The Earth and its representation

GEOGRAPHY UNIT 1

MIGUEL BONET

THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND THE EARTH

MIGUEL BONET

THE SOLAR SYSTEM

• The solar system is a planetary system.

• Is a group of astronomical objects who surround a star, in this case, the Sun. This objects are:

• The Sun

• The Planets

• The Dwarf Planets

• Other Objects

MIGUEL BONET

THE SUN

• The Sun is the star of our Solar System.

• Also is the biggest astronomical object of our

Solar System.

• The distance of The Sun to the Earth is

approximately 150 million kilometres.

MIGUEL BONET

THE SUN

• How Long takes to us a travel through the space by car at 100km/h with the Sun as goal?

• Answer: 1.500.000 hours, 62.500 days or 171 years.

• The Sun brings to us the energy and light, that are necessary for the life in Earth (For example, the plants can use the sunlight for the photosynthesis process)

MIGUEL BONET

THE PLANETS

• The Planets are the astronomical objects that surround

The Sun. Nowadays are 8:.

• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,

Neptune.

• We can divided in 2 groups:

• Terrestrial planets

• Giant planets

MIGUEL BONET

THE PLANETS

• Terrestrial planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and

Mars.

• They are the closest planets to The Sun

• Also are the smallest.

• They are planets with a solid surface

MIGUEL BONET

THE PLANETS

• Giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus y Neptune.

• They are the biggest planets.

• This planets hasn´t got a solid surface, they are just huge balls of gas or ice.

• Has a lot of Moons. For example, Jupiter has 67

MIGUEL BONET

SIZES

MIGUEL BONET

DWARF PLANETS

• There are very little planets, even more than our Moon.

• The most important is Pluto

• There are much more, like Makemake, Haumea, Ceres o

Eris

MIGUEL BONET

OTHER OBJECTS

• Satellites or Moons. There are objects that surround the

Planets, like our Moon.

• Asteroids

• Comets

MIGUEL BONET

Photos and Video about Solar System

MIGUEL BONET

THE SUN

MIGUEL BONET

MERCURY

MIGUEL BONET

VENUS

MIGUEL BONET

EARTH

MIGUEL BONET

MARS

MIGUEL BONET

JUPITER

MIGUEL BONET

SATURN

MIGUEL BONET

URANUS

MIGUEL BONET

NEPTUNE

MIGUEL BONET

VIDEO

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5c_lL6I3OaA

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHAqT4hXnMw

MIGUEL BONET

THE EARTH

• The Earth was formed 4.600 million years ago (like 57,5

million of human lives). As we saw before, it belongs to the

Solar System and surrounds the Sun.

• Is the only one planet where we can find life until now

• Is called the “blue Planet” because….

• Around the 70% of its surface is water

MIGUEL BONET

THE EARTH

• Is surrounded by the “atmosphere”, a layer of gas that helps

us with a triple function:

• Protect us of the sun radiation

• Regulate the temperature

• Contains a gas called “oxygen” that is necessary for life

• The Earth´s shape is almost a sphere, but is flatter by the

poles

MIGUEL BONET

EXERCISES

• Solar System Map

• Complete the blanks

• Riddles

MIGUEL BONET

ROTATION AND TIME ZONES

MIGUEL BONET

ROTATION

• Is the movement of the Earth around its axis, as a spinning top

• Every rotation movement takes to the Earth approximately 24

hours. (Exactly 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds. Therefore,

is what we called “day”.

• The Earth rotates from the East towards the West

• The consequences of this movement are:

• Alternation of day and night

• The Time Zones

MIGUEL BONET

TIME ZONES

• A Time Zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same

standard time.

• As we saw with rotation movement, It´s impossible that all the

places in the Earth has the same time, That is why the Earth is

divided into 24 Time Zones.

• Every place in the Earth that is situated into the same Time

Zone has the same time.

MIGUEL BONET

TIME ZONES

• The Time reference 0 is the City of Greenwich, in England. This

Time Zone is called UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) or GMT

(Greenwich Mean Time).

• In a map, with 0 as reference, we put the clock forward one hour

for every time zone we move towards to the East, the next time

zone would be the UTC +1, the next UTC +2 and so on.

MIGUEL BONET

TIME ZONES

• However, in a map, with 0 as reference, we put the clock

backward one hour for every time zone we move towards to the

West, the next time zone would be the UTC -1, the next UTC -2

and so on

MIGUEL BONET

VIDEO

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-j-SWKtWEcU

MIGUEL BONET

EXERCISE

• Complete the blanks

• Time Zones. Map

• 1. We are living in London and it is 12 hours o clock. What time is it in these cities?

• Los Angeles, New York, Beijing.

• 2. We are living in Moscow and it is 14hours o clock. What time is it in these cities?

• Buenos Aires, Bogotá, Tokyo.

• 2nd Exercise

• Instructions

MIGUEL BONET

ORBIT AND SEASONS OF THE YEAR

MIGUEL BONET

ORBIT

• The orbit is the movement of the Earth surrounding the Sun

• This orbit is elliptical, not circular.

• This movement takes to the Earth approximately 365 days,

is what we called Year

MIGUEL BONET

ORBIT

• Exactly takes to the Earth 365 days and 6 hours, that´s the

reason why every 4 years we have to add one more day to

our calendar. This year is called leap year.

MIGUEL BONET

SEASONS

• The Seasons are not due to the elliptical orbit of Earth,

are due to the inclination of Earth´s axis.

• The Earth´s axis is inclined 23,5 degrees.

• This inclination, and the consequent incidence of the

sunrays and its exposure to the Earth are the cause of

the Seasons and the climate zones.

MIGUEL BONET

SEASONS

• There are different climate zones on Earth:

• 2 Polar zones

• 2 Temperate zones

• 1 Warm zone

MIGUEL BONET

THE 4 SEASONS

• 4 Key Dates:

• Spring Equinox 21st March

• Starts Spring in North and Autumn in South

• Summer Solstice 21st June

• Starts Summer in North and Winter in South

• Autumn Equinox 21st September

• Starts Autumn in North and Spring in South

• Winter Solstice 21st December

• Starts Winter in North and Summer in South

MIGUEL BONET

EXERCISE

• Exercise about orbital movement

• Exercise 2,Page 14 Book (Homework)

MIGUEL BONET

LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE

PARALLELS AND MERIDIANS

MIGUEL BONET

LATITUDE

• Latitude is a geographic point that indicates the North or

South position from the Equator (remember that is the parallel

0º) to a position on Earth.

• This position is measured in degrees northward or southward.

Its value is between 0 and 90 degrees. Ex (5°N, 15°S)

• This imaginary lines, who runs parallels to equator, are called

PARALLELS

• Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise

location of features on the surface of the Earth.

MIGUEL BONET

MAIN PARALLELS

• Equator - 0º

• In the northern hemisphere:

• Tropic of Cancer - 23° N.

• Arctic Circle - 66° N

• In the southern hemisphere:

• Tropic of Capricorn - 23° S.

• Antarctic Circle - 66° S

MIGUEL BONET

LONGITUDE

• Longitude is a geographic point that indicates the West or East

position from a point of reference, that in this case is The

Greenwich Meridian (called Meridian 0º) to a position on Earth.

• This position is measured in degrees Westward or Eastward. Its

value is between 0 and 180 degrees (35°W, 60°E)

• This imaginary semicircle lines are called MERIDIANS

• Longitude is used together with latitude to specify the precise

location of features on the surface of the Earth.

MIGUEL BONET

LONGITUDE

MIGUEL BONET

• Locate these places in a Map.

Europe´s Map

• 60° N, 10° E

• 50º N, 20º E

• 50º N, 15º E

• 40° N, 50º E

• 50º N, 5° W

• 60° N, 30° E

• What is the Latitude/Longitude of

these cities? Spain´s Map

• Toledo

• Cuenca

• Ciudad Real

• Gerona

• Murcia

• Castellón

EXERCISES

MIGUEL BONET

EXERCISES

• http://www.educaplay.com/es/recursoseducativos/39015/latitud___longitud.htm

• Locate these places in a Map. Homework?

• 0° Latitude , 78° Long W

• 33° Latitude S, 151 Long E

• 1º Latitude S, 36° Long E

• 34° Latitude N, 6° Long W

• Exercise 1, Page 16 Homework

MIGUEL BONET

ORIENTATION IN A MAP.

MAPS, PROJECTIONS AND SCALES.

MIGUEL BONET

ORIENTATION IN A MAP. CARDINAL POINTS

• The first thing that we need to know to use a map is the Cardinal Points. These points

are:

• North, represented as a N

• South, represented as a S

• East, represented as a E

• West, represented as a W

MIGUEL BONET

SCALE

• A map is reduced representation of reality. The scale indicates the relation

between a distance drawn on the map and the same distance on the ground.

Are usually expressed in two ways.

• Numerical: As a fraction. The numerator indicates the distance on the

map and the denominator tells us its equivalent on the ground. For

example, 1:25.000 indicates that 1 cm on the map is equivalent to

25,000cm in reality

• Graphical: Using a graduated ruler, on each segment, the equivalent to

ground distance is indicated.

MIGUEL BONET

MAPS: PROJECTIONS

• A map is a representation of the spherical Surface of the Earth, or a part of it,

on a flat Surface

• To be able to represent a curved surface on a map we use projections that

can translate the grid of parallels and meridians onto a flat surface.

• The most important projections are:

• Cylindrical

• Conical

• Projections onto a plane

MIGUEL BONET

MAPS: PROJECTIONS

• Cylindrical Projection:

• It is the best method to represent the low latitudes between the equator

and the tropics. However, this kind of projection distorts the middle

latitudes and the poles.

MIGUEL BONET

PETERS VS MERCATOR PROJECTION

MIGUEL BONET

MAPS: PROJECTIONS

• Conical Projection:

• It is the most appropriate to represent the middle latitudes, between the

tropics and the polar circles. Distorts the low latitudes.

MIGUEL BONET

MAPS: PROJECTIONS

• Projection onto a plane:

• It is the most appropriate method to represent the polar areas.

MIGUEL BONET

Maps: Types

MIGUEL BONET

MAPS: TYPES

• Topographic:

• Represent in detail the physical and human aspects of the territory: relief, water,

flora, communication routes, land use…

MIGUEL BONET

MAPS: TYPES

• Thematic:

• Represent a specific geographical aspect such as climate, relief, population, etc…

MIGUEL BONET

EXERCISES

• Page 15, Exercises 1, 2, 3,

• Exercise 4 Homework, Everyone have to print one example and bring it.

MIGUEL BONET