geology of petroluem

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GEOLOGY OF PETROLUEM


CONTENTS• INTRODUCTION• PRINCIPAL• EVALUATION OF THE SOURCE • THE RESERVOIR• THE SEAL• THE TRAP• ANALYSIS OF MATURATION • THE TIME AND NATURE OF MIGRATION • PETROLEUM PETRLEUM COMPOSITION• FORMATION OF PETROLEUM• REFINING


INTRODUCTION• Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of

rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas• Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry, physics and

biology, involving the application of essentially abstract concept to observed data


There are some place on earth where oil is not trapped underground, but actually seeps out the earth‘s surfaces and a bubbling crude, this is one of The largest petroleum Seeps, located in the upper ojai valley, California.


PRINCIPAL• Petroleum geology refers to the specific set of the disciplines

that are applied to the search for hydrocarbons oil exploration. Petroleum geology is principally concerned with the evolution of seven key elements in a sedimentary basin to obtain an idea of the subsurface and overall petroleum system.

• Source • Reservoir • Seal • Trap • Timing • Maturation and Migration

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EVALUATION OF THE SOURCE

• Involves quantification and evaluation of the nature of organic-rich rocks quality of expelled hydrocarbon in a basin can be assessed by GEOCHEMICAL methods of analysis.

• First establish likelihood of presence of organic-rich sediments deposited in past

• Identification and delineation of area of potential source rock.

• Determine the type of KEROGEN • Calculation of thermal maturation.


THE RESERVOIR• It is a porous and permeable lithological unit or set of

units that holds the hydrocarbon reserves. The common types include sandstone and limestone

• First determine the type of lithofacies of the reservoir• Their POROSITY and PERMEABILITY • The Post depositional Digenetic changes in reservoir• Environment and geometry of the reservoirs.• Infer physical sedimentary properties of rocks


THE SEAL • Is a unit with low permeability that impedes

the escape of hydrocarbons from the reservoir rock. Common seals include EVAPORITES, CHALKS and SHALE. Analysis of seals involves assessment of their thickness and extent, such that their effectiveness can be quantified.


THE TRAPS• It is the stratigraphic or structural feature that

ensures the juxtaposition of reservoir and seal such that hydrocarbons remain trapped in the subsurface, rather than escaping and being lost


ANALYSIS OF MATURATION

• It involves assessing the thermal history of the sources rock in order to make predication of the amount and timing of hydrocarbons generation and expulsion.

• THE TIME AND NATURE OF MIGRATION

• Finally, the careful studies of reveal information on how hydrocarbons move from source to reservoir and help quantify the source of hydrocarbons in a particular area.


PETROLEUM • The word petroleum comes from the Latin petra,

meaning “rock,” and oleum, meaning “oil.”• A thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of

gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface,

• including natural gas• Gasoline• Naphtha• Kerosene• Fuel • Lubricating oils• Paraffin wax


PETROLEUM COPOSITION• These substances are mainly compounds of only two

elements: carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). They are called, therefore: hydrocarbons.


FORMATION OF PETROLEUM:-

• Petroleum formation occurs by various hydrocarbons combining with certain minerals such as sulphur under extreme pressure.


REFINING Refining is the process in which product are derived from crude oil through process of catalytic cracking and fractional distillation. Several types of refined petroleum such as, Kerosene, fuel oil, gasoline etc.

REFING INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN• Pak-Arab Refinery Ltd. • National Refinery Ltd.• Attack Refinery Ltd • Indus oil Refinery Ltd

geology of petroluem

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