thetablesof all the old planetal and we find most import&llt advances in our knowl-edgeof the solar sy.tem. In the structure of the Sidereal HeaveDII, and onr lmowledge of the distribution of the stan in space, d"PAEtACETOMITCHEL'SEDITION. littlehadbeendoneaftertbedeathofSirW. Herschel, until ,within the" lut few years.The dia-coveryoftheactualdiatanceofafixedstar, by Bes8el, gave anew impUlseto the inveetigation of these 'sublimesulUects.Thistriumphof Bessel wasspeedilyfollowedbymanyothers,of alike kind.M.Argelanderdemenmateathemotionof thelunandsolarsysteminspace,andthe point towards whiQhit ismoving;M.OthoStrive determines- its annual angular motionas seen from the fixed' stars . of the 1lrst magnitude;and, finally, M.Petera, of RU88ia,fixesthe distance of the stars of thesecond magmtudf4 fromthemeanparallaX ofsomethirtystars,deducedfromobservation. Withthese,data, iUld' thepreceding investigations of, Sir W. Herschel, M.Strtive,Pulkova,Russia, commencesadisCUI!Isionof thedistributionof the stars in space;the popUlousness of the Milky Way aad the heavens, generally, in stars;determines the relative distances' of thespheresof the fixed stars of the different magnitudes;and, ftnally, their abso-lute di8tances, andtheactualvelocityof thesun antisolarsystemthrough If Weaddto thesetopicsthediscoveriesby LordRosse's great reflector, the' changesintheviewshitherto enter-tainedonthesubjectof LaPlace" nebular hypO. the.aI,'andMUter'.thbOty', or 'thegreateentml sun, we'.d:that tile "t, feW-year. 'have ,. PllEFACETOMITCHEL'SEDITION.xv most wonderful, and the most trnitful, in the whole history of Astronomysince thetime of Newton. The necessity of a new editionof the Geography of theHeavensneed not be urged,after what has been said.To meet the demands, a new set of star charts have been preparedexpressly forthiswork, andthetextwillbefoundtoconformtothese charts. MOVJrTABU., .,l1t, IIKB. TUEREVI8ED GEOGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVENS. PRELIMINARYCHAPTER. To phenomena ofthe heavens have excited the curiosity, and fixedthe attention, of mankind, in all ages of the world.The beautiful. clustering of the bright stars, the moving plUlete, theextraordinary changesof themOOD,thephenomenaof theday and night, werethemesforstudyataperiodso remote, thatneither "historynor tradition reach far enoughbackinthepast,totelluswhenorby whom, these researches were commenced, or prose-cilted.From the earliest ages, do-.n to thepresent time, thescience ofastroRomy h .. presented prob-lems, t&XiJlgthe. highestpowersof the human in-tellect,andrequiringfortheirsolutionthemost profound reasoning, the moet accurate observation, the most powerful instruments, a.nd an ardor, ~ r s e verance and devotion, which have signalized hUlnan effort in no other dtlpartment of scientifio research. "Theheavensdeclarethegloryof God,"and the sllCC6asfulexamination of these same heavens, haa most perfectly demonstratedthat other great truth, that man has been made" but a little lower than the angels."Bytheeffortof hi8genius, he has risen toaknowledgeofthestructureandlaw.ofthe universe, hehas vindicated the wisdomof God, in thebeautifuladjustmentsofthemovingplanets, and the harmoniousrevolutionsof amultitude of worlds, linked together byamysteriouabond.He 17 18GEOGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVENS. hasextendedthedominionof lawtotheremote stars, andhascomputedtheperiodsof'thesefar distant orbs.Butthesesublimeresultshavenot beenobtainedbyanysingleindividual,or byany onenation.Thegreatproblemoftheuniverse hasbeengiventothe human race, and its solution haRbeenthe progressivework of all nations, inall agee, forthe last six or seventhousand At the end of this ,'ast period,wegather the f'ruitsof all . precedingeffort,andcondenseintonarrow limitsthat knowledge, to gainwhich,has required the highest intellectualactivityof thebestminds which have adorned the earth. Inlookingout, ofaclearnight,onthestarry heavens, wefindamultitudeof brilliantobjects, scattered over'the sky, without any law or order in theirWereadily remark agreat dif-ferenceinthebrilliancyofthestars,andour attentionissoonfixeduponcertaingroupsof brighterobjects,whoseconfigurations,orrelative positions,enableustofindthem,readily,when they are in the visibleheavens.Thediversity' in brightnesshas occasionedtheclassificationof the stars,inorderof theirbrilliancy.Thebrightest occupythe first class, and are called 8tar8 tf tkeJir8t mognitrule.Of thesethereareonlyafew.From the brightest stars downto those just visibletothe naltedeye,thescalehasbeen 'sodividedthatit comprehends Bizmogni,tude8,the number of stars in each class increasing as the brightnessof the class decreases.We have six magnitUdesvisible tothe naked eye, and thenthetelescopicstars carry the seriesdowntothesixteenthmagnitude,andeven still lower.In the description of any star, then, we must always giveitsmagnitude,as onemeansof fixingits identity.But as therearemany starsin each class, themagnitude, alone, wouldnotserve topointoutaparticularstat.In the early ages PRELIMINA.RYCHAPTER.19 of astronomy, the hea,'ens were dividedinto certain subdivisions, or groupsof stars, called ronatellation6 .. and thefigureof someanimal, or other object, was as!Jigned, whose outlinewouldembrace all the stars inagivenconstellation.Thesesubdivisions have beenretainedinmoderntimes,andalthoughat-tendedwithmanyinconveniences,theyaretoo firmly fixed, and toointimately woven, in all works onastronomy,ever tobechanged. There isno resemblancebetweenthe configura-tionofthestars,andtheobject,whosenameis assigned to the group;yet whenthelimitsof the constellation,as fixedby theoutlineof theobject whoi1enameitbears, becomesaccuratelyknown andlaiddownonmaps,thesesubdivisions,or constellations of stars, greatlyassist inobtaining a knowledgeofthe heavens.We may even identify astar, byknowingitisthebrightestof agiven constellation.Torenderitpossibletodesignate thestarsofeachconstellation,theyhavebeen named after the letters of theGreekalphabet, until theseare exhausted, calling the brightest star after the firstletter,andsoondown.Incasethe num-ber of letters isinsufficient togivenames to all the visiblestars in a constellation, theRomanalphabet iscalledintouse,andafterthisisexhausted, the Arabic characters, 1,2, 3,&0., areemployed.Thils we callthe brightest star intheconstellatioJ;lof the Swan,a.Cygni,orAlphaqftJuJSwan,'thenext brightest in thesame constellation is called f3Cygni, or BetaoftheSwan;Cygnusbeing theLatinfor Swan,andCygni,meaning rf tJuJSwan.The same istrue of the other constellations,theLatin names beingalwaysretainedinthedesignationof the ~ ~ .. If theconstellationscontained avery fewstars, and thoseof markeddifferenceof magnitude,this modeof designatingthemmightbesufficient for 2,0GEOGRAPHYorTHEHEAVENS. their. identifieationanddescription.Butin, eon-sequence of the multitude of stars: and thedifficulty otdistinguishingthemfromeachotherbytheir magnitudes, ithasbecomenecessarytofixtheir positionsintheheavens,astheplacesonthe earth'ssurfaceare bytheirlongitudeand latitude.Theterm/ilappliedto heavenlyl>odies,arerightascenaioR. and tleclination, which termswe proceed todefine. To ussunappears tomoveamong the fixed stars, and in the course of one year to return again to the pointdeparture.If histrack could be mark-ed byleaving behind himahrightlineof fire,this line.would befound to Qeacircle traced out among the fixedstars, andthistrackof thesuniscalled theediptic..', . Therearetwopoin"inthilltrackof especial interest, fromthefactthatonthedayswhenthe sun occupies them; the length of the day and night is exactlythesame, each being twelve hours.These points, on the ecliptic or 8un'strack,are called the equi1UJCtialpoinJ.s.Theonethroughwhich thesun passesin the spring is called the 'VtJrnalequi7lOX, that occupied by the sUDin autumn is called the autu11l1l8l equi7lOX.' Each dayandnight thesun, and other heavenly bodies, appeartodescribecirclesintheheavens, calleddiunu.dcircles.Theyareallparallelto each other.Thatdiurnalcircledescribedbythe sun,at eitherequinox, iscalledthe t;elestiolequator, or the equi1UJCtioJ.If the equinoctial could be marked byalineof fireintheheavens, it woul\. befound to cut the sun's. track, or the ecliptic, in two opposite points, which we havealreadycalled the equi1UJCtial points.To fixthe place of a star, or other heavenly body, it is referred to the equi1UJCtial, or celestialequa-tor.A star on the northsideof theequinoctilllis in 1Wrtllerndec1iflll#un,and oneon the south side of PRELIMINARYCHAPTER. 21 thesame circle isinsoutJaerntlecli1UZtirm.To meas ure the distance of any object inthe heavens, north or south of the equator, an imaginary circle is drawn throughthe object perpendicular to the equator, and the distance measured on the circle thus drawn from theobjecttotheequatoriscaneditsdecli1/lltion. Knowingthedeclinationof astar, northor south ofthe equator, doesnotsufficetofixitsplace in theheavens.Ito ~ l ylocatesit on the circumfer-enceof asmallcircleparallel totheequator, and distantfromitbyanamount equal to the known declinationof theobject.Tofixtheexact poirit of the objectonthissmallcircle, it isonlyneces-sary to know how far the circle, drawn throughthe objectandperpendiculartotheequator, cutsthe equatorfromthevernalequinox.Thisdistance measured onthe 'equator, fromthe vernal equinox round eastward, iscalled therightascension.Any circle drawn throughaheavenly body, and perpen-dicular totheequator, iscalledameridian.That meridian whichpassesthrough equinoctial points, is calledtheprimemeridian,ortheequinoctial co-lure.Anystar, orheavenlybody, situated on the prime meridian, has no rightascension, or itsright ascension is equal tozero.In case the equator be divided into twenty-four equal parts, and meridians bedrawnthroughthepointsofdivision,these meridiansare called hour circles.Aheavenlybody situated on the first hour circle, eastof thevernal equiaox, has one hour.of rightascension;if it be on the secondhourcircle, east, it will have two hours of right ascension, and so round, through the twenty-four hours of rightascensionto the vernal equinox again.. That point intheheavens, directlyabove us, in whichaperpendicular to the sUrfaceof stillwater, carried upward, would piercethe celestial sphere, is calledthe%CI/.ith.If thesameperpendicularbe GEOGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVENS. topass downwardandpierce 'thelower hemisphere, the point of piercing is ca.lled the 1IOdir. The circle perpendicular to the equator, and passing throughthezenithofanyplace,isca.lledthe meridianof thatplace.Allpoints on the earth's surfaceinthe samewill have the same meridian. The instant when the vernal equinoxreaches the meridianof any place ontheearth's surface, i. the beginning of the sidereal day, which terminates when the vemal equinox shall have passed entirely round andreturnedtothemeridianagain.A clock, or watch, soregulatedastomark 0 hoursat the in-stant whenthevernalequinox isonthe IJ).erWian of agivenplace, andtomark thehoursfrom0to twenty-fourhoura,iscalledasiderealclock,and keeps sidereal time.It will befoundthat the right ascension (marked R.A.) of each isgivenin this work.In case the right ascension of astar is 3 h.12Ol.10s., ittellsusthatitwillreachthe 'meridian 3h.12m.'10 s.afterthevernal equinox haspassed it.If the time, aB'shown byasidereal clock, is lessthantheR.A.of astar, thenthestar hasnot yet reached the meridian;on the contrary, shouldthetimeindicated bythesidereal clockbe greater than theR.A. of any object, then the hbalreadyp$8led themeridian, and is westof it by an amountequal to the differencebetweenthe sidereal timeaud ,theR. A.Torenderthisclear, take the followingexamples., The R. A. of astar is 4 h. 26 m.10 s., the sidereal time is 3 h.15m. 25 s.Isthe star east or west of the Itiseastofthemeridian,andto findthe amount bywhich it iseast, .... L FIOmtbeR.A.=41810 8libtraet8Iiiiiithe time. Dia:= 110til PRELIMINARYCRAPTER. In caSethe siderealtime is 6 h.12 m. 20 s.,then thestarhasalreadypassedthe andil west by an amount foundasfollows: ....L PIOm the time=0II 10 8ab&nIet the A.R. =. 1810 Diit=o.a 10 Or the ltar i80 h. 46m.10 I. WAstof themeridian. Anyone p08l!essingasiderealtimepiece, whether clock or chronometer, will.find no difficulty in fixing the place of aheavenly body,asto itsangular dis-tance east or westof themeridian, at any hour in thetwenty-four.Thedeclinationoftheobject, showsitsdistancenorthorsouth of theequator, and combining tbe t.wo,theA.R.and theDeclina-tion,wehavetheexactpositionof .theobject in question.It frequentlyhappensthatperlonsare notprovidedwithsiderealtimepieces,butmay possessverygoodsolarclocks,chronometersor watches.MeanBolartimeisreckonedfromthe instant, thatthecenterofthemeansun(or one moving with themeanmotionof thetrue Bun),is on the meridian.Itdiffersfromsiderealtime,by 3m.56.5554B.ineachtwenty-fourhours,ora siderealclockgainsthatamountdailyonamean solar clock.Henceweperceivethatmeansolar andsiderealtimeseldom,if ever,agree.When any heavenly bodyisonthemeridianof agiven place, awell regulated sidereal clock will show the timeexactlyequal totheright ascensionof the body. Nosuch relation exists between meanStJart';m8and theright a8Ce1I.8itm. To findtheinstantthataliobject,whose right ascensionisgiven, reachesthemeridia.n in mean solar time, orthat.bOWDbyordinaryclocksand watches, the followingtable has been computed:,. J.... -. .." 14GEOGRAPHYOFTHE- ---i- liar."'1"'. "-, ,..,....IopLOct.Now.Doe. ..... bolD.b....b... h.ID.h.m...Ia,,,b.Ill......... lao 1 i14,301I12231sl,21it 1120111151:3191131935131 11,5OU267I08,z:j15 III2311110,1116151113 1511lr7931 1lr7 31504II6aI04131121IV1916.17121507131211114927112 46 0024910123or II 16 1812;17 081504 1308 11110,23718 6146U 450619304,111121108,'1704150013051117 II19 714 64 512 41063 2300 21!!'l11104161181458130111139 111109 7:447 1I:rr0491266;2104 190016116145:.!121111109 911705 8'441123304622 113,21OU1866UI51144811154 1106 8or 101 9143U 04UIl 491106818 6118471444III50 11Ol!903866 104 3U 2S0:'" 12451105218 47il1143 1441111471058 859 6 11429 2210361124211048181814:rr III431055 866841 12426 110312238!*I 1838ui1433 123810 6185184:1 131'4III213027 34,20411835 16311421IIIJ6 1047 841639 14,41st 09024 I!!31110:rr 183118 17 14110II 31 1043 843II34 164112 05020 22lr711033 1827 .. 1422 12t9 1040 838ft 30 16'403 20101622 23/110lID18falf6191418III261036835626 114 04111101322 20 202518188161414II 211032 830621 1811369IM009121611021181416111411 III1810 1!8 8116616 19358 I50006 221220 1718 10 16or 14or 121410 25 8226111 20,'861I(600211208201318 0611611-1140311111110 111818608 21347 I4l1li3lIBIII 05110OIl1802ISS9 13119111or 1017 814603 22'342I38 2355 lIS01lID05 17671566 J3661120310138 09559 233381 341936121511100117411115113hill 0610 10" 05554 24 31MI311'23472111311111117491547 n48'115810 06 801650 15 33DI27 2844 2150 18113174&III4:1I3451111310on S7646 1103is I13 9340 21(619491141'1&39134111\499118163 641 213 111.119;933611421846IT37 15351337 11411964 748 03& te3 17I1623 33 213819 4111 31 Iii3113 341142II50 744532 111131tll1423 112135 1931 1128 152711330 \I389477405:!II 30 309 28251113119321724 1523 13116113594:173Ii5113 311306. 12312. 19 118 161913231 ...9385It A fewexampleswill 8uffice to explain the use of thistable. GiventheA.R.ofSirius= 6h.38m.07 8.-required theapparent time of its meridian passage, on January11th. Ruu.-To1MnumlJerplaceduppoaite1M date,add 1MA.R. if 1Mstar, allfou/nIlinthiswork. B.".. 'l'huI:A. R. of 8iriUII = 88807 Tabular No.,1900 Sam110708 PUI,I'MIlfAllYCIIAPT&L I OrSiriuspasses themeridianat 11h.07m.08s. apparenttime. ExAuLE.-Requiredtheapparenttimeorthe ........meridian pllSl$ageof Vega,onMay30th. ....L A.R.of Vega =1831M TabularNo.=193100 8um= 38OIlM 8abUaet 24 hoursM0000 Merjdianpa-ae1403Mapparent time. It will ~noticedthattheforegoing computations have been made for apparntI. time.Thisis slightly dift'erent from the time shown by clocks and watches, called meantime..ApparenJnoonistheexactin-stant when the trae 8un's center is on the meridian. IIIconsequenceoftheapparentirregularmotion of thesun, thereisavariabledifferencebetween o:pparentor tnuJ- time,or that shown by the sun, and 1IIIl'aRtime,or that shown by the clock. Since we rely forourtime on theclock, we here present a table whichwillexhibit the mean daysin the year, onwhich aclockOrwatch, regulatedto mean time, will be an even number of minutes faster or slower than the sun. Fromthi8table it is easy to reducetheapparent tWeofanymetridianPfP,sage,foundbythepre-ceding table, tomean or ~ r o c ktime.To be rigidly accurate, thecorrectionshouldbetaken fromthe nautical almanac, or other accurate ephemeris, but for Ol'dinary gazing these table. are quite sufticient. In ease the IIDIIproduced by addins to the tabuJar number oppoaita . the given datetheA. R.of the Itar, or other hea"f8lllybody, be gJe8Iier thIpa &wenly-tOar bola, tiom the IIDII IUhIract bnIDty.6ar bo-. UId the NIIIIIIiDder will be the ~time. of IIIIIIidiIIl ,...... C 26GEOGRAPHY01'THEHEAVENS. Now,returningtotheexamplesalreadygiven of themeridianpassagesof Siriusand Vega;the fiJ'8tof these starswas foundtoculminate or pass the meridian at 11 h.07 m.08 s. apparent time, on the 11th Jan.Bythelast table,onthe11thof Janu-ary, the clockis8 m.fasterthanthesun.Hence theculminationbytheclock,willtakeplaceat 10h. 69 m.08s. Again, Vega was found to cuhninate at 14 h.03 m. 34 s.,onthe30thMay,apparenttime.Bythe preceding te.ble, onthe 28thofMay theclockwas 3 m.slower' than the sun, andgainingoneminute in 7 days, or about 9s.perday.Onthe30th the clockwillbeslow,about2 m.42 s.;andhence Vega will culminate, by theclock,14 h.03 m.34s .. + 2m. 42s.=14 h.06 m.16s. Theseapproximationsaresufficientlyaccurate forordinary purposes.. The firstte.ble willnot be inerror more than 1 m. fortwentyyears,whenthestarswillculminate about oneminute laterthan shown by the te.ble. From allthe foregoingconsiderations wededuce the following dtfinititm8 : The magnitude of a star is its brightness compared withany star IlRsumedasastandard. A star of the 1stmagnitude is of the highest order of brightness. PRELIMINARYCBAPTEIL.'27 All stars below the 6th mognittule are only rendered visible by telescopicaid.' A cunstel1t.d:i.r,isagroupof stars falling within thelimitsoftheoutlineofany animal orobject whose name it bears, and whose figure is conceived tobedrawn in the heavens, and isactuallydrawn on globesand maps of theheavens. The ecliptic,is the pathwhich the sun appearsto describe in ayear among the fixedstars. The erpuztoror the equinoctioJ, isagreat circle cut &omtheheavensbyproducingtheplaneof the earth's equator tomeet thecelestialsphere.The equi1llXl:eSare the points in which the celestial equa-tor and the ecliptic cut eachother., DiurnoJ circles, are those circles which the h e a v e n ~ lybodiesappeartodescribeeverytwenty-four hours.They are all parallel tothe equator. Meridio:ns,are great circlesperpendiculartothe celestiaJ.. equator,and meetingin thepoints 'called the1I.01'tkand sUI.IiApolesof the heavens. Huur circles, aremeridians, cutting the equator so astodivideitintotwenty-fourequalparts;the firstpoint of divisionbeing at the vernal eqainox. The zenith,isthe point in whichaperpendicular tothesurfaceof still water,piercesthecelestial IiIphereabove. The nadir, is where the same perpendicular pierces the celestial sphere below.' The meridian of any place;is thegreat circle,per-pendiculartothecelestialequator,andpassing through$e zenithof theplace.The rigltJ, ascension of aheavenly body, isitsdistance east of the vernoJ equinox,reckonedon the celestial equator. The declinationof aheavenly body, is its distance northorsouth of theeqnator, measured on ameri-dianpassing through the heavenly body. The declinationisexpressed in degrees,minutes and seconds, of agreat circle, andisexpressedby 28GlWGlUPBYOFTHBHEAVENS. thesesymbols,O,I".Thilswewrite 12 degrees, 17minutes, 10 seoonds:120 17'10".. A Wlereol day, is the interval fromtheinstant the vernal equinox is onthe meridian of agiven place, till~ tagain reaohf>sthe same meridian. A tf"U8solar day,istheinterval fromt h ~instant theoenterof the true SUDisonthe meridian of a given place, till it again reaches the same meridian. A meansolarday,'is theintervalfromtheinstant that the center of animaginary sun(moving with themeandaily.mo.tionofthetruesun) ison the meridianofany givenplace, tillitreachesagain the meridian of the same plaoe.. Theequi1UJCtiolcolure,isameridianpassing through the equinoctial points. ParaJlels of declination,aresmallcircles, north o.r so.uthof the e.quator,and parallel to it. TherationBlhori%07&,isaplane. passing through theoentero.ftheearth, andperpendiculartothe radiusdra.wntoany placeontheearth'ssurface. Itdividestheheavensintotwohemispheres,the upper being the 'Visihle,the lower the in..n.ilJlehemi. sphere. Any heavenly bodyisin theactof rising,when . it passesfrombelow up through theplaneof the ratiuruilhorizon.It issetting,whenin theactDf passing below this same plane.. ThesensiJJlehorizon,isthecirclelimiting:our view, Drwhere the earth and sky appear to meet. Verticalcircles,passthrough thezenith, and per pendioular to the horizon.. The prime tJertfcol,is thegreat oirole, whichouts the horizollin the east andwest points. Beforeproceedingtoanexplorationofthe heavens, it. will be necessary to acquire 80me know-ledgeoftheclassesDfolUects; theindividualsof which will behereafterdescribed.ThemO,stca-sual observer oannot fail,onthefirstexaminat.ion PRELIKINAllYCBAPT&L of the heavens, tonoticean irregular zone, of une- ' qual brightness, called the Milky Way, which is seen to sweep entirely round the celestial sphere.This brightzone is foundto consist of millionsof stars, scattered with rich, but irregular profusion, through-out its entire extent.. Nearly all its stars are below the sixth magnitude, and are, of course, invisible to thenakedeye.But .thesmallesttelescopicaid revealsmultitudesof stars;andasthepower of thetelescopeisincreased,thenumberofstftrs broughttoviewiucreasesinalikeproportion. Although, according to the investigations of modern science(tobemorefullyexamined hereafter),we may not fix absolute boundsand limits tothemil-lionsof stars composing the MilkyWay, yet if we confineourexaminationstothericherordenser portions,weareabletoassignafigurewithin whoselimitstheMilkyWaywillbeconfined. Were it possibletoenclode all thestars composing theMilkyWayinsomeopaqueenvelope which would shut them out fromall space beyond, within thisenvelope andnot very far fromitscenter, our own sun, itself afixed star, would be found.Having thus enclosed the stars of the MilkyWay in imagi-nation, it isfoundthat thespaceontheoutside. of thisenvelope is notvoid'space.Very farbeyond thislimit,thetelescope hasrevealed objectsof greaterorlessbrightness, which,whenexamined withpowerfulinstruments, are foundto consist of millionsofminutepoints,groupedtogether,and assuming all possible forms,among whiohtheglo-bularmanifestlypredominates.These.arecalled cluster8 of stars, and are in many instances so large, asto ocoupyasmuch, if not morespace thanthat takeu up by the Milky Way, and containing,inall pro-bability, asmany stars.These naagnificent cluster8 are so remote, that the telescope may often grasp, at one view, their vast extent, and innumerable millions 02 80GEOQaAPBYOFTHBRUVENS. of stars.,Other bright objects areseen beyond the limits of the stars composing the Milky Way, whieh assumea l ~ possibleshapes,andwhich,inmany respects, resemble the clusters;with this diifereBC8, thatnotelescopicpowerhaseverrevealed' any stars within their limits.Theseareoalled 'Min4la, or faint luminous clouds.Among the nebula, some present characteristics which indicate ,thefact, that incase they could beexamined with greatertele-scopicpower, they would be foundto becomposed of stars tooremote to be seeRseparately, but whoee combined light reaebesus from their vast distances, and shows tlJ,emas faint luminousclouds.There areotherswhichexhibitnosuchcharaeteristiea, andwhichmanyastronomersbelieveconsistof luminousmatter,resemblingthat,composingthe tails of comets.These are called irresolvolJUJ ~ . In this class, themostremarkable are the planetary neImla,socalledfromthefactthattheypresent disks, very like thoseof theplanets, withalumi-nous surface of uniform brightness.They resemble the very distant. planets,of oursystelu,andare, in some instances, onlyalittle lessbright. Among the stars we reckon thefollowingclasses, viz. : Single8fo:ra,Juuhlealars,mvltiplestars, bi1llD'1lstar., periodical' orvarialJlestars,new8tarB,and~ Btars.' Singlestars,arethosewhich, tothenakedeye, andundertelescopicexamination,arefoundto consist of one individual star. DuuJilestars,arethosewhich,tothenakedeye, appearsingle, but which, under ,telescopicexami-nation,arefoundtoconsistoftwostar..Some-times the component starsare equal, at other times theyare very unequal, the relative magnitudeand distancebeing diiferent in every set.. lWultiplestar"are 'Suchasare leensingle, by the 81 nak.f!deye, but which the teleacope1lnda compoMd of threeor moreBinarystars, are doubleetan, in whiohcom-ponentshavebeenfou.ndtobeunited insuch .. way thatthey revolvearoundeachother.These aresunsrevolvingaboutBUDa,andnotapltlfllll. about asun. Yariahle are those which are found togocertainfluctuationsinbrightneel.Sometim81 they are foundtp101e their lightl andactually to become invisible.Then they regain their brilliancy, by slow degrees, and reach their original brightnesi. In some individuals these changes are accomplished in acertain fixedperiod;in other eases the fluctu ations of light Me not governed by any known law. Newstars,are thosewhich have. suddenly blazed forthinsomerf\gionoftheheaveDBprevioully blankorvacant.Theygenerallydieawayand disappear in thecourse of oneor two years. Nebvi.()'I.Ustars,areluchasaresurrounded by faint halo, or luminous hazeof nebulouamatter. It will be readily remarked that alltlleee objects, except thesingleare telelCOpk,IUldareinvi-sibleto thenaked eye.. Theregionintheheavensaboutfourdegrees oneach sideof theecliptic, or SUD'Spath, is called the uxlioc, and isremarkableas the region in which thesun,moon,andlargeplanetsperformtheir revolutionsamong the fixedstars.Thecanstella.. tiond, into which the stars in the.region of thezo-diac weredivided,aredoubtlessamongthemost ancientinthe Inconsequence(Ifthe apparent annual motion o(the SUDamong the con-stellations of the zodiac, tliestars of constel-lationswillbesuccessivelylostinthe8uperior brilliancyofthe8un,andwillbecomeinvisible while intheimmediate vicinity of thesun.This remark is true of all the .constellationsbeyond the 82GEOGB.APBYOFTHEIlEAVENS. limits of the zodiac, andnearenoughtothesun's track to be abovethehorizonwiththesun, andto be extinguished by hislight.Asweapproach the north poleof theheavens, wefindcertaingroups of orconstellations whichneversinkbelow thehorizon,andareconsequentlyvisibleatall seasons of the year.Others, more remote fromthe northpole, sinkbelow the horizon,anddisappear foronly Ii.short time.' Asthe stars abont the south pole of the heavens never riseabovethehorizonofanyplaceinour northem latitudes, they are never visible tous ; and to beseentoadvantage, thespectatormust travel tosouthern latitudes. The Atlas 'which aCCfompanies this work, contains detailedmapsof 'alltheprincipalconstellations. involvingthestarsdown to 'thesixthmagnitude. inclusive,theprincipalclusters,nebulm,double stars, &c.The constellation exhibited on any map. is, in general, snrrounded by its bounding constella-tions, soas to show theirrelativepositions.This necessarily occasionsthe repetitionof certain stellations on several maps.But theinap intended for use, in the study of each constellation, is referred to inthe text describing the constellation. As "eachjudiciousinstructor willselect hisown method of teaching the constellations to hisclasses. it hasbeenthoughtbestnot toarrangethiswork withreferencetooneinvariable plan, which must be followedtorenderituseful.Itis,in better to studyaconstellation, when itoccupiesa position intheheavensfarenoughabovethe hori-zontorender allitssta.rsvisible.Thiscanonly occur at a eertain season of the year;and as clasl!les will commence thestudyof astronomyat any con-venienttime,thisworkissoarrangedthatthe teachercllncommenceat anyconstellationwhich maybefavorably situatedforexaminationat the .:aaLUllNARTCBAJITBlL88 time whenhiltelas.enterBupOnthestudy of the heavens... Intoaehing the confltellatioilll, it illtertaibly best to CO.lllln81lCewith some one in which the principal .tal'lt are large and brilliant, and thuseaei\y recog-nized;such as the sta1'8inMajOl", or InLyra, orinOrion, orinTauttlil.Havingadoptedany point of departure'easily recogniled, it willnot be difficult toreferthesurroundingcbnstellationsto thispoint, andgradttallytoextendtheexamina-tion until it embraces 'the whole visible beaventl. The mllpspresent, asnearlyas may be,pictures of theheavens,as88enwiththenakedeye.A faint outline of the ilgurename thecons tel-latiGh bears, is found on the map;not so prominent 88tobecomethestrikingobject,but sufficiently distinct forall useful'pw-poses of reference.These outlinesmUlltberetained,asthe$remost readily described,andtheirplac;esfound, :bytheir positions in theconstellation.Thus weepeakof the brightstar Albireo, inthebilll!f 1MSrvtm;Al-debaran, in theeyel!f tileBvJl,&e.;and by thelo-cality thue given, the eye seizes the on the map at aglance. The parallelsof declinational'idthe houi' circles have not beendrawnon themap, to preventcon-fusion;but the degrees of declinationaremarked on theright and left of themap, and the hours of Right Ascensionfitthe 'topand'bottom.Hence it is easy to determine, from themaps, the A. R.and Dec.ofany object.,. The double starsare at oncerecognized, onthe maps,bybeingduubleandrtlu:nd,whileallother awsarestellatedor8tar-shaped.Thenebnlm and clusters-are readily distingUished88small faint objects, on tho maps.. We commence withthecon8tellation!!upon -and to theeastofthe primemeridian, &nd' shalltrace 84GEOGRAPHYOFTIlEBEAYENS. them, in theorderln which they appear toreach the meridian, going ronnd the celestial sphere. Ali!Greek letters 80 frequently occur in catalogues and tnapeof the. stars,and on thecelestial globes, the Greek alphabet ishereintroducedforthe of thosewhoareunacquainted with it.The capi-tals areseldomused fordesignating thestars, but are here giv.enforthe sake of regularity. THBQ:aBBB:ALPHABBT. A0 Alphaa B, -. Beta b r 1 Gamma !AaDelta E Epsilone short II C Zetaz B ''I Etae IODg e Thetath IIotai K Kappak A a.LambdaI Mp Mum NIINu.n e Xix 0 ..Omicronoshon D Pi P p pRhor , Sigmas Ti8ooveredbyHenehelin1793, who say. that it _me to have one or two atara in the middle, or an irregular nucleua. , AFllfECLUITU.-A. R.= & b. 41m.46 Dec. =+ 32 30' 1".In front of Auriga's \eft Ihin.' Diacovered byMeaaier,1764, and maaaof amaIlltarI in nebulous matter." 8AUls.l.-A.R.=& h.48 m.(8..Dec.+ 37011"1".A line double star in the\eft wrUt.A4, lilac;B10, pale yellow. Pos.2890 0'Diet.30".00Epocil1832.64 41AURI9B.-A.R.= & b.&9m.21..Dec.= + 480 ' 1", Onthe chin of Aurip.A7. white;B71. Pos. 3630 07'Diet.7".99Epoch1830,318triive., Many other double andtriple atara,nebula!and cluaten, may befound onthechana, andbyaligDmai1ttheirplaceainthebeavenamaybe readilymadeout. CONSTELLATIONOFGEMINI.85 CHAPTERII. DIRECTIO:'llSFORTRACINGTHECON!lTELLATlONSON MAP,NO.VII. GEMINI-THETWINS. CANCEJI.-THECRAB. CANISMINOR-THELrrrLEDOG. Fa:vorahly situated for e:xami7Ullion in JanlUlry,Febru-ary,Marck andApril. GEMINI. THETWlN8.-Thisconstellationrepresentsthe twin brothers,Castor and Pollux. Gemini isthe thirdsign, but fuurthconstellal:itmin theorder of the Zodiac, and issituated southof the Lynx, betweenCancer ontheeastandTaurus on the west..Theorbitof theearthpassesthrough the center of the constellation.As the earth moves round in her orbit from the first point of Ariestothe samepointagain,thesun, inthemeantime, will appeartomovethroughtheoppositesigns, or those whichare situatedright over against the earth, on theother side of her orbit. Accordingly, if wecould seethe starsas the SUD appeared to move by them, we should see it passing over theconstellationGemini betweenthe 21st of June and the 23d of July;but weseldomseemore than a small part of any constellation through which thesunisthenpassing,becausethe feebleluster ofthestars isobscured. by. thesuperioreffulgence of the sun. WhenthelUllilljUltenteringtheoutlinea of coIiateI1ation OIlthe H 86 GEOGRAPHYOFTIJEHEAVENS. east,itsweate.nlimitsmaybeaeen in the morning twilight,.JtISt aoovtt the rising lun.Sowhen the 11mh .. anived at thewesternlimitofa constellation,the easternpart of it may be aeenlingering in the evening twilight, justbehindthe setting 11m.Under other circumetances, when the11missaidtobein,ortoenter, aparticularconltellation, it isto beunderstood.thattheconltellalionisnotthenvisible,butthat thOll8 oppositetoit, are.for example:whatever conlltellationsetswiththe sun on any day, it is Plain. that theone opposite to it mllBt be thenriling, and continuevisiblethroughout the night.A180,whatever constellation risesandsetawiththe sunto-day,will,sixmonths hence,' riseat1Im-setting, andsetat 11m-riling.For example:the IIIInis in the center of Gemini about the6th of July, and mualriseandset with it onthat day; consequently, sixmonths fromthat time,or about the 4th of January. it willriseintheeaat, jus!: whenthesun is setting in the west.andwill cometothemeridianatmidnight;beingthenexactlyoppositeto. thesun. Now.. thestarsgainupon the 11mat the rateof twohoursevery month, it followsthat the center of this conateIIatiOllwill,on the17th of February, come to the meridian three hours earlier, orat 9o'clock in the evening. Itwouldbeapleuantellerciseforl&udentsto propose questions to each other, 80mewhat likethefollowing:-Whatzodiacalconstellation will rise and set with tllll sun to-day 1What one willriseat lIm-setting 1 What conltellation is three hours high at sun-set, and where willit beat 9o'clock?What constellationrisestwohours before theSUD 1How .daYIor IDOIlthe IIIlnce.andwhat hourof the evening or morning, in what. part of the sky shall we _the conateIIation whOll8center is nb.. where the IIIID is!&c., &c. 'tn IIOIvingthese and similarquestions, it may be rememberedthat the suJi iiin thevernalequinoxaboutthe21stof March,fromwhence it adVance8 throughonesign or constellation every succeOOing mOllth there-after;andthat each ccmstellatinn'is one' monthinadvanceof theBigft of that name:wherefore, reckon Pisces in March, Aries in April, Taurus in May,and Gemini in June, &e. ;. beginning with- eachCOIllIteIlationat tb,e21.., or 21d of the month.. Geminicontains eighty-five stal'f!,includingtwo of thefourof the3d,and six of the4thmagni-tudes:.It is readily recognised by means of the two principal stars,Castorand Pollux, a.and JJ,of the2d. magnitude,intheheadoftheTwins,about41 apart. Therebeingonly11minutesdifferenceinthe transitof thesetwostars over themeridian,they may both be consideredasculminating at 9o'cJock aboutthe'l4thof February..Castor,inthehead of Castor, isaof the 2dmagnitude, 41N.W. CON8TELLA. TIC".OFGEMINI.87 of';pollux, and isthe northernmostand the bright"'st of thetwo.Pollux isastili'ofthe2dmagnitude, intheheadof Pollux,andis-ij0S. E,ofCastor. Thisisoneofthestarsfromwhichthemoon's distance is calculated inthe Nautical Almanac.. --"Of the &.medLedean pair, One moatillua1rioua .tar adorns their IigD, And of the secondorder shine twin lights." Therelativemagnitudeorbrightnessofthese stars has undergone considerablechanges at differ-entperiods;whenceithasbeenconjecturedby variousastronomersthatPolluxmustvaryfrom the1sttothe3dmagnitude.But Herschel, who observedthesestarsforaperiodoftwenty-five ascribesthevariationtoCastor,whichhe foundtoconsistof twostars, veryclosetogether, thelessrevolvingaboutthelargeroncein342 years and two months. Bradly andMutelyne tDundthat the .Une joining the two IIIaJIIwhich formCastor was, at aU timeB of the year, parallel to the line joining Cutor and Pollux;and that bothof the former move aroundacommon center between them, inorbitsnearlycircular,astwoballsattachedtoarod would do, if suspended by a string affixed to the center of pvity between them. "'J'heaemen," .ys Dr.Bowditch, .. were endowed with a 1Iharpn_ of Tision, and apowerof penetratingintospace, almost unexampled in the historyof utronomy." S. W. of Ca&torandPollux, and in aUnenearly parallel withthilM,;' arowof stare30 or 40 apart,chie1lyof thelidand4th magnitudes;-whichdistinguishthefeetof the twins.The brightest of theBeisAihen4, 1'>in Pollux's upper foot;the next Bmall star S.of it, is in hieother foot:thetwoupperIIIaJIIinthelinenextabove,., mark Castor's feet. Thisrowof feetisnearlytwo-thirdsof the distance from Polluxto BetelgueseinOrion,andalineconnectingthemwillthrough A\hen&,the principal star in the feet.Abouttwo-thirdsof thedistance fromthe two intheheadtothoseinthefeet,and nearly para11elwith them, there is another row of threeIItarBabout 60 apart, which IIlIIlk the b_.. ThereIU"8,inthisC01llIteDation,twootherreawbbleparallelrows, lying at rightangleswith the former;one,leading fromthe headto the footof Castor, the brighteat star being in the middle, and in the knee;the 88GEOGR.\PHYOFTHEHEAVENS. other, leading fromthe head to the foot of Pollux, the brightest star"caUed Waaat, I,being in the body,and C,next below it,in the knee. Waaat is in the ecliptic, and verynear the centerof the constellation. Thetwosta.ra,fAand Tejat, ., inthenorthernfoot,arealsoverynear the ecliptic:'rejat is aIIIIIBIistar of between the 4th and lith magnitude., 20 W. of fA,and deserea to benotU;edbecau.e it marks the spotof the summersolstice,inthetropicof Cancer, justwherethe sun is,on the longestdayof the year, and ismoreover,the dividing limitbetweenthe torridandthe N. temperate zone. Propua,alsointheecliptic,W.of 0,isastarof onlythe5th magnitude, but renderedmemorableasbeingthestarwhichservedfor many years to determine the positionof the planet Herschel, after its firat discovery.. Thus as wepursue the study of the stars, we .hall findcontinually new andmorewonderful developments to engage our feelingsand rewardour labor.We shall have the peculiar satisl8ction of reading the same volume that wasspreadout to the patriarchs and poets of other ages, of admiring what theyadmired,and of being ledas they were led, to lookupon these lofty mansions of being as having,abovethemall, a common Father with ourselves, " who ruleth in the armiesof heaven,and bringeth forththeir hOlltaby number." TELESCOPICOBJECTS. ARICHCLURTK..-A. R. =IIh.69m.01SoDec.=24021' 8". Near' Castor'.rightfoot.A veryfineobject; consiMingof acrowd01 .tars fromthe9th to the16th magnitudeL Discovered by Messier,1764. AC,.USTER.-A .R.= 6h.45 m.56 SoDec.=+ ISO10' "". Onthecalf of therightlegof Pollux;consists of minutestars of the 12th and16th magnitudes, arranged IIOIDeWhat in the shape 01alim, as describedbyfonnerohserven. DiscoveredbySir W.Herschel,1783. 1.GZlI(INORlJlI(.-A.R.= 7h. OSm. '1i4SoDec.= + 16049' 5". Afinedoublestarontheleftthighof PoUux.A 4i, white;B 12, yellowish. Discovered by StrUve, andthus measured. Poe,300 65'Dist.9".56Epoch1829.86 IGElI(INORUJII'.-A.R.= 7h. 10m.34 SoDec.= + 220 Iii' 3. A double starontherighthipof Pollux.A" pale white; "B 9, "purple.If . Discovered by Henchel,1781. Poe.1960 M'DiaL7".15Epoch1829.72Strc.ve .. R.=7 h. 34 m.47..Dec.=+ 24046' I; Adoublestar on the left shoulder of Pollux.A 4,orange;B10, pale blue.The minute companionof this star was pointedout as oneof a CONSTELLATIONor GEMINL 89 f8wwhichSir John HeracbeIthoughtdeaervedattention, to determine whether it might not be aBGtelliteMinmg by reJleeUtlIigM .,piacovered by Henchel, with his twenty feet re1Iector. Poe.23109'DilL6".0Epoch1838.98Smyth. 61GJ:Jllr.oau-A. R..= 7 h.17 m.31..Dec. =+20034! 3". Acoarsedoubleandclosedoublealar, makingaquadrup)e set in the loinsof Pollux.A7i. deep yellow;B9, yellowish;C8, blue;D9, bluish. DC Poe.=420 24'Diat.=6".6EpochSmyth. ...GJ:.Il!IoalJ.-A. R.=7h. 24 m.23..Dec.=+ no 14'. Abeautiful double Itar in thehead of Cu'tor, and ll8llleelCastor.A3, B3i. magnitude.Thisisoneof theinteJeating1JinarytdGr..The earIieet positionon record is byBradly antiPound. Poe.35f)D68'Epoch1719.84 This is deduced fromthe recorded position of the line joining the_ter of thecomponentsof Castor, withre1enmceto a third IItarof theI I th magnitude;distantabeut72",In1800,SirW.Hemchelmadethe poe.=2930 03', ainoethen we lind, amOllg others, these measures. Poe.2610 01'DilL4". :'158Epoch1828.89 ve. 256076.280\836.88Encke,Galle. 252494.8861841.11M;;.dler. M ..dler has the elementsof the orbit of this star, and found fura probable Period 232 years.There are, however, yet many difficulties in the wayof reliablereaullB,andcomputers differ.Moreobaervati0n8 are tocompletetheexaminati01l8ofthisiriterestingbinary system. !'I8GII.r.oalJx;......A. R.=6h.45 m. 37..Dec. - + 130 22' 6". Adouble star 011theleft instep of Pollux.A 5j, B 8. magnitude.The large .tar yellow,the mnaIIone purple. Discovered by Henchel in1781. Poe.1790 54'.Diat.7".95Epoch1781.99HeracbeI. 174'535.731829.24Struve. 172026.421841.27M;;.dler. )I:i.dlerthinkathis""stemmaybebinary. in which _its periodiI: time cannot fallmuch below3000 years. 4CJ,USTKR.-A.R.=7 h. 28 m.57..Dec.=+ 210 66' 7" Onme left sboulder of Pollux. DiscoveredbyHerolChelin1783,' and desciibedas .. a beautiful ciUlla oCmany large and smallstara,abeutIS' in diameter." 82 GEOGRAPHV01. There islittle evidenceof any change of position, though the meaaunlll JeeOIdedare far fromcoincidenL" .. 4C."e.I.-A. R. =8h. 61m.36a.Dec. =+ a:ao62' 4".-' cloaedouhlestar, followingthecrab'snorthernclaw.A 6, white;B 9,blue. Discovered by South,1825. PO&.13747'DiaL 4",60Epoch1831.16StrUve. CANISMINOR. TUELn-rLBDoa,-Thissmallconstellationis situatedabout6N.of theequinoctial,and mid-waybetweenCanisMf\jorandtheTwins.It containsfourteenstars,ofwhichtwoarevery brilliant.ThebrighteststariscfllledProcyon, marked G.It isof the1st magnitude, and isabout 4 S.E.of thenextbrightest,GoTrwlm,marked 13, wbich isof the 3d magnitude. Tbese twostars resemble the two inthe head of theTwins.Procyon, intheLittleDog,is23 S. of Pollux in Gemini, and Gomelza is about the same distance S.of Castor. Agreatnumberof geometricalfiguresmay be formedof theprincipalstarsinthe vicinityofthe LittleDog.Forexample;Procyonis23S.of Pollux,and26E.of Betelgues"e, andformswHh them alarge right angled triangle.Again, Procyon is equidistant fromBetelguese and Sirius, and forms with themantriangle whosesidesal'8 94GEOGRAPHYOFTHEREA. VE,N8. f'achabout260If astraightline,Procyonand Sirius, beproduced 23 farther,it will point out Phaet, intheDove.. Procyonis often takenforthename of the Little Dog,or forthe wholeconstellation,asSiriusisfor thegreaterone;henceitiscommontoreferto t>itherof theseconstellationsbythenameofits pl'incipalstar.Procyoncomestothemeridian fifty-threeminutes'afterSiriUI,onthe24thof February;althoughitrises, i,nthislatitude,about half anhourit.For this reason, it was called Pl-ocyrm, fromiwoGreekwordswhich signify(Ante Canis)"before the" Canicula, fourteenthyatam;but fiIr Above them all, illustriouB throUghthe skies, BeamsProeyun:justly byGreece thUBcalled The bright /fR'tlrUnmr of the greo.terDog." From an irregularity in the annual proper motion of Procyon,Bessel concluded that it wasdisturbed by someinvisible opaquebody of vast size, snnk .in space, nearProcyon.StrUvehasrecentlycasta doubt on the realityof thisirregularity, and thinks it isdue to imperfeot observations. CONSTELLATIONOF05 DIRECTIONSFORTRACINGTHECONBTF.I.l.. ATJON8Ol'r MAPNO.VIII. MONOCEROS-THEUNICOaN. CANISMAJOR- THEGREATDOG. LEPUS-THEHARE. TREPaINTINGPuss. Favurably situated forexamination in January,Febru-ary aM Marek. MONOCEROS. THEUNICOBN.-Thisisamodernconstellation, whichwasmadeoutof tbe unformed "tarsofthe ancientsthatlayscattered,\veralargespace of theheavensbetweenthe twoDogs.It extendsa considerable distance on each "ide ofthf! equinoctial, and its center is on the same meridian with Procyon. .Itcontainsthirty-onesmallstars, of whichthe sevenprincipal ones are of onlythe 5th magnitude. Threeof'thesearesituatedinthehf'!ad,3 or 4U agart, formingastraight line N. E. and S. W. about 9E.of Betelguese, inOrion'sshoulder, and about same distance S.of Alhena, inthefootof the Twins. Theremainingstarsinthisconstellationare scattered over alarge space, and being verysmall, areunworthyof particular notice; TEl..ESCOPICOBJECTS. 104P.VI,Molfoc ..arJ8.-A.R.=8h.I8m. 50 .Dec.=+ 0032'6".A coaJ'IIetriple. 01'dose doublestar.A7j. B andC,each 8j magnitude.AsAandBare66"apart,weahalJOII1yhavetodo withBandC.ThisisODeofStruve'."vincinisseme" IItarB.Be reporbItheE _ POI.1680 48'DiIt.0".78EpochIN.I' 11M..-ocllaarll.-A. R.=Ih. 21m. "'..Dec. =- 6 66' 1" . 96OFTHEHEAVENS. A line triple star in therightforelegofMonOOllJ'08.A61,B7, C8, magnitude. Discovered by Sir W. Hencbel, andbyhim IBidto be one of the lIIOI& beautiful Bights in the heavens. A BPo..101044'Dist.::".41i3Epoch1831.23Strilve. AB103412.65718"2021Mi>dler. AC310007.2531831.23StrUve. AC311237.2051842.21M::dler. BC304409.4521842.21M: DiscoveredbyMe.ier,1771.. CANISMAJOR. TUEGIlJ!lATDOG.-Thisinterestingconstellation issituated southwardandeastwardofOrion, and isuniversallyknownby the brilliancyofitsprin-ci pal star, Siriua, marked G,which isapparently the largestandbrightestintheheavens.It glows in thewinterhemispherewithalusterwhich isun-equaledbyanyother star inthe firmament. Itsdistancefromtheearth, thoughcomputedat twentymillionsofmillionsof milet'l,hasbeencon-sideredlessthanthat of any other star:a dit..tanoe, however, !!IOgreat that acannonball, whichfii'3sat the rateofnineteenmilesaminute, would betwo millionsof yearsin overthemightyinter-CONSTE1.LATIONOFCANISMAJOR.97 val;whileBound,movingattherateof thirteen milesaminute,wouldreachSiriusinlittleles8 than threemillionsof years. It Day be IIbown in the_IDIUIDI!I',that a ray of light. whichoccu-piMonlyeightminute.andtbirteenII8COIIda in coming tous fromthe IUD, which is at the rate of nearlytwo hundred thouaand mi1eea second, wouldbethreey_ andeighty-twoday. in puaing throughtheVlIIJt apacethatIieabetweenSiriusandtheeazth.COJIII8Quently,wereit b/oUed from the heavellll, ita light would continua visibleto us forBperiod of three y_ andeighty-two daye after it had. ce.-l tobe. If the neare8t IItarIIpve BUeb~l'8Iultl, what ahallwesaym thme which ue lituated a thou.nd timeauliarbeyundth., utheae uefrom us1 Inthe remoteages of the world, when every man washisown astronomer, the rising and setting of Sirius, or theDog-star,as it iscaned, waswatched withdeepandvarioussolicitude.Theancient Thebans,whofirstcultivatedastronomy hi Egypt, determinedthelengthof theyear bythE"numbe'r of itsrisings.TheEgyptianswatcheditsrising withmingledapprehensionsof hopeandfear jas it was ominoustothemof agriculturalprosperity or blighting drought.It foretoldto them therising of the Nile, which theycalledSiria,and admonish-edthem whentosow.TheRomanswereaccus-tomedyeaJ;ly,to sacrificeadog to Siriustorender himpropitiousinhisinfluence.upontheirherds and fields.The eastern nations generally believed therising.ofSiriuswouldbeproductiveof great heat on the earth. Thus V"ugil : -.-" Tum IImilei _Sirius apII: Anlebant herbm, et ~-sea IBIJI'B negabat. " -"Pan:bed _the irua, and blighted _the com. Nor '_1'8 the beuIa;forSirius, from on high, With l-tilimtial heat infileIa the *y." . Accordingly,tothatseasonof theyearwhen Siriusrosewiththesunandseemed to blendits own influence with the heatof that luminary, the I 98GEOGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVENS. ancientsgave the nameof Dog-Jays,(DiesCanicu-lares).Atthatremoteperiodthe Dog-dayscom-menct'd onthe4th of August, or four days after the summer solstice, and lasted fortydays,oruntilthe 14th of September.At present the Dog-days begin onthe 3d of July and continue to the 11 th of August, being one day lessthan theancients reckoned. Hence, it isplain that theDog-days of tltemod-ernshaveno'referencewhatevertothe rising of Sirius, or any other star, becausethetimeof their risingisperpetually acceleratedbytheprecession of theequinoxes:theyhavereferencethen, olJly tothesummersolstice,whichneverchangesita positionin respecttothe seasons. The timeof Sirius' rising vane. with the latitude of the place, andin the samelatitude, is sensiblychangedafter a coune of yeara,onaccount of theprecesaionat theequinoUs.ThiSenablesUBto determinewith approximate accuracy, the datea of manyevents of antiquity,which CBJl-nol be welldetermined byother records.We do not know, forinstance, inwhatpreciseperiodof theworldHeaiodflourished.Yethetella us, inhisOperaetDiu, lib.ii. v.185, that Arcturus inbistimerose heJiacally.sixty days after the winter BOlatice,which then was in the9th degree of Aquarius, or 890 beyond itit present position.Now 890:54iH =2794 years sincethetimeof Heaiod, which corresponda verynearly with bistory.' Wben astar roseatsun_tting, or set at sun-rising, it was called the .A.cltrrmieal rising or setting.When aplanet or star appelll'lld,abovethe borizonjustbeforethesun, inthemorning, it was called therising of the star;and when it sunk below the horizonimmediatE'ly after the sun,in the evening,itwascalJedtheHeliacalsetting.Aceording toPtolemy, atara of the.fir" magnitude are seen rising and setting when the sun is12 below the horizon;&taraofthe 2d magnitude require the sun's depreMionto be180;&tara of the3dmagnitude,140, and80 on, allowing one degree for eachmagnitude.The rising and settingof the stars describedin this way, IIinee this mode of description oftenoocura in Heaiod, Virgil,Columella, Ovid, Pliny, &c., are called podia:Il rising and setting.Theyservedtomarkthetimesofreligiousceremonies, the seasons aUoUedto the severaldepartmentsof husbandry, andtheov_ flowingof theNile. The student be perplexed to understand how the Dog-star, which he seldomsees till mid-winter, should be associated with the mostfervidheatof mmme1'.Thisisexplainedbyconsiderin(J' that' CON8TELLATIONOFCAN18MAJOR.9Y thisstar, in summer, is over our headsintheday-time,andinthelowerhemispherelitnight.As "thick the floorof heavenisinlaid with patines of brightgold,"byday, asbynight;but onaccount of the superior splendorof the sun, we cannot see them. Sirius is easily recognised, being the brightest star in the heavens, andispointed out by thedirection of the Three Sta1'8 in the belt of Orion.Its distance fromthem isahout 23.It comestothemeridian at 9o'clock onthe11th of February. Mi1'%lJm,marked /1,in the foot of theDog, isastar of the2dmagnitude,5}0W.ofSirius.Alittle above, and 4or 6tothe left, thereare three stars (If the 3d and 4th magnitudes, formingatriangular tigul'esomewhatresemblingadog'shead.The brightestorthem,ontheleft, iscalledM1dipken, marked'Y'Itentirelydisappearedin1670,and wasnotseenagainformorethan twenty years. Sincethattimeit has maintained asteady luster. Wesen,markedisastarof the 3d magnitude, intheback,11 S. S.E. of Sirius, with which,and Mirzam in thepaw, it makes an elongated triangle. ThetwohinderfeetaremarkedbyNaosand Lambda, starsof the3d and 4thsitu-ated about 3 apart, and 12directly S.of the fore foot.This constellation contains thirty-one visible stars, includingoneof thelstmagnitude, fourof the 2d,and twoof the3d;all of which areeasily traced out by theaid of themap. TELESCOPICOBJECTS. ,1 C.un.Muo.rl.-A.R.=6 h.29 m.lI3..'Dee, ==- 180 32' 0".Adouble Itar in theGreaterDog'sleftknee, about 3':' aoutb- c weill of SiriUII.AB8,magnitude. Poe.2111036'Die&.!r.MEpoeh1842,82Main. .. C ... M ..... 01"&,SI.,uI.-A. R.=6h. 3Rm.06..llee, =-1HY 30'1",AItarof the fuatin the mouthof theGreater 100GEOGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVEN& Dog,theIDOIl briWant of all the fixedIItar8.The teleecopicappearance of tbia oiject mUl& be _to be IIJIllII!clatedLong befOre it enters the field of theteleacope, ita eoming ill indicated by a gradually brighteDing dawn, whichslowlyincreaEa inaplen.dor, until the IItar enters with ita fullblue, tj)() powerfu1 to be home bythe light. lIBentranceBDddiIappeuance.-bletbe rilingmelBettingof the IUD. Siriuawaslongregardedaathe neamatof allthe fixed '1IIuB,fromita e:rceeding brilliancy.I.onganddelicateIDeII81ln!IIhavebeenmade to determineilBparalla:r, butwithoutaatDfiletory_Ita.Yet ibl proper motion ill great,andreadily deducedfiomafewyeanof ot.erntionll. On a comparisonof the placeof Sirius, aa laid down by the earliest Greek utronomers, with ita preaent position, andcomputing the ehangee due to thepreaentrateof proper motion.~deduceathecuriou filet that the annualproper motion ill not",ni/_!'l'hiI ill true of a fewother Ii ,00staJII.1'0accountforthia.phenollK'llOll,H ~ClOJICI!iveethat Siriu is subJectedtotheinfluenceof lOmevast body,which,fromthe liact of ilBbeing non-luminous, haa never been diacovered.How wonder-ful would it be, ifby a ripllICI'Utiny of the devistions of tbe proper motiOll8 of Sirius fromuniformity, we should be led to a knowledge of the position inspaceofthisdarkdisturbingbody,ofwhCllleplaceandexiltence, indeed, theeight can revealto us nothing. ThelatestandbestmeasuresforparallaxarebyHendersonand McLear, who foundforthe anglesubtended bythe radiu of the earth'. orbit, atadistanceequaltoSirius.OH .t3. or about onequarterof one IIOOOndof space.In eIIBeweadopt this aa the true paralla:r, the distance of 8iriu must be nearly eightymillion. of millions of miles,aDdfromita splendorweareabletoinfer, with certainty, that ilBmagnitude is very muchgreaterthanthatof ourIUD.Indi!OO,Dr.Walliston, auuming the diltance to beI;mthalf theabove,concludesfiomhisphotometrical measures, that Sirius, if seen as near .. the sun, would present a diameter fourtimes greater than that of the BUD. ".CUIBMnollIs.-A. R.= 8h. 48 m. 48 LDec.= - ISO 60' 6HA doubleIItar on the Dog's right ear.Aiii, yellow;B91,grey. Diacmered by Struve, who givestheBeineaaurea. POL3430 31'Diet..3".22Epoch1831.30 14HliIIlICR&L,VBCu,s Mnollll.-A.R.=6h.6' m.10.. Dec.=- 13029',H.Aclueter of BtarI backof the Dog'. head, about 20' in diameter.The atara range fromthe 8th to the11 th magnitude. DiscoveredbyHencheL 12HSUCR...,VBCUllMUO.IB.-A.R.=7h.10m.35L Dec.=-16021' 4HA clueter ofBtarl between the Dog and Unicorn; andcomiata principally of BtarI of the16th magnitude. Discovered by MilIa HencheL. CONSTELLATIONOFLEPUS.101 LEPUS. To HABE.-This constellation is direct-ly south of Orion, and comel!tothemeridianfltthe .,ame time;namely, on the 24th of January.It hae ameandeclination18 S.andcontainsnineteen small stars, of which, one isof the 2d, one of the 3d, and sixof the 4thmagnitudes.It maybereadily distinguished by means of fourstars of the3dmag-nitude,intheformofanirregulflrsquare,or trapezium. Zeta,of the4thmagnitude, isthefirststar, and issituatedintheback, 5S.of Saiph,inOrion. About thesame distance below" arethefourprin-cipalstars, intheleg!'!andfeet.ThesefOl'mthe square.They are marked A,j3,,)"II.A and /3,other-wise calledArneb, formtheN.W. endof thetra-pezium,and areabout 3apart.'YandIIfOl'mthe S.E.end,andareabout21-apart.,Theupper right' hand one, whichisArneb. isthebrightest of the four,and is near thecenter of theconstellation. Four or five degrees S. of Rigel are four very minute stars, inthe ears of theHale. TELESCOPICOBJECTS. ,LEPORls.-:\. R.=5h.04m.50..Dee.=- 120 03'9".A doublestar in the left ear of the Hare.A4i, BU, magnitude. Poe.:1,,931'DiaL12".34EpochHerschel 3:173912.811832.25Struve. ,.LXPORI -.o\. R.=Ii h. 5m.51..Dee. =- lao 08' 0".A douhle star at theroolof the ear.A5.B9,magnitude. POI. .358"68'Dis&.3".053Epoch1832.23Struve. 12 102GEOGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVENS. Dl&ECTlONSFORTRACINGTHECON8TELLATJONSON MAPNO.IX. LBoM.uoR-TuBGREATLim . SUTAN8-0TUESUTANT. Favorohlyrituoted forexmni7lD.ticmin Marek,AprU, and May. LEO . THBLloN.-This isoneof the most brilliant con-stellationsinthewinter hemisphere,andcontains anunusual number of very bright stars.It issitu-atednextE.ofCancer,anddirectlyS.ofLeo Minorandthe Great Bear. TheHindooAaIzonomer,Varahasays."Certainly theIIklthernaoI-,lice W1IIIonce inthemiddleof .A8ieAa(Let,);the nonhern in the lint degreeof DIu.miII&tIJ"(.tquariU8).Sincethattime,theIOl.etitial,u well .. the equinoctialpointa, have gone backwards onthe ecliptic7f,o. 1'biadividedby5Oi", gi_ 6378YeBlll;whicllcarryusbackto the year of theworld464 . Sir W. JODeI, laY. that Varaba livedwhenthe IDIaticea were in the lint ~of Cancer and Capricorn;or about 400 yeBlllbefOrethe ChriIIian era. Leoisthe fi.fthlign, andtheai:dllcQDsteIlation oftheZodiac.The mean rightascensionof this extensive groupis150,or 10hours.Its center is thereforeonthemeridianthe6thofApril.Its westernoutline, however,comestothemeridian onthe18thof March,while its eastern limit does not reachit beforethe 3d of May. Thisconstellationcontainsninety-fivevisible stars, ofwhichoneisof the1st magnitude, oneof the :.!d,sixof the 3d, and fifteenof the 4th. Theprincipalstar inthisconstellationisof the 1st magnitude, situated inthe breast of the animal, marked A,andnamedRegulU8,fromthe illustrious Romanconsulof that name. CON8TELLA TIONOFLEO. .103 Itissituatedalmost exactly in the ecliptic, and maybereadilydistinguishedonaccountofits superior brilliancy.It isthelargest and lowest of agroupoffiveorsixbrightstarswhich' forma figuresomewhatresemblingasickle,intheneck and shoulder of theLion.There isalittle star of the 5thmagnitude about f1'S.of it, and Olleof the 3d magnitude 5 N.of it, whichwill serveto point it out.. Regulus ist.hebrightest star illthe constellation. Great use ismade ofRegulus bynautical men, for determiningtheir longitude at sea.Its lolitude,or .distancefromtheecliptic,islessthan1;but its dedi1lOJ.Um.,or distancefromthe equi1llJCtiolisnearly 13 N.;80that itsmeridianaltitudewillbejust equal to that of the sun on the 19th of August.Its rightascensionisverynearly1500.It therefore about 9o'clock on the 6th of April. Wheu RegulusiI 011die meridian, Cutor and Pollux aze_about 400 N.W. of it,and the two atara in the LittleDog, are about the II8DIIl diItance in a 8.w. diJectien;with which,and the two fOrmer,it makeII alarp triangle wholeiI 11&Beguhu. The next considerable star, is 5N.of Regulus, marked'!, situatedinthe collar;it isofbetween the3dand4thmagnitudes,and,withRegulus, constitutes the handleofthesickle.Those three or four starsofthe 3d magnitude,N.and W.of,!, arching round with theneckof the animal, describe the blade. .AlGieba,marked'Y,isabrightstarofthe3d magnitude, situatedintheshoulder, 4 in aN. E. directionfrom,!, andmay beeasilydistinguished byits beingthebrightestandmiddleoneofthe threestarslying inasemicircularform,curving Lowardsthe west;and it is the first in the blade of the sickle. MJwjera, marked"is a star of the 4th li.tuated in the neck,4 N. of.Al Gieba,and maybe 104.GEOGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVENS. known by avery minutestarjustbelow it.This isthe second star inthe bladeof the siokle. Ro,soJAsad,marked /4,situated beforethe ear, is astar of the 3d magnitude, 6W. of Adhafera, and isthethirdinthebladeof the Bickle.Thenext star, I, of the same magnitude, situated in the head, is2ios. W.of Rasal Asad,and alittlewithinthe curveof thesickle.About midway betweenthese, and a little to the E., is a very small star, hardly visi-bletothenakedeye.. 1AmJJda,situated in themouth, isastarofthe 4thmagnitude, 3&-0S.W. ofI,andthelast inthe sickle'spoint.Kappa,situatedint h ~nose, isan-other star of thesame magnitude,and about as far from,.as ,.Iand. areabout ai apart, and form the longest side ofatriangle, whose vertex isi.n. Zosma,marked 3,situated abovethebackof the Lion, isastar of the 3d magnitude,18 N.E. of Re-gulus, andmidway between it and Coma Berenices, afineclusterof smallstars,18N.E. of Zozma. Tketa,situatedinthetail, isanotherstarof'the 3d magnitude, 6 directly S. of Zozma, and so nearly onthesamemeridianthatitculminatesbutone minute'afterit.Thisstarmakesarightangled triangle with Zozma onthe N., Denebola onthe E., the rightanglebeini at). Nearly in astraight linewithZozma,and ), and south of them,are threeor foursmaller stars, 4or 6apart,which mark oneof the legs . .1Jene/Jda,marked /J,isa bright star of the 2dmag-nitude, in thebrushof the tail,10 S.E.of Zozma, andmaybe distinguished by its great brilliancy.It is 6 W. of the equinoctial colure, and comes to the meridianone hour andforty-oneminutesafter He-gulus, on the 3d of May;when its meridian altitude is the same as the sun'sat 12o'clock the next day. When Denebola is on the meridian, ReguJus is _250W. of it, and DUd, in die 1q1W8ofU. M.jor. beaD a90 N. of iLIi m-. will CON8TELLA TION01'LEO. 105 tbeee two, _large right aJIIIed biaagle;the right angle bfing al Denebola. It ill 80 nearlyonthe _meridianwitllhadthat it eulmiDatee only tOurminutes befure it. Denebola is351W.ofArctur1l8,andabout the samedistanceN.W. of Spica Virginis, and forms, withthem, alarge equilateraltria.ngleODthe S. E. It also forms with Arcturusand Cor Caroli a similar figure,nearlyaslargeontheN.E.Thesetwo triangles,beingjoinedattheirbase,constitutea perfect geometrical figureof theformof aRhom-bus:calledbysome,theDIAMONDorVIllGO. A line drawn from Denebola tbrougb RegulWl, and continued 70 or SO fiuther in the _direction, willpeintout eand .. of the 4th and6th magnitudes, IIitua&edin the forecia.., and about so aput. TELESCOPICOBJECTS. ...-A. R.= 9 b.19 m. &a Dec.= + 90 WrY'.A WJrfclose double star on the Lion'. left fore fooLThiI hu long beea IDOIIt difficult test #d. DiacoveredbyHeracbel, in 1782, who foundthe poa.=1100 MI, and eItimated tiledistaw:ealonequarterthediameterof tilelargerstar; magnitude ill 6i, tile IIID8lJer 7i. POI.15a56'Di&.0".970Epoch1825.218tril_ 178180.8001835.33Struve. 194000.BOO1841.35 In 1842 it WIllI.. _1IingIe atar, byMad1er. The elementaof theorbit haWlbeen computed by Kiidler, who finda _ periodof 82j yean.By hia computatiOll8 the a&ar8-were distant1".45, tIleir maxinm, in1800.After _ lapaeoffifty-two yeara they will reach their Ieutdiatance 0".2, whichwill-.reeIybemeuurable in tile IDOI& powerfulinatnunel)ta. 57HJlRlcanI, LlIOlUI.-A.1l.=9 h.23 m. 07..Dec.=+ 120 12'I".Adouble white nebula in the lower jaw of Leo.'!'here is _ double nUIlI with the nebuloeiliee commingling. ,.LlIOlfll.-,\.R.= 10 b.II m. 08..Dec. = +'100 39' 0".A be8utiful doubleatarneartheLion'.mane.A2, bright orange;B 4, greenish yellow._ Thiaisdoubtleaa_ binary ayatern,whoaeperiodmay reach_ tlwulmld yearll !Ihave repeatedlyexamined this splendid0b-ject, witll_po_ of 600;the Cincinnati refractorehOWl the cliab of both the IItaI'I roundand clear. DUcovered byHerachel,1781. POI.103" 22'nut.2".60Epoch1831.51StrUve. 106GEOGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVENS. 67P. X.LaoNI8.,....A. R.= 10 h.17m.09 .Dec.=+ 90 86 2".A neat double star on the Lion'sright shouldet.A S.B9i, mag-nitude.The measures indicate lhityin the componenlll. Di.acoveredby Herachel. .Pos.630 28'Dist.4".110Epoch178l1.l3Berachel. 65543.201832.66Sur.ve. 49LEO!us.-:-A.R.= 10h.26m.38 a.Dec.+ 9028' 5".A close doublestarundertherightshoulderof Leo.A6,white;B9, paleblue.. Discovered by SUC;ve. POI.161"09'Dial.2".37 158012.50 Epoch1830.76Struve. 1838.37Smyth. 95MESSIER,LEONII.-A.R.=10h.35m.31a.Dec.=12 APunTny Nn17u.-A. R.= 17b.&em. 39 .Dec.68038. Between thefih& twist Draco and biB bead. Discovered by HI!ftICheI,in1786.. ThissingularobjectisdescribedintheBedfordCatalogue, without any mention of arellilllkably bright but ImBUnucleui which occupies its eenter.Thillpointwaildetectedbymyaelf,July,1847.Whenthe . eyeandatt.entiouis attentiTeiyfixedontheeentralpoint,theDebu\a fadufrumtAtview, andthe moment theattention is withdrawn from the nucleue, andCII8UIIlglance is directed to thenebula, the &tar fadee and the nebula brightens, up in amostbeautifulIDIUlIIeJ'.Thill curioua phenomenoo wasIIOticedby manyJI8lIIOlIIIill my: company.No0D8. can doubttheconnectionbetweenthisnebuloue_andtheIOlIIId central point of light.It is unlike 1Itar,as it is round and clear, with minute diIIk andno IIIIliatioDII.IhavediIeoveredbut0D8 other Clbjec&. libit.HereilltheCOIlIl8CtiDgIiDkbetweenpIaDIIIa1y D8bulaIBD4 M 134GEOGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVENS. , nebulousstars;,atleaoot,such wouldbetheopinionof thosewho still adhereto the nebuloUBtMr"'Y'', 'fhis remarkable ol!led, 88 will be seen fromthe position,is in the pole of 1M ecliptic.' DUIlOIUS.--A.R.=18h.48 m.50 a.Dee.=+ 590II' 07". Adouble star.onDraco'.neck.A 5, B9. magnitude.M..d1erthinks the components phyaicall! connected.withil periodof about1600 y_ POB.'900 00'Dist.28".37Epoch1781.68HencheL 3468380.261832.60Stril_ 3445132.101841.48l'tlii.dler DB,A.ctnrIILI-A.R. == 19 II. 48 m.41..Dec; 690 51' 06".III the bendof Draco'. back.' A 6i. Bmagnitude. Discoveredby whosefirst measuresareprobably wrongin 8QD18way.88theywouldindicate il greatmotion.between1781and 18M, "'Ich is not llUBtainedbythe later observations. POB.355040'Dist.2".69aEpoch1841.66M;idler . COMABERENICES. BERENICE'SHAm.-Thisisabeautifulclusterof, small stars, situated about 50E.oftheequinoctial colur', and midway between CorCaroli on the north-east, and Denebola onthe southwest.If astraight line bedrawnfromBenetnasch throughCor Caroli, andproduced toDenebola, it willpassthro.ughit. The principal stars are of between the 4th and ,5th According to Flamsted, there, are thir-of the 4th magnitude, and, according to others, there are seven;but the student will find,agreeably tohismap, thattherearebutthreestarsinthis groupentitled tothat rank .. Although it isnot easytomist.akethisgroup for any other inthe sanieregionof theskies, yetthe stars which composeitareall'sosmallastobe rarelydistinguishedinthefullpresenceofthe moon.,The cpnfusedluster of thisassemblage of stars, some\vhat resemblesthat of the Milky-Way.It contains, besides the stars already alluded to, anumber of nebulm.'.' CONSTELLATIONOFCOMABERENICES.135' The wholenumber of starsin' thisconstellation i, 43;itsmeanrightascensionisIt,conse--quently, is onthemeridian the13th of May. ____--I'. Now behold The gliUeringmazeof Bere1ua', Hajr I Farly the &talII;bUt such .. seem to kill rbe jlowiTlg e,_ with alambeJUIre: Four tothe teleacope alone are seen. .. TELESCOPICOBJECTS. s6Cox.. BUNJCEB.-A. R.= 12 h.45 m!'25 II. Dec.=+ 220 (17',Atriple., betweenthe'rr- andVirgo'.northernwing. All,B indistinct, C10,Such are the magnitudes aaaignedbyCaptain Smyth.Imeasured the components on theJuly,1847, and found the individualmeasures accordwell with eachother. P08.A:O= 4()0 04'DilL = 1".316Epoch.. above. Ato C12531 In 1830, Strl. vegives the IIl8IIIIIIle8 of A to C.. illlowa : Poe.Ato C124043'Diat.28".61Epoch1830.13, Captain Smyth IDIIkea the diIance between A and B,in1834,1",00, In 1843,1",6. 64MESIJER,COlIIBBERIHCElI.-A.R.=12 h. 48m.52..Dec. + 220 33' 02".Alarge ellipticalnebula, betweenBernice'.hairand Virgo'. left ann. Discovered by Me&Bier,1780, SirJ ohriHerachelconsidersthisnebularesolvable,thoughnotre-solved.He _y.:"I am mllCbmistakenif thenucleus be not adouble star, in the genellll direction of the nucleus; 320 mQchincreaseS this SUJlo picion;340 showswell a vacuity below the nucleus." 63MUIII"&R,COX.. BUlflC"&S.-A. R. =13h.05 m. 03..Dec. =t 19001' 03".Aglobularcluster,betweentheComa andVirgo'. leftand.AbrilliantIDaIIIIofminutestara,varyingfromthe, 11 th10 the16th magnitudes. Discoveredby Mesaier,1774.ResolvedbyHerschel,whofinda.it greadyatthe center.This is oneof the many magnificent "islandunivetBils.". SirJohnHerschel,withhis20feetreflector,sawthisobjectwith curved radiations of IItarB,IIOJIl8What resembling the claws of a crab. -&2Cox.. BUlflC"&S.-A. R. =13 h. 02.m.12..Dec.=+ 180 22' 06".Avery cloeedoublestar, between the Lady's hair and Virgo'. left hand.A 4!, B5, magnitude.Bothabi.raare saidtobepale-yeJ-low.ItisNo.1728of8triive'.greatcatalogue,andisamongbill "vicinil!8imle,"or verystara. The meaaurea run thUB:.. 138GEOGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVENS. Pc-.090 30'DiIt. .Epoch1827.88Stril.... 1106OH.6491829.40 - -'lingle1833.87 12811__bat eIoapted1834.48 191111336.39 Afterthis,the-.mel lUllmadewithIiUIe up to1841. when Madler, or Dorpat, 1Ii- theM : POll.18301/1'Diat. Epoch1841.46. H_ is,a binaryII)'8tem,but one ofgreatdifficulty.The IIaIIIbeingnearlyequatinmagnitude,itisdiffieulttodiatinguish the angle or position fromthe IIUIIII, increued by1800. ASTERIONETCHA..RA;VELVENATICI. THBGUYHOUNDS. - Thismodemconstellation, embracingtwoinone,was madebyHeveliusout oftheunformedstars of the ancients,whichwere scatteredbetweenBootesontheeast,andUrea Majoronthe west, andbetweenthehandle of the Dipperonthenorth,andComaBereniceson.the. south.'.. TheseHoundsare .representedonthecelestial sphe.reasbeing inpursuit of the Great Bear, which Bootesishuntingroundthepole of heaven, 'While he holdsinhishandtheleashbywhich theyare together.The northern one is called .A.t-terion,and the southernoneOhara, The stai's in this groupare considerably scatter-ed,andareprincipallyofthe5thand 6th magni-tudes jOt'thetwenty-fivestarswhichitcontains, thereisbut one sufficientlylargetoengage our at-" tention.CorDaroli,markedGo,orCharles' 8Heart, sonamedbySir CharlesScarborough, inmemory\ ofKing Charlesthe First, is' astar ofthe3dmag- . nitude, in the.neck of Chara; the.southernHound. Whenonthemeridian, Cor Caro1i ia 17 IO directlysouth orAlioth, the third IItar in the hanclIe ortheDipper,and is 80 nearly onthesame meridian.thatit culminatee only OIIeminute andahalfafterit.Thill\ 0CCIIlIIon theof May. A line drawn fromCOl'Caro\i.through Alioth, willlead, tothenorth polar 1Itar.This IItar mayalsobereacliIybyits beingin a CONSTELLATIONOFTHEHOUND!!.137 IItraiPt linewith, andmidwaybetween,Beuetnaaeb, tb/!filllt star in the handle of theDipper, ani ComaBenmiClel!:alld, also,bythefactthat, when CorCaroliis011themeridian,DeneI!oIabears illOS.W.,and ArctuI"Wl 260 S.E. of it, forming,with these twoBtara,averylarge tri-angle, whose vertexis at thenorth.It is aI80 at the nm1hem es.tremily of tlte large Diamond, already deacribed... TheBtal8inthis conatellation Bretoo BJDa1l,andtoo.much -uered, to excite' our interest. TELESOOPICOBJEOTS. 2O.llWJ[VBlJATICORUJ[.-A. R. =i2 h.08m.06..Dee.":'" + 41033'. A doubleliar, neB?Obara'. month.A 6,yellow;' B9, blue. Discovered byHencheJ,1782. 1'0&259038'Diet.11".42Epoch1832.16Str'.ve. Ita fixityseeD18to be determinedbya comparisonof aUtherecorded ot-rvatiOll8... .,LAROER.=12 h.4:1m.22Sollec.410 59'07". Immediately preceding theCl'OWIl,orOharl ..sHeart. Discoveredby Mich!lin, in1781.Describedinthe BedfordCl!taIogue as .. afinepale whiteo1!ject,withevidentaymptoJDBofbeingacom-pressed cluster of small stan!. ".' 61M.O.llfUlIIVn.lTIcQRux"":"A.R.=13 h.23 m.06s.Dec. =+ 480 01' or.Apair oflucidnebula.near the ear of Asterion. Discoveredby MMIi.er,1712.FiguredbySir JohnHelllChel,1830. ReeoIvedby Lord into onemagniticent cluster. in the abapeof an iJDDlt'usewhirlpool, in 1847... Ihaverepeatedlyexaminedthismostwonderfulobjectwiththe12 inch reliactor of theOincinnati Obeervatory.'rhelIllYnebula is'seen with a bright nucleuB,lIImOIJDIledbyaringofhazylight, whichisdi-vided,in apartofitacircumference,intotwobranches, whichforcibly remindmeof theMilky-Wayanditadivision.1'hesmaller .nebulais round, and ita light is seen nearly, if not quite,comminglingwith that of the ring aurrounding the principal object.This o1!ject strongly resembled ourowngreatBteIIarsyatem, 80longasit was viewedat the distance towhiril ordinarytelescopescouldcarrythebeholder.But, underthe gazeofLordRoI!se' 8stupendous reftector,themostbewilderingo1!ject buTBts upon the sight.Amighty center, where, in spiral curves, radiate masses of light, 80 vast asto overwhelm the imagination .. 'rheresolutionofthismostrenlarkablenebulaiaone.of theareat achievementaof LordRoa!e'8telescope.. 3MusnR,O.l.uJ[VBlf.lTlCOIlUX.-A.R. =13h.34m.46 .. Dee. =+ 29P10' 06".A magnificent cluster, saidto contain not Iesa thanathousandsIarB,betweentheIIOIIthernHoundandtheknee of Bootes. DiscoveredbyMeBBier,1764;anddescribedas" a nebula without a liar,brilliantandround."ResolvedbyHenchel,1784, withhis20 .2. 138GEQGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVENS,' ilet zefIedor,wbo calla it .. abeautifule11Dterof IItanI, II' ortI in diame-ter.", Ihaw repat.edJy examinedthis fineobject.The_of Man kgreedy compadedtoptberattherenter, andspreMoutinbrilliant nMliationa in aJi direetion..The IargeIt radiations extenddownward,.. .. with minverting eye-pieee. COR 0NAB 0Kif A L18. TRENoaTHEuCaoWN.-This beautiful constella-tionmay beeasily known by means of its sixprin-cipal stars, which are soplaced&8 to form a circular . figure,verymuchresetpblingawreathorcrown. Itissituated -directly north of theSerpent'shead, betweenBootes, on thewest,and Hercules, onthe east. Tbia _!mown to the Heb_ by the name of hhtarotA J andby this Dame the IItaIII in OII.500 61'Diat.'0" 897Epochl830.88 137.HKIIIICRKLI,L-nlcls.--A.R.=09 h.14 m.311..Dec.+ 3.0;0II' 09".Abright nebula,on the be pa_ ofLeoMiJ!or,botiD-dudedwithin the IimiI8oftheLynx. Discoveredby Hel'llCheI, in 1786, who dellcribes it unIUDd, pale white, andsparlding in the center, withanIIdditionalliint nebulOBityBUrrOUDd-iDg the Some 3' diameter.

mRECnONSFORTRACJNGTHEcONSTELLATIONON MAPN'O.XV. LmllA-TJiEScALES. Favoralilysituatedforemmination.inMay,Ju:u 41IdJvJy.. - \- , LIB RA. THE BALANCE.- is the seventh sign, and eighth constellation, from the vernalequinox,and is situ-atedin theZodiac, next east of Virgo. Thesun enters thissign,.attheautumnalequi-nox,onthe of September;but doesnotreach thec.Tm8tellotwnbeforethe .27thof October. Virgo was the goddessof justice, and Libra, the scales,which she- isusually representedasholding inherlefthand,aretheappropriateemblemsof heroffice.When the sun entersthesign Libra, the daysandnightsare equalaUoverthe _world,and seem to observe a kind of equilibrium, like a balance . .When,however,it .issaidthatthevernaland autumnal equinoxes are in Aries and Libra, and the tropics in Cancer and Capricorn, it must be remem,. beredthatthe sign8,AriesandLibra, Cancerand 142GEOGRAPHYOFTHEHEAVENS. Capricom,and not the constellations of these nanes, are fortheequinoxesarenowinc;on-siellatioDsPiscesand .Virgo,andthe tropicsinGe-miniand Sagittarius;eachconstellatianho.vjnggone forwardtmesign in theecliptic. About twenty-two centuriesago,the C01UJtellation LibracoincidedwiththesignLibra;but, having advanced300,ormore, in the ecliptic, it isnow in the sign Scorpio,andthe constellation Scorpio isin the sign Sagittarius, and so on.. While Aries isnow advancedawholesign above the equinoctialpoint, intonorthdeclinati9n,Libra. has descended as far below it, into sQuth declination. Libra containsfifty-one includingtwoof . the 2d magnitude, and several of the 4th.Itsmean declinationis80 south, and. its mean right ascension 2260Its center is, therefore, onthe meridian about the 22dof June. Itmay be known by means of its fourprincipal stars,formingaquadrilateralfigure,lyingnorth-east and southwest, andhaving its upper andlower cornersnearly inaline runningnorthandsouth. The twostars whichformthenortheast sideof the squarearesituated about 7apart, and distinguish the northern scale.Thetwostars which formthe 1!I0uthwestside 'ofthe square are situatedabout 60 apart, anddistinguishthe southernscale. Zubeneschamali,marked the northernscale,about210 E.of Spica, and80 E. of Lambda Virginia, ill a&tarof the 2d inagnitude, and ill situated very nearthe ecliptic, about 42io E. of t)leautumnal equinox. The distance fromthis.tar clownto Theta. Centauri,is about 2).J0,with which,andSpicaVirginia,itformsalargetriangle,ontheright. ZltberWgemabi,markl'dri,isa)w,ofthe2dmagnitude,below Zubeneachamali,tqwanJ&the southwest, anditcomestothemeridian about twenty.sixminutes after it,onthe:t&l of June.Zubenelgemahi is the of thefourbright stars in this figure,andis exactly opposite thelower one, whichisI lOS. of it Thestarmarked 1'.i.astar of the 3dmagnitude, in the north-ernacaIe.70 S. E. of Zl1oont!lgemabi,andnearlyoppositetoZUlJellt... cbamali,atthedistanceofI lOontheeast.'fheaetwomakelbe diagonal of the equare east and weaL CONSTELLA.TIONOFLIBRA.. 143 rotais a&tarofthe4th magnitude. and COJIIItitulelithe IllUthemlllOllt CtDerof the square.It isabout6"S.E. of Zubeneschamali, md 110 SofZubenelgemabi, with which it tOrDIBthe diagonal, northand 80Ith. Zubmelgvbi is a .tar of the 2dmagnitGde, aituaiedbelow the rputhem acale,at the distanceof 6, fromlola, andmarks the IOUtherolimit of the Zodiac.It is situated in arightlinewith,andnearly midwaybetween, SpcaVirginiaandBetaScorpii; -and comes to the meridiannearly at the_IIIOIIIIIIlt with Nekkar, in the headofBo;;tea. '!'heremaining&Iar&intheeoostelIatiCIDaretoostnaIltoengage attention.' The aeholar, intracingout this eooateJlation in theheaVeDB,willper-ceivethatLambdaandMu,which lie in the filetof Virgo, on the weat, fonn, with Zubenesebama1i andZubenelgemabi, almoatB8bandaome and perfiect afigureas the otber two.stars in die Balance do. on the east. TEJ,E SCOPIC0BJ ECTS. 'ADovBLESTu.....:A.R. = 14 h.14 III; 11Ii.Dec. = - ()70 01' 07".-160, east by north, fromBpica VuginiaThe ItalII are equa1, and of the 8th magnitude POll.16600t!'DiaL5".02EpochIS36.44SIIIyth. ACLOSEDOUBLEBUB.-A. R.= 14h.11\m.06..Dec.100 56' o:r.-cioee to thebeel of the Virgin.A7!, yellow, Bgreeniab. Dieeovered byStr:.ve.1827.' POll.326087'Dist..".41Epoch1828.83. ACJ.OIIi:LYCOMPACTEDCL'UIITEB.-A.R.=111h.10m.26 .. Dec.=+ 020 41' 03".'Over the Balance., Discovetedby Mesaiet,1764,whoregiaterBit _,a roundnebula,in which, heisconfident,notastarexista;'8Ildyet,inMay,1791, Bir WilliamHerachel, bytheaidof his 40 filet re8eetor, counted in this ob-ject no '- than200 8&anI,, This isone ofthegreat c\uslel1l comparativelynear ourIIidereal Btra:-bnn, and somewhat resemblingthat in flercules, hereafter describedand figured.The drawing WB8made under a power of 280, and12inches-' aptll1Ure;the ot;ect WB8thUII described.', f OBIIILIBIUII.-A. R.=15 h.68 m.35 ..Dec. =- 1oo 55 06.AlIIOIIteleganttriple1ItaT,between the upper BCaIeof Libraand the right leg of Ophiuchua.A. 4!. BII,magnitude. Poe.A B187056'DiaL1".50Epoch1782.361HeracheL AC88376.381780.39 5' !:: 1825.4&} StrUve. !: A B24520.971846.48 1. Mitchel. AC74427.16- S. The disks are per(ed, with apower of 600 timea. 1GEOGRAPHY01"TIlEHEAVENS. ALJ....eo........ CI.V8'na..-A.R.=15h.08, IlLG6.. Dec.=-100 te' or. byHeI1dIeI,1786.It hIM 110ftof IlCJIIIII!I.\ti link '-tween the c:ouaen- of IIaJa aDIl the ditltet nebula. --- DIRECTIONSFORTJlACINGTHECONSTELLATIONON )fA P, NO.XVI. ScolU'Io-THEScOIlPIOl'f., Favorohlgaituatedfur"ezamina#oninJune,July, andAugust. 8CORPIO. THESea.PION.-This isthe eighth sign, andnint.h constellation, intheorderof theZodiac;It 'pre-sents oneof. themoat interestinggroupsofBtars, forthe, pupil to trace out, the:tis be foundinthe hemisphere., It is sltuated southward a.nd eastward of Libra, and isonthe meridianthe10th pC July.'.. The IUD enters this Iignonthe23dofOctober, butnotreach the ctmBteJlotionbefOTethe 20th of November.Whenastronomy_ fint cultivatedin theEast, the twoeolstices andthetwoequino"ea took placewhentheIUDWII8in 'AquariusandLeo, 1'aurua ,andScorpio, 'respeCtively. , Scorpiocontaine,aceordingtoFlamsted,forty-fourstars;including oneof the1st magnitude, one oftheandeleven of the 3d.It isreadily dis-tinguishedfromallothers, by thepeculiar ,luster andthe positionof its stars. Antares,markeda.,istheprincipalstar,andia situated in theheart 01\the Scorpion, about 19 E. of Zuhenelgubi, the southernmost star in the Balance. Anwes isthe mostbrilliant star inthat regionof CONSTELLATIONOFSCORPIO.145 theskies,andmaybeotherwisedistinguishedby itsremarkablyredappearance.Itsdeclinationis about 26 S.It comes tothe meridianaboutthree hoursafterSpicaVirginis,orfiftyminutesafter Corona Borealis, on thelOthof July.It isone of the stars fromwhichthemoon'sdistanceisreck-oned,forcomputing the longitude at sea. ThereareiJurgreattltatllin the_-. FtJ'IIIIJIMuI, AJdelIarrm, &gulw, and ArItInI.whichfOrmerlyanawen!dtoth.IOl8titialand equinoctialpointa, and which were much noticed by the uIronomenof &heEat. About S!0N.W. of Antares, is astarofthe2d magnitude,intheheadoftheScorpion,called GrajJiaa, It isbut 1N.oftheearth's orbit.It may be recognizedbymeansofasmall star, situatedabout 1N.E. of it,andalsoby its formingaslight curvewithtwo otherstarsof the 3d,magnitude,situatedbelowit,eachabout3 apart.Thebroadpartoftheconstellationnear Graff