georg raffelt, mpi physics, munichoff-the-beaten-track dark matter, ictp, trieste 13–17 april 2015...

Georg Raffelt, MPI Physics, Munich Off-the-Beaten-Track Dark Matter, ICTP, Trieste 13–17 April 2015

Astrophysical and CosmologicalAxion Bounds

Georg G. Raffelt, Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, München

Sun Globular Cluster Supernova 1987A Dark Matter


High- and Low-Energy Frontiers in Particle Physics

eV

Planckmass

GUTscale

Electroweakscale

QCDscale

Cosmologicalconstant

WIMP dark matter(related to EW scale, perhaps SUSY)

Axion dark matter (related to Peccei-Quinn symmetry)

High-Energy Frontier

CERN

Low-E Frontier


Axion and Relatives

String axions (almost massless pseudoscalars in string theory)Need not solve CP problem

Hidden photonsLow-mass gauge boson from U’(1)(Parameters: kinetic mixing, mass)

WISPs (Weakly Interacting Slim Particles)


The CP Problem of Strong Interactions

Real quarkmass

Phase fromYukawa coupling

Anglevariable

Remove phase of mass term by chiral transformation of quark fields


Strong CP Problem

Equivalent Equivalent


Axion Properties

Mass (generic)

Nucleon coupling (axial vector)

Electron coupling (optional)

Gluon coupling (generic)

Photon coupling (also for ALPs)

Pion coupling

N

Na

e

ea

aG

G

g

ga

a

pp

p


Solar Axions and ALPs

Sun

Globular Cluster Supernova 1987A Dark Matter


Experimental Tests of Invisible Axions

Pierre Sikivie:

Macroscopic B-field can provide alarge coherent transition rate overa big volume (low-mass axions)• Axion helioscope: Look at the Sun through a dipole magnet• Axion haloscope: Look for dark-matter axions with A microwave resonant cavity


Search for Solar Axions

g a

Sun

Primakoff production

Axion Helioscope(Sikivie 1983)

gMagnet S

Na

Axion-Photon-Oscillation

Tokyo Axion Helioscope (“Sumico”) (Results since 1998, up again 2008) CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) (Data since 2003)

Axion flux

Alternative technique: Bragg conversion in crystal Experimental limits on solar axion flux from dark-matter experiments (SOLAX, COSME, DAMA, CDMS ...)


Helioscope Limits

CAST-I results: PRL 94:121301 (2005) and JCAP 0704 (2007) 010 CAST-II results (He-4 filling): JCAP 0902 (2009) 008CAST-II results (He-3 filling): PRL 107: 261302 (2011) and PRL 112, 091302 (2014)

First experimental crossing of the KSVZ line


Parameter Space for Axion-Like Particles (ALPs)


Next Generation Axion Helioscope (IAXO) at CERN

• Irastorza et al.: Towards a new generation axion helioscope, arXiv:1103.5334• Armengaud et al.: Conceptual Design of the International Axion Observatory (IAXO), arXiv:1401.3233


Recent “shining-light-through-a-wall” or vacuum birefringence experiments:• ALPS • BMV • BFRT• GammeV • LIPPS • OSQAR • PVLAS

Photon Regeneration ExperimentsEhret et al. (ALPS Collaboration), arXiv:1004.1313

(DESY, using HERA dipole magnet) (Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intens, Toulouse) (Brookhaven, 1993) (Fermilab) (Jefferson Lab) (CERN, using LHC dipole magnets) (INFN Trieste)



ALPS-II at DESY


Any Light Particle Search II (ALPS-II) at DESY

ALPS-I (finished)

ALPS-IIb (2015)

ALPS-IIa (2014)

ALPS-IIc (2017)

ALPS-II Technical Design Report, arXiv:1302.5647


Axion-Photon-Conversion from SN 1987A

SN 1987A SMM

Axion-photon conversion in transverse galactic B-field

Payez, Evoli, Fischer, Giannotti, Mirizzi & Ringwald, arXiv:1410.3747

Galactic B-fieldmodels

Primakoffproductionin SN core

No excess g raysin coincidencewith SN 1987A


Shining TeV Gamma Rays through the Universe

Figure from a talk by Manuel Meyer (Univ. Hamburg)


Axion-Photon-Transitions as Particle Oscillations

Stationary Klein-Gordonequation for coupled a-g-systemin a transverse B-field

• Axions roughly like a photon polarization state• In a slowly varying B-field, a photon beam develops a coherent axion component [Raffelt & Stodolsky, PRD 37 (1988) 1237 ]


Axions from Normal Stars

Sun Supernova 1987A Dark Matter

Globular Cluster


Galactic Globular Clusters


New ALP Limits from Globular Clusters

Ayala, Dominguez, Giannotti, Mirizzi & Straniero, arXiv:1406.6053

Planck

Helium abundance and energy loss ratefrom modern number counts HB/RGBin 39 globular clusters


Color-Magnitude Diagram of Globular Cluster M5

Viaux, Catelan, Stetson, Raffelt, Redondo, Valcarce & Weiss, arXiv:1308.4627

CMD (a) before and (b) after cleaning CMD of brightest 2.5 mag of RGB

Brightest red giantmeasures nonstandard energy loss


Limits on Axion-Electron Coupling from GC M5I-band brightnessof tip of red-giant brach[magnitudes]

Detailed account of theoretical and observational uncertainties

Viaux, Catelan, Stetson, Raffelt, Redondo, Valcarce & Weiss, arXiv:1311.1669

• Uncertainty dominated by distance• Can be improved in future (GAIA mission)

Mass limit in DFSZ modelLimit on axion-electron Yukawa


Axion Bounds from WD Luminosity Function

Miller Bertolami, Melendez, Althaus & Isern, arXiv:1406.7712, 1410.1677


Period Change of Variable White Dwarfs

Córsico et al., arXiv:1211.3389

White dwarf G117−B15A White dwarf R548

Córsico et al., arXiv:1205.6180


SN 1987A Neutrino Signal

Sun Dark MatterGlobular Cluster

Supernova 1987A


Supernova 1987A Energy-Loss Argument

SN 1987A neutrino signal

Late-time signal most sensitive observable

Emission of very weakly interactingparticles would “steal” energy from theneutrino burst and shorten it.(Early neutrino burst powered by accretion, not sensitive to volume energy loss.)

Neutrino diffusion

Neutrinosphere

Volume emission of new particles


Cooling of Neutron Star in Cas A

Leinson, arXiv:1405.6873

Chandrax-ray

image ofnon-pulsar

compactremnant

Measured surface temperature over 10 years reveals unusually fast cooling rate• Neutron Cooper pair breaking and formation (PBF) as neutrino emission process?• Evidence for extra cooling (by axions)?


Axion Bounds and Searches

Too much CDM (misalignment)

TelescopeExperiments

Helium-burning stars(a-g-coupling, hadronic axions)

SN 1987AToo many events

Too muchenergy loss

Too muchhot dark matter

CASTHadronic axions

ADMX Search(Seattle & Yale)

103 106 109 1012 [GeV] fa

eVkeV meV meVma

neV

1015

Globular clusters (He ignition), WD cooling(a-e coupling)

Too much cold dark matter (re-alignment with Qi = 1)

StringDW

AnthropicRange

CASPErFu

ture

EUCL

ID


CP-Violating Forces

bulk bulk bulk spin spin spin


Long-Range Force ExperimentsLong-range force limits from tests ofNewton’s law and equivalence principle(Mostly from Eöt-Wash Group, Seattle)

bulk bulk bulk spin

Torsion+astro

Torsion(bulk-spin)

Raffelt, arXiv:1205.1776 Raffelt, arXiv:1205.1776


NMR Experiment

Experiment to be developed by Yun-Chang Shin at CAPP (Daejeon, Korea)


Cosmological Constraints

Sun Globular Cluster Supernova 1987A

Dark Matter


Creation of Cosmological Axions

Axions are born as nonrelativistic, classical field oscillationsVery small mass, yet cold dark matter


Cosmic Axion DensityModern values for QCD parameters and temperature-dependent axion massimply (Bae, Huh & Kim, arXiv:0806.0497)


Axion Production by Domain Wall and String Decay


Lee-Weinberg Curve for Axions

Cosm

ic St

rings

& D

omain

Wall

s

Realignment

Javier Redondo 2014


Axion Bounds and Searches

Too much CDM (misalignment)

TelescopeExperiments

Helium-burning stars(a-g-coupling, hadronic axions)

SN 1987AToo many events

Too muchenergy loss

Too muchhot dark matter

CASTHadronic axions

ADMX Search(Seattle & Yale)

103 106 109 1012 [GeV] fa

eVkeV meV meVma

neV

1015

Globular clusters (He ignition), WD cooling(a-e coupling)

Too much cold dark matter (re-alignment with Qi = 1)

StringDW

AnthropicRange

CASPErFu

ture

EUCL

ID


Creation of Adiabatic vs. Isocurvature PerturbationsInflaton field Axion field

Slow roll

Reheating

De Sitter expansion imprintsscale invariant fluctuations

Inflaton decay matter & radiationBoth fluctuate the same:Adiabatic fluctuations

Inflaton decay radiationAxion field oscillates late matterMatter fluctuates relative to radiation:Entropy fluctuations

De Sitter expansion imprintsscale invariant fluctuations


Isocurvature Forecast

Hubble scale during inflation

Axio

n de

cay

cons

tant

Hamann, Hannestad, Raffelt & Wong, arXiv:0904.0647


BEC Formation

~130 ci

tations


Axion and Axion-Like Particle Searches

REAPR @ FNALLSW Project

Center for Axion & Precision Physics (KAIST, Korea)

Axion Dark MatterExperiment(UW, Seattle)

ADMX-HF(Yale)

WISPDMX(DESY)

CASPEr, perhaps @ HIM (Mainz)

CAST @ CERN

IAXO Proposal(CERN)


Dow Jones Index of Axion Physics

inSPIRE: Citation of Peccei-Quinn papers or title axion (and similar)


Pie Chart of Dark Universe

Dark Energy ~70% (Cosmological Constant)

Neutrinos 0.1-2%

Dark Matter~25%

Ordinary Matter ~5%(of this only about 10% luminous)

georg raffelt, mpi physics, munichoff-the-beaten-track dark matter, ictp, trieste 13–17 april 2015...

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