geoparque comarca minera en hidalgo

8/18/2019 Geoparque Comarca Minera en Hidalgo

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Annex 2 Geological Heritage- Comarca Minera Geopark Project

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CONTENT

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1

B.1 General geological description of the proposed Geopark ........................................................................................ 1

B.1.1 Geological context ............................................................................................................................................ 1

B.1.2 Geologic Domains ............................................................................................................................................ 2

B.1.3 General stratigraphy ......................................................................................................................................... 3

B.1.4 Description of the geological units that reflect the Comarca Minera’s geological history (Map B.2). ................ 3

B.2 Listing and description of geological sites within the proposed Geopark ................................................................. 7

B.3 Details on the interest of these sites in terms of their international, national, regional or local value ..................... 10

B.4 Listing and description of other sites of natural cultural and intangible interest and how they are related to thegeological sites and how they integrated into the proposed Geopark ...................................................................... 12

B.4.2 Integration of non-geologic sites to Geopark Project. ..................................................................................... 13


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B. GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE

Abstract

The oldest rocks of the Comarca Minera’s date from the Albian, when a transgressive event occurred and a carbonateplatform developed (Carrasco-Velásquez, 1971). In the Turonian a clastic platform environment formed and evolvedto deeper conditions during the Santonian (Arellano-Gil, 2005). By the Cretaceous-Tertiaty limit, the rocks were foldedas consequence of the Laramidic Orogeny, caused by the convergence between the Farallon and North Americanplates (Eguiluz et al ., 2000; Salvador-Flores, 2001; Arellano-Gil, 2005). During the Oligocene-Late Miocene, thesubduction of the Cocos Plate originated calcalkaline volcanism, producing an andesitic to rhyolitic volcanic sequence(Geyne et al., 1963; McKee et al., 1992), with dacites and trachytes in the Pliocene-Pleistocene (SGM, 2007b). TheReal del Monte word-class silver deposit occurs in the Comarca Minera. It consists in a low-sulfidation epithermaldeposit that was mined for over more than 400 years (Ortega, 1997; Probert, 2011).

B.1 General geological description of the proposed Geopark

The territory’s geological nature is essentially volcanic, with a sedimentary basement and ages from 140 Ma to thepresent day. Based on geomorphologic criteria, three main topographic surfaces can be distinguished: 1) Surfaces

eroded down to the advanced maturity phase (Sierra de Pachuca’s Crest). 2) Young eroded slopes (towards themountain flanks), and 3) Constructional and relatively low-eroded surfaces (towards the Basin of Mexico). Valleys thatshow down-stepping or well-defined terraces towards the bottom, where abruptly increasing slopes can bedistinguished, are also present. The most important factor in relief modeling is the hydrologic transport, whosemigration ends at the Gulf of Mexico and the northern Mexico Basin (Aguilera, 1897; Geyne et al., 1963; SGM, 1997;SGM, 2007a).

According to Geyne et al. (1963), the geological events in Comarca Minera can be grouped depending on theirtemporality, as the following classification suggests:

1. Mesozoic units: (calcareous and clay sequences)2. Sedimentary and Tertiary volcanic units: Polymictic conglomerates, andesites, dacites, tuffs,rhyolites and basalts.3. Quaternary units: basalt, trachytes and alluvial material.

B.1.1 Geological context

The Comarca Minera’s geological history started during the Cretaceous, with a large-scale transgression event. Whenthe seas entirely covered the positive areas during the Albian, a shallow ambient was developed in the so-calledPlataforma de Actopan, originating the sedimentation of El Abra Formation (locally known as El Doctor Formation) ina carbonated platform ambient, which, according to its lithological and fossiliferous characteristics, corresponds to thepost-reef section (Carrasco-Velásquez, 1971).

During the Turonian, it was a significant change in the sedimentary regime with a large terrigenous contribution,starting the deposit of calcareous-clay, clay and sandy sediments from the Soyatal Formation, in a clastic platformambient under unstable conditions that changed to deeper waters in the Santonian (Arellano-Gil, 2005).

By the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition, the rocks suffered a strong folding as result of the Laramidic Orogeny, whoseorigin is attributed to the convergence between the Farallon and North American plates. This event caused, at first,the deformation of rocks, generating west-overturned folded structures and inverse faulting. By the end of this Eocenecompressive event, a new normal fault system appeared, with NW-SE as main orientation (Eguiluz et al ., 2000;Salvador-Flores, 2001; Arellano-Gil, 2005).

In the Oligocene-Late Miocene, igneous activity from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Faja VolcánicaTransmexicana) was registered at Comarca Minera, as a consequence of the Cocos Plate subduction under the North

American Plate. This episode triggered an intense calc-alkaline volcanism that resulted in the Pachuca Group’s strong sequence of andesites, dacites and rhyolites; this rock suite is overlaid by rhyolitic tuffs and rhyolites from theTezuantla and Navajas formations, crowned later by basaltic andesites that shape the San Cristobal formation (Geyneet al., 1963; McKee et al., 1992).


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During the Pliocene, the magmatic activity registered the placement of hypabyssal and volcanic rocks (from quartz-dacitic porphyry to basaltic andesites and rhyolites to a lesser extent). Finally, the magmatism ended with two phases,one with basaltic composition related to the Chichinautzin Formation and other represented by the settling of atrachytic body from the Guajolote formation (SGM, 2007b).

One of the world-class argentiferous deposits, with a huge historical production, is located inside Comarca Minera:Real del Monte. It consists of a low-sulfidation epithermal deposit, whose mineralization occurs in vein-like structures.This mineralization is Eocene-aged and its gangue minerals are quartz and pyrite, predominantly. Locally, calcite,rhodonite-bustamite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite can be found. The deposit exploitation began more than 400years ago and goes on even nowadays. The economically important mineralization is rich in sulfides, fundamentally inargentite and acanthite, but also contains polybasite, miargyrite, proustite, stephanite, stenbergite and native silver(Geyne et al ., 1963; Ortega, 1997; Camprubí y Albinson, 2006; Probert, 2011).

B.1.2 Geologic Domains

Within Comarca Minera, the geologic domains (Map B.1) are considered inside the Mexican geologic-physiographicprovinces, described below:

Cinturón Mexicano de Pliegues y Fallas (Provincia Sierra Madre Oriental)This is the local basement, arranged along the territory as heavily-deformed clayish and calcareous Mesozoic

sequences in sedimentary packages that have been lifted, compressed and transported to the northwest, formingfolds and thrusts during the Laramide Orogeny, near the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition.It is estimated that the sequence of accumulated sediments in Cinturon Mexicano de Pliegues y Fallas was muchbigger that the actually exposed, and that its lifting and faulting occurred possibly in Late Eocene (Eguiluz et al., 2000).

Faja Volcánica Transmexicana (Eje Neovolcánico)This is the most widely distributed domain in Comarca Minera; feature evidenced by the andesitic, rhyolitic andbasaltic rock outcrops with some pyrochlastic flowsand fallout deposits. This geologic-physiographic province is partof a volcanic arch built over the southern margin of the North American plate. It shows a wide diversity of landformsand volcanic structures with variable chemical compositions and affinity along the arch. It presents alkaline volcanism,essentially. The obliquity between the province’s central and or iental parts and the trench, have generated thenoticeable variation in the arch width (Ferrari 2000).

Map B.1 Geological domains

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B.1.3 General stratigraphy

It is possible to group the general stratigraphy based on three different episodes that embrace the Cenozoic andMesozoic eras: The first one is assumed as Pre-tertiary, contains the Cretaceous period and is marked by thepresence of carbonated and terrigenous rocks; the second is formed by the Tertiary period, starts with polymictic

conglomerate deposits and, subsequently, it presents volcanism with rhyolitic, andesitic, dacitic and basalticcompositions, cut by Miocene and Pliocene intrusive bodies. The third and last episode, Quaternary, is characterizedby basic to intermediate rocks, from basalts to trachytes covered by alluvial material. Through the geological units, it ispossible to detail the geological history of the Geopark Project, as shown below:

B.1.4 Description of the geological units that reflect the Comarca Minera’s geological history (Map B.2).

C e n o z o i c o

El Morro Fm.(Middle Eocene- Lower Oligocene)Poor-sorted conglomeratic unit, comprised of limestone and volcanic subangular clasts; matrix primarily madeout by sand-size limestone detritus and quartz, feldspar and micas, to a lesser extent. This unit wasaccumulated in a continental environment, as result of intense erosion (Geyne et. al., 1963).

Grupo Pachuca (Pachuca Group)

Group of volcanic lithostratigraphic units with ages between Oligocene and Pliocene. Underneath this group,lies the Santiago Formation and, on the top, the Tezuantla Formation.

C e n o z o i c o

- Santiago Fm. (Lower Oligocene)Package of interstratified lava flows, breccias and fallout deposits that contain phenocrysts of plagioclase,pyroxene and amphibole. The matrix varies in texture: from fine to coarse. It is characterized by a wavy fluidalstructure and strong dips; also, it is partially marked by prominent flows (1 – 2 cm thick). A fraction of thismaterial is made out by pyroclastic spills more than lavic spills. The average thickness in this formation is140m, reaching 480m at most.-Corteza Fm. (Oligocene)This unit is formed by andesite to basaltic andesite with pigeonite. It is the only non-porphyritic formation inthe Pachuca Group. At the basement lies a tuffaceous body made up by lapilli-sized particles but, in the restof the unit, the matrix is dense and fine grained; it contains abundant pigeonite, along with andesine,oligoclase and labradorite microlites in some flows. Thicknesses in strata fluctuate between 50-300m. Thisformation was described by first time in an underground construction called Crucero Fortuna, during the theVeta Corteza prospection.-Pachuca Fm. (Mid-Upper Oligocene)Unit of andesitic affinity, whose basement is made up by a single lithic, tuffaceous member assembled bylaminated materials with well-sorted sand- to silt-sized horizons; inside this tuffaceous member, appears a

thick layer of breccia or volcanic conglomerate composed of boulders and cobblers, from angular to sub-rounded in shape. To the higher parts, there is an increase in the crystal size and a decrement in sorting. Atthe top it presents fluidal fabrics, coarse to fine grained, containing plagioclase and subordinated quartzphenocrysts; near the Amajac River, towards the Formation bedrock, there are thin layers of fossiliferousmarl. The thickness of this formation varies between 300 and 500 m; its type locality is located westwardsPachuca.-Real del Monte Fm. (Miocene))It consists of an andesitic-dacitic rock sequence that presents sub-angular to sub-rounded breccia depositsas a distinguishing feature, with massive flows and fallout deposits. On the basal part, it contains a pyroclastichorizon with lapilli- to ash- sized particles. This formation, which ranges in thickness between 120 and 350meters, was first described in the northern Real del Monte’s mining works

M

e s o z o i c o

El Abra Fm. (El Doctor Fm.) (Lower Cretaceous)Basal unit that consists in packstone limestone with rudist and gastropod shell fragments in strata with athickness range between 40 and 200 m; it includes miliolida packstone strata, often recrystallized in thecontacts by thrust; additionally, there are platform border breccia- like facies. The unit’s paleontological andlithological characteristics indicate a lagoonal platform ambient, where rudist and gastropoda banks flourished.No sensu stricto reef facies were recognized (Mendoza-Rosales, 1990; González-Rodríguez, 2005).Soyatal- Mezcala Fm. (Upper Cretaceous)

Unit comprised of limestone, marlish limestone, marl, fine sandstone and shale, intercalated with calcareousbreccia banks. It is a transgression deposit in unstable conditions, formed in a neritic ambient, platform facies.Some observed facies suggest that these were fixed along a slope zone (Carrillo-Bravo, 1971; Ochoa-Camarillo, 1980; López-Doncel, 2002).


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- Santa Gertrudis Fm. (Miocene)Thick andesite and porphyrytic dacite deposits with abundant and exceptionally coarse plagioclase, quartzand mafic phenocrysts (>1 cm). It presents some breccia and pyroclastic beds; the formation’s basement isformed by a dacitic-tuffaceous member (


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To the northern and southern part of the Comarca Minera, a vast volcanic field with lava flows, abundantcinder cones and associated domes extends; the volcanic rocks are mostly olivine basalt, with minor basalticandesites. The southern sector is associated with a fraction of the Apan-Tezontepec volcanic field, and keepsrelation with the Chichinautzin Group, southern Mexico City (García-Palomo, 2002).Toba Cubitos (Pleistocene)

Thin succession of pyroclastic mafic-affinity layers, overlying an important part of the San CristobalFormation. This pyroclastic unit has a weakly harden porous deposit, made of well-sorted ash and lapilli. Thetype locality is about 500 m southeast the Paricutin mine shaft. Traquita Guajolote (Holocene)Volcanic unit of vesicular lava, which contains up to 40% cavities, mostly filled by tridimite and cristobalite;these rocks are holocrystalline, trachitic-textured and weakly porphyric. The type locality is in Rancho elGuajolote. The thickness of this formation varies between 60 and 200 m.Depósitos Aluviales (Alluvial Deposits) (Holocene)Formed by deposited sediments in alluvial fans and flooding plains that cover vast portions on hillsides at thetopographic heights and boundary sierras. Alluvial deposits may vary from massive to stratified with finecaliche horizons; in the lower and plain sections, the layers consist of sand, silt and clay.


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B.2 Listing and description of geological sites within the proposed Geopark

All the 21 selected sites of geological interest are representative of the region’s geo logical history; in addition, theyhave a high-valued landscape result of the relations between biotic and abiotic factors and the natural processes.Most of these sites are actually visited with recreational, scientific, geoturistic and cultural purposes. The proposed

Geosites have been studied by Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Servicio Geologico Mexicano (SGM), United States Geological Survey (USGS),Comisión Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) and Compañía de Minas Real del Monte , supportingthe Comarca Minera’s scientific relevance.

1. Prismas Basálticos Prismas Basalticos is the flag Geosite of Comarca Minera. It is located in the center-west section of the aspirantterritory, inside the Santa Maria Regla community, at Huasca de Ocampo municipality.Here is located an outcrop of prismatic structures with basaltic composition and heights upper than 40 m, thesestructures are among andesitic and rhyolitic rocks that came from pyroclastic and fallout deposits; its outcrop is owedto an extensive structure with a NW-SE trend and N-S inflexions, oblique to the Tulancingo River. At the most, theyare in discordant contact with pyroclastic flows, although in some parts, the columnar basalts lie over terrigensequences from Upper Cretacic. These rocks, composed of pyroxene basalts and olivine, and some othertrachybasalt varieties with calco-alkaline affinity are 2.58 ± 0.15 million years old. The basaltic prisms’ formation isowed to the obstruction of a fluvial current, as a consequence of the Sierra de las Navajas’ volcanism, which also

generated isolated water bodies. Subsequently, a significant volcanic activity took place in the whole region, by thePleistocene’s end and the Quaternary’s beginning. When the strong basaltic lava spill and an isolated water bodyintersected, a fast cooling in the spill’s superior and inferior surfaces occurred, trapping the lavic body into thesolidified surfaces. A streamflow over the upper surface caused a constant, fast and homogeneous cooling in thetrapped lava, developing disjunction and processes of volumetric contraction that caused tension fractures, whichwhen joined, facilitate the formation of three-to-eight-sided prismatic structures.

2. Museo de MineralogíaMuseo de Mineralogía (The Mineralogy Museum) is located at the Pachuca City, westwards Comarca Minera. Thismuseum has the largest public mineral collection in the State of Hidalgo, it is made up by more than one thousandsamples of minerals, rocks, and fossils that started to being collected in 1879, in the Mexican Republic and someother places. The collection is exhibit in cedar display cabinets, handcrafted in the XIX century. Descriptions of exhibitsamples are didactic and easy to understand, they give information about the mineral formation processes andexplain how some geological events change the planet through time. Argentiferous mineral specimens extracted froma Comarca Minera’s worldclass deposit, exploited for more than 400 years, are also part of this collection.

3. Depósitos volcánicos El ChicoLocated in the center-occidental portion of Comarca Minera, it is part of one of the Protected Natural Areas beyondnational jurisdiction for being a natural mosaic that amalgamates noteworthy physical and biological features,captured in beautiful scenic landforms such as pinnacles, valleys and narrow passes. The exogenic relief ismanifested in the shape of mountain passes, cliffs, monoliths and overlying plains. The Tertiary volcanic origin,altitudinal level, relief morphology and actual processes, have allowed the formation of recent homogeneous low-evolved soils, under wet-tempered conditions. The actual Park’s relief is east-west aligned and built up byinterstratified variable layers of lavic spills, breccias, volcanic conglomerates, tuffs and tuffaceous sandstone, thatappeared as a product of volcanic activity (Tertiary), these layers are part of the Vizcaina, Cerezo and ZumateFormations, members of the Pachuca Group.

4. Depósitos tobáceos CubitosParque Ecologico Cubitos is located into the deep southwestern part of the territory. Its naming as Natural Protected

Area was proposed as a measure to halt the anthropic pressure over the Cubitos and Zopilote hills, in order topreserve the biotic riches and the abiotic elements that give high landscape value to the site. This Geosite offersrecreational, cultural and didactic alternatives to the Pachuca City inhabitants, encouraging their ecologicalawareness. The vegetation in Cubitos is distinguished by the three xerophyte subtypes (microphyle, rosetophyle andcrasicaule). The Cubitos Ecology Park is also the home of a substantial amount of species of flora (133), amphibious(2), reptiles (6), birds (22) and some mammals such as rabbits, cacomixtles, motocles and squirrels. Geologically, it ispossible to observe the contact zone between the San Cristobal formation, composed of dense olivinic andesite spillswith small amounts of tuffaceous layers and Pliocene pyroclasts and the Cubitos Tuff, formed by a thin succession ofpyroclastic layers with mafic composition, from the Mid-Pleistocene. (Geyne et al ., 1963).


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5. Obras mineras El MilagroIts course travels along the Mineral del Chico Town, in the namesake municipality, and located on it, the San Antoniomine. This mine, whose exploitation began in 1560, kept production on its three levels for more than 400 years. Insidethe Geosite, we can found the Pachuca Group Formations that consist in a sequence of pyroclastic emissions, mainlycomposed of andesite, lava spills, rhyolitic to andesitic and dacitic breccias from the Oligocene-Miocene. Dikes withassociated mineralization are also present. It is worth to mention that the main economic mineralizations are withinthis group (Geyne et al., 1963). The site’s hydrology and morphology allow activities such as trout fishing, hiking and

rappel. In addition, there are tours inside the mines, guided by qualified personal that perfectly know the site’s natureand history.

6. Cerro de las NavajasKnown in nahuatl language as Itzepetl’ (Itztli , obsidian; tepetl , hill), Cerro de las Navajas is located in the Epazoyucanmunicipality, at 3200 meters above sea level. It’s a geological and anthropological site of interest: back in theprehispanic age, during the Triple Alliance’s Aztec supremacy (XV century) this site was one of the primary points ofobsidian exploitation, manufacture and distribution (to all Mesoamerica). The oriental portion belongs to Las Navajas,a Pliocene formation where major andesite and rhyolitic volcanic cones are located; the occidental part belongs to theminor sierras group, Pliocene, and is formed by major volcanic structures, andesite domes, dacites and shales fromthe Pachuca Group. Rocks in here show a color gradient from white to gray, contain microscopic or granulated quartzfragments, and over them, lies an uneven obsidian horizon, worldwide recognized due its unique characteristics. Inthis place is possible to appreciate pine and oak forests and their fauna: rabbits, wild rodents, armadillos, foxes,tlacuaches (opossums), tuzas (gophers) and birds like cenzontles (Mexican mockingbirds), doves, ravens and owls.

7. Peñas CargadasLocated at 2800 m.a.s.l., is a Protected Natural Area, belonging of the Xoloxtitla Shared Land, in the ComarcaMinera’s central part. Peñas Cargadas hosts wonderful vegetation, with pines and sacred firs alongside manydifferent wild flowers and fungus species inhabited by insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals. Its name isowed to its rare pinacoidal structures, about 80 m tall, product of atmospheric eroding agents over volcanic structuresthrough millions of years. The aforesaid structures, rhyolitic-composed, are part of an explosive eruptive event.

8. Aguas termales AmajacLocated at far north Comarca Minera, this Geosite is recognized by its thermal spring waters, whose origin is related,on the one hand, to volcanic processes that act like heat source, and on the other, to the fault developing thatencourages the circulation and ascension of high temperature hydrothermal fluids. Santa Maria Amajac is an exampleof the people’s usage of a geological phenomenon. In the site, outcrops of limestone with calcite veins, from the El

Abra formation, can be seen. Its deposits are post-reef type, with abundant fragments of benthic organisms,transported by the currents that shattered and leached them. It adjoins with the Atotonilco formation, composed of

clastic rocks (conglomerate, sandstone, limonite and shale) with in situ volcanic ash intercalations and transportedpyroclasts.

9. Peña del Diablo - Piedra del ComalFormations located inside the Puentesillas Common Land, Omitlan de Juarez municipality. They have exhuberantflora such as walnut, quebracha, tepozán and madroño, peach, pear, plum, raspberry, fig tree and apple tree, amongothers. The fauna inhabiting the surroundings is composed of foxes, badgers, fieldmouses, rabbits, tlacuaches (opossums), tuzas (gophers), rattlesnakes and diverse bird and arachnid species. Both landforms belong to theZumate Formation, which dates back from the Pliocene and its composition is principally dacitic and rhyolitic, beingthe characteristic minerals plagioclase, quartz and biotite. The Formations show intermediate-argilization, as aconsequence of natural weathering, through which, feldspars and biotite are replaced by chlorite (chlorination),revealing some green-colored fragments.

10. Presa San AntonioThe dam is situated in the Santa María Regla Community, Huasca de Ocampo municipality, center-west Comarca

Minera. Under this waterbody are the remnants of a mining hacienda devastated by an enormous flooding,consequence of malfunctions in the local hydroelectric plants back in 1915. The settlement’s vestiges above thedam’s water level are a small tower and a chimney (chacuaco). This Geosite reveals the importance of Geoscienceusage while planning a territory, the knowing of its geological and geographical characteristics (rock types, soils,climate, vegetation, human activities, etcetera) reduces the possibility of anthropic disasters caused by natural events.The composition of the predominating rocks in this region is variable from rhyolites and andesites to basalts (spills,flow deposits and debris) expelled by Pliocene volcanic activity

11. Mirador Cerro del LoboIs Located in the Pachuca City, in the Comarca Minera’s central part. It is made up by andesitic -type volcanicmaterial, with ages between 2 and 33 million years. In this Geosite is possible to see many different geologic outcrops


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that are part of the Pachuca Group, in addition, some traits that have been legacy of the mining activity inside theMineral de la Reforma and Pachuca municipalities, like the mining districts and architectonic relics from benefithaciendas, are in this place as well.

12. Peña del Aire (Mirador El León)Located westwards Comarca Minera, in the Cañon de San Sebastian’s border, within the Barranca de MetztitlanBiosphere Reserve, Peña del Aire is an outcrop caused by a fissure eruption. It is slightly faulted, but it has been

damaged by fractures and diaclases, consequence of frost weathering in the Upper Tertiary’s basaltic rocks from theBasaltos Formation. The deformation episodes in the zone are quite complex, due to stratification, faulting, fracturingand tectonic activity. The presence of Soyatal-Mezcala Formation’s limestones and shales (Upper and Lower Tertiary,respectively) indicate that during the Mesozoic, the region was under the sea, and later, the orogenic events lifted andfolded such marine sediments. About the river portion, this one corresponds to an alluvial zone from Quaternary.

13. Traquitas El GuajoloteIt is located in the Epazoyucan municipality and its name is owed to a landform very similar in shape to the domesticbird guajolote (Meleagris gallopavo), whose popular name comes from the nahuatl vocable huexolotl (“big monster”,from hueyi , big; xolotl , monster). It is a trachytic landform modeled by the humidity and wind erosion along 2.5 millionyears; it is cavity abundant, in cases with tridimite and cristobalite filling the hollows. Due its proximity to Cerro de lasNavajas, in this Geosite is possible to find large amounts of obsidian. The predominant rocks in this zone, lava flowsand basalt, have volcanic origin. The implemented activities turned the site into a Shared Land ecotouristicdevelopment.

14. Peñas Las MonjasThis Geosite is located in the Comarca Minera’s occident, in the catalogued as “Pueblo Magico” ("Magical Village")Mineral del Chico. Its singular shape is the result of erosive processes that acted over the rocks from the Tezuantlaformation (rhyolitic tuffs, andesitic fragments and dacitic and rhyolitic lava spills). Its name comes from the Formation’ssimilar appearance to the nun’s habits, so the local population attributed the landform’s existence to a nun thatpetrified, as a consequence of her bad actions; with tales like this, the Comarca Minera’s intangible heritage is built.Moreover, it’s possible to see the natural riches of a forest with large diversity of pine species, Mineral del Chico’scharacteristic tree.

15. Cantera TezuantlaBelongs to Mineral del Monte Magical Village, it is a glory-hole mine, dedicated to the ornamental quarry rockexploitation, sheeting and carving. This deposit is composed of intermediate-volcanic rocks, white-colored with partsin light pale green, due to hydrothermal alteration. The mining activity in this site have encouraged the growth ofdiverse State regions since more than 100 years ago. The material extraction has been performed, until now, by a

communitary enterprise that fulfills the required Mexican regulations. From this stone bench has been obtained theraw material used to build historical monuments, like the Reloj Monumental de Pachuca (Pachuca’s MonumentalClock).

16. Cerro de San CristóbalIt is located in northwest Pachuca City, and is also the highest elevation in this city’s surroundings. It’s the TypeLocality of the homonymous formation, which is made up by olivinic andesite with thin pyroclastic horizons. It is incontact with some other Pachuca Group’s units. Gerhard vom Rath described here for the first time two importantquartz polymorphs: tridimite (1867) and cristobalite (1887), that are generally found inside cavities in the rocks; due tothese descriptions, Cerro de San Cristobal is the Type Locality for both mineral species. Also, here are located a largenumber of the mining woks used to exploit the Real del Monte and Pachuca’s silver. In this Geosite is located anenormous fault that have been studied by SGM (Servicio Geologico Mexicano) in order to determinate the potentialhazards to surrounding human settlements.

17. Estructuras volcánicas La Paila

Situated in the Singilucan municipality, southwards Comarca Minera, this is a volcanic structures exposure area(basic-composed mainly). There are a pair of monogenetic volcanoes (La Paila and El Molcajete) and a cineritic cone(El tepetongo), whose structure is the result of scoria deposits and lava flows, commonly of andesitic composition.Southwards can be observed calderic structures that, together with the three previously described formations, are partof the Chichinautzin volcanic series, contemporaneous to the volcanic emissions from the Cerro de San Cristobal(Pliocene) volcano.

18. Peña del CuervoPeña del Cuervo is a natural viewpoint located in the midst of El Chico National Park that permits to appreciate thelandscape beauty of Comarca Minera’s portion. It is possible to watch from this site the rocky landforms known as“Las Monjas” (“The Nuns”) and “Los Frailes” (“The Friars”); Flora and fauna is composed of pine and oak forests, and


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birds like falcons and kite birds. The igneous rocks under Peña del Cuervo are scarcely faulted, with no evidentmineralization, affected by dacitic dikes, and were originated 2.5 million years ago as consequence of the EjeVolcanico Transmexicano’s volcanic activity; they belong to the Zumate formation.

19. Presa El CedralThis is one of the most ancient parks in Mexico, located in the Comarca Minera’s west part, at the Mineral del Chicomunicipality. In it is located a dam, at 2780 meters above sea leven, first built as a contention work in the 1940’sdecade, just after a flood devastated the Pachuca City. At present, it is used for recreation and trout farming.

Rounding this dam, there is a forest: cedars, sacred firs and pines, where different animal species like gray fox,cacomixtle, tlacuache, armadillo, falcon, kite bird, woodpecker, salamander, mountain chameleon and rattlesnakeslive. Geology is formed by rhyolites, dacites, breccias, basalts, andesites and tuffs.

20. Mirador Las VentanasThe Geosite is located in the center-occidental part of Comarca Minera, inside the El Chico National Park. It ischaracterized by its singular pinnacle shape; it has an altitude of 2090 meters above sea leven being the highestelevation in the National Park, for this reason, is a natural viewpoint where the Pachuca, Omitlán and Mineral delChico cities can be watched, together with a landform series result of the volcanic rocks erosion (natural and culturalheritage of Mineral del Chico). Outcropped rocks in Las ventanas belong to the El Zumate Formation, whose lithologyis formed by rhyolites, dacites and andesites, primarily. Its safeguard and utilization represent benefits to a localcommunal organization.

21. Barranca de AguacatitlaThe Aguacatitla gully is an ecoturistic center which forms part of the Barranca de Metztitlan Biosphere Reserve. Fromthis Geosite, is possible to see the limit between two physiographic provinces; Eje Volcanico transmexicano,comprised by volcanic rocks like basalt and Sierra Madre Oriental, made up by sedimentary rocks (limestones,shales, sandstones and limonites). These sedimentary rocks, rich in marine fossils, were formed during theCretaceous (100 million years ago), when the region was under the sea. Later, close the Cretaceous end and theTertiary beginning (66 million years ago), as an effect of huge movements in the earth’s crust, these sediments werelifted, deformed, folded and fractured, getting their actual configuration. The last geological activity registered,corresponding to the Quaternary Period (2.5 million years ago), originated a basaltic rock spill that formed stunningprisms related to a phenomenon called “columnar disjunction” that fractures the rocks by contracting them, due to themagma fast cooling.

B.3 Details on the interest of these sites in terms of their international, national, regional or local value

No. Space of Geologic Interest Interest (value) Main uses1 Prismas Basálticos Regional and International Didactical and Touristic At continental level, it is one of the longest basaltic prisms exhibitions; this Geosite was first -time described in1803, by the German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. It is located southwards the Santa Maria Reglahistorical benefit hacienda. Actually, it acts as an ecotouristic development and it is also an active example ofejidal development through a Geosite usage.2 Museo de Mineralogía Local and regional Didactical and turísticoIn this place diverse mineral, rock and fossil samples can be didactically known. The collection is guarded in a17th century building, that actually is part of the Centro Cultural La Garza’s facilities, belonging of Universidad

Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo. It is an accessible place for any Comarca Minera visitor.3 Depósitos volcánicos El Chico Local and national Didactical, Touristic and scientific El Chico National Park hosts an important variety of biological species consequence of its altimetric variationsand physiographical traits. This is the first Protected Natural area in the country, named by the President PorfirioDiaz in 1898. In 1922, it was declared as Nation’s Forrestal Reserve by the General Alvaro Obregón. Later, in

1937, Lazaro Cardenas named it Protector Zone of the Pachuca City, Hidalgo and finally, in 1982 throughpresidential decree, the President Lopez Portillo named it National Park.4 Depósitos tobáceos Cubitos Local and regional Didactical, scientific and TouristicThe Geosite works as an Ambiental Training and Educational Center that permits the integration betweengeology, biology and culture. It has a germplasm bank, an interactive farm, herpetarium, a hedge maze, abotanical garden and sculptures, wine farm, ecological house, observatory, an Ambiental Technologies Center, a3D cinema and ecological workshops.5 Obras mineras El Milagro Local and regional Touristic and DidacticalEl Milagro river borns in the mountain and travels along the Mineral del Chico Town, creating a worthy ofadmiration landscape. Its name alludes to the fact of being a hydric continuous flow, circumstance that is


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considered a miracle by the community. Nowadays it is a ecotouristic development where different activities canbe done, between them is remarkable the guided visit to San Antonio mine.6 Cerro de las Navajas International and regional Touristic-DidacticalIt is an ecotouristic site that offers recreational activities. There’s a close bond between the site’s geology andvarious episodes from the prehispanic age: remains of the cultures that inhabited the site can be appreciated,guarded by the Anthropology and History National Institute (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia).7 Peñas Cargadas Regional y local TouristicBecause the presence of the resulting structures from volcanic rocks erosion, its great touristic attractiveness hasbeen used for recreational purposes that are managed by a shared land association under the strict monitoring ofits members.8 Aguas termales Amajac Regional and local Touristic and scientificThe attributed curative properties to the thermal spring waters, due to their physiochemical features, make thesite a point of interest for visitors, as it also offers the possibility to perform recreational activities. This is the mostrepresentative site inside Comarca Minera with regard to calcareous rocks and their geological formationambient. The naturalist Alexander von Humboldt traveled the zone and described Santa Maria Amajac, togetherwith Cerro de las Navajas and the Basaltic Prisms during his visit to New Spain back in 1803.9 Peña del Diablo - Piedra del Comal Regional and local TurísticoThese rare formations are the municipality’s emblem. Used with recreational purposes, their forms are the sourceof social beliefs and practices that have consolidate a quite important intangible culture around the site.

10 Presa San Antonio Regional and local Touristic and DidacticalInside the dam, boat tours can be taken in order to see the emerged remains of the hacienda, and to watch a

singular perspective from the Basaltic Prisms, this activity confers important touristic value to the site. The site ismanaged by the same common land cooperative that guards the Basaltic Prisms. At scientific level, this siteshows natural hazard examples, and implicitly, the importance of geoscience in the relative prevention to thehuman settlements planning.

11 Mirador Cerro del Lobo Regional and local Touristic and DidacticalIn this place, slope movements and terrain collapses associated with mining activity are present, thus, diversestudies have been performed (e.g. SGM, 2011) in order to mitigate the geological hazards. Because of this, theCerro del Lobo Eco-Recreational park is ideal to focus on the geoscience’s importance during the urbanplanning, with the purpose of decreasing the possibility of natural and anthropic disasters.

12 Peña del Aire (Mirador El León) International and local Touristic, scientific and DidacticalIn this Geosite, the contact zone between two physiographical and geological provinces can be watched.Thepossibility to observe its landforms and the processes that have been occurred over them, through million years,gives it a great aesthetic and didactic value. Many different ecotouristic activities such as rappel, camping,Tyrolean traverse, cycling, among others, are performed here. As part of a Biosphere Reserve, authorities lookfor a sustainable resources management, also, to explain to people the importance of the ambiental services thatthe site gives, without forgetting the biodiversity conservation.

13 Traquitas El Guajolote International and local TouristicIt is the only site inside Comarca Minera where trachytic lithology can be found. An important part of this site’svalue, lies in the gradual floristic transition that is possible to look at, in addition, this is the home of the “guajolotesilvestre” (wild turkey). The toponymy refers to some prehispanic customs still alive nowadays.

14 Peñas Las Monjas Regional and local TouristicIts formations and lithology make Las Monjas an exceptional touristic development where a series of activitiescan be performed, highlighting rappel, under strong safety guidelines and the supervision of trained and qualifiedpersonal. This site is an example of the close tie between natural and geological processes and the intangiblecultural heritage.

15 Cantera Tezuantla Regional and local Economic and scientificThis Geosite shows that the importance of Comarca Minera’s mining activity is not only restricted to silverextraction. The Tezuantla quarry works as registry of the narrow relations between the geology, the architectoniccultural heritage and the community’s economic development.

16 Cerro de San Cristóbal International and regional ScientificHistorical site among the Comarca’s mining tradition. It enjoys great geological and mineralogical relevance forbeing the Type Locality for tridimite and cristobalite, globally recognized quartz polymorphs.

17Estructuras volcánicas

La PailaRegional and local Touristic and Scientific

The volcanic structure’s erosion had generated favorable soils for agriculture, advantageous situation for theSingilucan municipality’s people. It is also an ecotouristic development with paths that take to the craters of LaPaila and El Molcajete volcanoes, where is possible to see the different episodes of their genesis. The studies ofthese volcanoes have brought important data for the investigations about Faja Volcanica Transmexicana.

18 Peña del Cuervo Regional and local Touristic and Scientific


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Its scenic value is evident due to the panoramic view that offers towards the dacitic-affinity landscape and theabies religiosa forest, located both inside the El Chico National Park.

19 Presa El Cedral Regional and local TouristicThis Geosite is very important to the information disclosure about natural risks, shows the importance ofinfrastructure built to mitigate the aftermaths of natural disasters, especially floods; these buildings can be laterused with recreational and touristic purposes.

20 Mirador Las Ventanas Regional and local TouristicThe contrast between a coniferous landscape and the rural and urban communities, have triggered a quiteimportant cultural heritage for the site’s people, who have made possible that the beauty of this singular shapescoexist with the villages inside the El Chico National Park.

21 Barranca de Aguacatitla Regional and local Touristic and ScientificThe zone presents an attractive landscape variety, raised from its pronounced variations in altitude, precipitation,and temperature linked with the geological substrata. Additionally, the complexity on its geological history haspositively influenced the development of a large amount of vegetal and animal species that can be observedalong the Geosite’s route.

B.4 Listing and description of other sites of natural cultural and intangible interest and how they are related tothe geological sites and how they integrated into the proposed Geopark

B.4.1 Descriptions (Annex Map 4).

22. Parque Estatal Bosque El HilocheThis is a 99 hectare Protected Natural Area beyond state jurisdiction, officially declared in 2004. This State ofHidalgo’s Natural Protected Reserve is comprised of a forest with sacred fir, tascate, pine and oak, in addition, has a500 species floristic diversity. About this wonderful coniferous forest, located over a merely volcanic ambient, manytales have appeared; one of them says that inside this forest, many gold-filled chests and other treasures were hiddenand buried by the ancient miners. At the forest’s interior, northwestward Mineral del Monte, a network of paths permitsto travel this site. The municipal rodeo, where Charrería, the Mexico’s sport, is practiced, is also inside the forest.

23. Reloj MonumentalThe Reloj Monumental work was based in a project of the architect Tomas Cordero, and was in charge of theFrancisco Hernandez and Luis Carreón engineers between 1904 and 1910. The clock was built to commemorate theMexican independence centennial, over the foundations of a structure originally thought to host de State’s SymphonicEnsemble concerts. The building material is Tezuantla quarry stone (Scientific interest Geosite) .The tower, 40 m tall,has four female sculptures (carved in Carrara marble by Italian artists) tha t depict some of the country’s importantevents. Each face points towards one cardinal point.The clockwork is a London’s Big Ben replica, designed by thecompany founded by Edward John Dent.

24. Cristo ReyThe Cristo Rey statue is a work of José Luis Lugo Vega (engineer) and César C. Nárvaez Benitez, architect. Itsconstruction began in 1922 and was economically supported by the priest Alfonso Romero Ruiz, the parochialcommunity of San Francisco, the Real del Monte y Pachuca Company and by diverse families and organizations.Its edification is owed to the promise made by few miners that were trapped in the Paricutín Mine. Afraid to die 300 munderground, in honor to Christ, they prayed and offered a monument to be built if they could escape from there.Materials used in the construction were pink quarry stone, brought from the Zacatecas and Queretaro States, andfiberglass for manufacturing the hands. The statue’s height from basement to head is 33 m, one for each of Christ’syears on earth. Standing at 10 meters tall, there’s a viewpoint that shows the landscape, dominated by volcanicformations, and the village distribution based on the mining activity.

25. Ex-Convento de San Andrés ApóstolThe San Andrés Epazoyucan convent began to be built by Augustine priests in 1540. It is plateresque, renaissance-composed. The paired columns in each main door’s side, together with the broad repertoire of classic and gothicornaments, are outstanding. The symbolism that covered the convents architecture extends also to the hydraulicengineering works, as it is testified by the presence of two fountains, one of them located in the convent’s yard andthe other opposite the church, in a place that might be the village’s square. The mural painting was used withornamental and didactical purposes. It is worth to highlight the allusive murals to the life, passion and death of Christ;the employed technique was “false” fresco painting, using black, grayscale and, exceptionally, the polychromy. TheSan Andres convent can be defined as an eminent example of the syncretism and transculturation of diverse ways ofthinking, cosmologies, and epiphanies morphed into rock-carved art. Currently, the convent is a museum, undermanagement of Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.


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26. Museo del PasteMuseo del paste was opened on october 12 2012, with the intention of showing part of the region’s mining historythrough gastronomy. The paste is presently a distinctive element of the Mineral del Monte and Pachuca de Sotomunicipalities; The paste began to be elaborated in 1824, along with the arrival of the English miners from theCornualles region. The original recipe consisted of a stuffing made of potatoes, leek and meat inside a wheat flourpaste closed with a braid, which was also used by the miners to hold the food and then discarded. Over the years, the

recipe was modified and local ingredients were added, diversifying the flavours from sweet to savoury. This Geositeoffers a (related to the mining activity) cooking utensils exhibit, as well as a historical overview that recreates themining-historical context from the nineteenth century beginning, through their characters and works. Without a doubt,this is the best place to prove that the paste is a food with history, and that it is indispensable to taste it in the region.

27. Panteón InglésPanteón Inglés (The English Graveyard) was founded in the mid-nineteenth century in a land donated by afunctionary from the zone’s mining companies. There are 775 west-oriented graves made with stonework and marble.This place hosts the remains of Scot, Irish, German, Dutch and Chinese people, and since 2011, the MexicanInocencio Hernandez Lara, also known as “Don Chencho”, who for over 47 years not only guarded the graveyard butthe stories framed in a mining ambient, -which reflect the Real del Monte’s esscence-, lies in here.

28. Ex-Convento de San AgustínThe San Agustin Convent was founded in 1536, although the construction of the buildings was Fray Juan de Sevilla’swork between 1542 and 1562. The temple´s façade is plateresque style, quite sober, with paired columns in the firstbody; the Saint Paul and Sain Peter’s medallions hang over the main door. Inside, the lateral chapels and the gothic -ribbed vault stand out immediately. In the convent is kept a sample of mural painting, with themes related to thepassion of Christ; at the stairwell, a beauty pictorial program can be appreciated, in which are depicted somepassages of the Saint Augustine’s life and a representation of him surrounded by six Greek philosophers.Etymologically, the name Atononilco comes from the roots atotonil-li (“thermal water”) and co (“at”), then, “ thermal orhor water place” as name reveals the latent geological processes in here. This site is a demonstra tion ofmiscegenation, conjugated through religiosity and prehispanic customs.

29.Ex-Hacienda La PurísimaThe hacienda is considered as the cradle of New Spain’s mining industrialization. In 1555, the Sevillian minerBartolomé de Medina created and put in practice the amalgam process that consisted in the addition of mercury, saltand copper sulphate to mineral grindings and put the mixture in the yards of the haciendas de beneficio to extractsilver and other minerals subsequently taken to furnaces. The Bartolomé de Medina’s discovery was taken to several regions in the world because it permitted a larger

production at smaller costs. This system had as consequence a larger silver production and a remarkeable increaseof the Pachuca City’s population. Nowadays, this historic space hosts the Club Universitario Real del Monte (Real delMonte University Club)

30. San Miguel ReglaIt is an ecotouristic park that offers gastronomy-related activities, fishing, recreational walks, zip-cable and boat rides,in conjunction with legends about the place’s origin and its mining history.

31. Reserva de la Biosfera Barranca de Metztitlán A fraction of the Natural Protected Area coincides with the Geopark Project’s territory, between the Atotonilco elGrande and Huasca de Ocampo Municipalities. In here, it is possible to observe a geologic contrast betweensedimentary and volcanic rocks that evince the contact between the two geologic provinces of Comarca Minera. Thearea is considered as a Pleistocene shelter of the Mexican desert biota, habitat of fragile ecosystems from arid zonesthat also contain a wide variety in flora and fauna. Barranca de Meztitlán possesses an astonishing scenic beauty,owed to its orographic, topographic and physiographic features.

The location of the Sites of natural or cultural interests, and those with intangible heritage, can be checked in Annex 4.

B.4.2 Integration of non-geologic sites to Geopark Project.

The Geopark Project, in essence, holistic; combines the geologic and natural heritage with the cultural legacy,represented by the mining remnants and the vast history of the mining activity. Down below, some examples on howthe non-geologic sites have been integrated to CMGP are described:


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Some examples of how the non-geological sites have been added to the Geopark Project are listed below:

The Geopark Project’s strategy for the integration of these non -geologic sites, consisted in the creation of a 4georoute system with sundry themes that highlight the singular features of Geosites:1) Ruta Minera Historica (Historic-Mining route) Includes sites in direct linkage with the legacy of the diverse stages and types of mining activitythrough time. 2) Ruta Geo-cultural (Geo-Cultural route) shows the blend between geological traits and culturalexpressions, including religion, architecture, history and intangible cultural heritage. 3) Ruta Geo-Natural (Geo-Naturalroute) permits to appreciate the biologic diversity adaptation to the Comarca Minera’s geologic traits. 4) RutaHumboldt (Humboldt route) i t contains the natural and geologic sites that aroused the German Scientist’s interest.

Non-Geological Sites Geopark Project integration

Parque Estatal Bosque El Hiloche.Protected Natural Area.

Natural and Cultural intangible heritage Shows the relation between vegetation and soil types The studies performed by the european scientists and botanics Luis Née

and Alexander von Humboldt, are mentioned

Reloj MonumentalHistoric Monument

Natural and Cultural intangible heritage Facts about its history and architecture are given It is explained the relation that exists with the Geosite Cantera de

Tezuantla, because the Reloj Monumental Geosite was built withmaterials obtained from that place

Cristo ReyPachuca City and Regional mining’ssymbol.

Natural and Cultural intangible heritage. In this site is related the Cristo Rey’s story and its relations with the

mining The guided visits provide information about the site features. (formation,

rock type, soil, etc).Ex -Convento de San Andrés

Apóstol.Founded by the Order of St.

Augustine, 1540.

Natural and Cultural intangible heritage It is one of the most preserved convents, at national level Guided Visits in convent permit to appreciate also the site’s geologic

features (formation, soil type, etcetera)

Museo del Paste.Unique museum in Mexico

Natural and Cultural intangible Heritage The museum shows the influence of English miners in the state’s

gastronomy

Panteón Inglés.World Heritage Site

Natural and Cultural intangible heritage Site inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage list. On it, it is explained its

relation with the zone’s mining history and its remarkable features.

Ex-Hacienda La PurísimaEmblematic site in the World’smining history

Material and Intangible heritage Information on the site’s history (how it affected the mining when active)

is given to visitorsEx-Convento de San Agustínmunicipality’s emblematic site, builtbetween 1542 and 1562.

Natural and Cultural intangible heritage With a very close location to the sierra, the area’s geologic

characteristics (formations, rock types) offer a valuable sceniccomplement.

San Miguel ReglaEcotouristic Park

Material and Intangible Heritage It is showed the relation between vegetation and soil types. It is given information on the site’s history, conjointly with local legends

Zonas Geoculturales Real, Huasca yEl Chico.

Zones inside the national Magical Villages Programme, for being siteswhere culture, history and gastronomy merge

Zona Geocultural Pachuca-Reforma. Zone with an important history, where the mining activity’s influence inthe urban development is evident


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geoparque comarca minera en hidalgo

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