geometry vocabulary cards - doe.virginia.gov€¦ · web viewmathematics vocabulary word wall...
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GeometryVocabulary Word Wall Cards
Mathematics vocabulary word wall cards provide a display of mathematics content words and associated visual cues to assist in vocabulary development. The cards should be used as an instructional tool for teachers
and then as a reference for all students.
Table of Contents
Reasoning, Lines, andTransformationsBasics of Geometry 1Basics of Geometry 2Geometry NotationLogic NotationSet NotationConditional StatementConverseInverseContrapositiveSymbolic Representations in Logical ArgumentsConditional Statements and Venn DiagramsDeductive ReasoningInductive ReasoningDirect ProofsProperties of CongruenceLaw of DetachmentLaw of SyllogismCounterexamplePerpendicular LinesParallel Lines Skew LinesTransversalCorresponding AnglesAlternate Interior AnglesAlternate Exterior AnglesConsecutive Interior AnglesParallel LinesMidpoint (definition)Midpoint FormulaFind a Missing Endpoint
Slope FormulaSlope of Lines in Coordinate PlaneDistance FormulaLine Symmetry (Examples)Point Symmetry (Examples)Rotation (Origin)ReflectionTranslationDilationPerpendicular BisectorConstructions:o A line segment congruent to a given line
segmento Perpendicular bisector of a line segment o A perpendicular to a given line from a point
not on the lineo A perpendicular to a given line at a point on
the lineo A bisector of an angle o An angle congruent to a given angle o A line parallel to a given line through a
point not on the given lineo An equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle o A square inscribed in a circle o A regular hexagon inscribed in a circle
TrianglesClassifying Triangles by SidesClassifying Triangles by AnglesTriangle Sum TheoremExterior Angle TheoremPythagorean Theorem
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary
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Angle and Sides RelationshipsTriangle Inequality TheoremCongruent TrianglesSSS Triangle Congruence PostulateSAS Triangle Congruence PostulateHL Right Triangle Congruence ASA Triangle Congruence PostulateAAS Triangle Congruence TheoremSimilar PolygonsSimilar Polygons and ProportionsAA Triangle Similarity PostulateSAS Triangle Similarity TheoremSSS Triangle Similarity TheoremAltitude of a TriangleMedian of a TriangleConcurrency of Medians of a Triangle30°-60°-90° Triangle Theorem45°-45°-90° Triangle TheoremTrigonometric RatiosInverse Trigonometric RatiosArea of a Triangle
Polygons and CirclesPolygon Exterior Angle Sum TheoremPolygon Interior Angle Sum TheoremRegular PolygonProperties of ParallelogramsRectangleRhombus
SquareTrapezoidIsosceles TrapezoidCircleCircles – Inscribed Circle EquationLines and CirclesSecantTangentCentral AngleMeasuring ArcsArc LengthSecants and TangentsInscribed AngleArea of a SectorInscribed Angle Theorem 1Inscribed Angle Theorem 2Inscribed Angle Theorem 3Segments in a CircleSegments of Secants TheoremSegment of Secants and Tangents Theorem
Three-Dimensional FiguresConeCylinderPolyhedronSimilar Solids TheoremSphereHemispherePyramid
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary
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Basics of Geometry 1Point – A point has no dimension. It is a location on a plane. It is represented by a dot.
Line – A line has one dimension. It is an infinite set of points represented by a line with two arrowheads that extend without end.
Plane – A plane has two dimensions extending without end. It is often represented by a parallelogram.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 1
P
point P
A B
m
AB or BA or line m
NA
BC
plane ABC or plane N
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Basics of Geometry 2Line segment – A line segment consists of two endpoints and all the points between them.
Ray – A ray has one endpoint and extends without end in one direction.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 2
AB AB or BA
C
B
BC
Note: Name the endpoint first.BC and CB are different rays.
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Geometry NotationSymbols used to represent statements
or operations in geometry.
BC segment BC
BC ray BC
BC line BC
BC length of BC angle ABC
m measure of angle ABCtriangle ABC
|| is parallel to is perpendicular to is congruent to is similar to
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 3
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Logic Notation
⋁ or⋀ and→ read “implies”, if… then…↔ read “if and only if”iff read “if and only if”~ not∴ therefore
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 4
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Set Notation{ } empty set, null set∅ empty set, null setx| read “x such that”x: read “x such that”⋃ union, disjunction, or⋂ intersection, conjunction, and
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 5
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Conditional Statement
a logical argument consisting of a set of premises,
hypothesis (p), and conclusion (q)
Symbolically:
if p, then q p→qVirginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 6
hypothesis
conclusion
If an angle is a right angle,then its measure is 90 .
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Converseformed by interchanging the hypothesis
and conclusion of a conditional statement
Conditional: If an angle is a right angle, then its measure is 90 .
Symbolically:
if q, thenp q→p
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 7
Converse: If an angle measures 90 , then the angle is a right angle.
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Inverseformed by negating the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement
Conditional: If an angle is a right angle, then its measure is 90 .
Symbolically:
if ~p, then ~q ~p→~q
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 8
Inverse: If an angle is not a right angle , then its measure is not 90 .
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Contrapositiveformed by interchanging and negating
the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement
Conditional: If an angle is a right angle, then its measure is 90 .
Symbolically:
if ~q, then ~p ~q→~p
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 9
Contrapositive: If an angle does not measure 90 , then the angle is not a right angle.
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Symbolic Representations in Logical Arguments
Conditional if p, then q p→q
Converse if q, then p q→p
Inverse if not p, then not q ~p→~q
Contrapositive if not q, then not p ~q→~p
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 10
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Conditional Statements and Venn Diagrams
Original Conditional Statement Converse - Reversing the ClausesIf an animal is a dolphin, then it is a mammal.
True!
If an animal is a mammal, then it is a dolphin.
False! (Counterexample: An elephant is a mammal but is not a dolphin)
Inverse - Negating the Clauses Contrapositive - Reversing and Negating the Clauses
If an animal is not a dolphin, then it is not a mammal.
False!(Counterexample: A whale is not a dolphin butis still a mammal)
If an animal is not a mammal, then it is not a dolphin.
True!
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 11
dolphin
mammal dolphin
not dolphin
not dolphin
mammal
not mammal
not mammal
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Deductive Reasoning
method using logic to draw conclusions based upon definitions, postulates, and
theorems
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 12
Example of Deductive Reasoning:
Statement A: If a quadrilateral contains only right angles, then it is a rectangle.
Statement B: Quadrilateral P contains only right angles.
Conclusion: Quadrilateral P is a rectangle.
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Inductive Reasoningmethod of drawing conclusions from a
limited set of observations
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 13
Example: Given a pattern, determine the next figure (set of dots) using inductive reasoning.
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
The next figure should look like this:
Figure 4
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Direct Proofsa justification logically valid and based
on initial assumptions, definitions, postulates, and theorems
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 14
Example: (two-column proof)Given: 1 2Prove: 2 1
Statements Reasons1 2 Givenm1 = m2 Definition of congruent anglesm2 = m1 Symmetric Property of Equality2 1 Definition of congruent angles
Example: (paragraph proof)It is given that 1≅2. By the Definition of congruent angles, m 1 = m2. By the Symmetric Property of Equality, m2 = m1. By the Definition of congruent angles, 2≅1.
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Properties of Congruence
Reflexive Property
AB AB
∠ A≅∠ A
Symmetric Property
If AB≅ CD, then CD≅ AB .
If ∠ A≅∠B, then ∠B≅∠A
Transitive Property
If AB≅ CD and CD≅ EF , then AB≅ EF .
If ∠ A≅∠B∧∠B≅∠C , then ∠ A≅∠C .
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 15
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Law of Detachmentdeductive reasoning stating that if the
hypothesis of a true conditional statement is true then the conclusion is
also true
Example: If mA > 90°, then A is an obtuse angle
mA = 120
Therefore, A is an obtuse angle.
If pq is a true conditional statement and p is true, then q is true.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 16
120
A
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Law of Syllogismdeductive reasoning that draws a new
conclusion from two conditional statements when the conclusion of one
is the hypothesis of the other
Example:1. If a rectangle has four congruent sides,
then it is a square.2. If a polygon is a square,
then it is a regular polygon.3. If a rectangle has four congruent sides,
then it is a regular polygon.
If pq and qr are true conditional statements, then pr is true.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 17
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Counterexamplespecific case for which a
conjecture is false
One counterexample proves a conjecture false.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 18
Example:Conjecture: “The product of any two
numbers is odd.”
Counterexample: 2 3 = 6∙
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Perpendicular Linestwo lines that intersect to form a
right angle
Line m is perpendicular to line n.m n
Perpendicular lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 19
n
m
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m
n
Parallel Linescoplanar lines that do not
intersect
m||nLine m is parallel to line n.
Parallel lines have the same slope.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 20
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Skew Lineslines that do not intersect and are
not coplanar
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 21
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Transversala line that intersects at least two
other lines
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 22
yx
ta
b
t
D
E
C
AB
F
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Line t is a transversal.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 23
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Corresponding Angles
angles in matching positions when a transversal crosses at least two lines
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 24
Examples:1) 2 and 6 3) 1 and 52) 3 and 7 4) 4 and 8
87
1 23
65
4
b
a
t
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Alternate Interior Angles
angles inside the lines and on opposite sides of the transversal
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 25
1
43
2
t
b
a
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Alternate Exterior Angles
angles outside the two lines and on opposite sides of the transversal
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 26
Examples:1) 1 and 42) 2 and 3
Examples:1) 1 and 42) 2 and 3
t
43
1 2
b
a
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Consecutive Interior Angles
angles between the two lines and on the same side of the transversal
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 27
Examples:1) 1 and 22) 3 and 4
b
a
t
4
31
2
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Parallel Lines
Line a is parallel to line b whenCorresponding angles
are congruent1 5, 2 6,3 7, 4 8
Alternate interior angles are congruent
3 64 5
Alternate exterior angles are congruent
1 82 7
Consecutive interior angles are
supplementary
m3+ m5 = 180°m4 + m6 = 180°
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 28
87
1 23
65
4
t
b
a
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Midpoint(Definition)
divides a segment into two congruent segments
Example: M is the midpoint of CDCM MD
CM = MD
Segment bisector may be a point, ray, line, line segment, or plane that
intersects the segment at its midpoint.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 29
MC D
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Midpoint Formula
Example:
Find the midpoint, M, of the segment with endpoints A(4,1) and B(-2,5).
M = ( 4±22, 1+5
2) = ( 2
2, 6
2 )=(1,3)
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 30
given points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)
midpoint M = ( x1+x2
2,y1+ y2
2)
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Find a Missing Endpoint
Example:Find the endpoint B(x,y) if A(-2,3) and M(3,8).
(−2+x2
, 3+ y2 )=(3,8)
−2+x2
=3 and 3+ y2
=8
x = 8 and y = 13B (8,13)
Slope FormulaVirginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 31
given points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)
midpoint M = ( x1+x2
2,y1+ y2
2)
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ratio of vertical change tohorizontal change
slope = m =change in y
=rise
=y2 – y1
change in x run x2 – x1
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 32
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Slopes of Lines in Coordinate Plane
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 33
Parallel lines have the same slope.
Perpendicular lines have slopes whose
product is -1.
Vertical lines have undefined slope.
Horizontal lines have 0 slope.
Example:
The slope of line n = -2. The slope of line p =12 .
-2 ∙12 = -1, therefore, n p.
pn
x
y
y2 – y1
(rise)
(run)
x2 – x1
(x2, y2)
(x1, y1)
B
A
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Distance Formula given points A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2)
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 34
The distance formula is derived from the application of the Pythagorean Theorem.
y2 – y1
x2 – x1
(x2, y2)
(x1, y1)
B
A
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Examples of Line Symmetry
MOM B X
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 35
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Examples of Point Symmetry
pod
S Z
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 36
P
Cˊ
C
AˊA
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Rotation(Origin)
Pre-image has been transformed by a 90 clockwise rotation about the origin.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 37
′ ′
′
Preimage ImageA(-3,0) A(0,3)B(-3,3) B(3,3)C(-1,3) C(3,1)D(-1,0) D(0,1)
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Reflection
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 38
Preimage ImageD(1,-2) D(-1,-2)E(3,-2) E(-3,-2)F(3,2) F(-3,2)
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Translation
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 39
Preimage ImageA(1,2) A(-2,-3)B(3,2) B(0,-3)C(4,3) C(1,-2)D(3,4) D(0,-1)E(1,4) E(-2,-1)
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Dilation
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 40
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PerpendicularBisector
a segment, ray, line, or plane that is perpendicular to a segment at its
midpoint
Example:Line s is
perpendicular to XY. Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 41
X Y
s
M
Z
Preimage
Image
A(0,2) A(0,4)B(2,0) B(4,0)C(0,0) C(0,0)
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M is the midpoint, therefore XM MY.Z lies on line s and is equidistant from X and Y.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 42
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Constructions
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 43
Traditional
constructions
involving a compass
and straighted
ge reinforce students’ understan
ding of geometric concepts. Constructions help
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Constructsegment CD congruent to
segment AB
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 44
A BFig. 1
Fig. 2DC
Traditional
constructions
involving a compass
and straighted
ge reinforce students’ understan
ding of geometric concepts. Constructions help
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Constructa perpendicular bisector of
segment AB
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 45
A B
Traditional
constructions
involving a compass
and straighted
ge reinforce students’ understan
ding of geometric concepts. Constructions help
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Constructa perpendicular to a line from
point P not on the line
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 46
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
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Constructa perpendicular to a line from
point P on the line
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 47
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. 4
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Constructa bisector of A
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 48
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
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ConstructY congruent to A
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 49
A
Fig. 1
A
Fig. 2
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
Y
AA
Y
A
Y
A
Y
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Constructline n parallel to line m through
point P not on the line
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 50
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
P
m
nP
m
P
m
Draw a line through point P intersecting line m.
P
m
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Constructan equilateral triangle inscribed
in a circle
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 51
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
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Constructa square inscribed in a circle
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 52
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
Draw a diameter.
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Constructa regular hexagon inscribed
in a circle
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 53
Fig. 2Fig. 1
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
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Classifying Triangles by Sides
Scalene Isosceles Equilateral
No congruent sides
At least 2 congruent
sides
3 congruent sides
No congruent angles
2 or 3 congruent
angles
3 congruent angles
All equilateral triangles are isosceles.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 54
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Classifying Trianglesby Angles
Acute Right Obtuse Equiangular
3 acute angles
1 right angle
1 obtuse angle
3 congruent angles
3 angles, each less than 90
1 angle equals 90
1 angle greater than 90
3 angles, each measures
60
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 55
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Triangle Sum Theorem
measures of the interior angles of a triangle = 180
mA + mB + mC = 180
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 56
A
B
C
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Exterior Angle Theorem
Exterior angle, m1, is equal to the sum of the measures of the two
nonadjacent interior angles.
m1 = mB + mC
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 57
1
C
B
A
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Pythagorean Theorem
If ABC is a right triangle, thena2 + b2 = c2.
Conversely, if a2 + b2 = c2, then ABC is a right triangle.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 58
C
AB
a
chypotenuse
b
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Angle and Side Relationships
A is the largest angle, therefore BC is the longest side.
B is the smallest angle, therefore AC is the shortest side.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 59
A
CB38o 54o
88o68
12
CB38o 54o
88o68
12
A
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Triangle Inequality Theorem
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of
the third side.
Example:AB + BC > AC AC + BC > AB 8 + 26 > 22 22 + 26 > 8
AB + AC > BC8 + 22 > 26
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 60
C
B
A
8 in
22 in
26 in
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Congruent Triangles
Two possible congruence statements:ABC FED BCA EDF
Corresponding Parts of Congruent FiguresA F B E
C D
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 61
E
D
F
C
B
A
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SSS Triangle Congruence
Postulate
Example: If Side AB FE, Side AC FD, and Side BC ED , then ABC FED.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 62
E
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SAS Triangle Congruence
Postulate
Example: If Side AB DE, Angle A D, and Side AC DF , then ABC DEF.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 63
D
E
FC
B
A
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HL Right Triangle Congruence
Example: If Hypotenuse RS XY, and Leg ST YZ , then RST XYZ.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 64
Z
Y
XT
S
R
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ASA Triangle Congruence
Postulate
Example: If Angle A D, Side AC DF , and Angle C F then ABC DEF.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 65
A D
E
FC
B
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AAS Triangle Congruence
Theorem
Example:If Angle R X, Angle S Y, and
Side ST YZ then RST XYZ.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 66
ZY
X
TS
R
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Similar Polygons
ABCD HGFEAngles Sides
A corresponds to H AB corresponds to HG
B corresponds to G BC corresponds to GF
C corresponds to F CD corresponds to FE
D corresponds to E DA corresponds to EH
Corresponding angles are congruent.Corresponding sides are proportional.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 67
12
6
4
2H
G F
E
C
D
B
A
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Similar Polygons and Proportions
Corresponding vertices are listed in the same order.
Example: ABC HGFABHG =
BCGF
12x =
64
The perimeters of the polygons are also proportional.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 68
x
46
12
FG
H
CB
A
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AA Triangle Similarity Postulate
Example: If Angle R X and
Angle S Y,
then RST XYZ.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 69
ZY
X
TS
R
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SAS Triangle Similarity Theorem
Example:If A D and
ABDE =
ACDF
then ABC DEF.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 70
C
B
AD
E
F
714
612
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SSS Triangle Similarity Theorem
Example:
If RTXZ =
RSXY =
STYZ
then RST XYZ.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 71
R
S
T X
Y
Z12
135
6
6.52.5
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B I
G
P
Altitude of a Triangle
a segment from a vertex perpendicular to the line containing the opposite side
Every triangle has 3 altitudes.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 72
A
CB
altitude/height
altitudes
HJ
G
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Median of a Triangle
A line segment from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side
D is the midpoint of AB; therefore, CD is a median of ABC.
Every triangle has 3 medians.Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 73
B
C
A
median
D
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Concurrency of Medians of a
Triangle
Medians of ABC intersect at P (centroid) and
AP = 23 AF, CP =
23 CE, BP =
23 BD.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 74
P
F
ED
C B
A
centroid
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30°-60°-90° TriangleTheorem
Given: short leg = xUsing equilateral triangle,
hypotenuse = 2 ∙ x Applying the Pythagorean Theorem,
longer leg = x ∙√3
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 75
30°
60°
xx√3
2xx
60°
30°
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45°-45°-90° TriangleTheorem
Given: leg = x, then applying the Pythagorean Theorem;
hypotenuse2 = x2 + x2
hypotenuse = x√2
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 76
x45°
x
45°
x√2
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TrigonometricRatios
sin A = =
cos A = =
tan A = =
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 77
side opposite Ahypotenuse c
a
side adjacent Ahypotenuse c
b
side opposite Aside adjacent to A
(hypotenuse)
(side opposite A)c
b
a
C
B
A(side adjacent A)
ba
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Inverse Trigonometric
Ratios
Definition ExampleIf tan A = x, then tan-1 x = mA.
tan-1
ab = mA
If sin A = y, then sin-1 y = mA.sin-1
ac = mA
If cos A = z, then cos-1 z = mA.cos-1
bc = mA
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 78
c
b
a
C
B
A
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Area of a Triangle
sin C = ha
h = a sin C ∙
A = 12 bh (area of a triangle formula)
By substitution, A = 12 b(a sin C)∙
A = 12 ab sin C∙
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 79
a
C
B
A
h
b
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Polygon Exterior Angle Sum TheoremThe sum of the measures of the exterior
angles of a convex polygon is 360°.
Example:m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 = 360
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 80
1
43
2
5
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Polygon Interior Angle Sum TheoremThe sum of the measures of the interior angles of a convex n-gon is (n – 2) 180°.∙
S = m1 + m2 + … + mn = (n – 2) 180°∙
Example:If n = 5, then S = (5 – 2) 180°∙
S = 3 180° = 540°∙Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 81
1
4
3
2
5
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Regular Polygona convex polygon that is both equiangular and equilateral
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 82
Equilateral TriangleEach angle measures 60o.
SquareEach angle measures 90o.
Regular PentagonEach angle measures 108o.
Regular HexagonEach angle measures 120o.
Regular OctagonEach angle measures 135o.
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Properties of Parallelograms
Opposite sides are parallel. Opposite sides are congruent. Opposite angles are congruent. Consecutive angles are supplementary. The diagonals bisect each other.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 83
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RectangleA parallelogram with four right angles
Diagonals are congruent. Diagonals bisect each other.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 84
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RhombusA parallelogram with four congruent
sides
Diagonals are perpendicular. Each diagonal bisects a pair of
opposite angles.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 85
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SquareA parallelogram and a rectangle with
four congruent sides
Diagonals are perpendicular. Every square is a rhombus.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 86
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TrapezoidA quadrilateral with exactly one pair of
parallel sides
Bases
Two pairs of
supplementary angles Median joins the midpoints of the
nonparallel sides (legs)
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 87
Median
Legs
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Length of median is half the sum of the lengths of the parallel sides (bases)
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 88
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Isosceles Trapezoid
A quadrilateral where the two base angles are equal and therefore the sides opposite the base angles are
also equal
Legs are congruent Diagonals are congruent
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 89
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Circleall points in a plane equidistant from a
given point called the center
Point O is the center. MN passes through the center O and
therefore, MN is a diameter. OP, OM, and ON are radii and
OP OM ON. RS and MN are chords.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 90
S
R
M
N
O
P
chorddiameter
radius
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CirclesA polygon is an inscribed polygon if all of its vertices lie on a circle.
A circle is considered“inscribed” if it istangent to each side of the polygon.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 91
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Circle Equation
x2 + y2 = r2
circle with radius r and center at the origin
standard equation of a circle(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
with center (h,k) and radius r
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 92
r y
x
(x,y)
x
y
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Lines and Circles
Secant (AB) – a line that intersects a circle in two points.
Tangent (CD) – a line (or ray or segment) that intersects a circle in exactly one point, the point of tangency, D.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 93
B
A
D
C
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Secant
If two lines intersect in the interior of a circle, then the measure of the angle
formed is one-half the sum of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
m1 = 12 (x° + y°)
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 94
x°1y°
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Tangent
A line is tangent to a circle if and only if the line is perpendicular to a radius
drawn to the point of tangency.
QS is tangent to circle R at point Q.Radius RQ QS
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 95
R
SQ
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Tangent
If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle, then they
are congruent.
AB and AC are tangent to the circle at points B and C.
Therefore, AB AC and AC = AB.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 96
A
B
C
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Central Anglean angle whose vertex is the center of
the circle
ACB is a central angle of circle C.
Minor arc – corresponding central angle is less than 180°Major arc – corresponding central angle is greater than 180°
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 97
D
major arc ADB
minor arc AB
C
B
A
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Measuring Arcs
Minor arcs Major arcs Semicircles
The measure of the entire circle is 360o.The measure of a minor arc is equal to
its central angle.The measure of a major arc is the difference
between 360° and the measure of the related minor arc.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 98
m AB = 110° m BDA = 250° m ADC = 180°
m BC = 70° m BAC = 290° m ABC = 180°
A
110°70°
C
R
B
D
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Arc Length
Example:
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 99
120° C
B
A
4 cm
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Secants and Tangents
m1 = 12 (x°- y°)
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 100
y°
x°
1
Secant-tangent
y°
x°
1
Two secants
y°
x°
1
Two tangents
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Inscribed Angleangle whose vertex is a point on the
circle and whose sides contain chords of the circle
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 101
C
A
B
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Area of a Sectorregion bounded by two radii and their
intercepted arc
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 102
Example:
cm
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Inscribed Angle Theorem 1
If two inscribed angles of a circle intercept the same arc, then the angles
are congruent.
BDC BAC
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 103
C
BD
A
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O
A
C
B
Inscribed Angle Theorem 2
mBAC = 90° if and only if BC is a diameter of the circle.
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 104
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Inscribed Angle Theorem 3
M, A, T, and H lie on circle J if and only ifmA + mH = 180° and
mT + mM = 180°.(opposite angles are supplementary)
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 105
A
HT
J
M85
9592
88
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Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 106
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Segments in a Circle
If two chords intersect in a circle,then a b = c d.∙ ∙
Example:12(6) = 9x
72 = 9x 8 = x
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 107
d
cb
a
9
x6
12
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Segments of Secants Theorem
AB AC = ∙ AD AE∙
Example:6(6 + x) = 9(9 + 16) 36 + 6x = 225 x = 31.5
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 108
E
D C
A B
16
x6
9
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Segments of Secants and Tangents Theorem
AE2 = AB AC∙Example:
252 = 20(20 + x)625 = 400 + 20x x = 11.25
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 109
BA
C
E
x20
25
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Conesolid that has one circular base, an apex,
and a lateral surface
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 110
V = 13r2h
L.A. (lateral surface area) = rlS.A. (surface area) = r2 + rl
base
apex
height (h)
lateral surface(curved surface of cone) slant height (l)
radius(r)
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Cylindersolid figure with two congruent circular
bases that lie in parallel planes
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 111
V = r2hL.A. (lateral surface area) = 2rh
S.A. (surface area) = 2r2 + 2rh
base
base
radius (r)
height (h)
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Polyhedronsolid that is bounded by polygons, called faces
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 112
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Similar Solids Theorem
If two similar solids have a scale factor of a:b, then their corresponding surface areas have a
ratio of a2: b2, and their corresponding volumes have a ratio of a3: b3.
cylinder A cylinder B
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 113
BA
Example
scale factor a : b 3:2
ratio ofsurface areas a2: b2 9:4
ratio of volumes a3: b3 27:8
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Spherea three-dimensional surface of which all
points are equidistant from a fixed point
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 114
radius
V = 43r3
S.A. (surface area) = 4r2
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Hemispherea solid that is half of a sphere with one
flat, circular side
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 115
V = 23r3
S.A. (surface area) = 3r2
r
r
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Pyramidpolyhedron with a polygonal base and
triangular faces meeting in a common vertex
Virginia Department of Education 2018 Geometry Mathematics Vocabulary – Card 116
V (volume) = 13Bh
L.A. (lateral surface area) =
S.A. (surface area) = + B
perimeter of base (p)
area of base (B)
height (h)slant height (l)
base
vertex