geology 360 - introduction to thrust faults up down
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Geology 360 - Geology 360 - Introduction to Thrust FaultsIntroduction to Thrust Faults
UpUp
DownDown
Thrust faultsThrust faults
• Terminology
• Calculating stretch and shortening
• Throw, heave, and slip
• Stratigraphy and thrust faults
Thrust FaultThrust Fault
Thrust Fault TerminologyThrust Fault Terminology
Original layer cake templateOriginal layer cake template
Thrust Fault TerminologyThrust Fault Terminology
Transport DirectionTransport Direction
ForelandForeland HinterlandHinterland
Fault achieves trajectory rapidlyFault achieves trajectory rapidly
Fault Bend Fold MovieFault Bend Fold Movie
Thrust Fault TerminologyThrust Fault Terminology
Calculating Shortening for Thrust Calculating Shortening for Thrust
FaultsFaults
lo lf
50 km 40 km
Shortening =Shortening = llo o
llf f - l- loo * 100%* 100%
If Stretch [S] = lIf Stretch [S] = lff/l/loo, then , then shortening =shortening = llo o
llff -1 * 100%-1 * 100% ( )
Calculating Shortening for Thrust Calculating Shortening for Thrust
FaultsFaults
lo lf
50 km 40 km
Shortening =Shortening = llo o
llf f - l- loo * 100% = * 100% = 40 - 5040 - 50
5050* 100% = -20%* 100% = -20%
A Caution Regarding ShorteningA Caution Regarding Shortening
Choosing a minimum lChoosing a minimum loo value yields maximum shortening value yields maximum shortening
lo lf
50 km 40 km
Shortening =Shortening = llo o
llf f - l- loo * 100% = * 100% = 40 - 5040 - 50
5050* 100%= -20%* 100%= -20%
Shortening CalculationShortening Calculation
lo lf
40 km 30 km
Shortening =Shortening = llo o
llf f - l- loo * 100% = * 100% = 30 - 4030 - 40
4040* 100% = -25%* 100% = -25%
Thus “shortening” is relative to the baseline you pickThus “shortening” is relative to the baseline you pick
Throw, Heave, and SlipThrow, Heave, and Slip
Throw
Heave
Slip
(Throw)(Throw)22 + (Heave) + (Heave)22 = (Slip) = (Slip)22
SinSin = (Throw/Slip) = (Throw/Slip)
CosCos = (Heave/Slip) = (Heave/Slip)
Increasing Stratigraphic ThicknessIncreasing Stratigraphic Thickness
Evidence for Thrust Faulting in Evidence for Thrust Faulting in
BoreholesBoreholes
Evidence for Thrust Faulting in Evidence for Thrust Faulting in
BoreholesBoreholes
Evidence for Thrust Faulting in Evidence for Thrust Faulting in
BoreholesBoreholes
ReferencesReferences
Slides 3-9
http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/faults/thrust/rampflat/index.htm
Slides 10-14
Twiss, R. J. and E. M. Moores, Structural Geology, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, 532 p., 1992.