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GEOLOGICAL MODELING AND HYDROCARBON
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION OF MESSINIAN
SEQUENCES IN WEST DIKIRNIS FIELD, ONSHORE
NILE DELTA, EGYPT
BY
AHMED ABD EL-MONEIM AHMED IBRAHIM KANDEEL
(B. SC. & M. SC. IN GEOLOGY)
THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF PHILOSOPHY OF DOCTORATE IN SCEIENCE
IN GEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
CAIRO UNIVERSITY
CAIRO
2012
APROVAL SHEET FOR SUMISSION
Thesis Title: Geological Modeling and Hydrocarbon
Reservoir Characterization of Messinian
Sequences in West Dikirnis Field, Onshore
Nile Delta, Egypt
Name of candidate: Ahmed Abd El-Moneim Ahmed
This thesis has been approved for submission by the
supervisors:
1- Prof. Dr. Mohamed Darwish Mohamed Salem
Signature:
2- Prof. Dr. Abd El-Moneim Ahmed El-Araby
Signature:
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abd El-Rahman Hemdan
Chairman of Geology Department
Faculty of Science- Cairo University
85
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank Prof. Dr. Mohamed Darwish, Professor
of Petroleum Geology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, for his
supervising, constant help and guidance during the progress of this work.
The author is grateful to Prof. Dr. Abd El-Moneim Al-Araby,
Professor of Sedimentology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, for
supervising this work, and his constant guidance and support during the
progress of this work covered by the present thesis.
Deepest gratitude and appreciation is due to Geol. Mohamed Kassem,
Geology General Manager, for his continuous help and advice during the
practical work.
The author is indebted to Eng. Ahmed El Hawary, Chairman of Qantara
Petroleum Company for his continuous support and to Exploration
Manager, for wire-line logs, samples and data provided.
Special thanks with great debt of appreciation and gratitude are due to my
father and mother for their continuous encouragement.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Nile Delta is one of the most famous deltas in the world and also
considered as well as a unique and very important hydrocarbon province in Egypt.
Its potentiality is concentrated in the different Tertiary sedimentary facies. In the
present study, the depositional setting of the principal productive reservoir in the
southern onshore part of the province (Messinian Qawasim reservoir) and the
reservoir facies types were identified and evaluated in order to improve our
understanding of the reservoir behavior. Sedimentological analysis of the
Messinian Qawasim clastics indicated a deposition in a deltaic environment.
During this time, the Mediterranean Region is characterized by a sharp drop in sea
level (Messinian Salinity Crisis) which was accompanied by severe excavation of
the Proto-Nile drainage systems.
West Dikirnis Field is located in the southern part of El Mansoura
Concession - onshore Nile Delta. Exploration of this field added an additional play
concept for gas, condensate and oil prospecting in onshore Nile Delta area.
Stratigraphic sequence represents the normal succession in the southern part of the
region. Production testing of the Messinian reservoirs in the field had been done
through six wells between years 2005 and 2007.
Qawasim Formation in West Dikirnis Field was frequently discriminated
into three complete depositional cycles namely from base to top A, B and C
accompanying the relative sea level oscillations. Each depositional cycle consists
of a lower sandstone reservoir (Unit R) and an upper shale barrier (Unit B).
Lithofacies analysis using core samples and wireline logs revealed six lithofacies
types, labeled (F1 to F6) based on their lithological aspects, grain size distribution
and sedimentary structures; Lithofacies F1 is Conglomeratic Massive Sandstone,
Lithofacies F2 is Massive Sandstone, Lithofacies F3 is Laminated Sandstone,
Lithofacies F4 is Silty Laminated Sandstone, Lithofacies F5 is Laminated Siltstone
and Lithofacies F6 is Laminated Mudstone.
It is found through the analysis carried out on Qawasim Formation that the
reservoir quality variation through the different reservoir lithofacies primarily
reflects grain size differences. The highest porosity and permeability occur in the
coarser lithofacies. Deterioration of reservoir quality is recorded in decreasing
order from sandstone lithofacies types (massive, laminated and silty laminated) to
conglomeratic sandstone to siltstone (laminated type) and finally to mudstone
(laminated type). The later lithofacies type is considered as a flow barrier.
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
I. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………….… 1
I.1. Area of Study ………………………………………………….…… 1
I.2. Exploration History ……………………………………………….... 3
I.3. Aim and Purpose of Study ……………………………………......... 5
I.4. Data, Material and Methodology ……………………………........... 6
II. GEOLOGICAL SET-UP OF THE NILE DELTA …………………... 7
II.1. Tectonic Evolution ………………………………………………... 7
II.2. Regional Structural Setting ….………………………………..….. 10
II.3. Regional Stratigraphic Setting ………………………………….. . 14
III. GEOLOGICAL SET-UP OF QAWASIM SEQUENCES …………. 19
III.1. General Structural Setting of West Dikirnis Field ………………. 19
III.2. Strtigraphic Setting of Qawasim Formation and Biostratigraphic
Assignments ………………………………………………….….. 22
III.2.1. Lower Pliocene / Zanclian Section ……...……………….. 25
III.2.2. Upper Miocene / Lower Messinian Section ..……..……… 25
III.2.3. Upper Miocene / Tortonian Section ………………….….. 26
III.3. Stratigraphic Units of Qawasim Formation in West Dikirnis
Field ……………………………………………………………... 29
IV. DEPOSITIONAL MODEL AND SEDIMENTOLOGICAL
EVOLUTION OF QAWASIM FORMATION …………………..... 46
IV.1. Overview on Cored Intervals of Qawasim Formation in
West Dikirnis Hydrocarbon Field …………………………….... 46
IV.2. Core Description, Lithofacies Suite and Petrography of
Qawasim Formation ……………………………………………... 48
Chapter Page
IV.3. Lithofacies Analysis from Image Logs .……………..…………. 71
IV.3.1. Lithofacies Analysis from the FMI Image ..………..…… 72
IV.3.2. Dipmeter Interpretation …………………………...…….. 74
IV.4. Depositional Model for Qawasim Formation Sandstone
Reservoir.…………………………………………….……...……. 79
V. QAWASIM RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND
HYDROCARBON POTENTIALITY …………………………...… 100
V.1. Traditional Petrophysical Aspects of Qawasim Formation in
West Dikirnis Field …………………………………….…….... 102
V.2. Reservoir Properties from Magnetic Resonance Logs …...…..…. 113
V.3. Reservoir Parameters of the Depositional Lithofacies ………….. 119
V.4. Clay Minerals Role in Porosity – Permeability
Characterization ………………………………………………..… 125
V.5. Significance of Diagenesis on Reservoir Quality of
Qawasim Reservoir ……………………………………………… 135
V.5.1. Diagenetic Aspects …………………….…………...…... 137
V.5.2. Reservoir Quality ……………………………………….. 151
VI. PETROLEUM SYSTEM …………………………………...…….... 159
VI.1. Petroleum Source Rock Potentialities, Maturation Regime
and Hydrocarbon Migration …………………………...……..... 159
VI.2. Reservoir, Seal and Entrapment Mechanism ………………....... 164
VI.3. Hydrocarbon Characterization and Correlation ……………….... 166
VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ………………...…………...………..... 179
References
Arabic Summary
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page
Fig. I.1: Nile Delta Location map…………………………………………….2
Fig. I.2: El Mansoura Concession map and zooming of West Dikirnis Field
location map…………………………………………………………3
Fig. I.3: Generalized stratigraphic column of West Dikirnis Field………….4
Fig. II.1: Areal distribution of the major tectonic features, (Bertello et al,
1996)……………………………………………………………….11
Fig. II.2: Simplified cross-section for the Nile Delta showing the sequence of
deposition on both sides of the flexure zone. The cross-section trend
is shown in Fig.II.1………………………………………………...12
Fig. II.3: Nile Delta Generalized Stratigraphic Column (compiled from EGPC,
1994)……………………………………………………………...15
Fig. II.4: Inferred palaeogeography of the Nile Delta area in the Late Miocene
(Tortonian and Messinian) and relative position of the West Dikirnis
field (Aarburg et al., 2006)………………………………………..17
Fig. III.1: Structure contour map on top Qawasim reservoir in West Dikirnis
Field (Based on well and seismic data), showing the structural
setting of the reservoir and the four way dip closure. N.B: 1) The
map in the bottom left corner shows the general fault pattern of El
Mansoura Concession. 2) F(I) trends E-W, F(II) trends N-S,
F(III)&F(IV) trend NW-SE and F(V) trends NE-SW……………20
Fig. III.2: N-S Seismic In-line passing through the field, showing faults (FI)
and F(V).………………………………………………………….20
Fig. III.3: E-W Seismic Cross line passing through the field, showing fault
F(II)……………………………………………………………….20
Fig. III.4: E–W structural cross section passing through West Dikirnis Field,
showing the four way dip closure and fault F(III)………………21
Fig. III.5: N–S geoseismic cross section passing through West Dikirnis Field,
showing the southern major E-W trending normal fault and faults
F(I), F(V)…………………………………………………………..21
Fig. III.6: Biostratigraphic distribution chart, foraminifera for West Dikirnis-3
well, showing the foraminifera biozones in the penetrated section
(EREX, 2007)……………………………………………...………23
Fig. III.7:Abundance and diversity of nannofossils histogram for West
Dikirnis-3 well, showing the calcareous nannoplankton biozones in
the penetrated section (EREX, 2007)……..……………………..24
Fig. III.8: West Dikirnis Field Biostratigraphic Summary Chart with relation to
the sequence chronostratigraphy of Haq et al (1988). There is a
zooming on Qawasim Formation showing the Type Section of the
Figure No. Page
three depositional cycles (A, B and C). (N.B: DTCO is the sonic log
curve TNPH is the neutron log curve and RHOZ is the density log
curve)……………………………………………………...……………...27
Fig. III.9: The subcrop map of Messinian age in El Mansoura Concession,
showing the missing of cycle 3.3 in western and eastern parts of the
concession…………………………….…………………………..28
Fig. III.10: A schematic stratigraphic column, showing details of the
depositional cycles identified in the Qawasim Formation……….30
Fig. III.11: Isopach map of Unit (R1), West Dikirnis Field……………….…34
Fig. III.12: Isopach map of Unit (B1), West Dikirnis Field………………...35
Fig. III.13: Isopach map of Unit (R2), West Dikirnis Field………………..36
Fig. III.14: Isopach map of Unit (B2), West Dikirnis Field………………..38
Fig. III.15: Isopach map of Unit (R3), West Dikirnis Field………………..40
Fig. III.16: Isopach map of Unit (B3), West Dikirnis Field………………..42
Fig. III.17: The relationship between PEFA (Prediction Error Filter Analysis)
and INPEFA (Integrated Spectral Frequency Analysis) curves (after
Nio et al., 1996) .....…………………………………………….…44
Fig. III.18: Stratigraphic correlation panel through wells West Dikirnis-9, West
Dikirnis-4 and West Dikirnis-7 using top Qawasim Formation (Early
Messinian Section) as a datum; showing the retrogradational trend (green
arrow) and the progradational trend (red arrow)…………………………45
Fig. IV.1: West Dikirnis Field location map showing the cored wells in the field
with a sketch for each litholog of the cored intervals (A. Moneim et
al., 2010)………………………………………………………...…47
Fig. IV.2: Fig.IV.2: Core description and litholog of the interval 9115’ –
9331.5’ in Qawasim Formation, West Dikirnis-9 well, cores #1, #2
and #3. This figure shows the different encountered lithofacies and
the vertical change in grain size in addition to a compiled description
for penetrated lithofacies in the last track………………………….51
Fig. IV.3: Lithofacies (F1) Display……………………………………………52
Fig. IV.4: Lithofacies (F2) Display……………………………………………54
Fig. IV.5: Lithofacies (F3) Display……………………………………………59
Fig. IV.6: Lithofacies (F4) Display……………………………………………64
Fig. IV.7: Lithofacies (F5) Display……………………………………………69
Fig. IV.8: Lithofacies (F6) Display……………………………………………71
Fig. IV.9: A presentation for West Dikirnis-9 well cored interval showing: (1)
the conventional wireline log gamma ray in the first track (left hand
side) to provide the basic information about the lithological