geophysical borehole logging and opticallmaging of the pilot … · 2013. 9. 23. · 2.4 sonic...

POSIVA OY

Working Report 2005-04

Geophysical Borehole logging and Opticallmaging of the Pilot Hole ONK-PH2

Mari Lahti

Eero Heikkinen

January 2005

FIN-27160 OLKILUOTO, FINLAND

Tel +358-2-8372 31

Fax +358-2-8372 3709 ·



Mari Lahti

Eero Heikkinen

January 2005

~------------ --



Mari Lahti

Suomen Malmi Oy

Eero Heikkinen

.JP-Fintact Oy

January 2005

Working Reports contain information on work in progress

or pending completion.

The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report

are those of author(s) and do not necessarily

coincide with those of Posiva.

TEKIJAORGANISAATIO

TILAAJA

TILAAJAN YHDYSHENKILO

URAKOITSIJAN YHDYSHENKILO

RAPORTTI

TEKIJA

TARKASTAJA

SUO MEN MALMI OY PL 10 Juvan teollisuuskatu 16-18 02921 ESPOO

POSIVA OY 27160 OLKILUOTO

FM Eero Heikkinen JP-Fintact Oy

DI Mari Lahti Suomen Malmi Oy

WORKING REPORT 2005-04

GEOPHYSICAL BOREHOLE LOGGING AND OPTICAL IMAGING OF THE PILOT HOLE ONK-PH2

;

,;'f/LLJ~i£{ v . Mari Lahti

Geofyysikko

Pekka Mikkola Toimitusjohtaja

ABSTRACT

Geophysical borehole logging and optical imaging of the pilot hole ONK-PH2

14.1. 2005

Mari Lahti, Suomen Malmi Oy Eero Heikkinen, JP-Fintact Oy

Suomen Malmi Oy conducted geophysical borehole logging and optical imaging surveys of pilot hole ONK-PH2 in ONKALO tunnel at the Olkiluoto site in December 2004. The survey is a part of Posiva Oy's detailed investigation program for the final disposal of spent nuclear fuel. The methods applied are magnetic susceptibility, natural gamma radiation, gamma-gamma density, single point resistance, Wenner-resistivity, borehole radar, full waveform sonic and optical imaging. The assignment included the field work of all the surveys, integration of the data as well as interpretation of the acoustic and borehole radar data. The report describes the field operation, equipment, processing procedures, interpretation results and shows the obtained geophysical and image data. The data as well as the interpretation results are delivered digitally in WellCAD and Excel format.

Key words: Borehole logging, geophysical logging, optical imaging, pilot hole, ONKALO, nuclear waste disposal

TIIVISTELMA

Pilottireian ONK-PH2 geofysikaaliset mittaukset ja optinen kuvantaminen

14.1. 2005

Mari Lahti, Suomen Malmi Oy Eero Heikkinen, JP-Fintact Oy

Suomen Malmi Oy teki geofysikaalisia reikamittauksia ja retan kuvantamista ONKALON pilottireiassa ONK-PH2 Olkiluodon tutkimusalueella joulukuussa 2004. Tyo tehtiin Posiva Oy:n tilauksesta osana yksityiskohtaisia kallioperatutkimuksia kaytetyn polttoaineen loppusijoitusta varten. KentHityo sisalsi magneettisen suskeptibiliteetin, luonnon gammasateilyn, gamma-gamma -tiheyden, kallion vastuksen (yksipistemittaus ), Wenner-ominaisvastuksen ja akustisen kokoaaltomuodon mittauksen, reikatutkauksen seka optisen kuvantamisen. Tyohon kuului kenttatyo kaikkien menetelmien osalta, aineiston integrointi seka reikatutka-aineiston ja akustisen mittauksen tulkinta. Raportissa on kuvattu kenttatoiden kulku, kaytetty kalusto, tehdyt korjaukset seka esitetty tulosten laatu. Mittaustulokset ja tulkintatulokset on toimitettu tilaajalle digitaalisena WellCAD -muotoisina tiedostoina seka Excel-tiedostoina.

Avainsanat: Reikamittaus, geofysiikka, kuvantaminen, ONKALO, pilottireika, ydinjatteen loppusijoitus

1

CONTENTS

Abstract

Tiivistelma

Contents ............................................................................................................................. 1

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3

2 Equipment and methods ............................................................................................... 5

2.1 Wellmac equipment ..................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Rautaruukk:i equipment ................................................................................................ 8

2.3 RAMAC equipment ..................................................................................................... 9

2.4 Sonic equipment .......................................................................................................... 9

2.5 Optical televiewer ........................................................................................................ 9

3 Field work ................................................................................................................ 11

4 Processing and results ................................................................................................ 13

4.1 Natural gamma radiation ........................................................................................... 14

4.2 Gamma-gamma density ............................................................................................. 14

4.3 Magnetic susceptibility .............................................................................................. 15

4.4 Single point resistance and normal resistivities ......................................................... 15

4.5 Wenner resistivity ...................................................................................................... 15

4.6 Borehole radar ............................................................................................................ 16

4.7 Full Waveform Sonic ................................................................................................. 18

4.8 Borehole image .......................................................................................................... 23

5 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 27

6 References ................................................................................................................ 29

7 Appendices ............................................................................................................... 32

Appendix 1. Results .................................................................................................. 31

Appendix 1.1 Susceptibility, natural gamma, density, Wenner-resistivity,

single point resistance and normal resistivities ................................................ 31

Appendix 1.2 Borehole radar ............................................................................... 33

Appendix 1.2.1 Radargram ......................................................................... 33

Appendix 1.2.2 Radar orientations ............................................................... 35

Appendix 1.2.3 Intepreted reflectors, table .................................................... 39

Appendix 1.2.4 Intepreted reflectors on radargram ......................................... .41

Appendix 1.3 Full waveform sonic ...................................................................... 51

Appendix 1.3.1 Full waveform sonic, raw data ............................................... 53

Appendix 1.3.2 Full waveform sonic, computed results ................................... 55

Appendix 1.4 Borehole image log example ........................................................... 57

2

Appendix 2. Tool technical information ...................................................................... 57

Appendix 2.1 Natural gamma, density, susceptibility, resistivity ........................... 57

Appendix 2.1.1 Wellmac .......................................................................... 57

Appendix 2.1.2 Rautaruukki RROM-2 ........................................................ 59

Appendix 2.1.3 Geovista Normal resistivity sonde ......................................... 61

Appendix 2.2 RAMAC .................................................................................... 63

Appendix 2.3 AL T Full Waveform Sonic ............................................................. 67

Appendix 2.4 ALT Acquisition systems and OBI40 ............................................... 69

Appendix on CD Borehole Images in pdf-format

3

1 INTRODUCTION

The spent fuel of the Finnish nuclear power plants will be disposed into a rock

repository. The site investigations at the Olkiluoto Site are culminating in the

construction of an underground rock characterisation facility ONKALO. The

construction of the ONKALO access tunnel started in June 2004. The first underground

pilot borehole ONK-PH2 was drilled in early December 2004.

Suomen Malmi Oy (Smoy) carried out digital borehole imaging and geophysical

borehole surveys of the pilot borehole ONK-PH2 in ONKALO for Posiva Oy in

December 2004. The field work design and scheduling was based on experiences from

the previous pilot borehole ONK-PHl drilled from ground level (Lahti & Heikkinen

2004). The assignment included imaging and geophysical surveys and interpretation

according to the purchase order 9939/04/TUAH. The borehole imaging and geophysics

contributes to fracture detection and orientation as well as further description of the

crystalline bedrock at the Olkiluoto Site. The obtained data was immediately applied to

rock engineering design (grouting). First version of data was delivered on site to

Posiva' s geologist.

The field surveys were coordinated by geophysical foreman Antero Saukko and the

project management and reporting were conducted by geophysicist Mari Lahti. On-site

quality control of raw data, interpretation of borehole radar and sonic data as well as the

data integration was subcontracted by JP-Fintact Ltd (Eero Heikkinen). Mr. Heikkinen

served also as on-site contact person on the Client's side. This report describes the field

operation of the borehole surveys and the data processing and interpretation. The quality

of the results is shortly analysed and the data presented in the Appendices.

This report describes the field operation of the borehole surveys and the data processing

and interpretation. The quality of the results is shortly analysed and the data presented

in the appendices.

5

2 EQUIPMENT AND METHODS

The geophysical surveys carried out in PH2 included optical imaging, Wenner

resistivity, single point resistance, natural gamma radiation, gamma-gamma -density,

magnetic susceptibility, acoustic and borehole radar measurements. The borehole

surveys were carried out using Advanced Logic Technology's (ALT) OBI-40 optical

televiewer and FWS40 Full Waveform Sonic Tool, Geovista's Elog Normal Resistivity

Sonde, Mala Geoscience's Wellmac probes and RAMAC GPR borehole antenna as well

as Rautaruukki's RROM-2 probe. Applied control units were ALT Abox, Mala

Geoscience Ramac CU 11 and Wellmac, and RROY KTP-84. All the equipment is

property of Smoy.

Tools were lowered to borehole using carbon fiber push rods provided by Lapela Ltd,

except for electrical and radar methods glass fiber rods. Measurements were run from

bottom to top, except for borehole radar from top to bottom. Optical imaging and

acoustic tools were run centralised. Cable was operated by a motorised winch. The

depth measurement is triggered by pulses of sensitive depth encoder, installed on a

pulley wheel. Optical imaging, single point resistance and full wave sonic applied a

Mount Sopris manufactured 1000 m long, 3/16" steel reinforced 4-conductor cable,

W ellmac and RROY measurements a 1000 m long 3/16" polyurethane covered 5-

conductor cable, and radar measurement a 150 m long optical cable. The cables were

marked with 10 m intervals for controlling the depth measurement to adjust any cable

slip and stretch.

6

2.1 Wellmac equipment

The Wellmac system consists of a surface unit and a laptop interface as well as a cable

winch, a depth measuring wheel and the borehole probes. The probes applied in this

survey were the natural gamma probe, the gamma-gamma density probe and the

susceptibility probe all of them of diameter 42 mm. The field assembly of the Wellmac

system is shown in Figure 1. Tool configurations are presented in Figure 2. The

technical information of the probes is presented in Appendix 2.1.1.

DEPTH MEASUUNG WHEEt.

CABLE WINCH

CABlE t , REEL

-- -- ------------~----~~---- ------------- '- - ·\·-~-~~-- ___ I ' I

I ~~OUND I I ·-- .

' ROO I I I ··----P2- .. , ____ . -- \ ~ 1. .-~.. _1

! OAOUND -·~.::..:> I I . AOO

I 11

TO BATTERY

Figure 1. The configuration of the Wellmac system.

. .._~-~

1 N :I l u 0

E

I' I "t"" i

r:=r I

• I

~I

~ E

' I

tO

I • I ~;1p (. //'/ ' .. /,\ /~~l ·0;'/1 . /i

/'I /!

Susceptibility probe

7

.. -

I ----,----- t

~ I

I I I I l ) l

~ _____ j_ ·------ E

,......: ...... 1

0

E

~ 0

""'" I

.rv1P f ,,

! · ..

0

~ : I . [___ ----·- -

cJamma probe

r I

l' I

(

1 0

E r

~, ~' r 0)

0

.I __ · __ _l I ~[:~~~

Density probe

El

' (')

~

I ---- t

Figure 2. Technical drawings of the Wellmac susceptibility, gamma and density probes.

8

2.2 Rautaruukki equipment

The Wenner-resistivity was measured using Rautaruukki Oy manufactured RROM-2

probe and recorded with KTP-84 data logging unit. The galvanic resistivity is measured

from the borehole wall using four electrode Wenner -configuration (a=31.8 cm). The

probe diameter is 42 mm. The configuration of the probe is presented in Figure 3 and

the tool technical information in Appendix 2.1.2.

a a a

asim s 0.318m

Y = R =antcaignaati

~= 4- ontoSgnaati

Figure 3. The configuration of the Rautaruukki RROM-2 Wenner-probe.

2.3 Geovista Normal resistivity sonde

The Geovista Normal resistivity sonde (ELOG) is compatible with AL T acquisition

system. The sonde carries out simultaneously four different measurements. The

measurements available are 16" normal resistivity, 64" normal resistivity, single point

resistance (SPR) and spontaneous potential (SP). The measuring range of the system is

modified from 0-10 000 Ohm-m to 0-40 0000 Ohm-m. Probe diameter is 42 mm. Probe

does not contain electrically conductive parts, except the voltage return in the middle of

10 m insulator bridle, and the current return grounded on steel armored cable and the

cable connector. Some of the technical information of the ELOG sonde is presented in

Appendix 2.1.3.

9

2.4 RAMAC equipment

The borehole radar survey was carried out using Smoy's RAMAC GPR 250 MHz

dipole antenna with 150 m optical cable. The system consists of computer, control unit

CU II, depth encoder, optical cable and borehole radar probe. Measurement was

controlled with Mala Groundvision software. Tool zero time was calibrated before the

measurement. The downhole probe diameter is 50 mm. Transmitter and receiver were

separated by a 0.5 m tube (Tx - Rx dipole center point distance is 1. 71 m). The tool

technical information is presented in Appendix 2.2.

Glass fiber push rods were used to install the tool, as the carbon fiber caused severe

damping into the transmitted signal.

2.5 Sonic equipment

The full waveform sonic was recorded with Advanced Logic Technology's (ALT)

FWS40 probe that is compatible with Smoy's ALT acquisition system. The Full

Waveform Sonic Tool has one piezoceramic transmitter (Tx) of 15 kHz nominal

frequency, and two receivers (Rx), with Tx-Rx spacing of0.6 m (Rx1) and 1.0 m (Rx2).

Tool diameter is 42 mm. Some technical details of the system are presented in

Appendix 2.3.

Probably due to low temperature, the tool initialisation required several attempts.

During primary processing the data was observed to contain high frequency noise and

low first arrival amplitude. Measurement was rerun non-centralised with better

performance. Signal is weak near the bedrock surface. Acoustic noise may have

originated from 2 1/min outflow of groundwater, diesel motors running in tunnel and

other construction activities, or drilling for cleaning borehole KR4 near PH2.

2. 6 Optical televiewer

The borehole imaging was carried out ustng Smoy's OBI40 optical televiewer

manufactured by Advanced Logic Technology (ALT). The 1000 m long 3/16" steel

armoured 4 conductor cable purchased from Mount Sopris Ltd is mounted on Smoy's

motorised winch. The cable is marked with 10 m intervals for controlling the depth

measurement. Smoy has prepared special centralisers for 7 6 mm boreholes. The tool

configuration is shown in Figure 4 and optical assembly in Figure 5. The probe and

logging control unit are also presented in Appendix 2.4.

55 cm

C ntrallser

Opltcal head --

10

Oevtatton sensor APS544

CCO dtgtlal camera

Figure 4. The configuration of the OBI40-mk3, length 1. 7 m (ALT, Optical Borehole Televiewer Operator Manual).

08140 image

cco digital camera

Light bulbs

Conical mirror

Figure 5. Optical assembly of the OBI40. The high sensitivity CCD digital camera with Pentax optics is located above a conical mirror. The light source is a ring of light bulbs located in the optical head (ALT, Optical Borehole Televiewer Operator Manual).

11

3 FIELDWORK

The field work was carried out in 13-16 December 2004. The assignment consisted of

borehole survey of PH2 with estimated survey depth of 116 m. The borehole was

deemed inaccessible below depth of 118.4 m. The borehole was in good condition and

all the logging runs reached the planned survey depth. The borehole specifications of

PH2 are listed in Table 1 and the duration of the field work in Table 2. Table 3 shows

the survey parameters of each method.

Table 1. Specifications of the boreholeONK-PH2.

Diameter Azimuth Dip Length

ONK-PH2 75.7 mm 315° 5.2° 122.31 m (safe 118.42 m)

Table 2. Duration of the field work.

Date Time Actions Survey time

13.12.2004 21:30-22:30 Standby, mobilisation to Onkalo

22:30-0:40 Preparations, pushing down the OBI-40 probe

14.12.2004 0:40-10:40 lmaging upwards, depth interval6.07-116.37 m 9h

1 0:40-11 :30 Collecting equipment, coming up

11:30-21:30 Break (Hydraulic flow measurements in PH2)

14.12.2004 21:30 Standby, going down, preparations

23:00-24:00 Going down, preparations

15.12.2004 0:00-3:15 Technical problems with sonic probe (initialisation, noise level)

3:15-4:00 Full wave sonic 0-116 m 1 h 15 min

4:00-4:30 Changing survey system

4:30-5:35 Borehole radar downwards 4.84-114.84 m 35min

5:35-6:30 Pulling the probe up, changing survey system

6:30-7:30 Wanner resistivity logging 30 min


8:15-9:00 Natural gamma logging 2.13-115.90 m 40 min

9:00-9:30 Preparing density survey

9:30-10:45 Density logging 2.08-115.98 m 1 h

10:45-11 :30 Changing survey system, calibration of susceptibility probe

11:30-12:45 Susceptibility logging 3.81-115.98 1 h


13:15-13:40 Resistivity logging downwards

13:40-14:05 Resistivity logging upwards (recording on while pulling up)


14:30-16:00 Full wave sonic re-run 1h15min

16:00-17:00 Closing, coming up

17:00-11:00 Break during groundwater sampling

16.12.2004 11:00-14:00 Preparations, susceptibility log re-run, closing 1 h

12

Table 3. Survey parameters of the applied methods.

Method Depth interval Depth Settings Survey Surveyors

sampling speed

Optical imaging 6.07-116.37 m 0.005 m Pixels 720 0.18 m/min AS, ML, AL,

Shutter 1/50 AK Chroma 129 Intensity 210 AGC off Image Enhance on Gamma corr on RGain 31 Bgain 227

Full wave sonic 1. 73-117.18 m 0.02 m Time sampling 2 !JS 1.5 m/min EH, AS

Time Interval 2048 !JS R1 gain 2, R2 gain 8

Borehole radar 4.84-114.84 m 0.02m Time window 354 ns 2 m/min EH,AS,ML Number of samples 1024 Time sampling 0.35 ns Sampling fq. 2890 MHz No. of stacks 32

Natural gamma 2.13-115.90 m 0.1 m Calibrated for rapakivi 3 m/min AS, ML, AL

granite 1999 Density 2.08-115.98 m 0.02 m Calibrated for KR19- 1.5 m/min AS, ML, AL

KR22 Susceptibility 5.99-115.98 m 0.02 m Calibration with brick 2 m/min AS,AL

Wenner 2.76-116.33 m 0.1 m Calibration performed 4 m/min AS, ML, AL

Single point 12.17-116.62 m 0.05m Calibration tested with 5 m/min EH, AS, ML

resistance, resistors

normal

resistivities

13

4 PROCESSING AND RESULTS

The processing of the conventional geophysical results includes basic corrections and

calibrations presented in Posiva's Working report 2001-30 (Lahti et al., 2001). The

sonic and radar interpretations and depth adjustments on site and data integration were

carried out by JP-Fintact Ltd. On-site processing headed to deliver the data to the Client

and the further designer use as soon as possible. Part of the work was continued at

office after demobilisation. A schedule according to Table 4 was followed.

Table 4. Interpretation and data integration schedule ofONK-PH2.

Method Data received Processing Delivery Notices Optical 14.12.04 11:00 Initial orientation 12:00-14:00, 15.12.2004 at 06:00 Computer memory imaging depth match points 15:00, data to lsmo Aaltonen/ limitations required

splitting, depth match and Posiva .. splitting the data. orientation to high side 20:30-21:30

Radar 15.12.04 05:30 Reflector interpretation and 16.12.04 at 15:00 Reflector location measurement length measurement 06:00- draft to Kimmo and length data was

07:30 Kemppainen/ Posiva, supplemented at Continued reflector final length results office. Orientations interpretation 20.12.04 9:00- 20.12.04 at 12:00 to were defined after 12:00 Eveliina Tammisto/ the fracture and Orientation interpretation JP-Fintact, final foliation orientations 23.12.04 8:00-12:00 orientation results were received from

23.12.04 at 12:00 to Posiva 23.12.04 Eveliina Tammisto/ (core orientation JP-Fintact supplemented with

image mapping). Geophysical Draft 15.12.04 at Depth matching and including 16.12.2004 at 15:00 Used to depth match data 16:00, final to the final images 16.12.04 at to Kimmo each other, radar,

processed 06:00-10:00, 12:00-14:00, Kemppainen/ Posiva, and sonic. Density 15.12.04 at susceptibility rerun 14:00- 17.12.2004 to used in rock 20:00. 14:30 Eveliina Tammisto/ mechanical Susceptibility JP-Fintact parameters. 16.12.04 at 14:00

Acoustic full 15.12.04 04:00 First run 11:00-12:00, 16.12.2004 at 15:00 Rerun caused by wave form observed too noisy to Kimmo high noise level and

Re-run 16.12.2004 at 06:00- Kemppainen/ Posiva, subsequent change 15.12.04 16:00 10:00, time and amplitude 17.12.2004 to of parameters. Rock

pick, velocity and attenuation Eveliina Tammisto/ mechanical computing, rock mechanical JP-Fintact (further parameters were parameters delivery to rock computed after

engineering design). density was measured.

The results of the natural gamma radiation, gamma-gamma density, magnetic

susceptibility, single point resistance, normal resistivity and W enner resistivity are

presented in Appendix 1.1. The borehole radar results and interpretation are presented in

Appendices 1.2.1-1.2.4. The full waveform sonic results are shown in Appendix 1.3.1-

1.3.2. The optical televiewer images are presented in the Appendix on CD and an

example of the image log is shown in Appendix 1.4.

Presented results, in Appendices, were joined with available geological data received

from Posiva. These include lithology and fracture frequency, and orientation of foliation

14

and fractures (the latter used for radar reflector orientation). Main rock types are

migmatitic mica gneiss (blue) and granite pegmatite (red, at 90.7 -100 m). The mafic

variants of gneiss are displayed in the Appendices in green (at 2.92 m- 3.96 m, 15.43-

17.12 m, 28.84 - 33.38 m massive and fine grained mafic quartz gneiss, and at 85.84-

90.7 m). Mica gneiss is met at 50.55 - 52.06 m and 94.4- 95.4 m, and veined migmatite

at 100-122.31 m.

Initial depth match is based on cable mark control. Locations of rock type contacts and

fractures in core were used in final depth matching. The image was first adjusted to core

data, then the gamma-gamma density was set to image depth using the mafic gneiss

variants. Susceptibility, natural gamma and sonic data was adjusted according to

density. Electrical measurements were adjusted according to sonic and density minima,

and high resistivity mafic units. Finally the radar results were adjusted to depth of

electrical results, using direct radar wave velocity and amplitude profile. Depth

accuracy of all methods is better than 5 cm.

4.1 Natural gamma radiation

The measured values are converted into J.LR!h values using coefficient determined at

Hastholmen boreholes HH-KR5 and HH-KR8 in Loviisa. The conversion is carried out

so that 1 J.LR!h equals 3.267 p/s. The determination of the coefficient is presented in

Posiva's Working report 99-22 (Laurila et al., 1999).

Table 5. Processing parameters of natural gamma data.

Raw data Corrected data Original depth Adjusted depth Range RangepR/h

interval interval pis

Density.DAO ONK_PH2_NG.txt 2.13-115.90 1.78-116.5 20-303 6.12-92.75

4.2 Gamma-gamma density

The calibration of the density values is carried out using the calibration conducted

during surveys of borehole KR19 and KR20 and the petrophysical samples taken from

those boreholes (Lahti et al. 2003). The levels of both magnetic susceptibility and

density would be more reliably calibrated with petrophysical sample data from the

borehole surveyed.

15

Table 6. Processing parameters of gamma-gamma density data.

Raw data Corrected data Original depth Adjusted depth Rangeg/cm3

interval interval

Density.DA1 ONK_PH2_DE.txt 2.08-115.98 1.49-116.58 2.64-3.85

4.3 Magnetic susceptibility

The susceptibility probe was calibrated using a calibration brick with known

susceptibility of740x10-5 SI. Temperature drift was very small and was not required to

compensate.

Table 7. Processing parameters of susceptibility data.

Raw data Corrected data Original depth Adjusted depth Range 10-5 SI

interval interval (outside casing)

Sus41531.DA5 ONK_PH2_SU.txt 5.99-115.98 5.62-116.9 24.5-170.5

4.4 Single point resistance and normal resistivities

The main goal of the Elog survey was to produce the single point resistance data. The

normal resistivity data is collected simultaneously and since the results looked useful

the normal resistivity data is attached to the report. Before the actual survey the system

performance was checked using a test box provided by the manufacturer.

Fluid resistivity or borehole diameter based corrections were not applied. Results are

fully comparable with Wenner data. The resolution is highest with single point and

short normal data.

Table 8. Processiing parameters of Elog resistivity data.

Raw data Processed data Original depth Adjusted depth Range

interval interval Ohm/Ohm-m

ONK_PH2_ELOG - ONK_PH2_SPR.txt 12.17-116.62 11.48-115.91 41.83-2293.32

ALAS.rd ONK_PH2_16_normal.txt 11.94-116.37 11.24-115.67 -4.34-2258.27

ONK_PH2_64_normal.txt 11.32-115.77 10.84-115.27 -13.23-2689.98

4.5 Wenner resistivity

The Wenner-equipment includes a calibration unit that contains resistors from 1 Ohm to

100 000 Ohm with a 0.5 decade interval. The calibration measurement using the unit

was carried out before the actual surveys. The output values (m V) are being calibrated

into Ohm-m using the calibration scale.

16

Table 9. Processing parameters of Wenner resistivity data.

Raw data Corrected data Original depth Adjusted depth Range Ohm-m

interval interval

PH2WE.txt ONK_PH2_we.txt 2.76-116.33 2.26-115.83 0.98-1584.89

4.6 Borehole radar

Radar measurements applied the Mala Geoscience manufactured Ramac, with 250 MHz

borehole antennae.

Data quality and resolution is very high. Locally there occur some diffractions (which

cannot be fit to hyperbola due to too high apparent angles) probably from open fractures

and pyrite layers in host rock. Attenuation is high at places, allowing the range 2 - 8 m.

Signal was lost due to high conductivity at 7-12 m, and reduced between 34-80 m and

below 102 m. Raw, depth adjusted radargram is displayed on Appendix 1.2.1 with the

first arrival amplitude and time computed using ReflexW (2003).

Interpretation applied the Mala GeoScience Radinter _ 2 utility (Radinter 1999). The

previously (Lahti & Heikkinen 2004) defined velocity 117 rniJ.lS was used. Radar

velocity is slightly varying along the borehole, indicating the changes in dielectric

permittivity due to variation of water content (porosity and fractures) and possible

lithological factors. Reflectors were defined with setting a hyperbola on each reflection.

Different filtering and amplitude settings were used to enhance both strong and weak

reflections. Altogether 95 planar and 4 point-like reflectors were mapped with their

location and intersection angle (for planar) or distance (for point-like reflectors). The

intersection angles range from 9 to 76 degrees. There is a known difficulty to observe as

a reflector a feature perpendicular to the borehole. Four distinct point reflectors are

found, at 32 m, 9.5 m from borehole, at 89 m, 3.7 m ofborehole, at 99 m, 5.4 m and at

100 m, 1.8 m from borehole. These are possible voids, water bearing zones, or small

conductive bodies. Mapped reflectors are shown on radar image in Appendix 1.2.4.

Reflectors with their interpreted parameters are listed on Appendix 1.2.3.

Reflector length was measured according to (Saksa et al. 2001) along the reflector

plane, upwards and downwards the borehole. The radar maximum range out of borehole

17

was estimated for each reflector. Length information is presented in Appendix 1.2.2

together with the defined orientations.

The radar reflector orientation was defined for each reflector using the fracture and

foliation orientations received from Posiva. This can be performed, when all the data is

depth matched properly. The intersection angles and angles to high side of fractures and

foliation (core alpha and beta) were reviewed from close borehole range(+/- 1 m) from

each reflector. For a reflector with same intersection angle (core alpha) with fracture at

the depth range, the rotation angle to high side (core beta) of radar reflector was set the

same (blue symbols) as for fracture, and when there were no fractures on same core

alpha angle, a matching foliation orientation (core beta) was again used to set the radar

orientation (green symbols). The results were projected from apparent to high side to

true north projection, and plotted on tadpole presentation and stereographic projections

(lower hemisphere Schmidt projection) in Appendix 1.2.2.

Table 10. Processing parameters of borehole radar data.

Raw data Processed data Original depth Adjusted depth Velocity Range

interval interval

ONK_PH2_RAMAC - PH2_interp.inf 0-114.86 m 0-113.23 m 117m/lls 2-8 m

alas_32-lasikuitu.rad PH2_time.txt

ONK_PH2_RAMAC - PH2_ampl.txt

alas_32-lasikuitu.rd3 PH2 _reflections.txt

Reflectors occur from filled or open fractures and local fracture swarms, as well as from

layered migmatitic gneiss, when the layering contains electrically conductive minerals

(graphite and pyrite among others). The latter phenomenon also causes the distinct

attenuation of the signal.

The Well CAD presentation of radargram, and interpreted reflector locations and angles

are displayed in Appendix 1.2.1. The defined reflection traces on the radargram are

displayed in Appendix 1.2.2. The interpreted reflectors have been presented in

Appendix 1.2.3.

18

4. 7 Full Waveform Sonic

Primary data was imported to Well CAD and presented as Variable Density Logs, see

Appendix 1.3.1. The recorded waveforms show distinct P, S and Stoneley (tubewave)

arrivals. Bad traces were removed, but no filtering was applied.

The first P arrivals are rather weak for both channels. Usually first minimum ( 112

wavelength after first break) can be seen most reliably. The S wave is more distinct in

amplitude, but its negative first peak seems to be masked with late P wave multiples or

P-S converted waves, thus the first maximum is usually most visible. Interpretation was

carried out very carefully to prevent any wrong cycles to be detected.

First arrivals in general are disturbed with tube wave reflections, diffractions and other

complex wave forms and noise. In some places there are hints on S wave splitting to

two, namely SV and SH components.

Noise may have originated from mechanical interference from near-by drilling or

construction activity and motors, or groundwater flow (2 1/min) in borehole, or even

reflections and ringing from earlier tool signals.

Tubewaves (Stoneley arrivals) seem to be slower at the surface part of bedrock than

deeper down, so the highest amplitude mode of direct tubewave approaches the fairly

constant arrival time at 90 m borehole length. Reflected tubewaves are seen at open

fracture locations (e.g. 87-98 m and 105-116 m). There are also prominent reflections

from open and filled fractures, which apparently are tubewaves propagating along the

borehole.

Processing consisted of visual inspection of the recording and defining P and S wave

velocities and tube wave energies for both channels, and their attenuations.

Processing has followed the outlines defined in (Lahti & Heikkinen 2004) for the

FWS40 tool, and adjusted for the specific near-surface conditions to obtain most

reliable data. For velocity definition, first step is usually velocity analysis using

semblance processing (Paillet and Cheng, 1991) in WellCAD (ALT 2001). The process

seeks for coherency between all recorded channels, for each trace, and produces energy

19

maxima at time values where the wave forms arrive. The obtained, fairly noisy P, S and

tubewave velocities were used as a guideline for later processing.

First arrival and first maximum (S wave) or first minimum (P wave) were picked with

their amplitudes using first the phase follower algorithm (ReflexW 2003), then semi

automatically. A half cycle (wave length time, 21 flS for this dataset) was subtracted

from the most distinct cycle extremum (first maximum and minimum for S and P,

respectively), and a stand-off correction (1) was applied to the measured times to obtain

velocities V

v~uid. L. 0.001· t + 2. d. VF/uid. ~d 2 + 4. d 2- v~uid. (0.001· t) 2

2

VP,S = 2 (O )2 4 · d (m/s] (1) VF/uid • .001· f

where t =measured time for each wave form, VFtuid =the fluid velocity 1620 m/s, L the

length Tx-Rx (0.6 or 1.0 m), and d = 0.026 mm the standoff, twice the distance from

tool to borehole wall.

Typical P-wave velocities are 5.5 - 5.8 km/s and S wave velocities 2.9 - 3.0 km/s. The

P and S wave velocities obtain a maximum (P: 6.0-7.0 km/s, S 3.2-4.0 km/s) at mafic

gneiss variant locations ( e.g 29-33 m). Clear velocity minima are seen at fractured,

porous or deformed (intensely foliated locations) (P<5.3 km/s, 8<2.7 km/s). Larger

areas of alternating values and local minima are found at altered or intensely foliated

bedrock locations.

From the measured amplitude of first maximum (S wave) or first minimum (P wave) for

both channels, the P and S wave attenuations Dp,s were computed using (2)

[dB/m] (2)

where ~L is a difference between Tx-Rl and Tx-R2 (0.40 m), and A2 and At are the

measured amplitudes of the first distinct wave for Rl and R2, respectively. Attenuations

are alternating rapidly, and are stronger, near fractured or altered areas, and can be used

to localise fractures or fracture zones.

20

The reflected tubewave energy for both channels was computed with WellCAD.

Computation applied a V -shaped area at later times of traces, centered at each depth

location. Parameters used were blanking for R1 and R2 before 760 JlS and 1420 JlS

windows, respectively, and computing a cumulative energy integral over the traces

starting after the strongest direct tubewave arrivals, 760 JlS and 1420 JlS for channels R1

and R2, respectively, and using a fluid velocity of 1620 m/s. The obtained energies were

computed to attenuations using (3)

[dB/m] (3)

where ~L is a difference between Tx-R1 and Tx-R2 (0.40 m), and E2 and E1 are the

measured energies, respectively. Tubewave energy is lowest at the location of open

fractures, and the attenuation typically small. Energy increases where the tubewave is

strong varying with the conditions and densely fractured areas.

The density and P and S slownesses (inverse velocities, channel R1) were applied to

compute the dynamic rock mechanical parameters Poisson's ratio Vdyn (4), Shear

Modulus Jldyn (5) and Young's modulus Edyn (6).

Q . 5 . ( S slowness J 2

_ 1 pslowness

V dyn

( S slowness J 2

_ 1 pslowness

(4)

p [GPa] (5) Jldyn = s2

slowness

where p is density in [g/cm3], and

p -[ 3 { S ,[own"' J _ 4] s~owness ~lowness

Edyn = ( S ,[ownes' )' _ 1

[GPa] (6)

~lowness

21

or

[GPa] (6b)

The Shear and Young's (bulk) moduli are at highest in competent mafic gneiss variants

(Edyn >80-1 00 GPa and f..ldyn > 40 GP a), varying normally at 40-60 GP a (Young's

modulus) and 20-30 GPa (Shear modulus). At fracture zones the values are lower. The

Poisson's ratio is near 0.27-0.3, varying according to rock type, and at fracture zones.

The P wave velocity was converted to apparent Q' value ("a seismic Qc") using formula

(7) (Barton 2002),

(7)

which is an empirical ratio of Qc definitions in Norwegian tunneling works during

several decades, and reflection and refraction seismic velocities (Barton 2002).

Definition holds for uppermost 50-100 m of bedrock, deeper down the stress field will

alter the relation. The value Q has been defined as (8)

(8)

where RQD is Rock Quality Designation, Jr joint roughness rating, Jn joint number set

rating, la rating for alteration degree or clay filling, Jw rating for water inflow and SRF

the rating for faulting. Q' leaves out the Jw and SRF parameters. According to our

experience, Q' and Qc correlate nicely otherwise, but the Qc result requires division by

mapped Jn rate. Q varies at logarithmic range 0.001 - 1000, where good rock quality

>10.

The Qc value was filtered by taking at each reading a minimum over 0.60 m interval. Qc

gets low < 10 values at open fracturing, and highest values at mafic rock sections.

The computed results are displayed in Appendix 1.3.2.

22

Table 11. FWS processing parameters.

Raw data Processed data Original depth Adjusted depth Stand Fluid Blanking for

interval interval off velocity tubewave

energy

ONK_PH2_FWS P1.txt 1.73-117.18 m 2.08-116.46 m 0.026 m 1620 m/s R1 = 760 f.JS

40__ylos.rd P2.txt R2 = 1420 f.JS

Patt.txt S1.txt S2.txt Satt.txt TubeE1.txt TubeE2.txt Tubeatt.txt Young.txt Poisson. txt Shear.txt AcousticQ. txt

23

4.8 Borehole image

The applied survey parameters of the borehole imaging were determined according to

earlier optical televiewer works in the Olkiluoto Site (Lahti, 2004a, Lahti 2004b ). The

imaging ofborehole PH2 was carried out with help ofPosiva Oy's carbon fibre rods for

lowering the probe to the bottom. The image was saved during the pushing for backup

in case the borehole water would become murky.

Table 12. Optical imaging processing parameters.

Raw data Processed files Original depth interval Adjusted depth interval

ONK_PH2_obi_116y.rd Raw image was split to 3 6.07-116.37 m 6.38-116.505 m

depth sections:

onk _ph2 _ obi_ 6-41_y. we/ 6-38-41.15 m

onk _ph2 _ obi_ 40-81 _y. we/ 40.25-81.19 m

onk _ph2 _ obi_ 80-116 _y. we/ 80.19-116.505 m

The imaging was started quickly after reaching the borehole bottom because the tight

time schedule did not allow waiting time for letting the mud settle. Some mud attached

on the lens which is visible as black and brown stripes in the image. A fifteen minute

break was held for testing if the image quality would become better. No significant

improvement occurred so the imaging was continued. The quality of the image was

controlled during survey by taking samples of the image and applying histogram

analysis. Also the vertical resolution was checked using captured images. The survey

was never left unsupervised and the borehole was surveyed without breaks.

The data processing carried out after the field work consists of depth adjustment and

image orientation of the raw image. The depth adjustment and image orientation

methods are presented in the report Lahti 2004a. The images were produced to depth

matched and oriented to high side presentations including a 3-D image. Images can be

reviewed with WellCAD Reader and WellCAD software. For the report, the images

were also printed on PDF documents, in scale 1 :2 that are attached onto a CD in

Appendix of this report.

The required vertical resolution of 0.5 mm was obtained widely considering the nearly

horizontal position of the borehole and the need to use pushing rods to carry out the

work. Examples of different resolutions obtained are shown in Figures 6 and 7. The

24

problems when recording poor resolution image and means for improving the quality

are discussed in the report Lahti 2004a. The experience achieved during the earlier

surveys in 2003 and 2004 including the imaging of PHI was utilised and generally the

quality obtained is good.

Partially defocused images and vertically banded sections may be later processed

according to an image enhancement procedure (Heikkonen et al. 1999).

The borehole conditions determine how natural looking image can be obtained. In cases

where the borehole water is clear the area influenced by dirt in the borehole is very

narrow. Commonly the bottom of the dipping boreholes can be seen in the images as a

black or brownish stripe where the fine grained material is gathered and flowing down.

An example of this phenomenon from PH2 can be seen in Figures 6 and 7. Also the

colour resolution obtained in the borehole PH2 is generally good.

In conditions of severe mud and particle flow in borehole, acoustical televiewer (e.g.

ABI40) can be considered as an option for fracture, and partly foliation orientation.

Image is, though, false colored.

25

Figure 6. Two examples of the borehole image from depths 116 m (on the left) and 94 m (on the right) both representing depth interval of 0, 5 m. The image resolution is near the borehole bottom about 2-3 mm but improves upwards being about 1 mm at 94 m depth. The black and brown stripes are mud travelling with the instrument. Closer the bottom the image is misty but upwards becomes clearer when the mud gathers to the downside of the borehole.

Figure 7. Two examples ofborehole image from depths 34 m (on the left) and 16 m (on the right) both representing depth interval of 0, 5 m. The image resolution is mainly 0, 5 mm except at local occasional slips that are caused by twitching when the rods are pulled out from the borehole.

27

5 CONCLUSIONS

The task of surveying the pilot hole PH2 in the ONKALO tunnel, at depth interval 0-

116 m, was concluded within 3 days in December 2004. The processed and interpreted

data was delivered to the Client in digital format directly after the field work was

completed. Final integrated results were available 6 days after the field work. The draft

report was compiled in January 2005.

The quality of the data widely achieves the required level. The quality was observed and

validated by the Client's representative JP-Fintact Ltd.

29

6 REFERENCES

ALT 2001. WellCAD user's guide for version 3.0. Advanced Logic Technologies, Luxembourg. 831 p.

Barton, N. 2002. Some new Q-value correlations to assist in site characterization and tunnel design.

International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 39 (2002), 185-216.

Heikkonen, J., Juujarvi, J., Karanko, A., Heikkinen, E. & Saksa, P. 1999. Application of pattern

recognition methods to processing and interpretation of digital borehole images. Posiva Working report

99-6I, 58 p.

Lahti, M., Tammenmaa J. ja Hassinen P. 2001. Kairanreikien OL-KRI3 ja OL-KRI4 geofysikaaliset

reikamittaukset Eurajoen Olkiluodossa vuonna 200I (Geophysical borehole logging of the boreholes OL

KR13 and OL-KRI4 in Olkiluoto, Eurajoki, 200I). Tyoraportti 200I-30. Posiva Oy, 136 p.

Lahti, M., Tammenmaa, J. & Hassinen, P. 2003. Geophysical logging ofboreholes OL-KRI9, OL

KRI9b, OL-K20, OL-KR20b, OL-KR22, OL-KR22b and OL-KR8 continuation at Olkiluoto, Eurajoki

2002. Posiva Oy. I76 p. Working report 2003-05.

Lahti, M. 2004a. Digital borehole imaging of the boreholes KR6, KR8 continuation, KRI9, KRI9b,

KR20, KR20b, KR2I, KR22, KR22b, KR23, KR23b and KR24 at Olkiluoto during autumn 2003. Posiva

Oy. Working report 2004-27. 39 p.

Lahti, M 2004b. Digital borehole imaging of the boreholes KR24 upper part and PHI at Olkiluoto, March

2004. Posiva Oy. Working report 2004-28. 2I p.

Lahti, M & Heikkinen, E. 2004. Geophysical borehole logging of the borehole PHI in Olkiluoto, Eurajoki

2004. Posiva Oy. Working report 2004-43. 30 p.

Laurila, T. Tammenmaa J. ja Hassinen P. I999. Kairareikien HH-KR7 ja HH-KR8 geofysikaaliset

reikamittaukset Loviisan Hastholmenilla vuonna 1999 (Geophysical borehole logging of the boreholes

HH_KR7 and HH-KR8 at Hastholmen, Loviisa, 1999). Posiva Oy, Tyoraportti 99-22.

Paillet, F. L., and Cheng, C. H., 199I, Acoustic Waves in Boreholes, C. H., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,

264p.

Radlnter. 1999. Software Manual. Version 1.2. Mala, Sweden. Mala Geoscience, 13 p.

ReflexW. 2003. Version 3.0. Karlsruhe, Germany. K-J. Sandmeier. 34I p.

Saksa, P., Hella, P., Lehtimaki, T., Heikkinen, E. & Karanko, A. 2001. Reikatutkan toimivuusselvitys (On

the performance ofborehole radar method). Posiva, Working Report 200I-35, 134 p.

rE.,~t·l'' SUOMEN MALMI OY

Client: Posiva Oy

Site: Olkiluoto

Project no:

Lith. Depth

Borehole Logging Hole no: ONK-PH2

X: 6792 003.871

Y: 1525 947.363

Z: -6.879

f(J: 75.7

Length: 122.31

Azimuth: 315

Dip: 5.2

Tunnel Natural Gamma Wenner

1m:500m I pile (m) uR/h 150 10 Ohm-m

Susceptibility Short Normal 16"

-1 0 SI1E-5 150 10 Ohm.m

Gamma-gamma density Long Normal64"

2.5 g/cm3 3.2 10 Ohm.m

Suomen Malmi Oy P.O. Box 10 Fl-00210 ESPOO +358 9 8524 010 www.smoy.fi

Surveyed by:AS, ML

Survey date: 15.12.2004

Reported by:EH, ML

Report date: Dec 2004

Velocity P RX1

10000 3500 m/s 7000

Velocity S RX 1

10000 2000 m/s 4000

10000

Single Point Resist.

10 Ohm 10000

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

110.0 ~246. cct I '=SI I I I I /tf I I §!Je

120.0 I=L;:J':I:.~ I I I I I I I

I

I

w ~

)> "0 "0 CD ::J c.. x· ~

~

SUOMEN MALMI OY

Client: Posiva Oy

Site: Olkiluoto

Project no:

Lith.

Borehole Radar Suomen Malmi Oy P.O. Box 10 Fl-00210 ESPOO +358 9 8524 010 www.smoy.fi

Hole no: ONK-PH2

X: 6792 003.871

Y: 1525 947.363

Z: -6.879

Tunnel Wenner

0: 75.7

Length: 122.31

Azimuth: 315

Dip: 5.2

Surveyed by:AS, ML


Reported by: EH, ML


Radar Raw Image, 250 MHz

pile (m) 1 10 nanosec*1 00 Ohm-m 10000 11 0 I Single Point Resist.

10 Ohm 10000

1st Arr Amplitude

uV 30000

First Arrival Time

40 nanosec 10

w w

)> "0 "0 CO :::J a. x· ....Jo.

i-v ....Jo.

SUOMEN MALMI OY

Client: Posiva Oy

Site: Olkiluoto

Project no:2454

lith. Fract.Fq --

Depth

0 11m 15 1m:200m

~ v.v

-=nj 4.0

I

_j 8.0

u_ 12.0

16.0

20.0

-

~ 24.0

T =y

28.0

32.0

36.0

~

rr 40.0

J 44.0

~ ~

48.0

~ ~

52.0

~ r,.. r.

Borehole Radar Hole no: ONK-PH2

X: 6792 003.871

Y: 1525 947.363

Z: -6.879

Tunnel Rad. refl . High Side deorees

pile (m) 0 90

- 135.0 -

- 136.0 -

f-. 137.0 -

f--- 138.0 -

f--- 139.0 -

f-. 140.0 -

f--- 141.0 -

f-. 142. 0 -

f--- 143.0 -

f-. 144.0 - • f--- 145.0 -

f--- 146.0 -

f-. 14 7. 0 - l' f--- 148.0 -

f-. 149.0 - • f--- 150.0 -

- 151.0 -

- 152.0 -

f--- 153.0 -

-~ f--- 154.0 - -· f-. 155.0 -

f-. 156.0 - 1), f--- 157.0 - ~

- 158.0 - • • ~ - 159.0 - I

f--- 160.0 - ~- • ..---'- 161.0 -

-~~ -

- 162.0 - ...

·~· •, - 163.0 -

f-. 164.0 -

- 165.0 -

f-. 166.0 - • f--- 167.0 -

f--- 168.0 -

f-. 169.0 -

.~ • 1-

f--- 170.0 - -• I.. f--- 171.0 - 11111'

f-. 172.0 - -f--- 173.0 - !I' -i. f-. 174.0 -

f--- 175.0 - -4t f-. 176.0 -

f--- 177.0 - • f--- 178.0 - --t 11 f--- 179.0 -

f--- 180.0 - ' "I f--- 181.0 -

f--- 182.0 - "1t f--- 183.0 - • V' --1 • f--- 184.0 - _ /

0: 75.7

Length: 122.31

Azimuth: 315

Dip: 5.2

Rad. refl. Orientation deorees

0 90

0

l~

•

~ ~ ... a 1 -

• ·~ ......, . I • r .. / tH -4 •• ,

"- .. • ,. • ••

it I ._ I'

~ ~

J.. I

., '-

• ~

' • • •

4

'~ •• .J..

- 185.0 - .. ........ • . 1 • ~ •

- 186.0 - • '--....

- 187.0 - --t • . ..- ,__

1~ - 188.0 - • - 189.0 -

---· ." I - 190.0 --: -

Suomen Malmi Oy P.O. Box 10 Fl-0021 0 ESPOO +358 9 8524 010 www.smoy.fi

Surveyed by:AS, ML


Reported by: EH, ML


Radar Orientations

Schmidt Plot- Lower Hemisphere

Schmidt Plot - Lower Hemisphere Depth: 0.00 [m] to 18.08 [m]

oo --r . •

~ -i

• __L

180°

Schmidt Plot- Lower Hemisphere Depth: 18.08 [m] to 47.94 [m]

oo

• c..'~ • • •••

1- • • ~ • • ...

180°

15

Refl. Ext Bckw Refl. Ext Fwd

m 0 0 m

I

•

....

' .... • •

--• • -•

I •

+ I

Range (out)

15 0 m

I

•

--=-I ~ i •

---•

15

w Vl

)> ""0 ""0 CD ::l c. x· -.lo.

1\.:)

~

I ~ ,. ' t-

~ 1- 191.0 - n

~ lJ ~ I 1- 192.0 -I• ~ J I- 193.0 -

I- 194.0 - • 4._ 60.0 1-D 195.0 -

• · ~---1- 196.0 - .._ .. ~ 11111' Ill' 1- 197.0-

lt v . ..---I- 198.0 -

64. 0 I- 199.0 -

n I- 200.0 - • 4" ---1 I- 201.0 - li

1- 202.0 - • _jl_ 68.0 1-

~-203.0 -

~ ~ I- 204.0 - -

4~ I• ~ I- 205.0 -

I- 206.0 - J 72.0 1- 207.0 - rt I•

R t I- 208.0 - · I- 209.0 -

ll ---~ • it I- 210.0 - • 76.0 I- 11" [i l 211.0 -

I 1- 212.0 -1-• ~ r- ,, h 1- 213.0 - I

f I- 214.0- 4 80.0 I- 215.0 -

n r- 216 . 0 - h. ." I- 217.0- ~ ~I-

1- 218.0 - • • 84.0 \

~ I- 219.0 -

r- 220.0 - •• ~ --H t 4~ - 221.0 - 1:1 ~~ ,,

I- 222. 0 -88.0 1'--, • ~~ l t~. r- 223. 0 -

la r- 224.0 -

-~ 11. r- :I I• ~ I- 225.0 -

r- 226.0 - I)• • 92.0 I r- 227. 0 -11 t ~ r- 228 . 0 -

~ J 1- 229.0 - 14• 1- 230.0 -

96.0 r- 231.0 - • •• r- 232.0 - -· • I- 233. 0 -

r- 234.0 - • • 100.0 I ~' 111' r- 235.0 -

I r- 236.0 -

L 1- 237.0 -

- 238.0 - -..... 104.0 ~ rr r- 239.0 --

- 240.0 - ' 'I •• 1- 241.0 - 0 • - - 242.0 -

108.0 r- 243.0 -

• -"1 .. ~· ~ ~-,..... 244.0 -

4' ~ T r- 245.0 -

IT r- 246.0 -112.0

1- 24 7. 0 -

r- 248.0 -

---· 1111

ltt I • l' r ~· r- 249.0 -

- 250.0 -116. 0 r- 251.0 -

• r---~· r- 252.0 -

I- 253.0 -

- 254.0 -120. 0 r- 255.0-

r- 256.0 -'"lr:: .... ~

Schmidt Plot - Lower Hemisphere Depth : 47.94 [m] to 80.04 [m]

oo ----·"· • -· ~· • ·~ • •

• ~ 180°

Schmidt Plot - Lower Hemisphere Depth: 80.04 [m] to 117.82 [m]

oo ~ .':a• ,... .

• ••• •• ~ 1- • •• • ••

180°

-& --• • - .... --I • • • -...

-~ -• ~

• •

-----11

• ..

-... -,... ..... • •

-

• ... ----• • • -• --~

• --! ~ --.. .. • .. • --..

-I ~ • -~ • • -1 -..

w --...)

)> "'C "'C

CD :::l c. x· ~

~ ~

TYPE NR PLANE L-90 PLANE L-94 PLANE L-1 PLANE L-2 PLANE L-89 PLANE L-52 PLANE L-39 PLANE L-40 PLANE L-3 PLANE L-49 PLANE L-51 PLANE L-50 PLANE L-8 PLANE L-47 PLANE L-53 PLANE L-54 PLANE L-55 PLANE L-56 PLANE L-5 PLANE L-95 PLANE L-81 PLANE L-57 POINT P-1 PLANE L-4 PLANE L-80 PLANE L-7 PLANE L-58 PLANE L-59 PLANE L-87 PLANE L-8 PLANE L-82 PLANE L-10 PLANE L-83 PLANE L-88 PLANE L-9 PLANE L-86 PLANE L-12 PLANE L-85 PLANE L-11 PLANE L-84 PLANE L-14 PLANE L-70 PLANE L-85 PLANE L-13 PLANE L-89 PLANE L-91 PLANE L-46 PLANE L-15 PLANE L-86 PLANE L-88 PLANE L-87 PLANE L-71 PLANE L-92 PLANE L-38 PLANE L-16 PLANE L-45 PLANE L-93 PLANE L-17 PLANE L-72 PLANE L-83 PLANE L-18 PLANE L-84 PLANE L-44 PLANE L-19 PLANE L-20 PLANE L-37 PLANE L-82 PLANE L-43 PLANE L-21 PLANE L-42 PLANE L-73 PLANE L-22 PLANE L-23 PLANE L-24 PLANE L-25 PLANE L-81 POINT P-2 PLANE L-41 PLANE L-36 PLANE L-35 PLANE L-26 PLANE L-34 PLANE L-27 PLANE L-31 PLANE L-28 POINT P-4 PLANE L-30 POINT P-3 PLANE L-77 PLANE L-76 PLANE L-74 PLANE L-75 PLANE L-29 PLANE L-32 PLANE L-33 PLANE L-48 PLANE L-79 PLANE L-78 PLANE L-80

Depth 9.35 12.26 14.25 18.86 19.29 19.75 19.88 21 .54 22.25 23.12 23.75 23.76 25.41 25.93 26.69 27.26 28.03 28.69 28.79 29.14 29.42 31 .5 32.37 34.48 34.57 35.33 35.55 35.84 36 38.07 38.47 40.33 42.61 43.4 43.5 45.39 47.14 48.27 48.55 50.09 50.59 51.18 52.68 53.23 53.7 54.55 56.23 56.95 57.61 58.08 59.81 60.99 62.01 63.17 65.28 66.63 67.79 68.98 69.68 70.3 72.25 73.38 75.6 75.9 78.16 78.87 79.43 81 .19 82.37 83.81 85.85 86.42 87.03 87.64 88.49 88.72 88.88 89.85 90.48 90.59 91 .55 93.11 94.66 96.44 97.89 98.75 99.46 99.94 100.27 104.02 105.62 106.51 109.28 109.84 110.4 113.78 114.35 114.42 116.76

Angle 48.74 59.87 66.69 70.59 68.31 36.19 74.68 46.18 41 .08 64.89 34.9 68.54 20.47 80.13 67.73 64.62 73.31 63.45 35 58.3 51 .73 46.38 9.48 20.38 57.01 50.15 39.33 49.01 55.06 44.05 50.93 44.86 67.31 40.77 58.81 58.61 64.08 38.55 63.62 62 62.14 69.64 64.62 65.58 75.93 39.54 57.02 56.2 55.99 60.78 54.79 58.77 64.25 66.35 81 .01 54.51 47.18 44.48 43.05 59.3 51 .65 44.94 43.32 40.79 49.87 56.97 55.94 53.6 56.47 49.34 41.35 29.57 38.73 41 .95 41 .68 47.3 3.69 67.59 41 .33 31 .84 55.81 48.95 43.67 53.15 49.27 5.4 49.3 1.82 49.17 56.4 48.52 54.05 25.99 47.57 51 .57 43.64 50.91 65.28 40.52

Beta 314.61 4.4 77.07 16.72 8.29 274.51 21 .63 311.65 300.93 167.33 354.69 196.56 258.3 82.78 80.27 60.33 149.56 32.83 289.78

330.34 320.79

266.13 2.74 54.64 279.24 75.2 188.87 189.22 281 .3 269.83 18.45 279.48 296.45 296.3 284.13 271 .1 65.98 45.85 292.37 300.01 278.13 70.87 18.59 276.05 86.62 337.93 276.69 101 .08 103.46 99.85 63.19 56.89 52.42 275.95 316.59 211 .95 223.51 163.33 29.16 313.73 309.63 301 .34 274.07 59.72 52.34 282.03 89.38 158.76 302.49 279.4 287.11 291 .73 292.97 192.93

312.81 ;197.98 261 .18 314.82 303.98 307.26 140.74 271 .38

171.53

183.56 343.43 291 .24 18.58 263.97 322.45 323.21 293.53 324.51 338.1 278.39

Alpha 34.86 20.07 45.61 29.6 29.58 65.94 32.89 31 .73 34.05 74.34 36.02 17.03 30.01 56.72 22.97 18.51 67.84 18.65 28.91

23.72 15.49

44 16.64 4.03 65.8 3.02 81 .73 3.18 80.41 81 .02 25.3 67.73 76.87 76.73 19.95 72.25 17.65 16.14 72.51 88.59 87.27 19.88 35.14 69.3 83.35 27.15 89.84 87.35 89.1 88.94 69.85 67.53 52.99 88.56 26.68 84.6 87.39 60.9 6.2 6.51 18.24 30.82 84.23 10.85 9.85 82.97 85.31 34.59 16.57 31 54.78 54.58 52.11 74.85

72.47 51.53 16.2 50.43 51 .25 30.28 23.96 85.27

53.14

68.09 23.82 66.93 9.82 61 .14 19.22 30.87 55.41 27.64 42.69 68.46

Azimuth Dip 179.75 60.34 195.25 82.11 42.44 63.82 206.12 81 .13 203.9 77.59 128.35 49.1 210.22 82.05 178.03 63.53 171 .15 62.24 290.74 33.42 203.92 67.83 344.67 76.96 154.77 78.75 52.88 55.96 19.57 72.07 18.1 80.24 321 .66 22.04 18.22 88.93 167.27 69.13

186.41 72.34 181 .57 79.79

145.38 192.3 3.99 131 .72 2.63 276.46 357.4 113.7 107.33 202.62 129.66 135 135 169.7 118.98 16.78 16.2 135.94 113.44 101 .31 18.34 211 .62 125.41 85.73 190.89 96.8 92.98 96.71 95.52 70.46 68.1 53.3 98.62 180.77 274.32 272.46 315 5.97 179.86 178.28 172.35 104.47 10.59 9.83 110.07 88.54 343.51 176.39 161.41 149.15 153.48 156.41 284.65

174.62 161.57 166.95 179.81 167.86 175.71 357.34 102.11

318.55

294.43 191 .52 141 .54 8.79 127.93 182.52 184.65 154.61 184.74 198.64 127.99

67.05 83.98 84.14 45.58 83.28 53.55 82.94 36.69 47.21 83.78 44.3 25.99 26.19 78.09 49.02 78.79 84.77 31 .85 16.36 37.68 76.53 79.58 46.17 48.13 70.25 38.63 33.93 31 .77 35.33 71 .15 77.04 80.95 39.56 68.53 76.56 88.29 35.9 86.52 88.69 77.04 65.3 42.31 82.15 83.62 35.1 45.44 53.69 79.03 70.17 48.18 46.13 47.71 57.72

22.83 46.43 85.58 44.77 45.12 65.21 60.97 44.68

46

49.81 74.29 36.58 89.21 59.68 76.15 64.67 44.64 67.96 56.32 44.74

39

Ext.backwards Ext.forward 0.441 0 0 1.189 0.265 0.265 0.61 0.61 1.068 1.448 3.162 4.798 0.626 0.626 3.416 4.116 3.719 4.481 1.226 1.662 2.37 4.047 1.057 1.805 6.514 5.57 0.495 0.495 1.095 1.095 1.239 1.239 1.125 1.417 1.751 2.657 4.87 5.695 2.593 2.593 2.426 3.682 1.994 1.994

9.343 3.786 4.455 4.598 5.22 5.708 7.164 4.382 4.214 1.511 10.585 1.497 2.57 1.263 3.064 1.284 2.316 1.831 1.363 1.239 1.62 0.952 3.805 2.686 2.745 3.889 1.912 2.845 2.031 1.702 1.159 0.287 1.678 2.663 3.52 3.605

2.431 2.773 4.325 4.501 3.832 3.24 2.194 2.325 2.725 3.874 5.219 6.922 3.849 3.669 4.44 4.715

1.881 4.464 6.761 4.472 5.227 6.483 4.17 5.193

5.845

5.204 1.599 2.595 2.3 14.363 3.329 1.796 2.091 2.47 1.208 3.751

9.343 2.133 1.852 3.816 2.569 2.244 3.546 1.821 2.777 1.511 3.737 1.497 2.04 1.263 4.649 2.192 2.316 2.306 1.363 1.239 1.195 0.952 3.805 2.132 2.179 2.76 1.912 2.259 2.031 1.702 1.159 0.287 1.678 2.663 3.52 2.863

2.431 2.046 3.59 3.735 3.832 3.24 2.194 2.928 3.284 5.186 5.219 8.669 5.424 4.421 5.944 4.715

1.881 4.464 6.761 3.907 3.904 4.3 2.349 2.556

1.884

2.561 1.599 2.595 2.3 2.598 3.329 1.796

Appendix 1.2.3

Range(out) Orlentatlon_source 1 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture)

Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation)

3 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) 3.2 Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} 3 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} 2 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} 4 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} 3 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} 2 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} 2 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} 3 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) 3 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} 3 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} 4 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} 3.5 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} 4 3 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} 3 Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture}

3 5 6 4 5 7 7 5 4 4 10 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 4 3

4 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 3

3 3 4 4 3 3 4 3.5 5 4 4 4 4

4 4

6 6

6

2.5 3 3 8 4 3 3 3 3 4

Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation) Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation) Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation) Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation) Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture}

Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation}

Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture}

Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Foliation) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture} Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture) Radar Reflector Orientation (Fracture}

File: ONK-PH2 RAMAC alas 32-lasikuitu

Distance [m] 0.0 3.1 5.5 7.8 10.2 12.5 14.9 17.2 19.5

2.0

3.0

4 .0

5.0

6.0

7.0

rol " " i ... ~ s .. ' .,., " \. ,.1,-; ' '

,..,.1 •• ~.... ' "' .... "" ~ "" ·.~ f r : 1. ~ J .. ... ~ ""'-· .. ~ "' <.

. ,• .. \ . ·~ 8.0 . ..J:::o. ' ' I--'

I , ' . ' ·, ,. "

'.t '4

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

)> "C

14.0 "C CD ::J a. x· ..... I I I I I I

Time[nS] I I

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 ~

f.v ~


I

•• : • . . .

. .

: :

. .

• • . "' .

. .

• . . :1 • .. • • .. :e •


Distance [m] 0.0 3.1 5.5 7.8 10.2 12.5 14.9 17.2 19.5

27.4

28.4

29.4

:::i r:: 33.4

34.4

35.4

36.4

37.4

38.4

39.4

· . ~',}:~·.,.'>·"·-.~-'. I ' ·.···· •. ·~· ... :A· . .-.. . I I I .·~.~.:~ ~ 0 40 80 120 160 280 320

-+::>. V.)


Distance [m]

0.0 3.1 5.5 7.8 10.2 12.5 14.9 17.2 19.5

40.2

41 .2

42.1

43.2

44.1

45.2

~6. 1 .l: ] I . '• ~t '... : ~ 1

•fn• ~~1(\.l'!~<~ .. ~ .~" • i•~~ ~ .. <4:?~ ·./ ,./,.~~'";· ~~·."~, ,~ f ~· 4 : "'.t'~ ... 1 ~,;.1 ~J-·,:~<4.!:\ ~' ;!-•,.,... '. .• ~

' .... " t .,J::.. a. f .. ' Q)

I . 1,.,. .. ~, t .. ' t . ' .,J::.. 0

47.2

48.1

49.2

50.1

51 .2

52.1

~ Time[nS] 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320

• .. - • i i .. - . . . - .

1t,,,'.'a T' • ' ' \· ' . . ' ' .• ' .

• ''· . .y~ --~ .. ' ·· . ~···., 0

' .. ,, ' ~ .. . ,. . .

. ,. ' .... . _. ~-:,.,· ·. . .

· ~···· ~ , · ... * # • . ' ~ i!f.fm

.. ~

I

, ·•.·

: ~· .·El· . • ~"'! . . ~~ ·' . . . . ', •., )

• • •• f/

.. / .....• ··· ~

. . , )jf '

·'i' ' ~

• ).·.···· ... • • 0 •

. ,. ~· ".:· ... ·. • • ~- . ' . , .... t .7•'.- .•..

• . .

" ..

• .. " . ' .

. . ; • J.·);..

•

0.0 3.1 5.5 7.8

Time[nS] 0 40 80 120


Distance (m] 10.2 12.5 14.9 17.2

160 200 240 280

19.5

320

~ 0\


Distance [m] 0.0 3.1 5.5 7.8 10.2 12.5 14.9 17.2 19.5

78.3

79.3

80.3

81 .3

82.3

83.3

84.3

~ -.)

85.3

86.3

87.3

88.3

89.3

90.3 ·.jf' :::~f ~rh.··.--~·,; . ''.

' . ~ ,'' \\' ,' ~.~~;n~ t ~~t' ll:"' ·{.:1, ,, 5,: ~~. )1. ;·,. •;!r!\ •

I I I I I

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320


Distance [m] 0.0 3.1 5.5 7.8 10.2 12.5 14.9 17.2 19.5

91 .0

92.0

93.0

MOl . ' '" /t " \' -, ' ' : l.~ ·~,· :. ' ·<, : ':~·>~: -,. ,~;.::.::~::.·~ ::. :.;',··.····> ~ :·~:~t~:~~ ~~?; .. : .<·: .~/ ...• · ' > -:t ~ ~~ ·,<~. :'t :, ;·. ·.' . -~-~ fMO .• i)!;/ I ' .• ( ~· , ·t l.. • ' .• " :

1 ~ 1 / • 'v' • , • 1. ' . ' ~' 95.0

96.0

]?7.0 ..c.

~ ·:t -· ' ",,_ .. ' ~."~ ~~~':~:j~k..ti~,_·,., ~~~o~--~ 1 -- , -'7': . ~r ·~~~.~ 2· ..

t:-,_ ~ .... .l!~~::: ~ ... :~ .. t-- •• 1>" ·~:T~ ... ·:t~ / ,~"~ ... c(~ .. •• ,·._t .. :, ' ~ ~ c. I . · '.· ·7' ~J.,· " . .

Q) l .,. '

., . 00

Cl -.

98.0

99.0

100.0

101 .0

102.0

103.0

~ Time[nS] 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320


Distance [m] 0.0 3.1 5.5 7.8 10.2 12.5 14.9 17.2 19.5

103.8

104.8

105.7

106.8

107.7

108.8

109.7 ~ '-0

110.8

111.7

112.8

113.8

114.8

40 80

rti~.t·A'• SUOMEN MALMI OY

Acoustic Logging Client: Posiva Oy

Site: Olkiluoto

Project no:2454

Lith.

Hole no: ONK-PH2 0: 76

X: 6792 003 .871 Length: 122

Y: 1525 947.363 Azimuth: 315

Z: -6.879 Dip: 5.2

Tunnel Velocity P RX1 Acoustic Full Wave Form RX1

pile (m) 3500 m/s 7000 I o us 2048 I o Velocity S RX1

2000 m/s 4000


Surveyed by:AS, ML


Reported by: EH, ML


Acoustic Full Wave Form RX2

us 2048

Vl

)> ""0 ""0 CD ::J 0. x· ~

c.u ~

,,i,'.t·l'l SUOMEN MALMI OY

Client: Posiva Oy

Site: Olkiluoto

Project no:2454

Lith .

Acoustic Logging Hole no: ONK-PH2 0: 76

X: 6792 003.871 Length: 122.31

Y: 1525 947.363 Azimuth: 315

Z: -6.879 Dip: 5.2

Tunnel Velocity P RX1 G-G Density Poisson's Ratio

pile (m) 3500 m/s 7000 I · 2.5 g/cm3 3.2 0 0.5

Velocity S RX1 1 ApparentQ' Shear Modulus


Surveyed by:AS, ML


Reported by: EH, ML


P Attenuation I Tubewave En. R1

-100 dB/m 100 10 1000

S Attenuation Tubewave En. R2

2000 m/s 4000 1000 I 10 GPa 50 I -100 dB/m 100 10 1000

Velocity P RX2 Young's Modulus Tubewave Atten.

3500 . m/s 7000 . 30 GPa 120 -20 dB/m 30

Velocity S RX2

2000 m/s 4000

V'l w

)> "C "C CD :::l 0. x· ......lo.

w i-v

SUOMEN MALMI OY

Client: Posiva Oy

Site: Olkiluoto

Project no: 2454

Depth

1m:2m

6.40

6.50

6.60

6.70

55 Appendix 1.4

Borehole lmaging Suomen Malmi Oy P.O. Box 10 Fl-00210 ESPOO +358 9 8524 010 www.smoy.fi

Hole no: ONK-PH2

X: 6792 003.871

Y: 1525 947.363

Z: -6.879

ONK-PH2 3-D Log

«2»: 75.7

Length: 122.31

Azimuth: 315

Dip: 5.2

Surveyed by:AS, ML


Reported by:EH, ML

Report date: Dec 04

ONK_PH2 Image Section 6 - 41 m

Oriented to High Side (180=Bottom Line), Depth Adj.

Page 1

57 Appendix 2.1.1

MALA GeoScience WELLMAC Logging System System Description & Technical Specifications

Technical specifications of the gamma probe

Detector Measurement range Dead time Filter time Supply voltages

Max power consumption Max pressure Max cable length Max ambient temperature Diameter Length Weight

Nal-crystal 1" diam x 1.5" long From 1 to 100 000 cps 2 JlS 0.06.3 to 8 seconds (selectable) 150 V AC, 300 kHz +15, -15 and +5 V DC lW 150 bar 1500 m 70°C while operating 42.4 mm (same as for probe sui.te) 1.04 m 4.8 kg

----- - - .. -·------

I ..

~ L _ _l

- r

E

0

Gamma probe

E

58 Appendix 2.1.1

MALA GeoScience WELLMAC Logging System System Description & Technical Specifications

Technical Specifications of the susceptibility probe

Resolution Measurement range

Supply voltages

Max power consumption Max pressure Max cable length Max ambient temperature Diameter Length Weight

I x 10 E-5 SI From 1 x 10 E-4 to 20 SI (Alt. l x 10 E-5 to 2 SI) 150 V AC, 300 kHz +15 , -15 and +5 V DC lW 150 bar 1500 m 70°C while operating 42.4 mm (same as for probe suite) 1.61 m 6.7 kg

. - --. -

~ u .J

(J

E

r--==--

c

////

/ /j $ , / I'

Susceptibility probe

59 Appendix 2.1.2

Rautaruukki RROM-2

Specifications

Antenna dimensions

-diameter 42 mm -length 1570 mm -electrode separation a=318 mm -diameter of the electrodes 40 mm

Measuring cable minimum 4-conductor, length up to 1000 m, loop resistance for output voltage conductors max 40 Ohm

Measuring current 10 mA/20 Hz

Range 1-400 000 Ohm-m

Output voltage +5 V ... -6 V

Power feed 18 V, 3 Ah

Power consumption 2.4 W

Operation temperature -20 ... +50 oc

I

a a a

a 1m s 0.318m

~ = R = ant&»ignaali

~=4aantosjgna ·

61

Logging Sondes

e Normal Resistivity Sonde

The Geovista digital Normal Resistivity Sonde can be used on its own or in combination with other Geovista sondes for efficient logging and correlation purposes. The SP can be recorded with the sonde either powered on or off, using the 16" electrode and a surface fish.

Specifications:

Weight 8kg Length 2.27m Diameter 42mm

64"N & 16"N Resistivity Range 1 to 10,000 Ohm m

SPR 1 to 10,000 Ohm

SP Range -2.5V to +2.5V

Current return Cable armour Measure return Bridle electrode

Max. Pressure 20MPa

Max. Temperature 80°C

4t Focused Resistivity Sonde Provides resistivity logs with finer vertical resolution and a deeper depth of

investigation. Performance is best in higher conductivity mud and higher

resistivity formations. The probe can be used on its own or in combination

with other Geovista sondes.

Specifications:

Weight 7.0 kg

Length 2.37m

Diameter 38mm

Range 1 to 10,000 Ohm m

Max. Pressure 20MPa

Max. Temperature 80°C

Appendix 2.1.3

Geovista reserve the right to change the products' list and specifications without prior notice

UNIT 6,CAE FFWT BUSINESS PARK ,GLAN CONWY, LL28 5SP,UK WEB SI TE:http://www.geovista.co.uk PHON E: +44 (0)1492 57 33 99 FAX: +44 (0)1492 58 11 77 E- MAI L: [email protected]

63 Appendix 2.2

ntr duction to RAMAC/

borehole radar

MALA GeoScience 2000-03-31

64

INTRODUCTION

Borehole radar is based on the same principles as ground penetrating radar systems for surface use, which means that it consists of a radar transmitter and receiver built into separate probes. The probes are connected via an optical cable to a control unit used for time signal generation and data acquisition. The data storage and display unit is normally a Lap Top computer, which is either a stand-alone component or is built into the circuitry of the control unit. Borehole radar instruments can be used in different modes: reflection, crosshole, surface-to-borehole and directional mode. Today's available systems use centre frequencies from 20 to 250 MHz.

Appendix 2.2

Radar waves are affected by soil and rock conductivity. If the conductivity of the surrounding media is more than a certain figure reflection radar surveys are impossible. In high conductivity media the radar equation is not satisfied and no reflections will appear. In crosshole- and surface-to-borehole radar mode measurements can be carried out in much higher conductivity areas because no reflections are needed. Important information concerning the local geologic conditions are evaluated from the amplitude of the first arrival and the arrival time of the transmitted wave only, not a reflected component.

Common borehole radar applications include:

• Geological investigations • Engineering investigations • Environmental investigations • Hydropower dams investigations • Fracture detection • Cavity detection • Karstified area investigation • Salt layers investigations

DIPOLE REFLECTION SURVEYS

In reflection mode the radar transmitter and receiver probes are lowered in the same borehole with a fixed distance between them. See figure 1. In this mode an optical cable for triggering of the probes and data acquisition is necessary to avoid parasitic antenna effects of the cable. The most commonly

used antennas are dipole antennas, which radiate and receive reflected signals from a 360-degree space ( omnidiretionally). Borehole radar interpretation is similar to that of surface GPR data with the exception of the space interpretation. In surface GPR surveys all the reflections orginate from one half space while the borehole data receive reflections from a 360-degree radius. It is impossible to determine the azimuth to the reflector using data from only one borehole if dipole antennas are used. What can

65 Appendix 2.2

Figure 1

be determined is the distance to the reflector and in the case where the reflector is a plane, the angle between the plane and the borehole. As an example, let 's imagine a fracture plane crossing a borehole and a point reflector next to the same borehole (figure 1, left).

When the probes are above the fracture reflections from the upper part of the plane are imaged, in this case from the left side of the borehole. When the probes are below the plane, reflections from the bottom of the plane are imaged, in this case the right side of the borehole. The two sides of the plane are represented in the synthetic radargram in figure 1. They are seen as two legs corresponding to each side of the plane. When interpreting borehole radar data, it is important to remember that the radar image is a 360-degree representation in one plane. A point reflector shows up as a hyperbola, in the same way as a point reflector appears in surface GPR data.Interpreting dipole radar data from a single borehole, the interpreter can not give the direction to the point reflector only the distance to source can be interpreted. In order to estimate the direction to the reflection, data from more than one borehole need to be interpreted.

Figure 2: Dipole reflection measurement in granite. The antenna centre frequency used was 100 MHz. In granite, normally several tens of meters of range are achieved using this antenna frequency.

67 Appendix 2.3

Full Waveform Sonic Tool

The ALT full waveform sonic tool has been specially designed for the water, mining and geotechnical industries. Its superior specification makes it ideal for a cement bond logs, for the measurement of permeability index, and as a specialist tool to carry out deep fracture identification.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

• OD: 50 or 68mm • Length: variable depending on configuration • Max pressure: 200 bars • Max temperature: 70°C • Variable spacing: all traces synchronously and simultaneously recorded • Frequency of sonic wave: 15KHz • Sonic wave sampling rate: configurable, 2 uSec -> 50 JlSec • Sonic wave length: configurable, up to 1024 samples per receiver • Dynamic range: 12 bits plus configurable 4 bits gain incl. AGC • Data communication: compatible with AL T acquisition system • Required wireline: single or multi- conductors

Modular tool allowing a configuration of up to 2 transmitters and 8 receivers

Advantages of the tool include :

• High energy of transmission to give a greater depth of penetration or longer spacings.

• Lower frequency of operation for greater penetration, especially for the CBL.

• Ability to record a long wave train for Tube wave train reflection wich allows for the measurement of fracture aperture and permeability index.

• The absolute value of the amplitude of the received wave form is measurable thus allowing for the calibration of the amplitude.

• Truly modular construction allowing variation of receiver/transmitter combinations.

• Higher logging speeds when used in conjunction with the AL T Logger acquisition system due to the superior rate of data communication possible.

FWS50 1 transmitter, 2 receivers con.fi gurati on

Zeroing point

Receiver

Receiver

TraJtSmitter

Sl!ii Advanced Logic Technology

Appendix 2.4

systems

ALTiogger 19" rack mountable ALTiogger minirack ABOX

.... .... w 48.3 cm (19 ") 37.6 cm (14.5 ") 26 cm

50 cm (19,7 ") 35 cm (13.8") 16cm

H 13.2 cm (3U) 13.2 cm (3U) 9cm

w 16-20kgs without packaging 12-1 6kgs w ithout packaging 3kgs

ALT's family of acquisition system is based on modern electronic design in which software control techniques have been used to the best advantage. The hardware incorporates the latest electronic components with embedded systems controlled via the specially developed ALTiogger Windows interface program.

Main features

~ high speed USB interface ~ Self selecting AC power source from AC 1 OOV to AC 240V ~ Ruggedised system, heavy duty, fault tolerant ~ Interfaces downhole probes from many manufacturer (not available on Abox system) ~ Wireline and winch flexibility (runs on coax, mono, 4 or 7 conductor wireline) ~ Compatible with most shaft encoder (runs on any 12V or SV quadrature shaft encoder with any combination of wheel circum

ference/shaft pulse per revolution) ~ Totally software controlled ~ Very easy to use, with graphical user interface (dashboard), self diagnostic features, configurable through files and minimal

technical knowledge needed from the user ~ Runs on any notebook PC compatible Windows 2000 & windows XP. ~ Real time data display and printing ~ Supports Windows supported printers and Printrex thermal printers ~ optional network enabled distributed architecture

ALTiogger 19"rack and minirack

The rack system has been designed to accommodate multivendor tool types. The modular and flexible design architecture of the system will allow virtually any logging tool to run on any winch supposed the required Tool Adapter and Depth Encoder Adapter is inserted into the ALTiogger Unit. Any new combination of logging tool and winch unit will just require selection of the proper ALTiog.ini File and the proper Toi-File.

The Tool Adapter is the software and hardware suitable to interface a specific family of tools. lt provides the interface between a tool specific power, data protocol and wireline conductor format and the system core. When a logging tool is selected for use, the system automatically addresses the type of adapter associated with the tool.

The latest Digital Signal Processing (DSP) adapter adds even more flexibility to the system with expansion ments and upgrades, by implementing a 100% firmware based modem system.

ndows OS and exploits the true pre-emptive multitasking

Tool Settings I Corrrnands I

Data/sec Data Errors -Settings I "_ Acquisition Jl!ll_•

[1~1

··}Browsers & processorS!~

1• •• • o o

raphical user interface is called the Dashboard and pie threads running concurrently and handling spedThe dashboard is also the operator's control panel. lt

lect and control all systems functions and to monitor data . The dashboard contains seven sub windows:

ool (tool configuration & power)

~ Communication (data flows and communication control)

~ Acquisition (data sampling and replay controls)

~ Browser and processors (data browser and processors controls)

~ Status (self diagnostic system status indicators)

~ tension (tension gauge system

Browser and processors (real time data monitoring)

A Browser is a Client Process. The Browser offer the operator of the logging system a number of different on-line display facilities to present log data on the screen in a user-friendly, easy controllable, attractive layout. Depending on the tool category, different Browser are used to display log data such as conventional curves, full waveform sonics, borehole images ...

Typical user screen with scrolling log display and data monitoring

Sl!ii Advanced Logic Technology

I

I.

Batiment A, Route de Niederpallen, L-8506 Redange-sur-Attert. Grand-Duche de Luxembourg

TOL file

Information specific to a particular tool is contained in a unique tool configuration file which has the extension * .TOL. Information contained in the *.TOL file is used by different components of the system for initialising Dashboard components (tool power, data protocol, etc. .. ), as well as setting parameters for client processes (browser & processors) handling data calibration, data processing, data display or printing. A copy of the TOL file is included in each data file acquired

....1!2J~

CQ. - Hz

S}neetr. - etr/U!C

TTO - uoec

At!.,m- lfl./ TTX - uoec

An.,o< - lfl./ GA

11 !Uij ll· I i' t , Ui~ it , I !

T:(352) 23 649 289 • F:(352) 23 649 364 e-mail: [email protected] www.alt.lu

rp.n.AS -

71

OBI 40 slimhole optical televiewer

The tool generates a continuous oriented 360° image of the

borehole wall using an optical imaging system. (downhole CCD camera which views a image of the borehole wall in a prism). The tool includes a orientation device consisting of a precision 3 axis magnetometer and 3 accelerometers thus allowing accurate borehole deviation data to be obtained during the same logging run (accurate and precise orientation of the

image).

Optical and acoustic televiewer data are complimentary tools especially when the purpose of the survey is structural analysis.

A common data display option is the projection on a virtual core that can be rotated and viewed from any orientation. Actually, an optical televiewer image will complement and even replace coring survey and its associated problem of core

recovery and orientation.

The optical televiewer is fully downhole digital and can be run on any standard wireline (mono, four-conductor, sevenconductor). Resolution is user definable (up to 0.5mm vertical resolution and 720 pixels azimuthal resolution)

[§]l!ii Advanced Logic Technology

Batiment A, Route de Niederpallen, L-8506 Redange-sur-Attert. Grand-Duche de Luxembourg

J I ' I:

T:(352) 23 649 289 • F:(352) 23 649 364 e-mail: [email protected] www.alt.lu

72

081 40 slimhole optical televiewer

Applications:

The purpose of the optical imaging tool is to provide detailed, oriented, structural information. Possible applications are :

• fracture detection and evaluation

• detection of thin beds

• bedding dip

• lithological characterization

• casing inspection

Technical specifications

Diameter Length Weight Max temp Max pressure Borehole diameter Logging speed

Cable:

40mm approx. 1 .7m approx 7 kgs 5o·c 200 bars 1 3/4" to 24" depending on borehole conditions variable function of resolution and wireline

Cable type mono, four-conductor, seven-conductor Digital data transmission up to 500 Kbps depending on wireline, realtime compressed Compatibility ALTiogger- ALT-Abox- Mount Sopris MgXII (limited to 41 Kbps)

sensor:

Sensor type Optics Azimuthal resolution Vertical resolution Calor resolution White balance: Aperture & Shutter Special functions

Orientation Inclination accuracy Azimuth accuracy:

Logging parameters:

downhole DSP based digital CCD camera plain polycarbonate conic prism system user definable 90/180/360 or 720 pixels /360. user definable, depth or time sampling rate 24 bit RGB value automatic or user adjustable automatic or user adjustable User configurable real time digital edge enhancing User configurable ultra low light condition mode 3 axis magnetomet~r and 3 accelerometers. 0.5 degree 1.0 degree

· • 360. RGB orientated optical image

• Borehole azimuth and dip

• Tool internal Temperature

The specifications are not contractual and are subject to modification without notice. f§ll!ii Advanced Logic Technology

: L

geophysical borehole logging and opticallmaging of the pilot … · 2013. 9. 23. · 2.4 sonic...

Documents