george miley and the discovery of micro-quasars (x-ray binaries with bimodal relativistic jets)
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George Miley and the discovery of Micro-quasars (X-ray binaries with bimodal relativistic jets). E.P.J. van den Heuvel University of Amsterdam. Leiden, June 11, 2013. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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E.P.J. van den HeuvelUniversity of Amsterdam
George Miley and the discovery of Micro-quasars(X-ray binaries with bimodal relativistic jets)
Leiden, June 11, 2013
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Early in 1971 Braes and Miley started observing X-ray sources with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT), at 1415 MHz
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1973 Cambridge Conference on the “Physics and Astrophysicsof Compact Objects”: Luc Braes is in the 2nd row, 4th from the left
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Braes &Miley1972IUASymp.
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Braes and Miley (1971,Nature232,246, 1415 MHz) andHjellming and Wade, 1971, ApJ168, L21, 2695 MHz)independently discovereda weak radio source that had appeared in the X-ray error boxof Cyg X-1 in early April 1971.
The precise WSRT position leftthe 9th magnitude star HD226868 as the sole possible optical candidate of the RADIO Source.
BUT WAS THIS THE X-RAY SOURCE?
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Webster and Murdin (1971, Nature) identified the radio source with the 9th magnitude O9.7 Iab blue supergiant star HD 226868, and discovered in Nov. 1971 this star to be a 5.6 day period spectroscopic binary with a radial velocity amplitude of 64 km/sec (now: 72km/s) [Nature, 7 Jan.1972].
Assuming a “normal” mass of 30 Msun for the supergiant, one finds (since there are no X-ray eclipses), that the minimum mass of the unseen companion is > 6 Msun.
As this is larger than the upper mass limit of 3.4 Msunof neutron stars, the companion, if it is the X-ray source, must be a BLACK HOLE .(In the paper they still allow also asupergiant mass 10Msun, which gives a companion>2 Msun)
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From B.Louise Webster and Paul Murdin, Nature 235,37 (7 Jan 1972),Received 17 Nov. 1971. Orb. Period 5.6 days, velocity ampl. 64 km/s
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Nature
The second great discovery of Braes and Miley: the strong and highly variable radio source Cygnus X-3. As its radio spectral evolution after a large radio outburst exactly follows a “van der Laan-model”for an expanding bubble of relativistic electrons with magnetic fields, this is the first “Micro-Quasar” ( 22 years before this name was invented)
Nature 237, 506, 30 June 1972
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March 27
April 03
April 09
April 16
April 23
April 27
Radio outburst of the black-hole X-ray binary GRS1915+105 in 1994: Blobs moving on the sky with apparently super-luminal velocities 1,2c to 1,7c (VLA).
This is a well-known relativisitic“projection” effect, seen in quasarjets.
This led to the name Micro-quasar
(Mirabel and Rodriguez, 1994,Nature 371,46)
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Microquasar GRS 1915+105: Black hole >10 solar masses with an ~2 solar mass K-giant companion in 33,5 day orbit
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SS433 Vermeulen,Schilizzi
Multi-wavelength campaign on the May/June 1987 outburstWSRT, with NHO and Calar Alto (Spain), Russian 6m Telescope, Bologna, NRAO, Sydney Univ., NRL, etc. (Vermeulen et al.A&A 270,177,1993)
SS 433The Mother of all Micro-quasars
A ~10 MsunBlack hole with ~15 Msundonor, in 13dorbit (Fabrika&Cherepaschuk2013)
Discovered by Bruce Margon (1978)
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Westerhout 50, the”beam bag” produced by the precessing beams of SS433
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Gallo, Fender, Kaiser, Russell, Morganti, Oosterloo and Heintz 2005,Nature: WSRT Radio jet and jet-powerednebula of Cyg X-1(1.4 GHz)[on Cover of Nature]:
Cyg X-1 is a Micro-Quasar!!
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The jet-powered optical nebula of Cygnus X-1(Russell, Fender, Gallo and Kaiser, 2008, MNRAS)
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From Mirabel and Rodriguez 1999, Ann.Rev. A&A:
Several sources to be added: e.g. Cyg X-1 (black Hole) and Sco X-1 (NS)
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ConclusionsBraes and Miley in 1971-1972 did breakthrough work with
the new WSRT on the discovery of the radio emission of accreting neutron stars and black holes in X-ray binaries:
- Discovery of the triple “micro-quasar” structure of Sco X-1 (1971)-Discovery of the sudden radio appearance of Cyg X-1 in 1971,
allowing its definitive identification with the first ever established black hole in an X-ray binary: HD226868 (1972),
(In 2005 found with WSRT to be a micro-quasar).-Discovery of the second “Micro-Quasar” Cygnus X-3 (1972)
George: Many Thanks!