george r. ariyoshi susumu onq, chairman … map key ----- area of parcel ... windswept landscape of...

GEORGE R. ARIYOSHI

GOVERNOR OF H.-,W.-,11

' ·~ \! > ,_

STATE OF HAWAII

DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RES<?l!~-C .. ES

MEMORANDUr1

TO: Roger Evans Planning Office

FROM: NARS

P. 0. BOX 621

HONOLULU. HAWAJJ 96609

February 20, 1981

I

SUSUMU ONQ, CHAIRMAN

80.-,RO OF LAND & N.-.TuR.-.L RESOURCES

EDGAR A. HAMASU

DIVISIONS:

RESOURCES ENFORCEMENT CONVEYANCES FISH AND GAME FORESTRY LAND MANAGEMENT STATE PARKS WATER AND LAND DEVELOPMENT

RE: CDUA for Designation of 12 Commission-Recommended Natural Area Reserves

The enclosed is a CDUA relating to the establishment of 12 Natural Area Reserves. They consist of seven sites on Hawaii and three on Oahu that were previously approved, November 9, 1978, by the Land Board, and two on Kauai, which the Board had approved on September 28, 1979. I hope you will agree that the present CDUA requirement does~~validate other approved matters (such as assignment of management responsibilities and recommending to the Governor the issuance of Executive Orders) contained in those Board submittals.

Also enclosed are copies of letters from the counties of Hawaii, Kauai, and Honolulu, stating the non-requirement of SMA Rules and Regulation review.

Please let me know of any CDUA submitted.

Enclosures

]. County SMI\. letters.

deficiencies or concerns you may have in the

~· Robert Lee

2. CDUA with attachments A-E. 3. Public hearing notices and minutes.

FOR OLNR US~ O'iLY .' STA" CJF HAWAII

DUlR-PO y-·19/8

DEPARTMENT OF l..J..\1'ill AND NATURAL RESOURCES P, 0. BOX 621

Reviewed by Date Accepted by Date

HONOLULU, HAWAII .96809

CONSERVATION DISTRICT USE APPLICATION File No.

(Print or Type)

I. LANDOHNER (If State land, to be filled in by Gov't. Agency in control of property).

Name Dept. Land and Natural Resources

Address __ l_l_S_l_P_u_n_c_h_b_ow_l_S_t_. ___ _

Honolulu, HI 96813

Te 1 ep hone No:...· -,--5_48_-_2_8_6_1 __ .,.,,...... __

SIGNATU~. (t:[OO II. APPLICANT (Omit if applicant is

landowner).

Name

Address -------------------

Telephone No.

Interest in Property (Indicate interest in property; submit written evi nee of this interest).

SIGNATURE

Ill. USE REQUESTED-· DESCRIPTION OF AREA

District See Attachment A

Island --------------------------County

Tax Map Key ---------------------

Area of Parcel (Indicate in acres or sq. ft.).

. ' E IS Req u i red -------------PH Required

Attachment A .Area ·of Proposed Use as shown in IIII\

(Indicate in acres or sq. ft.).

Name & Distance of Nearest Town or Landmark See Attachment B

Boundary Interpretation (If the area is within 40 feet of the boundary of the Conservation District, include map showing interpretation of the boundary by the the State Land Use Commission).

Conservation District District Subzone Resource and Protective

County General Plan Designation Conservatic

IV. TYPE OF USE RE UESTED (Mark where appropriate .

l. Permitted Use (exception occasional use): DLNR REG. No. 4, Section __ 2 __ Subzone P & R.

2. Accessory Use (accessory to a permitted use): DLNR REG. NO. 4, Section ; Subzone

3. Occasional Use: Subzone

4. Temporary Variance: Subzone

5. Conditional Use: Subzone ~.ubdivis

V. FILING FEE

l. Enclose $50.00. All fees shall be in the form of cash, certified or cashiers check, and payable to the State of Hawaii.

2. If use is commercial, as defined, submit additional public hearing fee of $50.00.

Use additional sheets, as necessary, to provide the requied information listed on pages 2 and 3.

. / ATTACHMENT A

III. USE REQUESTED--DESCRIPTION OF AREA

OAHU

KAENA N.A.R. District: Waialua and Waianae TMK: 8-1-01:15, 8-l-06:por. of 13 Acres: 12 at present, 19 to be added

PAHOLE N.A.R. District: Waialua TMK: 6-8-01: par. of 1 Acres: 658

MT. KAALA N.A.R. District: Waialua and Wahiawa TMK: 6-7-03:por. of 18 Acres 1,103

KAUAI

KUlA N.A.R. District: Waimea H1K: 1-4-01 :par. Acres: 1,636

HONO 0 NA PAL! N.A.R. District: Hanalei

of 14, 1-4-01 :par. of 13

TMK: 5-9-0l:por. of 1 Acres: 3,150

HAHAII

PUU 0 UM! N.A.R. District: South Kohala and Hamakua Tt1K: 4-9-l3:por. of 1; 6-l-Ol:por. of 1; 6-2-01:1, 2;

6-3-01 :par. of 2, 4, 5, 7 Acres: 10,182

LAUPAHOEHOE N.A.R. District: North Hila TMK: 3-7-01 :par. of 2 Acres: 9,030

MAUNA KEA District: Tt1K: Acres:

ICE AGE N.A.R. Hama kua 4-4-15:por. of 1 and 9 3,894

ATTACHMENT B

I. Description of Parcels

CONTENTS

Natural Area Reserve Recommendations

Oahu Sites

Kaena Pt. N.A.R.

Pahole N.A.R.

Mt. Kaala N.A.R.

Kauai Sites ..

Kuia N.A.R

Hono 0 Na Pali N.A.R.

Hawaii Sites ....

Puu 0 Umi N.A.R.

Laupahoehoe N.A.R.

Mauna Kea Ice Age N.A.R.

Puu Makaala N.A.R ....

\<lao Kele '0 Puna N.A.R.

Manuka N.A.R.

Kipahoehoe N.A.R.

1

1

4

8

12

12

16

20

20

23

26

30

33

36

39

Natural Area Reserve Recommendation

NAME OF RESERVE: Kaena Point Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Oahu, at its westernmost tip which is also the terminus of the

Waianae Range. Coastal, up to the 20ft. elevation.

APPROXIMATE SIZE: 31 acres; 0.25 X 0.30 miles. Of the 31 acres, 19 acres

are still private lands and would not be part of the natural area

reserve until they become state-owned.

ADr1INISTRATIVE INFORMATION: This recommendation is in the Resource

Subzone of the Conservation District and within the proposed Makua

Kaena State Park. The boundary for the Waianae and Waialua Districts

is alined through Kaena Point. The presently proposed natural area

reserve of 12 acres is in the Waianae District on land owned by the

state (TMK 8-1-01:15 and a portion of 8-1-01:6). Part of the federally

owned Kaena Lighthouse site (TMK 8-1-01:16) is located here. The

Waialua District portion is of private lands with Mary Mae Bond, et al

(portion of TMK 6-9-02:9), the major landowner. The lighthouse land

(TMK 6-9-02:6) extends here, from which a right of way, also federal

owned, leads inland. The Bond et al land and other private parcels

(TnK 6-9-02:5, 6-9-02:8, 6-9-02:11) are expected to be acquired by the

state. The proposed natrual area reserve encompasses all of Kaena

Point from high water mark and inland up to the curving abandoned

railroad grade oHned by Hawaiian Land Co., Ltd. Beyond the railroad

grade is the U.S. Kaena Military Reservation. While the Point has no

roads, 4-wheel-drive vehicles and motorcycles have been entering it in

increasing numbers. Access is gained from the railroad grade and the

dirt road originating from the leeward and windward ends of the

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Farrington Highway.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: The rugged lava-rock shoreline of Kaena Point

encloses an arid, windswept landscape of sand dunes interrupted by

rock outcrops. In this sea-sprayed habitat, the sand dunes support

a distinct type of native vegetation made up of at least 12 native

species (working file). The most common species is naupaka-kahakai

(Scaevola), a sand-stabilizing shrub present in dense populations.

Growing among the naupaka-kahakai plants are 'akoko (Euphorbia),

nehe (Lipochaeta), hinahina (Heliotropium), pohinahina (Vitex),

pa'u-o-hi'i-'aka (Jacguemontia), alena (Boerhavia), and a single

'ohai (Sesbania). Other 'ohai plants may have been overlooked during

the survey, which was made in July 1978, but it is certainly in

depleted numbers from earlier observations.

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NAME OF RESERVE: Pahole Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Oahu, in the Waianae Range at the 1100-2600 foot elevation.

APPROXIMATE SIZE: 650 acres; 1.0 X 1.5 miles.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: It is located in the state-owned (portion of

TMK 6-8-0l:l) Mokuleia Forest Reserve. Except for a small makai portion

in the Resource Subzone, most of it is in the Protective Subzone of the

Conservation District. The east and west boundaries of the proposed

natural area reserve are along sight lines of topographic high points.

The south boundary is on the summit ridge of the Waianae Range and

adjacent to the Makua Keaau Forest Reserve in t·1akua Valley, which is

federal-owned (TMK 8-2-02:1). As part of the U.S. Makua Military

Reservation, this adjoining land is used as a training and target area.

The northernmost boundary is along the Mokuleia Forest Reserve boundary,

next to which is pastureland of Mokuleia Ranch and Land Co. and J. P.

Mendonca Trust Estate. There is a fence line here.

A paved ''Nike'' road begins on Mokuleia Ranch land and terminates

at an abandoned Nike missile site, which is westward of the proposed

natural area reserve. The Peacock Flats-Mokuleia trail and the Waianae

Summit trail (also known as the Kuaokala trail) enters the proposed

natural area re~~eacock Flats, which is skirted by the northwest r--· ! boundary of the proposed natural area reserve, is a camping area being i

considered along with the former Nike site as areas to develop and

~de in the proposed ~1akua-Kaena State Park. -----·~ NATURAL AREA DES'tRTPTION: Tradewind exposure and ephemeral streams have

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eroded the windward slope of the Waianae Range into a rugged terrain of

steep gulches and narrow ridges. The average annual rainfall within

the proposed natural area reserve is 30-40 inches with the higher

precipitation at the higher elevation. The Pahole Gulch stream flows

nearly all year. The ecosystems present are a dryland sclerophyll

forest and mixed mesophytic forest, within which are at least 70 native

plant species (working file).

The dryland sclerophyll forest is a small section between the

elevations of 1100 and 1600 feet. Here aulu (Sapindus) and 'ohe

(Reynoldsia) appear to be the most abundant trees. Intermingled with

them are wiliwili (Erythrina), alahe'e (Canthium), and hala pepe

(Pleomele). At some sections there are extensive invading populations

of silk oak (Grevillea), Eucalyptus, guava (Psidi~m), and Christmas

berry (Schinus). The exotic Lantana is very widespread and the pre

dominate understory growth.

Lantana is also well-established in the mixed mesophytic forest,

which extends to the summit ridge. Christmas berry, silk oak, and

guava are nearly as extensive in distribution as Lantana. Other exotic

species are present as well, so that like the dryland sclerophyll forest,

this wetter forest is markedly disturbed. Unfortunately, better sites

representative of the dryland forest and the mixed mesophytic forest

of 'ohi'a-lehua (Metrosideros) and olopua (Osmanthus) do not appear

to be available elsewhere on Oahu.

'Ohi'a-lehua is the most abundant tree in the mixed mesophytic

forest. It forms a moderate to dense canopy together with koa (Acacia)

in the lower dryer areas and olopua at the mid-elevations (1800-2000

feet) where more moisture is available. Other more common species,

-5-

generally understory plants, in the 'ohi'a/olopua forest are pilo

(Coprosma), alahe'e, maile (Alyxia), kolea U1yrsine), manono (Gouldia),

papala-kepau (Pisonia), lama (Diospyros), pukiawe (Styphelia), and

m~maki (Pipturus).

At higher, wetter areas (2000-2200 foot elevation) trees asso

ciated with 'ohi'a include those of p~pala (Charpentiera) and p~pala

kepau. Some of the understory plants are mehame (Antidesma), kalia

(Elaeocarpus), koki'o ke'oke'o (Hibiscus), po'ola (Claoxylon), kopiko

(Psychotria), 'ahakea (Bobea), ho'awa (Pittosporum), pilo, pilo-kea

(Platydesma), hapu'u pulu (Cibotium), and 'ekaha (Asplenium). Entwined

on branches and trunks are the vine growths of 'ie'ie (Freycinetia)

and maile.

At the summit ridge, locally up to the 2600 foot elevation, the

vegetation is windblown and scrubby. 'Ohi 'a and the introduced silk

oak are the most common trees. Others are lama, 'ili-ahi (Santalum),

and in more sheltered habitats, papala-kepau. Some of the shrub

species present include pukiawe, 'akoko (Euphorbia), 'ohelo (Vaccinium),

naupaka-kuahiwi (Scaevola), and koko'olau (Bidens). Also present are

exotic populations of Lantana, Christmas berry, guava, Jamaica vervain

(Stachytarpheta), and molasses grass (Melinis).

The vegetational aspect of the wetter gulches is somewhat different.

At all elevations, except for the higher ones, the bottom of the gulches

is populated by nearly pure stands of kukui (Aleurites) trees. Growing

on the walls of these gulches are papala-kepau, papal a, koki 'o ke'oke'o,

mamaki, pilo-kea, 'alani (Pelea), olona (Touchardia), and ha'i wale

(Cyrtandra). These also grow on the floor of the gulches at the higher

elevations where kukui is absent.

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NAr~E OF RESERVE: Mt. Kaa l a Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Oahu, in the Waianae Range at the l ,200-4,000 foot elevation.

APPROXH1ATE SIZE: l ,025 acres; l x 2 miles.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: It is located in the Conservation District,

Protective Subzone, in the state-owned (TMK 6-7-03:18), 5,215 acre

r~okuleia Forest Reserve. The southeastern boundary is along the summit

ridge of the mountain range from Puu Pane to the Mt. Kaala plateau. It

borders the federal-owned Schofield Barracks Forest Reserve which, as

part of the Schofield Barracks ~1ilitary Reservation, is used for military

training. Adjoining private land to the Mt. Kaala plateau is the Waianae

Kai Forest Reserve portion owned by the Waianae Development Co., Ltd.

All of the state-owned area (TMK 8-5-06:3) of the Mt. Kaala plateau is

being recommended. From here the proposed western boundary follows the

Dupont Trail within the Mokuleia Forest Reserve. Still within the forest

reserve, the northern, or makai, boundary follows topographic points

to a jeep road that meanders along the forest reserve boundary toward Puu

Pane. Use of the road is controlled by Kahua Ranch.

Communication facilities clustered in the Mt. Kaala area are outside

of the proposed boundaries. They include those of the Hawaii Air National

Guard, a satellite tracking station operated by the FAA, and a microwave

radio relay station used by the State Civil Defense Unit and the City and

County Police and Fire Departments. A paved road to the satellite tracking

station, owned and maintained by the FAA, enters the Mt. Kaala plateau

before ending at the station. Its use is restricted to the FAA, Hav1aii

Air Uational Guard, Hawaiian Telephone Co., and some city and state agencies

-8-

including DLNR.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: The north-facing slope of the Waianae Range has

been cut by wind erosion and ephemeral streams into a rugged terrain

of steep gulches and narrow ridges. It is exposed to the tradewind

and receives an average annual rainfall of 30 inches at the lower

elevations and 100 inches at the Mt. Kaala summit. Within the proposed

Kaala Natural Area Reserve are three ecosystems: mixed mesophytic

forest, cloud forest, and montane bog. They contain some 92 native


The mixed mesophytic forest, located between the 1200 and 2600

foot elevations, is dominated by '6hi'a-lehua (Metrosideros) and to

a smaller extent by koa (Acacia). In some areas of the eastern -

sections, olopua (Osmanthus) is a co-dominate with 'ohi 'a-lehua.

An understory of small trees and shrubs is made up of,e.g., kolea

(r~yrsine), 'ahakea (Bobea), lama (Diospyros), kopiko'kea (Psychotria),

mamaki (Pipturus), pilo (Coprosma), alahe'e (Canthium), 'ili-ahi

(Santalum), and, especially in wetter areas, naupaka-kuahiwi (Scaevola),

'akia (Wikstroemia), and 'alani (Pelea). Among the more conspicuous

ferns are ho'i'o (Athyrium), pala'a (Sphenomeris), uluhe (Dicranopteris),

and hapu'u pulu (Cibotium). Most of the southeastern and eastern

boundaries of the proposed reserve lie within somewhat severly disturbed

areas. The exotic vegetation, which is extensive and well-established,

is made up of such species as Lantana, waiaw1 (Psidium), palama

(Eugenia), silk oak (Grevillea), Christmas berry (Schinus), blackberry

(Rubus), and kukui (Aleurites).

The cloud forest, which at some points starts from the 2500 foot

elevation, is a less disturbed forest. The species composition is

generally similar to that of the mixed mesophytic forest, but due to the

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nearly continuous cloud cover and high moisture content, trees

tend to be small and gnarled, shrubs are plentiful, and epiphytic

populations of mosses, liverworts, and ferns are abundant. Some of

the trees and shrubs found here but not in the drier mesophytic

region are kanawao (Broussaisia), lapalapa (Cheirodendron), na'ena'e

(Dubautia), 'ape'ape (Gunnera), koli'i (Trematolobelia), and lo'ulu

(Pritchardia).

The summit of t~t. Kaala, the highest peak on Oahu at an elevation

of 4025 feet, is a flat plateau. With poor drainage and an annual

rainfall of 100 inches, it is a swampy habitat that contains the only

montane bog ecosystem on Oahu. Being within clouds for most of the day

adds to the nearly saturated moisture content of the area. Lapalapa

forms a semi-dense canopy.. The most common understory plants are

ama'u (Sadleria), uluhe, alani, 'ohi'a-ha (Eugenia), kamakahala

(Labordia), manono (Gouldia), naupaka-kuahiwi, k5piko-kea, and makole

(Nertera). Less common plants include pa'iniu (Astelia), kolea-lau li'i

(Myrsine), pilo, na'ena'e, kanawao, and 'ohelo (Vaccinium). As with

the Kohala Mountain bogs on Hawaii, Sphagnum, the moss of continental

peat bogs, forms a carpet in the wettest areas. Other moss species

form dense epiphytic growth on the branches of shrubs and trees. Dead

'ohi 'a-lehua and hapu'u are evident throughout the plateau, which may

indicate an undergoing change in the ecosystem. In drier areas the

ground cover is mostly of exotic grasses and the introduced blackberry

is abundant.

(For mapped location, see Pahole Natural Area Reserve map.)

-10-

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NAHE OF RESERVE: Kuia Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Kauai, Waimea District, between Kokee State Park and Na Pali

Coast at the 3800 to 1800 foot elevation.


AotmiiSTRATIVE INFORI~ATION: This site is in the Protective Subzone of

the Conservation District. It is state-owned land, of which about

1,410 acres (TMK 1-4-01:14) are in the 61,425 acre Na Pali-Kona

Forest Reserve and 275 acres (TMK 1-4-01:13) are part of the 4,640

acre Kokee State Park. Management of these two segments would

continue to be by the Division of Forestry and Division of State

Parks, respectively.

The proposed reserve would be bordered entirely by state land

of the remaining sections of the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve and

Kokee State Park. The northeast boundary would be along the bottom

of Nualolo Valley. Along the southv1est side, the boundary follows

the bottom of Mahanaloa Valley for the most part before it crosses

over to the far side of Paaiki Valley.

The Nualolo Trail, which starts from the paved road in Kokee

State Park, would go through the middle section of the proposed

natural area reserve. Beyond its proposed borders, a jeep trail

runs along the southwest side from a 0.1 to 3.0 mile distance. At

the northeast side, the A1·1aawapuhi Trail lies some 0.3 mile away.

-12-

I

Use of horses on the Nualolo Trail by hunters should be allowed to

continue to apply hunting pressure on the goat populations presently

makai of the proposed reserve.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPT!Otl: The ecosystems present are a dryland sclerophyll

forest and a mixed mesophytic forest. They have a western exposure

and receive an annual rainfall of 35-50 inches. Like most other

such ecosystems within the state, they are somewhat infested with

non-native plants. The more prominent exotics are karakanut

(Corynocarpus), black wattle (Acacia), lantana (Lantana), guava

(Psidium), banana poka (Passiflora), and blackberry (Rubus).

The mixed mesophytic forest is at the extreme mauka region

(3500 to 3800 ft. elevation) where the rainfall is greater.

'Ohi'a-lehua (Metrosideros) is the dominant tree. Smaller trees

and shrubs include 'a'ali'i (Dodonaea), pilo (Coprosma), po'ola

(Claoxylon), kolea (Myrsine), manono (Gouldia), ha'i wale (Cyrtandra),

naupaka (Scaevola), and na'ena'e (Dubautia).

Down slope, the vegetation quickly emerges as an open dryland

forest. Koa (Acacia) replaces 'ohi'a-lehua as the dominant tree

and uluhe (Dicranopteris) becomes abundant. Some of the more common

small trees and shrubs are pukiawe (Styphelia), 'akia (Wikstroemia),

'alani (Pelea), 'ili-ahi (Santalum), and lama (Diospyros). Also

present is iliau (Wilkesia), a silversword relative that is found

only on Kauai. M§hamehame (Drypetes), aupaka (lsodendrion), Bonamia,

and a Kauai koki'o (Kokia) occur in a somewhat restricted area of

the makai region.

The native avifauna include the 'akepa, 'amakihi, 'anianiau,

creeper (all four are Loxops), 'elepaio (Chasiempis), 'i'iwi

-13-

'·

(Vestiaria), white-tailed tropic bird (Phaethon), 'apapane

(Himatione), and pueo (Asio). Some of the exotic birds that have

been observed are the northern cardinal (Cardinalis), spotted dove

(Streptopelia), house finch (Carpodacus), melodius laughing-thrush

(Garrulax), white-eye (Zosterops), and ricebird (Lonchura).

Emerging from the mauka boundary of the Kauhuohua Ridge are

several valleys: Nualolo, Kawaiula, Poopooiki, Kuia, and r1ahanaloa.

They all have intermittent stream flows.

-14-

/-{

;; .


NAME OF RESERVE: Hono 0 Na Pali Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Kauai, Hanalei District; lands of Hanakoa and Hanakapiai,

from sea level to the 4284 foot elevation.

APPROXIMATE SIZE: 3160 acres; 2.5 X 3 miles.

ADMIIIISTRATIVE INFORMATION: This recommendation is in the Protective

Subzone of the Conservation District, within state-owned land

(TMK 5-9-01:1) of the 61,425 acre Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve.

~1anagement v10uld remain vlith the Division of Forestry.

Establishment of a state park along the Na Pali Coast should

transfer management of the involved coa:;tal portion of the

natural area reserve to the Division of State Parks.

The reserve would be adjacent to s~ate land of the Alakai

Swamp at the south (mauka) and other Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve

land at the west. Half of its eastern border would also be

against the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, where land ownership

is by the state except for a 5111all fl'Jction m·med by C. F. \-iichman

and J. A. \'ichman. The other half of t1is bounda1·y 1·10uld abut the

Halelea Forest Rese1·ve along the RobinsJn et al and i-lc81·yde Sugar

Co. ovmed areas. For the proposed 111akai bounclilry, the section

containing the Hoolulu Stream and ~·!aialllla!:ua Stream extends to the

sea, while the llanakoa Stream portion sto11S Jt the puli, about a

three-fourth mile from the coast.

-16-

I

Access is very limited. The only internal trail would be the

Kalalau Trail, as it goes throu~h the short coastal portion of the

reserve. At the reserve's mauka side, its proposed south1"1est corner,

or Pihea, is the terminus of a trail which starts from the paved

road in Kokee State Park.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: It is a dissected plateau that drains

northward from the Alakai Swamp to the imposing cliffs of Na Pali

and the coast. The plateau is flanked by the cliffs of Kalalau at

the west and by the cliffs of Hanakapiai Stream and '·lainiha Pal i

at the east. A very rugged and isolated area, the 'ohi 'a rainfo1·est

ecosystem on the plateau and the mixed mesophytic forest ecosystem

on the steeply sloping coastal pali are relatively undisturbed.

'6hi'a-lehua (Metrosideros) is the dominant tree of the

rainforest. It is especially dense at the higher elevations, where

the annual rainfall may exceed 100 inches. In the more open areas

of the lower part of the plateau, where the rainfall is 60-70 inches,

there is koa (Acacia) and an understory of densely growing uluhe

(Dicranopteris), Also present are hinahina-kuahiwi (Artemisia),

'akoko (Euphorbia), lama (Qi OS2Jl"os_), ha 1 a pepe ( Pl eome 1 e), and the

,·are pokalakala (11unroidenrlo-on), V'et a1·eas of ,·a vines contain such

plants as piipala-kepau (ri_s_onia), p5pala (fll_in-po.ntier·o), kaulu

(Pteralyxia), loulu (l',·itchiwdia_), ho'ul"la (Pittosporurn), and opuhe

(Urera).

The mixed n1esool1ytic forest is a lowland type contair1ing a

variety of native plants. /\rnong those p1·escnt are halil (Pandanus),

-17-

(

pCipala (Charpcntiera), 'opelu (Lobelia), 'oha (Cyanea), aloalo

(Hibiscus), ha'i 1·1ale (Cyrtandra), and the rare 'alula (Brigharnia),

and rnakou (Peucedanum).

The Hav1aiian bat, ope'api 'a (Lasiurus), the only land mammal

native to Ha\'laii,is present. Some of the native birds knm·m to

inhabit this particular region are the 'akepa, 'amakihi, 'anianiau,

creeper (all four are Loxops), 'elepaio (Chasiempis), 'i' ivli

(Vestiaria), white-tailed tropic bird (Phaethon), 'apapane (Himatione),

and pueo (Asio). The exotic birds present include the northern

cardinal (Cardinalis), spotted dove (Streptopelia), house finch

(Carpodacus), melodius laughing-thrush (Garrulax), white-eye

(Zosterops), and ricebird (Lonchura).

Four streams and their complete or partial l'latersheds are

present. They are the Hoolulu, Hanakoa, Waiahuakua, and Hanakapiai

streams. The Hoolulu Stream flo\'IS intermittently and apparently

has little aquatic life. The Hanakapiai, at least, contains such

faunal species as 'o'opu (e.g. Sicydium, Lentipes), 'opae (Atya),

h{h{wai (Neritina), snails (Pseudisidora), the Ha\'laiian damselfly

(11egalaqrion), and the Hav1aiian dragonfly (ileso~onia). Some of the

exotic fauna present are the caddisfly (Chetltnatopsyche), Tahitian

pravm (i·lacrobrachium) and crayfish (Procambarus).

-18-


NAME OF RESERVE: Puu 0 Umi Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Hawaii, in the Kohala i1ountains where it is peaked by Puu

0 Umi at the 5,260 foot elevation and seaward to the Hamakua Coast.

APPROXIMATE SIZE: 12,700 acres; l-5 X 9 miles.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORi'1ATION: It is in the Conservation District's

Protective Subzone in the 32,000 acre Kohala Forest Reserve. It

would include most of the western portion of the Kohala Watershed

and all the land of Laupahoehoe I makai. The land is owned by

the state (portion of TMK 4-9-13:1; portion of 6-l-Ol:l; 6-2-0l:l,

2; portions of 6-3-01:2, 4, 5, 7. The TMK 6-3-01 parcels belong

to the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, but their exchange for

state land elsewhere was approved by the Hawaiian Home Lands

Commission in 1977. Adjoining lands are owned by the state (in forest

reserve and an estuarine sanctuary), Department of Hawaiian Home

Lands, Queen's Medical Center, Richard Smart (Parker Ranch), and

William Kamau/Daniel Cardoza. Water resource facilities and projects,

such as the Kohala Ditch and Tunne\ Kehena Ditch, Upper Hamakua

Ditch, intakes, diversion dams, and the proposed Kohakohau Dam,

have been excluded from the proposed boundaries. The Kohala-Waimea

and Kawaihae-Waimea Roads are about 1~ miles away in route roughly

parallel to the south boundary. Waiaka, Waimea, and the Waimea

Homesteads are situated along the Kawaihae-Waimea Road. Dirt roads

and jeep trails along pipelines and the Kehena and Upper Hamakua

Ditches would approach and skirt the southeast and southwest, sections

-20-

of the proposed natural area reserve. Within the proposed reserve,

topographic charts show a 5-mile foot trail from the Kehena Ditch

road at the 4,400 foot elevation leading to abandoned camps of tbe

U.S. Geological Survey at the 3,000 and 2,400 foot elevations.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: It contains one of the bog ecosystems present

at the cloud-shrouded (175 inches annual rainfall), high elevations

of the Kohala Mountains. Montane bog ecosystems of any significance

occur at only two other areas in the state: nt. Waialele on Kauai

and the West Maui Mountain. The Kohala bog has a ground-cover

vegetation of Sphagnum moss, the moss that forms peat bogs on the

continents. Many species of ferns, grasses, sedges, and herbs

are also present. Tree grmvth, dominated by 'ohi 'a-lehua (Metrosi

deros), alani (Pelea), and 'olapa (Cheirodendron); is usually

stunted and sparsely distributed. Makai of the bog region is an

'ohi'a rainforest ecosystem. A mixed hala forest is present at the

coastal region.

As a natural area reserve, there would not only be added pro

tection and preservation of the Kohala Watershed and the head waters

of Kawainui, Alakahi, Honokane Nui and Kohakohau Streams, whose

water resources are tapped in the lower reaches, but equally protected

would be the headwaters of Waihilau and Waiilikahi Streams, which

are major tributaries of Waimanu Stream. The adjoining Waimanu Valley

and its stream will soon be declared an Estuarine Sanctuary under

the National Coastal Zone ~lanagement Act.

-21-

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Natural Area Reserves Recommendation

NAME OF RESERVE: Laupahoehoe Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Hawaii, Hamakua Coast, from the 1,700-2,120 foot elevation

mauka to the 4,520 and 4,680 foot elevations.

APPROXIMATE SIZE: 7,990 acres; 3 X 4 miles.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: This parcel is in the Conservation District,

the largest of three Protective Subzone areas in the predominantly

Resource subzoned Hila Forest Reserve. It is part of the state's

(TMK 3-7-01 :2) 12,265 acre Laupahoehoe District of the forest reserve.

The proposed mauka boundary would be next to a logged section and

makai would be the Laupahoehoe Homesteads. The proposed north-

western boundary would abut land owned by Richard Smart and Laupahoehoe

Sugar Co. The northeast side would be next to the 6,300 acre

Maulua Nui District of the forest reserve, which is made up of

private parcels being purchased by the Nature Conservancy, a

national, non-profit organization involved in natural environment

preservation. A dirt and logging road, accessible from the town of

Laupahoehoe and extending to the Keanakolu Road at the 6,000 foot

elevation, enters the proposed reserve. Construction of the road

began in 1969 to gain access to a koa harvesting operation in the

mauka section of this forest reserve district.

This area is apparently the major contributor to the spring

outflow located in the Manowaiopae Stream course about two miles

below the forest reserve boundary. The springs are the domestic water

source for the towns of Laupahoehoe and Papaaloa and smaller residen

tial areas.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: The ecosystem is a 'ohi 'a rainforest somewhat

-23-

representative of the vegetation on the northeast slope of Mauna

Kea. 'Ohi'a-lehua (Metrosideros) and a few scattered large koa

(Acacia) form a moderate to nearly dense tree canopy over a thick

undergrowth of hapu'u (Cibotium) and other associated native plants.

Introduced species are well established in the more open areas.

They include black berry (Rubus), banana poka (Passiflora), and various

grasses and herbaceous shrubs.

The habitat has a tradewind exposure, and receives an average

annual rainfall of 100-150 inches with the heavier precipitation at

the lower section. Fog is of frequent occurrence. Most of the soil

is of fine textured humic latosols. Three prominant water courses

are the Pahale, Haakoa, and Kaiwilahilahi. This rainforest region

appears to be a regulatory agent influencing the stream flow of the

various waterways that extend to the ocean through developed areas.

As noted above, springs below this area are tapped for domestic

use.

According to a plant survey made in 1970, there are at least 21

native species of trees and saplings (working file).

-2~-

-


NAME OF RESERVE: Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Hawaii, south slope of the 13,784 foot high ~1auna Kea volcano

between the elevations of 10,400 and 13,200 feet.


ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: It is in the Protective Subzone of the

Conservative District area of Mauna Kea and in the 80,000 acre

Mauna Kea Forest Reserve, which is state land (TMK 4-4-15:1). It

extends into the summit portion that is leased to the University

of Hawaii as the Mauna Kea Science Reserve (TMK 4-4-15:9). This

mauka boundary was determined in consultation with the University's.

Institute of Astronomy, the agency that is utilizing the science

reserve. The west boundary would be the western ridge of Pohakuloa

Gulch and the east boundary, along the summit road from a 100 foot

distance. Puu Pohaku, located about a mile to the northwest, would

be a satellite section of the natural area reserve. Establishment

of the natural area reserve is consistent with the development pro-

gram prescribed in DLNR's Manua Kea Plan of May 1977.

Two trails, both leading to Lake Waiau, are present. The Umikoa

Trail, which starts as a jeep trail from Umikoa above the Hamakua

Coast, crosses the gravel road before it terminates at the lake.

The Humuula Trail, originating about 'i mile from Hale Pohaku, enters

the proposed reserve at the 10,500 foot elevation and 'i mile later

passes Keanakakoi, a major ancient quarry site. It continues for

about a mile to the shore of Lake Waiau.

-26-

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: Mauna Kea volcano has significant and excep

tional geological features. Just as massive glaciers were forming

and receding on the continents during the Pleistocene, or Ice Age,

the summit of l~auna Kea was being covered by ice at coi nci ding

intervals. The features of erosion and deposition left by the action

of four successive glaciers, the last of which peaked about 20,000

years ago, are prime natural assets of the volcano. They are also

unique, for Mauna Kea is the only known mountain in the Central Pacific

basin to have undergone glaciation. The main Ice Age features are

Pohakuloa Gulch (formed by glacial meltwater), glacial moraine and

meltwater deposits of fine sediments (present down to the 10,500

foot elevation), and the glacially sculptured features of cinder

cones and lava flows.

Lake Waiau is another significant geological feature that would

be protected. The porous basalt substrate of the Hawaiian Islands

generally precludes standing bodies of water. Lake Waiau, however,

has a bottom substrate of fine sediments more than 25 feet thick, that

have been accumulating for the last 7,000 years or more. At an

elevation of 13,020 feet, it is one of the highest lakes in the

United States. Perched ground water is contained in the interior of

Puu Waiau and Puu Pohaku. Permafrost, which is typical of the sub

surface of polar and cold alpine regions, is known to be present

beneath the crater of Puu Wekiu, the sunmit cone. It could also be

present in other cinder cones to be protected by the proposed natural

area reserve.

Besides these outstanding natural geological components, there

are a variety of ancient Ha~1aiian cultural remains dating back to

-27-

about 1000 A.D. They include religious shrines, rock shelters, (with

such artifacts as wooden fire ploughs, tapa fragments, braided sennit

cordage, and pandanus matting), food remains (such as marine limpets,

sea urchins, fish, birds, coconuts, and kukui nuts), pictographs

(or rock paintings), and a single panel of petroglyphs. These

evidences of habitation, which were apparently intermittant and short

term, are associated with a series of adz (tool) quarries and work

shops that were the largest in Polynesia, and perhaps the world.

Containing the most complex and best preserved archaelogical site

found in the Hawaiian Islands, the area is listed in the Hawaii Register

of Historic Places and has been declared a National Historic

Landmark.

Located above the treeline, the area is an alpine desert with

occasional patches of mosses, lichens, and grasses, including the

pili-hale (Agrostis) and he'u pueo (Trisetum). The lower portion

supports dwarfed-forms of pukiawe (Styphelia). Lake Waiau is a

habitat for diatoms, desmids, blue-green and green algae, and plank

tonic animal species.

-28-


NAt1E OF RESERVE: Puu t1akaala Natural Area Reserve.

LOACTION: Hawaii, eastern slope of Mauna Loa between the 3000 and

5000 foot elevations, south of Stainbeck Highway and Kulani.


ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: It is in the Conservation District, Protec

tive Subzone, except for 400 acres of the Kulani Project which is

in the Resource Subzone. Only state-owned land is involved, which

would be the remaining 802 acre Upper Olaa Forest Reserve (TMK

1-9-01:1), and segments of the Olaa Forest Reserve (TMK 1-8-12:1,

2-4-08:19) and Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve (TMK 2-4-08:1). The

400 acre portion (TMK 2-4-08:9) of the Kulani Project has been waived

by the Department of Social Services and Housing mainly to supplement

the quality of the natural area .reserve. Adjoining the proposed

boundary, besides remaining lands of the Kulani Project and Olaa and

Upper Waiakea Forest Reserves, would be the Hawaii Volcanoes National

Park, and private lands of the Kilauea Forest Reserve (Bishop Estate),

Volcano Farm Lots, and Olaa Reservation Lots.

Except for a~ mile intrusion and terminus of the Olaa Back Road

at the eastern boundary, roads and established trails are absent.

Nearly half of the north boundary is along the Stainback Highway.

Unimproved roads in the Kulani Project, Volcano Farm Lots, and Olaa

Reservation Lots approach different borders of the proposed reserve.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: Most of the area is an 'ohi'a rainforest

ecosystem. There is a rich assortment of native plants (some 48

species) and associated native insects, from flies and butterflies to

-30-

crawling forms. It is also a habitat for at least nine native birds,

of which three are endangered species. Another ecosystem present, but

located only in the far southwest section, is the koa-'ohi 'a rain

forest. The Kulani Project addition contains a significant amount of

this type of ecosystem.

Indicative of the dense and mature ferest cover, the substrate

consists of deep soils of "brown forest" and "humic" latosols. There

is an average annual rainfall of 100-150 inches. The mature forest

growth is a contrasting ecosystem to the developing forest condition

preserved by the 640 acre Waiakea.l942 Lava Flow Natural Area Reserve

about two miles away.

The recommendation of 10,900 acres appears to be of adequate

size in terms of providing for the preservation of a native bird

habitat. Another reason for the acreage is that the mature forest

is undergoing large scale changes caused by the '"ohi 'a die-back"

phenomenon. As apparently feasible here, the natural area not

only should be sufficiently large to sustain such changes but it

also should be able to retain the varied localized effects of

natura 1 processes.

-31-

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NAME OF RESERVE: Wao Kele '0 Puna Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: ,, -------..

Hawaii, eastern slope of Kilauea volcano at the 1,100 to ·---··-

2,300 foot elevations.

APPROXH1ATE SIZE: 16,710 acres; 6 X 6 miles.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: It is located in the Puna Forest Reserve,

all of which is in the Protective Subzone of the Conservation District.

Some 16,710 acres of the state-owned (TMK l-2-10:2) 25,700 acre

forest reserve is being recommended at this time for natural area

reserve designation.

The Mamalahoa Highway is mauka of the forest reserve. The

''22 Mile Road'' transecting the highway at Glenwood ends about 1000

feet from the westernmost corner of the proposed natural area reserve.

Makai of the forest reserve is the Pahoa-Kapalana Road, from which

there is an unimproved road network of the Kaohe Homesteads that

becomes a jeep trail before it enters the proposed natural area

reserve section for about a half mile before terminating. Farther

south on the Pahoa-Kalapana Road, a 4'mile arm branches off and

becomes a jeep trail that skirts and penetrates the southeast side of

the proposed natural area reserve at three places, none for more

than a third of a mile. Along this and the above-mentioned Pahoa

Kalapana Road region, the boundary of the natural area reserve would

abut state land and the homestead lands of Kaohe and Upper Kaimu. The

entire southwest boundary would be next to James Campbell Trust

Estate land beyond which is the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. At

-33-

the northwestern, Mamalahoa Highway side, adjoining lands are the

Eden Rock Estate (Mountain View Development Corporation) and Fern

Forest Vacation Estates (Finance Realty Ltd.). These are sub-

division lands with a developed road system up to the forest reser)La ______ _

boundary.

A recent geothermal survey in the rift zone section of the pro

posed natural area reserve has indicated that there is insufficient

geothermal reservoirs for energy development.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: The ecosystem is an 'ohi 'a rainforest.

Containing a portion of the active eastern rift of Kilauea, the

vegetation ranges from ferns, which are among the first apparent

plants to appear on fresh lava rocks, to mature forests dominated

by '6hi'a-lehua (Metrosideros) trees. In the higher, wetter area of

the proposed reserve, 'ohi'a-lehua and hapu'u (Cibotium) usually

occur together. In newer and generally drier areas, the 'ohi 'a

more often grows with uluhe (Dicranopteris). At least 22 native

plant species and four native bires have been recorded (working file)

in the area. The soil is of organic composition (histosols) present

as a thin layer on geologically young lava rock. The average annual

rainfall is 125-150 inches.

Fresh lava flows, one occurring as recently as 1977, add acres

of new lava at repeated intervals, causing continued changes to the

geological and biological systems. The active rift zone, the natural

destruction and barrenness, and the varied stages of colonization to

maturation of the 'ohi'a rainforest are of significant scientific

value.

-34-


NAME OF RESERVE: Manuka Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Hawaii, southwest slope of Mauna Loa from the 5,500 foot

elevation to the Kana Coast.

APPROXIMATE SIZE: 23,000 acres; 7 miles wide at the coast, narrowing

to a common apex at 12 miles mauka.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: This recommendation is made up of the state

lands of Manuka, which is in the Resource Subzone, Conservation District,

and Kaulanamauna, which is in the Agriculture District. The Manuka

section (TMK 9-1-01:2) would consist of the South Kana Forest Reserve

and unencumbered state land makai to a coastal jeep trail (TMK 9-l-Oi:3,

5, 6, 7). The Kaulanamauna section (TMK 8-9-06: 1, 2, 14, 17) is a

narrow tract adjoining the northwest side of Manuka. Beyond

Kaulanamauna is the agricultural land of the ''Land of Kapua'' owned

by Bishop Estate. At the opposite southeast side, Manuka is bounded

by private lands of Aldine Mudd, Kana Gardens Investment Co., Hawaiian

Ocean View Estates, and Samuel M. Damon Trust Estate {Kahuku Ranch).

Along the Mamalahoa Highway, which transects Manuka at about

the 1,700 foot elevation, being excluded are the small (l-13 acres)

encumbered sections of Manuka State Park, Interisland Resorts Ltd.,

and a Highway Maintenance Baseyard of the State Department of Trans

portation. A road network of the subdivided plots of the Hawaiian

Ocean View Estates leading from the Mamalahoa Highway abut a section

of the southeast side of Manuka. Within Manuka, a jeep trail extends

from the·highway to the coast where it branches and parallels the

-36-

shoreline. The jeep trail provides access to the remote coast for

recreational fishing, which usually involves overnight camping along

the shore. To allow tenting to continue, the makai boundary of the

natural area reserve would exclude those shore areas where the jeep

trail generally parallels and hugs the shoreline. The jeep trail

system throughout the proposed reserve is also excluded.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: Occupying most of the upper and middle sections

is an 'ohi 'a rainforest. The 'ohi 'a-lehua (Metrosideros) trees are

well-developed, forming a dense forest cover. This area has an annual

rainfall of 40-75 inches. At the highest elevation there apparently

is a shrub type forest made up of such native species as mamane

(Sophora), pukeawe (Styphelia), 'a'ali'i (Dodonaea), and naio

(Myoporum). Between the coastline to about 4 miles mauka, the lands.cape

is of barren lava fields with some grassland. Beyond are dryland

sclerophyll and mixed mesophytic forests. The dryland forest is somewhat

disturbed with shrubby growths of exotic koa haole (Leucaena),

guava (Psidium), and Lantana. The coastal region has pockets of kiawe

(Prosopis) ecosystems.

-37-

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NAME OF RESERVE: Kipahoehoe Natural Area Reserve.





Conservation District. It consists of the state-owned 4,460 acre

Kipahoehoe section (TMK 8-8-01:5, 6) of the South Kana Forest Reserve

and 1,080 acre unencumbered state land makai (TMK 8-8-01:7).

Surrounding lands are agricultural that are privately owned by North

American Properties, Yee Hop, Ltd., North American Acceptance Corp.,

and Samuel M. Damon Trust Estate (Kahuku Ranch). An unimproved

road from the nearby homesteads of Alika and Papa enters Kipahoehoe

for a short distance. The road originates from the Mamalahoa

Highway, which transects the lower part of Kipahoehoe at about the

1,500 foot elevation.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: There are three types of native ecosystems in

the land of Kipahoehoe. A koa-'ohi 'a rainforest occurs in the wetter

(75 inches) mauka portion. The koa (Acacia) and 'ohi 'a-lehua

(Metrosideros) trees are well-developed and form a moderate (40-70%)

crown cover. At the middle section of Kipahoehoe, koa trees are less

abundant and the ecosystem is an 'ohi'a rainforest. The 'ohi'a-lehua

trees here are also large, forming a dense (70-100%) canopy. Makai

of this rainforest is a mixed mesophytic forest, which is somewhat

disturbed with koa haole (Leucaena), guava (Psidium), and Lantana.

The rainfall here is about 45 inches. Below this drier forest to the

coast is barren lava.

-39-

' ATTACHf1ENT C

II. Descriotion: Describe the activity proposed, its purpose and all operations to be conducted .

. Recognizing the need to preserve for the benefit of all future

generations unique and representative samples of Hawaii's original

natural environment, the 1970 State Legislature authorized the esta-

blishment of a Natural Area Reserves system to be implemented and

managed by the Department of Land and Natural Resources. It created

an advisory Commission of six scientists and five ex officio repre-

sentatives from various State agencies. The 12 Natural Area Reserve

sites presented here are those that have been recommended by the

Commission.

The purpose is to set aside original (before man) ecosystems

for preservation. After millions of years of development in mid

ocean isolation, nearly all of Hawaii's plants and animals occur no

place else on earth. They are a unique educational, scientific, and

management resource. No less important is their cultural value in

being a distinctive natural heritaqe.

A use regulation (Regulation 10) would allow only passive

activities, such as hiking and nature study. Greater use, somewhat

limited to scientific, educational, and managerial objectives, would

require a special-use Permit.

t

ATTACHMENT D

IV. Environmental Requirements

The setting aside of Natural Area Reserves is an ''exempt class

of action'' as described in Section 1:33 of the Environmental Impact

Statement Regulations. This determination was made in consultatton

with staff of the Office of Environmental Quality Control,

ATTACHMENT E

Conditional Use Information

The only Conditi'onal Use in this CDUA is where "subdivision" is

involved in setting aside the land areas as Natural Area Reserves.

Requests for the related Executive Orders were made in previous Land

Board submittals (November 9, 1978 and September 28, 1979). Boundary

maps and descriptions for each area have been made by the Survey Division

of DAGS.

As stated in Reg. 4, Section 5B, Conditional Use in the Protective

Subz0ne requires public hearing. Attached are notices and minutes of

public hearings held ''for the same purpose and use as applied for under''

Reg. 4. While the public hearing notices do not make specific reference

to the matter of Conditional Use of subdivision under Reg. 4, the

hearing notices stating the removal of Forest Reserves (where the

Protective Subzones are located) for the purpose of establishing Natural

Area Reserves seem applicable.

The purpose of the subdivision is consistent with the objective of

the Protective Subzone (and thus other Subzones as well) as it is to

preserve natural ecosystems. Natural resource preservation or protection,

and the designation or establishment of selected areas are stated in the

opening sentence of Reg. 4, Section 2B, and also in Sections 2B-lc and

2B-2b.

,·I, / ·.' . - ::4) ATTACHMENT B

;

I. Description of Parcels

CONTENTS

Natural Area Reserve Recommendations

Oahu Sites

Kaena Pt. N.A.R.

Pahole N.A.R.

Mt. Kaala N.A.R.

Kauai Sites . .

Kuia N.A.R

Hone 0 Na Pali N.A.R.

Hawaii Sites ....

Puu 0 Umi N.A.R.

Laupahoehoe N.A.R.

Mauna Kea Ice Age N.A.R.

Puu Makaala N.A.R ....

Wao Kele '0 Puna N.A.R.

Manuka N.A.R.

Kipahoehoe N.A.R.

1

1

4

8

12

12

16

20

20

23

26

30

33

36

39


NAME OF RESERVE: Kaena Point Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Oahu, at its westernmost tip which is also the terminus of the

Waianae Range. Coastal, up to the 20ft. elevation.

APPROXIMATE SIZE: 31 acres; 0.25 X 0.30 miles. Of the 31 acres, 19 acres

are still private lands and would not be part of the natural area

reserve until they become state-owned.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: This recommendation is in the Resource

Subzone of the Conservation District and within the proposed Makua

Kaena State Park. The boundary for the Waianae and Waialua Districts

is alined through Kaena Point. The presently proposed natural area

reserve of 12 acres is in the Waianae District on ·]and owned by the

state (TMK 8-l-01:15 and a portion of 8-l-01:6). Part of the federally

owned Kaena Lighthouse site (TMK 8-l-01:16) is located here. The

Waialua District portion is of private lands with Mary Mae Bond, et al

(portion of TMK 6-9-02:9), the major landowner. The lighthouse land

(TMK 6-9-02:6) extends here, from which a right of way, also federal

owned, leads inland. The Bond et al land and other private parcels

(TMK 6-9-02:5, 6-9-02:8, 6-9-02:11) are expected to be acquired by the

state. The proposed natrual area reserve encompasses all of Kaena

Point from high water mark and inland up to the curving abandoned

railroad grade owned by Hawaiian Land Co., Ltd. Beyond the railroad

grade is the U.S. Kaena Military Reservation. While the Point has no

roads, 4-wheel-drive vehicles and motorcycles have been entering it in

increasing numbers. Access is gained from the railroad grade and the

dirt road originating from the leeward and windward ends of the

-1-

Farrington Highway.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: The rugged lava-rock shoreline of Kaena Point

encloses an arid, windswept landscape of sand dunes interrupted by

rock outcrops. In this sea-sprayed habitat, the sand dunes support

a distinct type of native vegetation made up of at least 12 native

species (working file). The most common species is naupaka-kahakai

(Scaevola), a sand-stabilizing shrub present in dense populations.

Growing among the naupaka-kahakai plants are 'akoko (Euphorbia},

nehe (Lipochaeta}, hinahina (Heliotropium), pohinahina (Vitex},

pa'u-o-hi'i-'aka (Jacguemontia), alena (Boerhavia), and a single

'ohai (Sesbania). Other 'ohai plants may have been overlooked during

the survey, which was made in July 1978, but it is certainly in

depleted numbers from earlier observations.

-2-

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-3- •

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NAME OF RESERVE: Pahole Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Oahu, in the Waianae Range at the 1100-2600 foot elevation.


ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: It is located in the state-owned (portion of

TMK 6-8-01:1) Mokuleia Forest Reserve. Except for a small makai portion

in the Resource Subzone, most of it is in the Protective Subzone of the

Conservation District. The east and west boundaries of the proposed

natural area reserve are along sight lines of topographic high points.

The south boundary is on the summit ridge of the Waianae Range and

adjacent to the Makua Keaau Forest Reserve in t·1aku·a Valley, which is

federal-owned (TMK 8-2-02:1). As part of the U.S. Makua ~1ilitary

Reservation, this adjoining land is used as a training and target area.

The northernmost ·boundary is along the Mokuleia Forest Reserve boundary,

next to which is pastureland of Mokuleia Ranch and Land Co. and J. P.

Mendonca Trust Estate. There is a fence line here.

A paved ''Nike'' road begins on Mokuleia Ranch land and terminates

at an abandoned Nike missile site, which is westward of the proposed

natural area reserve. The Peacock Flats-Mokuleia trail and the Waianae

Summit trail (also known as the Kuaokala trail) enters the proposed

natural area

boundary of the proposed natural area reserve, is a camping area being

considered along with the former Nike site as areas to develop and

include in the proposed Makua-Kaena State Park.

ON:·-rraaew-in-d exposure and ephemeral streams have

-4-

eroded the windward slope of the Waianae Range into a rugged terrain of

steep gulches and narrow ridges. The average annual rainfall within

the proposed natural area reserve is 30-40 inches with the higher

precipitation at the higher elevation. The Pahole Gulch stream flows

nearly all year. The ecosystems present are a dryland sclerophyll

forest and mixed mesophytic forest, within which are at least 70 native


The dryland sclerophyll forest is a small section between the

elevations of 1100 and 1600 feet. Here aulu (Sapindus) and 'ohe

(Reynoldsia) appear to be the most abundant trees. Intermingled with

them are wiliwili (Erythrina), alahe'e (Canthium), and hala pepe

(Pleomele). At some sections there are extensive invading populations

of silk oak (Grevillea), Eucalyptus, guava (Psidi~m), and Christmas

berry (Schinus). The exotic Lantana is very widespread and the pre

dominate understory growth.

Lantana is also well-established in the mixed mesophytic forest,

which extends to the summit ridge. Christmas berry, silk oak, and

guava are nearly as extensive in distribution as Lantana. Other exotic

species are present as well, so that like the dryland sclerophyll forest,

this wetter forest is markedly disturbed. Unfortunately, better sites

representative of the dryland forest and the mixed mesophytic forest

of 'ohi'a-lehua (Metrosideros) and olopua (Osmanthus) do not appear

to be available elsewhere on Oahu.

'Ohi'a-lehua is the most abundant tree in the mixed mesophytic

forest. It forms a moderate to dense canopy together with koa (Acacia)

in the lower dryer areas and olopua at the mid-elevations (1800-2000

feet) where more moisture is available. Other more common species,

-5-

generally understory plants, in the 'ohi'a/olopua forest are pilo

(Coprosma), alahe'e, maile (Alyxia), kolea (Myrsine), manono (Gouldia),

papala~kepau (Pisonia), lama (Diospyros), pukiawe (Styphelia), and

mamaki (Pipturus).

At higher, wetter areas (2000-2200 foot elevation) trees asso

ciated with 'ohi'a include those of papala (Charpentiera) and papala

kepau. Some of the understory plants are mehame (Antidesma), kalia

(Elaeocarpus), koki'o ke'oke'o (Hibiscus), po'ola (Claoxylon), kopiko

(Psychotria), 'ahakea (Bobea), ho'awa (Pittosporum), pilo, pilo-kea

(Platydesma), hapu'u pulu (Cibotium), and 'ekaha (Asplenium). Entwined

on branches and trunks are the vine growths of 'ie'ie (Freycinetia)

and maile.

At the summit ridge, locally up to the 2600 foot elevation, the

vegetation is windblown and scrubby. 'Ohi'a and the introduced silk

oak are the most common trees. Others are lama, 'ili-ahi (Santalum),

and in more sheltered habitats, .papala-kepau. Some of the shrub

species present include pukiawe, 'akoko (Euphorbia), 'ohelo (Vaccinium),

naupaka-kuahiwi (Scaevola), and koko'olau (Bidens). Also present are

exotic populations of Lantana, Christmas berry, guava, Jamaica vervain

(Stachytarpheta), and molasses grass (Melinis).

The vegetational aspect of the wetter gulches is somewhat different.

At all elevations, except for the higher ones, the bottom of the gulches

is populated by nearly pure stands of kukui (Aleurites) trees. Growing

on the walls of these gulches are papala-kepau, papala, koki 'o ke'oke'o,

mamaki, pilo-kea, 'alani (Pelea), olona (Touchardia), and ha'i wale

(Cyrtandra). These also grow on the floor of the gulches at the higher

elevations where kukui is absent.

-6-

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NAME OF RESERVE: Mt. Kaala Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Oahu, in the Waianae Range at the l ,200-4,000 foot elevation.

APPROXH1ATE SIZE: l ,025 acres; l x 2 miles.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: It is located in the Conservation District,

Protective Subzone, in the state-owned (TMK 6-7-03:18), 5,215 acre

Mokuleia Forest Reserve. The southeastern boundary is along the summit

ridge of the mountain range from Puu Pane to the ~1t. Kaala plateau. It

borders the federal-owned Schofield Barracks Forest Reserve which, as

part of the Schofield Barracks ~1ilitary Reservation, is used for military

training. Adjoining private land to the Mt. Kaala plateau is the Waianae

Kai Forest Reserve portion owned by the Waianae Development Co., Ltd.

All of the state-owned area (TMK 8-5-06:3) of the Mt. Kaala plateau is

being recommended. From here the proposed western boundary follows the

Dupont Trail within the t·1okuleia Forest Reserve. Still within the forest

reserve, the northern, or makai, boundary follows topographic points

to a jeep road that meanders along the forest reserve boundary toward Puu

Pane. Use of the road is controlled by Kahua Ranch.

Communication facilities clustered in the Mt. Kaala area are outside

of the proposed boundaries. They include those of the Hawaii Air National

Guard, a satellite tracking station operated by the FAA, and a microwave

radio relay station used by-the State Civil Defense Unit and the City and

County Police and Fire Departments. A paved road to the satellite tracking

station, owned and maintained by the FAA, enters the Mt. Kaala plateau

before ending at the station. Its use is restricted to the FAA, Hawaii

Air l~ational Guard, Hawaiian Telephone Co., and some city and state agencies

-8-

including DLNR.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: The north-facing slope of the Waianae Range has

been cut by wind erosion and ephemeral streams into a rugged terrain

of steep gulches and narrow ridges. It is exposed to the tradewind

and receives an average annual rainfall of 30 inches at the lower

elevations and 100 inches at the Mt. Kaala summit. Within the proposed

Kaala Natural Area Reserve are three ecosystems: mixed mesophytic

forest, cloud forest, and montane bog. They contain some 92 native


The mixed mesophytic forest, located between the 1200 and 2600

foot elevations, is dominated by 'ohi'a-lehua (~1etrosideros) and to

a smaller extent by koa (Acacia). In some areas of the eastern -

sections, olopua (Osmanthus) is a co-dominate with 'ohi'a-lehua.

An understory of small trees and shrubs is made up of,e.g., kolea

(r~yrsi ne), 'ahakea (Bobea), 1 ama ( Di ospyros) , ~a pi ko' kea ( Psychotri a),

mamaki (Pipturus)_, pilo (Coprosma), alahe'e (Canthium), 'ili-ahi

(Santalum), and, especially in wetter areas, naupaka-kuahiwi (Scaevola),

'akia (Wikstroemia), and 'alani (Pelea). Among the more conspicuous

ferns are ho'i'o (Athyrium), pala'a (Sphenomeris), uluhe (Dicranopteris),

and hapu'u pulu (Cibotium). Most of the southeastern and eastern

boundaries of the proposed reserve lie within somewhat severly disturbed

areas. The exotic vegetation, which is extensive and well-established,

is made up of such species as Lantana, waiaw1 (Psidium), palama

(Eugenia), silk oak (Grevillea), Christmas berry (Schinus), blackberry

(Rubus), and kukui (Aleurites).

The cloud forest, which at some points starts from the 2500 foot

elevation, is a less disturbed forest. The species composition is

generally similar to that of the mixed mesophytic forest, but due to the

-9-

•

nearly continuous cloud cover and high moisture content, trees

tend to be small and gnarled, shrubs are plentiful, and epiphytic

populations of mosses, liverworts, and ferns are abundant. Some of

the trees and shrubs found here but not in the drier mesophytic

region are kanawao (Broussaisia}, lapalapa (Cheirodendron}, na'ena'e

(Dubautia), 'ape'ape (Gunnera}, koli'i (Trematolobelia}, and lo'ulu

(Pritchardia).

The summit of Mt. Kaala, the highest peak on Oahu at an elevation

of 4025 feet, is a flat plateau. With poor drainage and an annual

rainfall of 100 inches, it is a swampy habitat that contains the only

montane bog ecosystem on Oahu. Being within clouds for most of the day

adds to the nearly saturated moisture content of the area. Lapalapa

forms a semi-dense canopy.. The most common understory plants are

ama'u (Sadleria}, uluhe, alani, 'ohi'a-ha (Eugenia), kamakahala

(Labordia}, manana (Gouldia), naupaka-kuahiwi, k5piko-kea, and makole

(Nertera). Less common plants include pa'iniu (Astelia), kolea-lau li'i

(Myrsine), pilo, na'ena'e, kanawao, and 'ohelo (Vaccinium). As with

the Kohala Mountain bogs on Hawaii, Sphagnum, the moss of continental

peat bogs, forms a carpet in the wettest areas. Other moss species

form dense epiphytic growth on the branches of shrubs and trees. Dead

'chi 'a-lehua and hapu'u are evident throughout the plateau, which may

indicate an undergoing change in the ecosystem. In drier areas the

ground cover is mostly of exotic grasses and the introduced blackberry

is abundant.

(For mapped location, see Pahole Natural Area Reserve map.)

-10-

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NAt·1E OF RESERVE: Kuia Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Kauai, Waimea District, between Kokee State Park and Na Pali

Coast at the 3800 to 1800 foot elevation.


ADrmiiSTRATIVE INFORI~ATION: This site is in the Protective Subzone of

the Conservation District. It is state-owned land, of which about

1,410 acres (TMK 1-4-01:14) are in the 61,425 acre Na Pali-Kona

Forest Reserve and 275 acres (TMK 1-4-01:13) are part of the 4,640

acre Kokee State Park. Management of these two segments would

continue to be by the Division of Forestry and Division of State

Parks, respectively.

The proposed reserve would be bordered entirely by state land

of the remaining sections of the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve and

Kokee State Park. The northeast boundary would be along the bottom

of Nualolo Valley. Along the south~Jest side, the boundary follows

the bottom of Mahanaloa Valley for the most part before it crosses

over to the far side of Paaiki Valley.

The Nualolo Trail, which starts from the paved road in Kokee

State Park, would go through the middle section of the proposed

natural area reserve. Beyond its proposed borders, a jeep trail

runs along the southwest side from a 0.1 to 3.0 mile distance. At

the northeast side, the Awaawapuhi Trail lies some 0.3 mile away.

-12-

Use of horses on the Nualolo Trail by hunters should be allowed to

continue to apply hunting pressure on the goat populations presently

makai of the proposed reserve.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPT!Otl: The ecosystems present are a dryland sclerophyll

forest and a mixed mesophytic forest. They have a western exposure

and receive an annual rainfall of 35-50 inches. Like most other

such ecosystems within the state, they are somewhat infested with

non-native plants. The more prominent exotics are karakanut

(Corynocarpus), black wattle (Acacia), lantana (Lantana), guava

(Psidium), banana poka (Passiflora), and blackberry (Rubus).

The mixed mesophytic forest is at the extreme mauka region

(3500 to 3800 ft. elevation) where the rainfall is greater.

'Dhi'a-lehua (Metrosideros) is the dominant tree. Smaller trees

and shrubs include 'a'ali'i (Dodonaea), pilo (Coprosma), po'ola

(Claoxylon), kolea (Myrsine), manono (Gouldia), ha'i wale (Cyrtandra),

naupaka (Scaevolai, and na'ena'e (Dubautia).

Down slope, the vegetation quickly emerges as an open dryland

forest. Koa (Acacia) replaces 'ohi'a-lehua as the dominant tree

and uluhe (Dicranopteris) becomes abundant. Some of the more common

small trees and shrubs are pukiawe (Styphelia), 'akia (Wikstroemia),

'alani (Pelea), 'ili-ahi (Santalum), and lama (Diospyros). Also

present is iliau (Wilkesia), a silversword relative that is found

only on Kauai. Mehamehame (Drypetes), aupaka (lsodendrion), Bonamia,

and a Kauai koki'o (Kokia) occur in a somewhat restricted area of

the makai region.

The native avifauna include the 'akepa, 'amakihi, 'anianiau,

creeper (all four are Loxops), 'elepaio (Chasiempis), 'i'iwi

-13-

• . ' ..

(Vestiaria), white-tailed tropic bird (Phaethon), 'apapane

(Himatione), and pueo (Asia). Some of the exotic birds that have

been observed are the northern cardinal (Cardinalis), spotted dove

(Streptopelia), house finch (Carpodacus), melodius laughing-thrush

(Garrulax), white-eye (Zosterops), and ricebird (Lonchura).

Emerging from the mauka boundary of the Kauhuohua Ridge are

several valleys: Nualolo, Kawaiula, Poopooiki, Kuia, and t~ahanaloa.

They all have intermittent stream flows.

-14-

·.


NAME OF RESERVE: Hono 0 Na Pali Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Kauai, Hanalei District; lands of Hanakoa and Hanakapiai,

from sea level to the 4284 foot elevation.

APPROXIMATE SIZE: 3160 acres; 2.5 X 3 miles.

ADIWHSTRATIVE INFORI~ATION: This recommendation is in the Protective

Subzone of the Conservation District, within state-owned land

(TMK 5-9-01:1) of the 61,425 acre Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve.

Management 1-10uld remain with the Division of Forestry.

Establishment of a state park along the Na Pali Coast should

transfer management of the involved coastal portion of the

natural area reserve to the Division of State Parks.

The reserve would be adjacent to state land of the Alakai

Swamp at the south (mauka) and other Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve

land at the west. Half of its eastern border would also be

against the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, where land ownership

is by the state except for a small fraction owned by C. F. 11ichman

and J. A. Hichman. The other half of this boundary 1vould abut the

Halelea Forest Reserve along the Robinson et al and lkBryde Sugar

Co. owned areas. For the proposed makai boundary, the section

containing the Hoolulu Stream and Waiahuakua Stream extends to the

sea, while the Hanakoa Stream portion stops at the pali, about a

three-fourth mile from the coast.

-16-

(

Access is very 1 imited. The only internal trail would be the

Kalalau Trail, as it goes throu9h the short coastal portion of the

reserve. At the reserve's mauka side, its proposed southwest corner,

or Pihea, is the terminus of a trail which starts from the paved

road in Kokee State Park.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: It is a dissected plateau that drains

northward from the Alakai Swamp to the imposing cliffs of Na Pali

and the coast. The plateau is flanked by the cliffs of Kalalau at

the west and by the cliffs of Hanakapiai Stream and 1.·/ainiha Pal i

at the east. A very rugged and isolated area, the 'ohi 'a rainforest

ecosystem on the plateau and the mixed mesophytic forest ecosystem

on the steeply sloping coastal pali are relatively undisturbed.

'6hi'a-lehua (Metrosideros) is the dominant tree of the

rainforest. It is especially dense at the hi~her elevations, where

the annual rainfall may exceed 100 inches. In the more open areas

of the lower part of the plateau, where the rainfall is 60-70 inches,

there is koa {Acacia) and an understory of densely growing uluhe

(Dicranopteris). Also present are hinahina-kuahiwi (Artemisia),

'akoko (Euphorbia), lama (Diospyros), hala pepe (Pleomele), and the

rare p6kalakala (Munroidendron). Wet areas of ravines contain such

plants as papala-kepau (!:i_sonia), papala (Charpentiera), kaulu

(Pteralyxia), loulu (Pritchardia), h6'awa (Pittosporum), and 6puhe

{Urera).

The mixed mesoohytic forest is a lowland type containing a

variety of native plants. Among those present are hala (Pandanus),

-17-

papala (Charpentiera), 'opelu (Lobelia), 'oha (Cyanea), aloalo

(Hibiscus), ha'i wale (Cyrtandra), and the rare 'alula (Brighamia),

and makou (Peucedanum).

The Hawaiian bat, ope'api'a (Lasiurus), the only land mammal

native to Hawaii,is present. Some of the native birds known to

inhabit this particular region are the 'akepa, 'amakihi, 'anianiau,

creeper (all four are Loxops), 'elepaio (Chasiempis), 'i'il-1i

(Vestiaria), white-tailed tropic bird (Phaethon), 'apapane (Himatione),

and pueo (Asio). The exotic birds present include the northern

cardinal (Cardinalis), spotted dove (Streptopelia), house finch

(Carpodacus), melodius laughing-thrush (Garrulax), white-eye

(Zosterops), and ricebird (Lonchura).

Four streams and their complete or partial watersheds are

present. They are the Hoolulu, Hanakoa, Waiahuakua, and Hanakapiai

streams. The Hoolulu Stream flows intermittently and apparently

has little aquatic life. The Hanakapiai, at least, contains such

faunal species as 'o'opu (e.g. Sicydium, Lentipes), 'opae (Atya),

h{h{wai (Neritina), snails (Pseudisidora), the Hawaiian damselfly

(Megalaqrion), ~nd the Hawaiian dragonfly (Nesogonia). Some of the

exotic fauna present are the caddis fly (_cheurnatopsyche), Tahitian

prawn (Macrobrachium) and crayfish (Procambarus).

-18-


NAr1E OF RESERVE: Puu 0 Umi Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Hawaii, in the Kohala 11ountains where it is peaked by Puu

0 Umi at the 5,260 foot elevation and seaward to the Hamakua Coast.

APPROXII1ATE SIZE: 12,700 acres; l-5 X 9 miles.

ADMINISTRATIVE INF0Rr1ATION: It is in the Conservation District's

Protective Subzone in the 32,000 acre Kohala Forest Reserve. It

would include most of the western portion of the Kohala Watershed

and all the land of Laupahoehoe I makai. The land is owned by

the state (portion of TMK 4-9-13:1; portion of 6-l-01:1; 6-2-01:1,

2; portions of 6-3-01:2, 4, 5, 7. The TMK 6-3-01 ·parcels belong

to the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, but their exchange for

state land elsewhere was approved by the Hawaiian Home Lands

Commission in 1977. Adjoining lands are owned by the state (in forest

reserve and an estuarine sanctuary), Department of Hawaiian Home

Lands, Queen's Medical Center, Richard Smart (Parker Ranch), and

William Kamau/Daniel Cardoza. Water resource facilities and projects,

such as the Kohala Ditch and Tunne\ Kehena Ditch, Upper Hamakua

Ditch, intakes, diversion dams, and the proposed Kohakohau Dam,

have been excluded from the proposed boundaries. The Kohala-Waimea

and Kawaihae-Waimea Roads are about lY, miles away in route roughly

parallel to the south boundary. \vaiaka, Waimea, and the Waimea

Homesteads are situated along the Kawaihae-Waimea Road. Dirt roads

and jeep trails along pipelines and the Kehena and Upper Hamakua

Ditches would approach and skirt the southeast and southwest, sections

-20-

of the proposed natural area reserve. Within the proposed reserve,

topographic charts show a 5-mile foot trail from the Kehena Ditch

road at the 4,400 foot elevation leading to abandoned camps of tbe

U.S. Geological Survey at the 3,000 and 2,400 foot elevations.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: It contains one of the bog ecosystems present

at the cloud-shrouded (175 inches annual rainfall), high elevations

of the Kohala Mountains. Montane bog ecosystems of any significance

occur at only two other areas in the state: t'lt. Waialele on Kauai

and the West Maui Mountain. The Kohala bog has a ground-cover

vegetation of Sphagnum moss, the moss that forms peat bogs on the

continents. Many species of ferns, grasses, sedges, and herbs

are also present. Tree growth, dominated by 'ohi'a-lehua (Metrosi

deros), alani (Pelea), and 'olapa (Cheirodendron); is usually

stunted and sparsely distributed. Makai of the bog region is an

'ohi'a rainforest ecosystem. A mixed hala forest is present at the

coasta 1 region.

As a natural area reserve, there would not only be added pro

tection and preservation of the Kohala Watershed and the head waters

of Kawainui, Alakahi, Honokane Nui and Kohakohau Streams, whose

water resources are tapped in the lower reaches, but equally protected

would be the headwaters of Waihilau and Waiilikahi Streams, which

are major tributaries of Waimanu Stream. The adjoining Waimanu Valley

and its stream will soon be declared an Estuarine Sanctuary under

the National Coastal Zone Management Act.

-21-

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Natural Area Reserves Recommendation

NAME OF RESERVE: Laupahoehoe Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Hawaii, Hamakua Coast, from the 1,700-2,120 foot elevation

mauka to the 4,520 and 4,680 foot elevations.


ADr·1INISTRATIVE INFORMATION: This parcel is in the Conservation District,

the largest of three Protective Subzone areas in the predominantly

Resource subzoned Hilo Forest Reserve. It is part of the state's

(TMK 3-7-01 :2) 12,265 acre Laupahoehoe District of the forest reserve.

The proposed mauka boundary would be next to a logged section and

makai would be the Laupahoehoe Homesteads. The proposed north-

western boundary would abut land owned by Richard Smart and Laupahoehoe

Sugar Co. The northeast side would be next to the 6,300 acre

Maulua Nui District of the forest reserve, which is made up of

private parcels being purchased by the Nature Conservancy, a

national, non-profit organization involved in natural environment

preservation. A dirt and logging road, accessible from the town of

Laupahoehoe and extending to the Keanakolu Road at the 6,000 foot

:> elevation, enters the proposed reserve. Construction of the road ---- began in 1969 to gain access to a koa harvesting operation in the

mauka section of this forest reserve district.

This area is apparently the major contributor to the spring

outflow located in the Manowaiopae Stream course about two miles

below the forest reserve boundary. The springs are the domestic water

source for the towns of Laupahoehoe and Papaaloa and smaller residen-

tial areas.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: The ecosystem is a 'ohi 'a rainforest somewhat

-23-

) ----


NAME OF RESERVE: Mauna Kea Ice Age Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Hawaii, south slope of the 13,784 foot high ~1auna Kea volcano

between the elevations of 10,400 and 13,200 feet.



Conservative District area of ~1auna Kea and in the 80,000 acre

Mauna Kea Forest Reserve, which is state land (TMK 4-4-15:1). It

extends into the summit portion that is leased to the University

of Hawaii as the Mauna Kea Science Reserve (TMK 4-4-15:9). This

mauka boundary was determined in consultation with the University's.

Institute of Astronomy, the agency that is utilizing the science

reserve. The west boundary would be the western ridge of Pohakuloa

Gulch and the ea?t boundary, along the summit road from a 100 foot

distance. Puu Pohaku, located about a mile to the northwest, would

be a satellite section of the natural area reserve. Establishment

of the natural area reserve is consistent with the development pro-

gram prescribed in DLNR's Manua Kea Plan of May 1977.

Two trails, both leading to Lake Waiau, are present. The Umikoa

Trail, which starts as a jeep trail from Umikoa above the Hamakua

Coast, crosses the gravel road before it terminates at the lake.

The Humuula Trail, originating about~ mile from Hale Pohaku, enters

the proposed reserve at the 10,500 foot elevation and ~mile later

passes Keanakakoi, a major ancient quarry site. It continues for

about a mile to the shore of Lake Waiau.

-26-

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: Mauna Kea volcano has significant and excep

tional geological features. Just as massive glaciers were forming

and receding on the continents during the Pleistocene, or Ice Age,

the summit of Mauna Kea was being covered by ice at coinciding

intervals. The features of erosion and deposition left by the action

of four successive glaciers, the last of which peaked about 20,000

years ago, are prime natural assets of the volcano. They are also

unique, for Mauna Kea is the only known mountain in the Central Pacific.

basin to have undergone glaciation. The main Ice Age features are

Pohakuloa Gulch (formed by glacial meltwater), glacial moraine and

meltwater deposits of fine sediments (present down to the 10,500

foot elevation), and the glacially sculptured features of cinder

cones and lava flows.

Lake Waiau is another significant geological feature that would

be protected. The porous basalt substrate of the Hawaiian Islands

generally precludes standing bodies of water. Lake Waiau, however,

has a bottom substrate of fine sediments more than 25 feet thick, that

have been accumulating for the last 7,000 years or more. At an

elevation of 13,020 feet, it is one of the highest lakes in the

United States. Perched ground water is contained in the interior of

Puu Waiau and Puu Pohaku. Permafrost, which is typical of the sub

surface of polar and cold alpine regions, is known to be present

beneath the crater of Puu Wekiu, the summit cone. It could also be

present in other cinder cones to be protected by the proposed natural

area reserve.

Besides these outstanding natural geological components, there

are a variety of ancient Hawaiian cultural remains dating back to

-27-

about 1000 A.D. They include religious shrines, rock shelters, (with

such artifacts as wooden fire ploughs, tapa fragments, braided sennit

cordage, and pandanus matting), food remains (such as marine limpets,

sea urchins, fish, birds, coconuts, and kukui nuts), pictographs

(or rock paintings), and a single panel of petroglyphs. These

evidences of habitation, which were apparently intermittant and short

term, are associated with a series of adz (tool) quarries and work

shops that were the largest in Polynesia, and perhaps the world.

Containing the most complex and best preserved archaelogical site

found in the Hawaiian Islands, the area is listed in the Hawaii Register

of Historic Places and has been declared a National Historic

Landmark.

Located above the treeline, the area is an alpine desert with

occasional patches of mosses, lichens, and grasses, including the

pili-hale (Agrostis) and he'u pueo (Trisetum). The lower portion

supports dwarfed.forms of pukiawe (Styphelia). Lake Waiau is a

habitat for diatoms, desmids, blue-green and green algae, and plank

tonic animal species.

-28-


NAME OF RESERVE: Puu Makaala Natural Area Reserve.

LOACTION: Hawaii, eastern slope of Mauna Loa between the 3000 and

5000 foot elevations, south of Stainbeck Highway and Kulani.

APPROXH1ATE SIZE: l 0, 900 acres; 6 X 7 miles.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: It is in the Conservation District, Protec

tive Subzone, except for 400 acres of the Kulani Project which is

in the Resource Subzone. Only state-owned land is involved, which

would be the remaining 802 acre Upper Olaa Forest Reserve (TMK

1-9-01:1), and segments of the Olaa Forest Reserve (TMK 1-8-12:1,

2-4-08:19) and Upper Waiakea Forest Reserve (TI1K 2-4-08:1). The

400 acre portion (TMK 2-4-08:9) of the Kulani Project has been waived

by the Department of Social Services and Housing mainly to supplement

the quality of the natural area .reserve. Adjoining the proposed

boundary, besides remaining lands of the Kulani Project and Olaa and

Upper Waiakea Forest Reserves, would be the Hawaii Volcanoes National

Park, and private lands of the Kilauea Forest Reserve (Bishop Estate),

Volcano Farm Lots, and Olaa Reservation Lots.

Except for a~ mile intrusion and terminus of the Olaa Back Road

at the eastern boundary, roads and established trails are absent.

Nearly half of the north boundary is along the Stainback Highway.

Unimproved roads in the Kulani Project, Volcano Farm Lots, and Olaa

Reservation Lots approach different borders of the proposed reserve.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: Most of the area is an 'ohi'a rainforest

ecosystem. There is a rich assortment of native plants (some 48

species) and associated native insects, from flies and butterflies to

-30-

crawling forms. It is also a habitat for at least nine native birds,

of which three are endangered species. Another ecosystem present, but

located only in the far southwest section, is the koa-'ohi'a rain

forest. The Kulani Project addition contains a significant amount of

this type of ecosystem.

Indicative of the dense and mature ferest cover, the substrate

consists of deep soils of "brown forest" and "humic" latosols. There

is an average annual rainfall of 100-150 inches. The mature forest

growth is a contrasting ecosystem to the developing forest condition

preserved by the 640 acre Waiakea'l942 Lava Flow Natural Area Reserve

about two miles away.

The recommendation of 10,900 acres appears to be of adequate

size in terms of providing for the preservation of a native bird

habitat. Another reason for the acreage is that the mature forest

is undergoing large scale changes caused by the "'ohi'a die-back"

phenomenon. As apparently feasible here, the natural area not

only should be sufficiently large to sustain such changes but it

also should be able to retain the varied localized effects of

natural processes.

-31-

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NAME OF RESERVE: Wao Kele '0 Puna Natural Area Reserve.

LOCATION: Hawaii, eastern slope of Kilauea volcano at the 1,100 to

2,300 foot elevations.

APPROXH1ATE SIZE: 16,710 acres; 6 X 6 miles.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: It is located in the Puna Forest Reserve,

all of which is in the Protective Subzone of the Conservation District.·

Some 16,710 acres of the state-owned (TMK 1-2-10:2) 25,700 acre

forest reserve is being recommended at this time for natural area

reserve designation.

The Mamalahoa Highway is mauka of the forest reserve. The

''22 Mile Road'' transecting the highway at Glenwood ends about 1000

feet from the westernmost corner of the proposed natural area reserve.

Makai of the forest reserve is the Pahoa-Kapalana Road, from which

there is an unimproved road network of the Kaohe Homesteads that

becomes a jeep trail before it enters the proposed natural area

reserve section for about a half mile before terminating. Farther

south on the Pahoa-Kalapana Road, a 4-mile arm branches off and

becomes a jeep trail that skirts and penetrates the southeast side of

the proposed natural area reserve at three places, none for more

than a third of a mile. Along this and the above-mentioned Pahoa

Kalapana Road region, the boundary of the natural area reserve would

abut state land and the homestead lands of Kaohe and Upper Kaimu. The

entire southwest boundary would be next to James Campbell Trust

Estate land beyond which is the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. At

-33-

the northwestern, Mamalahoa Highway side, adjoining lands are the

Eden Rock Estate (Mountain View Development Corporation) and Fern

Forest Vacation Estates (Finance Realty Ltd.). These are sub

division lands with a developed road system up to the forest reserve

boundary.

A recent geothermal survey in the rift zone section of the pro

posed natural area reserve has indicated that there is insufficient

geothermal reservoirs for energy development.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: The ecosystem is an 'ohi'a rainforest.

Containing a portion of the active eastern rift of Kilauea, the

vegetation ranges from ferns, which are among the first apparent

plants to appear on fresh lava rocks, to mature forests dominated

by 'ohi'a-lehua (Metrosideros) trees. In the higher, wetter area of·

the proposed reserve, 'ohi'a-lehua and hapu'u (Cibotium) usually

occur together. In newer and generally drier areas, the 'ohi 'a

more often grows with uluhe (Dicranopteris). At least 22 native

plant species and four native bires have been recorded (working file)

in the area. The soil is of organic composition (histosols) present

as a thin layer on geologically young lava rock. The average annual

rainfall is 125-150 inches.

Fresh lava flows, one occurring as recently as 1977, add acres

of new lava at repeated intervals, causing continued changes to the

geological and biological systems. The active rift zone, the natural

destruction and barrenness, and the varied stages of colonization to

maturation of the 'ohi'a rainforest are of significant scientific

value.

-34-

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NAME OF RESERVE: Manuka Natural Area Reserve.



APPROXIMATE SIZE: 23,000 acres; 7 miles wide at the coast, narrowing

to a common apex at 12 miles mauka.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION: This recommendation is made up of the state

lands of Manuka, which is in the Resource Subzone, Conservation District,

and Kaulanamauna, which is in the Agriculture District. The Manuka

section (TMK 9-1-01:2) would consist of the South Kana Forest Reserve

and unencumbered state land makai to a coastal jeep trail (TMK 9-l-Oi:3,

5, 6, 7). The Kaulanamauna section (TMK 8-9-06: 1, 2, 14, 17) is a

narrow tract adjoining the northwest side of Manuka. Beyond

Kaulanamauna is the agricultural land of the ''Land of Kapua'' owned

by Bishop Estate. At the opposite southeast side, Manuka is bounded

by private lands of Aldine Mudd, Kona Gardens Investment Co., Hawaiian

Ocean View Estates, and Samuel M. Damon Trust Estate (Kahuku Ranch).

Along the Mamalahoa Highway, which transects Manuka at about

the 1,700 foot elevation, being excluded are the small (1-13 acres)

encumbered sections of Manuka State Park, Interisland Resorts Ltd.,

and a Highway Maintenance Baseyard of the State Department of Trans

portation. A road network of the subdivided plots of the Hawaiian

Ocean View Estates leading from the r~amalahoa Highway abut a section

of the southeast side of Manuka. Within Manuka, a jeep trail extends

from the·highway to the coast where it branches and parallels the

-36-

shoreline. The jeep trail provides access to the remote coast for

recreational fishing, which usually involves overnight camping along

the shore. To allow tenting to continue, the makai boundary of the

natural area reserve would exclude those shore areas where the jeep

trail generally parallels and hugs the shoreline. The jeep trail

system throughout the proposed reserve is also excluded.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: Occupying most of the upper and middle sectio.ns

is an 'ohi'a rainforest. The 'ohi'a-lehua (Metrosideros) trees are

well-developed, forming a dense forest cover. This area has an annual

rainfall of 40-75 inches. At the highest elevation there apparently

is a shrub type forest made up of such native species as mamane

(Sophora), pukeawe (Styphelia), 'a'ali'i (Dodonaea), and naio

(Myoporum). Between the coastline to about 4 miles mauka, the landscape

is of barren lava fields with some grassland. Beyond are dryland

sclerophyll and mixed mesophytic forests. The.dryland forest is somewhat

disturbed with shrubby growths of exotic koa haole (Leucaena),

guava (Psidium), and Lantana. The coastal region has pockets of kiawe

(Prosopis) ecosystems.

-37-

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NAME OF RESERVE: Kipahoehoe Natural Area Reserve.





Conservation District. It consists of the state-owned 4,460 acre

Kipahoehoe section (TMK 8-8-01:5, 6) of the South Kana Forest Reserve

and 1,080 acre unencumbered state land makai (TMK 8-8-01:7).

Surrounding lands are agricultural that are privately owned by North

American Properties, Yee Hop, Ltd., North American Acceptance Corp.,

and Samuel M. Damon Trust Estate (Kahuku Ranch). ·An unimproved

road from the nearby homesteads of Alika and Papa enters Kipahoehoe

for a short distance. The road originates from the Mamalahoa

Highway, which transects the lower part of Kipahoehoe at about the

1,500 foot elevation.

NATURAL AREA DESCRIPTION: There are three types of native ecosystems in

the land of Kipahoehoe. A koa-'ohi'a rainforest occurs in the wetter

(75 inches) mauka portion. The koa (Acacia) and 'ohi'a-lehua

(Metrosideros) trees are well-developed and form a moderate (40-70%)

crown cover. At the middle section of Kipahoehoe, koa trees are less

abundant and the ecosystem is an 'ohi'a rainforest. The 'ohi'a-lehua

trees here are also large, forming a dense (70-100%) canopy. Makai

of this rainforest is a mixed mesophytic forest, which is somewhat

disturbed with koa haole (Leucaena), guava (Psidium), and Lantana.

The rainfall here is about 45 inches. Below this drier forest to the

coast is barren lava.

-39-

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ATTACHI1ENT C

I I. Descri oti on: Describe the activity proposed, its purpose and a 11 operations to be conducted .

. Recognizing the need to preserve Jor the benefit of all future

generations unique and representative samples of Hawaii's original

natural environment, the 1970 State Legislature authorized the esta-

blishment of a Natural Area Reserves system to be implemented and

managed by the Department of Land and Natural Resources. It created

an advisory Commission of six scientists and five ex officio repre-

sentatives from various State agencies. The 12 Natural Area Reserve

sites presented here are those that have been recommended by the

Commission.

The purpose is to set aside original (before man) ecosystems

for preservation. After millions of years of development in mid

ocean isolation, nearly all of Hawaii's plants and animals occur no

place else on earth. They are a unique educational, scientific, and

management resource. No less important is their cultural value in

being a distinctive natural heritage.

A use regulation (Regulation 10) would allow only passive

activities, such as hiking and nature study. Greater use, somewhat

limited to scientific, educational, and managerial objectives, would

require a special-use permit.

ATTACHMENT D

IV. Environmental Requirements

The setting aside of Natural Area Reserves is an ''exempt class

of action'' as described in Section 1:33 of the Environmental Impact

Statement Regulations. Thi.s determination was made i.n consultati,on

with staff of the Office of Environmental Quality Control,

ATTACHMENT E

Conditional Use Information

The only Conditi'onal Use in this CDUA is where "subdivision" is

involved in setting aside the land areas as Natural Area Reserves.

Requests for the related Executive Orders were made in previous Land

Board submittals (November 9, 1978 and September 28, 1979). Boundary

maps and descriptions for each area have been made by the Survey Division

of DAGS.

As stated in Reg. 4, Section 58, Conditional Use in the Protective

Subz0ne requires public hearing. Attached are notices and minutes of

public hearings held "for the same purpose and use as applied for under"

Reg. 4. While the public hearing notices do not make specific reference

to the matter of Conditional Use of subdivision under Reg. 4, the

hearing notices stating the removal of Forest Reserves (where the

Protective Subzones are located) for the purpose of establishing Natural

Area Reserves seem applicable.

The purpose of the subdivision is consistent with the objective of

the Protective Subzone (and thus other Subzones as well) as it is to

preserve natural ecosystems. Natural resource preservation or protection,

and the designation or establishment of selected areas are stated in the

opening sentence of Reg. 4, Section 28, and also in Sections 28-lc and

2B-2b.

/ / State of Hawaii

Department of Land and Natural Resources

NATURAL AREA RESERVES SYSTE~1 Cat1mSSION 1151 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

Ph. 548-7417

SCIENTISTS:

Dr. James Brock (to Dec. 31, 1987)

Dr. Augustine Furumoto (to Dec. 31 , 1985)

Dr. Fred Kamemoto (to Dec. 31, 1987)

Dr. Kenneth Kaneshiro, Chair (to Dec. 31, 1984)

Dr. William Theobald (to Dec. 31, 1985)

William Walsh (to Dec. 31 , 1 984)

EX-OFFICIO:

Francis Hatanaka, Superintendent, Dept. of Education

Dr. Clifford Smith for the President, University of Hawaii

Susumu Ono, Chairman, Dept. of Land and Natural Resources

Suzanne Peterson for Jack Suwa, Chairman, Dept. of Agriculture

Craig Tasaka, for Kent Keith, Director, Dept. of Planning and Econo~ic Development

Anuenue Fisheries Research Center

Area 4, Sand Island Honolulu, HI 96822

UH Institute of Geophysics 2525 Correa Road Honolulu, HI 96822

UH Dept. of Zoology 2538 The Mall Honolulu, HI 96822

UH Dept. of Entomology 3050 Maile Way Honolulu, HI 96822

Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden

P. 0. Box 340 Lawai, HI 96765

UH Dept. of Zoology 2538 The Ma 11 Honolulu, HI 96822

1270 Queen Emma Street Honolulu, HI 96813

UH Dept. of Botany 3190 Maile Hay Honolulu, HI 96822

1151 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, HI 96813

1428 South King Street Honolulu, HI 96814

Planning Division 250 South King Street Honolulu, HI 96804

845-9561

948-7864

948-8617

948-6739 or 948-6740

332-9243

948-8617

548-5971

948-8218

548-6550

548-7103

548-3047

Revised August 1984

GEORGE A. ARIYOSHI SUSUMU ONO, CHAIRMAN

aOARD OF UtC1 & NATURAl. IIESOUIICU GOVERNOR OF HAWAII

DATE:

STATE OF HAWAII

DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

P. 0. BOX 621

HONOLULU. HAWAII 96809

NATURAL AREA RESERVE SYSTEM COMMISSION

MEETING NOTICE

February 5, 1985, Tuesday

TIME: 1:30 p.m.

PLACE: Conference Room 322B, Kalanimoku Building 1151 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu

AGENDA

1. Approval of minutes.

EDGAR A. HAMASU

OIEPU1'Y TO THt: CHAIRMAH

DIVISIONS: CONSERVATION AND

RESOURCES ENFORCEMENT CONVEYANCES FJSH AND GAME FORESTRY lAND MANAGEMENT STATE PARI(S WATER AND LAND DEVELOPMENT

.. -t::l

2. Land Board approval of Commission's recommendation to establish two Molokai reserves.

3. Approval of a special-use permit to University of Hawaii for batching activity in the "skier's parking lot", t·1auna Kea Ice Age reserve.

4. Approval of response to the draft EIS on the proposed tri-fly eradication program.

5. Approval of recommendation to establish the Puuwaawaa Natural Area Reserve.

6. Land Board request to Campbell Estate to consider exchange of Kahaualea land for Wao Kele 0 Puna reserve land for geothermal development.

Attachments 1. tlinutes of 11arch 13, 1984 r.1eeting. 2. Special-Use Permit (Agendum 3). 3. EIS response (Agendum 4). ,/ 4. Puuwaawaa reserve recommendation (Agendum 5). 5. Parking permit, as required.

george r. ariyoshi susumu onq, chairman … map key ----- area of parcel ... windswept landscape of...

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