george salvan architectural utilities 2 electrical and mechanical equipment

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George Salvan Architectural Utilities 2 Electrical and Mechanical Equipment

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ARCHITECTUR.AL UTILITIES 2 ELECTRICAL& MECHANICAL EOUIPMENTS THENEW LADDER TYPE CURRICULUM REVISED EDITlON GEORGESALINDA SALVAN... fuap ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Collegeof EngineeringandArchitecture Baguio CollegesFoundation 1980-1988 First andlone graduate of B.S.Architecture,1963 North of Manila,St.LouisUniversity Baguio City Former instructor 1965-1969 at St.LouisUniversity Recipient of various ACEcertificates,Architects Continuing EducationProgram Al icensedArchitect,active practitionerand a licensedbuilding constructor,inyentor and a board topnotcher. Pastpresident of United Architects Phils.Baguio Chapter 1982 and1983 ElectedNationalDirector;UAP,RegionalDistrictI for the year1987. Conferredthe title of "FELLOW" United Architects Phils. College of Fellows,October,1988 . JMCPRESS,INC. 388QuezonAvenue,QuezonCity PhHippine Copyright1999 by: JMC PRESS, INC. and GEORGE S. SALVAN Allrights reserved. Nopart of this book may be reproduced in any manner without permission of the publisher. REVISED EDITION ISBN:971-11-0997-2 Published and Printed by: JMC PRESS, INC. 388 QUEZONAVENUE,QUEZON CITY Tel.Nos.410-9534 7408817 TELEFAX:712-4929 Distributed by: GOODWILL BOOKSTORES Glorietta 3 Mall, Ayala Center Ayala Avenue, Makati City Tel.Nos. 893-9058/893-9079 FaxNo.(632)810-9033 e-mail: goodwill@ pworld.net.ph. Dedicated to all future Architects andEngineers The hope for a functional,comfortable and convenient designs for better living. . .' ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completionof this book was made into reality throughthe patient andefforts of the artist and graduate of architecture,Mr. Johnny Tino Camsol. Special thanks are also acknowledge to the following artist who contributed in making draw-ings notably, Roy Pagador, Albert Martin, who help in the cover design, Fermin Balangcod, Jerry Jun Suyat;GeoffreyBehis,Charles Alanqui and ClamorLecitona,all from the GSS Construction and TradingEnterprises. To the ones who lent unselfishly their Books, like Dean Aveline Cruz of the Baguio Colleges Foundation EngineeringDepartment and Miss Macabiog, aLibrarian of the same school. To Mr.Luis V.Canave who guided me on the complete process of publishing and printing books andto Mr.FranciscoC.Malicsi,TeresitaG.Espinoza,EduardoC.Villanuevaand Paraides G. Aragones for their untiring cooperation in preparing the manuscripts typewritten by Miss Thelma T. Villarealin computerized typesetting. To the many students of Architecture whose curiosity about and interest in Electrical and Mechanical Equipment and its realizationin book form have been a source of inspiration. And lastly the author wants to acknowledge his heavy indebtedness to the various authors listed in the bibliography. v PREFACE SincethecurriculumforB.S.Architecturewasrevised,thereisaneedforamore comprehensive study of the subject inElectrical andMechanicalequipments. TheArchitectistheprimeprofessionalandauthorof thebuildingaesignwithwhicha projectwillbeconstructed,hefunctionsasthecreatorandcoordinatorofthedifferent aspectsinvolvedintheplanningandassuch,Architectshastobeknowledgeableina summer of fields in additionto those that are concerned mainly with the building design for him to properly assist and serve his client.After the designis approved,the complete con-struction drawings andspecifications are prepared.It ishere where the specifications and detailedconstructiondrawings settingforthindetailtheworkrequiredforElectricaland Mechanicalequipments and other service-connected equipments is done. Thisbook is intended asapracticalguide to good electricalandmechanicaldesigningin architecture.It is writtenprimarily for architects,engineers,andstudents of architecture, electrical engineering and civil engineering, and all others who wish a non-mathematical but comprehensive treatise on this subject.Usefuldesigndatahavebeenpresentedinsucha manner that the text can serve as a convenient handbook in the solutionof most problems encountered in Architecture &Electrical/Mechanical equipments. A strong trend in modern architectural treatment is the casual acceptance of equipment as a design element, together withaesthetics,function,andstructure.Forexample,theinclinationtohideequipment behindfurringisdiminishing. The book is divided into three parts. It is arranged in a sequential manner so as to guide the readerfromtheenergyandenvironmentto the indoor climatecontrolwhichisdiscussed lengthilyhere,theauthorfeaturesthesolarenergyandfireplacedesignswhichisfast becominga part of moderndesign. Thesecondpart dealswithelectricityandstartsfromtheprinciplestothesystemsand wiringmaterialsto the service andutilization. Whenthereader has a backgroundof these subject matter thenhe is new readyfor the wiringdesignof the whole system. The third part deals on Signal equipment and the vertical transportation which comprises the elevatorandescalators.OntheAppendixisincludedsomehighlightsofacousticsand lighting which is to be discussedmore indetail in a future book the author ispreparing. Eachsubjectmatterisaccompaniedimmediatelywiththecorrespondingillustrationsfor clarity andthe excerpts from the electricalcode is also included. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter1 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY ................................................1 ElectricEnergy, 2 Unit of Electric Current; The Ampere,2 Unit of ElectricPotential;The Volt, 3 Unit of ElectricResistance;TheOhm, 3 Ohm's Law, 4 Circuit Arrangements,4 .. Direct Current andAlternatingCurrent (d-eanda-c},9 ElectricPower Generation,10 Power and Energy,11 Power and ElectricCircuits,11 Energy and ElectricCircuits,12 ElectricLoad Control,13 ElectricalMeasurements,19 Chapter2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM AND MATERIALS: WIRING ..............21 SystemComponents,22 NationalElectricCode,24 Economics of Material Selection,41 Energy Consideration,41 ElectricalEquipment Rating Interior Wiring System, 42 Conductors, 43 Conductor Ampacity, 44 Conductor Insulation and Jackets, 44 Copper andAluminum Conductors, 47 FlexibleMetal CladCable, 47 Conductors for General Wiring, 48 Non Metallic SheatedCable,48 Special Cable Types,49 Busway, 50 CableBus,52 Flat Cable Assemblies,53 Cable Tray, 56 ClosedRaceways,56 Floor Raceways, 63 CeilingRaceway System, 70 Prewired CeilingDistribution System, 72 Boxes andCabinets,72 Chapter3ELECTRICALSYSTEMS ANDMATERIALSSERVICE& UTILIZATION ...........................................................................75 Electric Service,75 OverheadService,76 Underground Service,76 Underground Wiring, 78 ServiceEquipment; 79 Transformers,79 Service Equipment Arrangements and Metering, 82 ix Chapter4 ServiceSwitch, 83 Switches, 84 Contactors, 96 SpecialSwitches, 96 Circuit ProtectiveDevice,96 Switchboards andSwitchgear, 96 Unit Substation,102 Panelboards,105 ElectricMotors,110 Motor Control,111 Receptacles,112 SwitchDevice,113 Outlet andDeviceBoxes,115 Lighting Protection System, 116 Emergency/Standby Power Equipment,120 ELECTRIC WIRING DESIGN GeneralConsideration,124 LoadEstimating,125 System Voltage,129 Grounding and GroundFault Protection,134 DesignProcedure,136 ElectricSpaces,137 ElectricClosets,140 Equipment Layout,141 Applicationof Overcurrent Equipment,142 BranchCircuit Design,144 Alternative WiringTechniques,146 BranchCircuitDesign,148 Guidelines Residential Load Tabulation,161 PanelLoadCalculation,163 RiserDiagrams,170 ServiceEquipment andSwitchboard Design,171 EmergencySystem,171 123 Chapter5HEATING, VENTILATING, AIR CONDITIONING .....................181 X Metaboli sm,182 ThermalEquilibriumandComfort,182 Regulationof the ThermalEnvironment,183 Criteriafor Thermal Comfort,186. Indoor Humidity in Winter,185 Copingwith SpecialConditions,186 TheRecycling of Air,187 HeatLoss ThermalValue of Walls andRoofs,189 Importance of Heat Conservation, 190 Nature ofHeat Flow,192 Heat FlowThrough Homogenous Solids,192 Air Spaces,197 Effect of Air Motion, 198 Transmission ThroughBuilding Units,198 Residential Heat Gain, 199 NonResidential Heat Gain Calculations, 201 Reflective Insulating Glass. 202 Solar Energy and Energy Conservation, 203 Chapter6 HeatingCoolingVentilation,216 EnergyRequirements,218 Combustion,Chimneys andFuelStorage,218 WarmAirHeating,220 ResourcefulnessintheDesignof WarmAirSystem, 226 Hot WaterandSteamBoilders,229 Hot WaterHeating System,232 CirculatingPump,237 Fireplaces,238 Hydronic Heating Design and Zoning, 250 RefrigeratedCooling for House,254 CentralStation AirConditioning, 256 Psychrometry,262 TheHeat Pump, 265 TheInductionMethod, 267 IncrementalHeating CoolingUnits, 268 DualDuct HighVelocity Systems,270 Ventilation,273 SIGNAL SYSTEM PrivateResidentialSystem,278 ResidentialFireAlarmSystems,280 ResidentialIntrusionAlarmSystems,285 ResidentialTelevisionAntennaSystems,286 ResidentialIntercomandSoundSystem, 286 ResidentialTelephoneSystem,287 NonCodedManualStations, 290 CodedManual Stations,291 Sprinkler Alarms,291 FireProtection,292 Non CodedSystems,294 Master CodedSystems, 295 ZoneCodedSystems,296 DualCodedSystems,297 Selective CodedSystems,297 Office BuildingPrivate Telephone andIntercom Systems,299 IndustrialBuildingSecurity Systems,301 IndustrialBuildingPagingSystem,305 IndustrialBuildingFireAlarmSystems,305 278 Chapter7TRANSPORTATION, .. ......... ...... .... .. .... .... ... ... .... ... ....... .. ...... ...308 PassengerElevator,308 ElevatorEquipment,308 GearlessTractionMachines,311 GearedTractionMachines,311 ArrangementofElevatorMachines, Sheaves andropes,312 Safety Devices, 314 Elevator Doors,315 Cabs andSignals,318 Elevator Selection, 319 Single ZoneSystem,334 ThePhysicalProperties andSpatial, XI Requirements of Elevators, 335 SpecialElevators,345 FreightElevators,359 Material-HandlingEquipment,355 MovingStairways and Walks,359 Location.360 Parallel andCrisscrossArrangements,361 SizeCapacity andSpeed,363 Components,364 StandardVersusModular Designs,366 Safety Features,369 FireProtection,370 Application,373 Moving WalksandRamps,375 APPENDICES..................... ..................... ................... .. .... .. .......... . xii Acoustics Lighting chapterPRINCIPLESOF ELECTRICITY PRINCIPLES OFELECTRICITY 2 1.ELECTRICITY ENERGY In terms of naturalresources electricity is an expensive fonn of energy. since the efficiency of heat-to-electricity conversion,on acommercial scale,rarely exceeds 40%.Electricity con-stitutes a form of energy itsetf which occurs naturally only in unusable forms such as lightn-ing and other static discharges or in the natural galvanic cells,which cause corrosion.The primary problem in the utilization of electric energy is that, unlike fuels or even heat, it can-not be stored and therefore must be generatedandutilized at the sameinstanf. The bulk of electric energy utilized today is in the form of alternating current (a-c), produc-edbya-cgenerators,commonlycalledalternators.Direct-current(d-elgeneratorsare utilized for special applications requiring large quantities of d-e.Inthe building field such a requirement is found in elevator work. Smaller quantities of d-e, furnished either by batteries or by rectifiers are utilized for telephone and signal equipment, controls, and other specializ-edusas. 2.UNIT OFELECTRIC CURRENT THE ''AMPERE" When electricity flows in a conductor, a certain number of electron$ pass a given point in the conductor in 1 second. Numerically, an ampere of current flows in a conductor when 6.25 x 1018electrons pass a givencross sectionin1 second.Current or amperage, is abbreviated Amp, Amps or a.(on120 volt service,the ordinary 100 Watt lamp filament carries about 0.833 amp,the motor for a desk calculator. about 1.00 amp.} Current is represented in equa-tions by 1. Battery Produces Voltage "V'' Pump produces Pressure" P" T CURReNT cf:o-------.J Switch ELECTRIC-HYDRAULIC ANALOGY RESISTANCE ..,R..,. FRICTION 'F .. It is convenient to establish an analogy between electric systems and mechani_cal systems as an aid to comprehension.Current, or amperage, is a measure of flow and, and such, would correspondtowaterflowinahydraulicsystem.Thecorrespondenceisnot complete, however, since in the hydraulic system the velocity of water flow varies, whereas in the elec-tricsystemthevelocityof propagation is constantandf!18Ybeconsideredinstantaneous; hence,the need to utilize the electric energy the instant it is produced. 3.UNIT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL THE "VOLT" OR "V" The electron movement and its concomittant energy, which constitutes electricity, is caused bycreatingahigherpositiveelectricchargeat onepointonaconductorthanexistsat another point on that same conductor. This difference in charge can be created in a number of ways.The oldest and simplest method is by electrochemical action, asin the battery.In the ordinary dry cell,or in a storage battery, chemical action causes positive charges {+}to collectonthepositiveterminalandelectronsornegativecharges(-Jtocollectonthe negativeterminals.Thereisa definite forceattraction,or tendencyto flow,betweenthe electrifiedparticlesconcentratedatthepositiveandnegativeterminals.Potentialdif-ferenceorVoltageisthenamegiventothiselectromotiveforce{emf}.Thisforceis analogous to pressure in a hydraulic or pneumatic system. Just as the pressure produced by a pump or blower causes water or air to flow in a connecting pipe, sotoo the potential (emf, voltage) produced by a battery (or generator) causes current to flow when the terminals bet-weenwhich a voltage exists are connectedby a conductor. Thehigher the voltage(pressure},the higher the current Wow) for a given resistance(fric-tion). LOAD R TERMINAI..S + BATTERY 4.UNIT OF ELECTRICRESISTANCE: THEOHM SWITCH Byconventioncurrentisassistedto flowfrompositiveI + }tonegative { -). The flow of fluid in a hydraulic system is impeded by friction;the flow of current in an elec-tric circuit isimpeded{resisted)by resistance,whichis theelectricaltermfor friction.In a direct-current circuit (d-el this unit is called resistance and is abbreviated R;in an alternating-current circuit (a-c)it is called impedance and is abbreviated Z.The unit of measurement is calledtheohm. Materials displaydifferent resistance to theflow of electric current.Metals generally have theleastresistanceandarethereforecalledconductors.Thebestconductorsarethe 3 4 preciousmetals-silver,gold,andplatinum-with coppet andaluminumonly slightly in-ferior.Conversely,materialsthatresisttheflowof currentarecalledinsulators.Glass, mica,rubber,oil,distilledwater,porcelain,andcertainsynthetics suchasphenoliccom-pounds exhibit this insulatingproperty andarethereforeusedto insulateelectricconduc-tors.Common examples are .rubber and plastic wire coverings,porcelain lamp sockets,and oil-immersed switches. INSULATOR 5.OHM'S LAW Thecurrent Ithat will flow in ad-ecircuit is directly proportionalto the voltage Vand in-versely proportional to the resistance R of the ci rcuit. Expressed as an equation, we have the basic formofOhm's law that v I =-R-that is,a current1 is produced that is proportionalto the electric pressure Vandinversely proportionalto the electricfrictionR. Examples: 1)An incandescent lamp having a hot resistance of 66 ohms is put into a socket that iscon-nectedtoa 115 V supply.What current flows throughthe lamp? I=.::!__I=.!..!.?=1. 74 amperes R66 (thesefigures correspondto a normal 200 Wlamp) 2)Abathroomheater draws11amperesat120V whatisits hot resistance? R="i= 120 =10.91ohms I11 (these figures correspondto a1320 Wportable heater} 3)Ahouseholdelectri cwaterheaterisrated220Vand20amperes.Whatistheunit's resistancewhendrawing this amountof current? R=Y.8= 220 = 11 Ohms I20 6.CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS a)Series Circuits Theelementsareconnectedone aftertheotherinseries.Thus,theresistanceand voltages add. - ......lo --......c\oo*-1 'f-+++ S VOLTS 9VOLTS 10 OHMS15OHMS -oP QQQ J INATE:t:Tlbf-.1!"DRlAUE AIRa!Z'a.liT t.aJILpjt.j - t.V.IN FEECERSAHPBUILPII"G. 23 24 2.NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE-Or NEC is a code used by all inspectors, electrical designers, engineers, contractors, and the operating personnelchargedwith theresponsibilityfor safeoperation. NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THEPHILIPPINES RULE IX-ELECTRICAL REGULATIONS Pursuant to Section 102,203 and 1301 of the National Building Code (PO 1096) the following RulesshallgoverntheinstallationQfPrimaryandSecondaryDistributionLines, Transformersandother equipment insubdivisions alongpublic andprivateroadsandat-tachedto or over buildings. 1.GeneralLocational . RequirementsinTowns,Subdivisions,HumanSettlements,In-dustrialEstates and the like. Overhead transmission and/or distribution lines/systems includingtransformers, poles, towersandthelikeshallbelocatedandinstalledfollowingthelateststandardsof design, construction and maintenance. However, in the interest of public safety, conve-ni ence,good viewingandaestheticsmay belocated andinstalledalongalleysorback streets so asnot to causevisualpollution. 2.Locationof Poles and Clearances of PowerLines alongPublicRoads. a.All poles erected on public roads shall be covered by Approved Pole Location (APU plan from the Highway District City/Municipal Engineer. b.Polesandtransformer supportsshallbelocated not more than 500 mm inside from the road right-of-way or property line, and shall not obstruct the sidwalk, pedestrian path and/or the road drainage canal or structure,existing or proposed. c.Primary lines shall have a minimum vertical clearance of 10M from the crown of the pavement whencrossingthehighway and7.5 Mfromthetop of the shoulderor sidewalk when installedalongthe side of the highway or street in a highly urbanized area. d.Secondary, neutral and service lines shall have a minimum vertical clearance of 7.5 M fromthecrownof the roadpavement when crossi ng the highway and from the top of the shoulder or sidewalk when installed alongthe side of the highway or street in highly urbanized areas. e.ClearancesofSupportingStructures such asPoles,Towers,andothersandtheir guys and braces measured from the nearest parts of the objects concerned: FromFireHydrants,not lessthan5M. FromStreetCorners.wherehydrantsarelocatedat streetcorners,polesand towers shall be be set so far from the corners as to make necessary the use of fly-ingtaps which areinaccessiblefromth'epoles. From Curbs,not less than150 mm measured from the curb awayfrom the road-way. NOTE:Guy wiresand other structures shallinno way be installedas to obstruct pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic. 3.Attachments on and Clearances from Buildings a.Attachments for support of power linesand cables,transformersand other equip-ment and/or communications linesinstalled onbuildings shall be covered by an Ap-proved Attachment Plan from the localBuilding Official. b.Where buildings exceed 15M in height, overhead lines shall be arranged where prac-ticable so that a clear space or zones at least 2 M wide will be left, either adjacent to the building or beginning not over 2.5 Mfrom the building, to facilitate the raising of ladders wherenecessaryforfirefighting. EXCEPTION:Thisrequirement doesnot apply whereit istheruleof the localfire department to exclude the useof ladders in alleys or other restricted places which generally occupied by supply lines. Table1.MinimumVerticalClearanceofWiresAboveGroundorRails(Supply wires include trolley feeders) Nature of Ground or rails under-neath Overheadguys: messengers: Communications, span,and lightning protectionwires; communication cable;supply cable having effectively grounded continuous metalsheat,orin-sulatedconductors supported on and cabledtogether with aneffectively grounded messenger, allvoltages WHERE WIRESCROSSOVER Opensupplyline wires,are wires and service drops 15000 0to750 toto 7501500050000 voltsvoltsvolts T roilycontact con-tact conductors and .. associatedspanor messenger wires 0 toExceed-750ing 750 voltsvoltsto toground ground MetersMetersMetersMetersMetersMeters Trackrails of railroads(except electrifiedrailroads using overhead trolley conductors) handling freight cars on top of whichmenarepermitted Trackrailsof rail roads(except electrified railroads using overhead trolley conductors) not included above Publicstreet,alleysorroads or roads in urban or rural districts Drivewaysto residence garages Spaces or ways accessible to pedestrianonly 8.20 5.50 5.50 3 3 4.5 8.20 5.50 5.50 3 4.5 8.596.76.7 66.75.56 66.75.5.6 66.75.56 4.55.24.95.5 WHEREWIRESRUNALONG,ANDWITHINTHELIMITSOFPUBLICHIGHWAYSOR OTHERPUBLICRIGHTS-OF-WAY FORTRAFFIC Street oralleysinurbandis-tricts Roadsin ruraldistricts 5.50 4.20 5.5 4.5 6 5.5 6.7 6 5.5 5.5 6 6 25 26 4.Open Supply Conductors Attached to Building Where the permanent attachment of open supply conductors of any class to buildings is necessary for anentrance suchconductors shallmeet the following requirements: a.Conductors of morethan300 voltsto ground shallnot becarried along or near the surfaceof the buildingunlesstheyareguardedor madeinaccessible. b.Topromotesafetytothegeneralpublicandtoemployeesnotauthorizedto ap-proachconductorsandothercurrent-carryingpartsof electricsupplylines,such parts shall be arranged so as to provide adequate clearance from the ground or other space generally accessible, or shall be provided with guards so as to isolate them ef-fectively from accidentalcontact by suchpersons. c.Ungroundedmetal -sheathedservicecables,serviceconduits,metalfixturesand simi larnon-currentcarryingparts,iflocatedinurbandistrictsandwhereliableto become charged to more t h ~ n300 volts to ground, shall be isolated or guarded so as not to be exposed to accidental contact by unauthorized persons.As an alternative toisolationorguardingnon-current-carryingpartsshallbesolidlyoreffectively grounded. d.Clearance of wires from building surface shall be not less than those required in Table 2. Table 2.Clearances of Supply Conductors fromBuildings VOLTAGEOFSUPPLY CONDUCTORS 300to 8, 700volts More than8,700 to 15,000 volts More than15;000 to 50,000 volts Exceeding50,000 volts HORIZONTAL CLEARANCE INMETERS 1.0 2.5 3:0 3.0 plus 10 mm per Kv in excess VERTICALCLEARANCE INMETERS 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 plus10 mm per Kv in excess (2)Where spanlength exceeds 45 Mthe increased clearances required by Rule232,B,1 of thePECshallbeprovided. e.Supportsoverbuildings.Service-dropconductorspassingoveraroofshallbe securely supported by substantial structures. Where practicable, such supports shall be independent of the Building. 5.Conductors PassingBy or Over Buildings a.Minimum Clearances.Unguarded or accessible supply conductors carrying voltages inexcessof 300voltsmayberune i t h ~ rbesideoroverbuildings.The verticalor horizontal clearanceto any buildingor its attachments(balconies,platforms,etc.) shall be as listed below. The horizontal clearance governs above the roof level to the point where the diagonal equals the verticalclearance" requirement. This rule should not beinterpreted asrestrictingthe installationof atrolleycontact conductor over the approximate centerline of thetrackit serves. b.Guardingof Supply Conductors/Supply Conductors of 300 volts ormore shallbe proPllrly guarded by grounded conduit,barriers,or otherwise,under the following conditions: 1)Where the clearances set forth in Table 2 above cannot be obtained. 2)Where suchsupply conductors areplacednearenough to windows, verandas, fire escapes,or other ordinarily accessibleplaces within the reachof persons. NOTE:Supplyconductorsingroundedmetalsheathedcablesareconsideredtobe guardedwithin themeaningof this rule. c.Wheretherequiredclearancescannotbeobtained,supplyconductorsshallbeor GroundedMetallicShield,JacketedPrimaryCablesgroupedorbundledandsup-portedby groundedmessenger wires. Table 3.Minimum Clearance in Any Direction From Line Conductors to supports, and to Vertical or Lateral Conductors. Span OlGuy Wires Attached to the Same Support {All voltages are between conductors) Clearance of lineconduc-tors from-Verticaland lateralconduc-tors:Of same ci rcuit Of other cir-cuits Spanand guy wires attached to samepole: General Whenparallelto Ligtning-protection wires paralleltoline Surfaces of cross-arms Surfacesof poles In gene-ral mm 75 75 75 75 75 75 6.Clearanceof Service Drops Communication lines On joint-ly used poles mm 75 75 150 150 75 125 Ingene-ral mm 75 150 150 300 75 75 Supply Lines 0to 8,700 volts On joint-ly used poles mm 75 150 150 300 75 125 Exceeding 8,700 volts, and for each 1,000 volts of excess mm 6.25 10 lO 10 5 5 a.Servicedrop conductorsshallnot bereadi lyaccessibleandwhennot inexcessof 600volts,shall conform to the following: 27 28 Clearance Over Roof. ' Conductors shallhave a clearance of not less than 2,5 M from the highest point of roofs over which they pass withthe followingexcep-tions: ExceptionNo.1.Where thevoltagebetweenconductors doesnot exceed300 votts and the roof has a slope of not less than100 mm in300 mm, the clearance may not be less than1 M. Exception No. 2.Service drop conductors of 300 volts or less which do not pass over other than amaximum of 1.2 Mof the overhang portion of the roof for the purpose of terminating at a through-the-roof service raceway or approved support may be maintained at aminimumof 500 mm from any port.ionof the roof over which they pass.... b.Clearance from Ground. Conductors shall have a clearance of not less than 3M from thegroundor from any platform or projectionfromwhichthey might bereached. c.Clearance fromBuilding Openings.Conductors shallhave ahorizontalclearance of not less than 1 M from windows, doors, porches, fire escapes or similar locations and shallberun at least 500 mm abovethe top levelof a window or opening. d.Service Drop of 'communication lines, when crossing a street, shallhave a clearance of not less than5.50 meters fromthecrown of thestreet or sidewalkover whichit passes. Service Drop of communication Jines shall have a minimum clearance of 3.00 meters above ground at its point of attachment to the building or pedestal. e.No parts of swimming and wadingpools shallbe placedunder existingservice-drop conductors orany other over-head wiring; nor shallsuch wiring be installed above the following: a)Swimmingandwadingpoolsandtheareaextending3.00metersoutward horizontally fromthe insideof the walls of the pool. b)DivingStructures c)Observation stands,towers or platforms 7.WiringMethods Service entrance conductors extending alongthe exterior or entering buildings or other structures shallbe installed inrigidsteelconduitor asbestoscement conduit or con-crete encased plastic conduit from point of seNice drop to meter socket and from meter to the disconnecting equipment.However, where the service entrance conductors are protected by approvedfuses or breakersat their outer ends !immediately after the ser-vicedrop orlateral ) theymay beinstalledanyof therecognizedwiringmethods. a.Abandoned Lines and/ or portions of Jines no longer required to provide service shall beremoved. b.Power or communication poles,lines,service drops and other line equipment shall be free from any attachment for antennas,signs,streamersandthe like_ c.Metallicsheathsorjacketsofoverheadpower orcommunicationcablesshallbe groundedatapointascloseaspossibletogroundlevelwheneversuchcables change from overheadto underground installations. 8.Transformers a.Oil-insulatedTransforme,.InstalledOutdoo,. Combustiblematerial.Com-bustible buildings andparts of buildings,free escapes,door and window openings shall be safeguarded from fires originating in oil-insulated transformers installed on, attachedto, or adjacent to abuilding or combustiblematerial.Space separations, fireresistantbarriers andenclosures whichconfine the. oil of rapturedtransformer tank are recognized safeguards. One Or more of these safeguards shall be applied ac-cording to the degree of hazardinvolved in cases where the transformer installation presents a fire hazard. Oil enclosures may consist of fire-resistant dikes, curbed areas or basins, or trenches filled with coarse, crushed stone. Oil enclosures shall be pro-vided with trapped drains in cases where the exposure and the quantity of oil involv-ed are suchthat removed of oil is important. b.Dry-Type Transformers Installed Indoors.Transformersrated112-1/2KVAor lessshallhaveseparationofatleast300mmfromcombustiblematerialunless separatedtherefromby afire-resistantheat-insulating barrier,or unless of a rating not exceeding 600 volts andcompletely enclosed except for ventilatingopenings . .. Transformers of more 112-1/2 KVA rating shall be installed in a transformer room of-ficeresistant constructionunlesstheyareconstructedwithClassB(80Crise)or Class H (150C rise) insulation, and are separated from combustible material not less than 1.85 Mhorizontally and 3.7 M vertically or are separated therefrom by a fire-re-sistant heat-insulating barrier. Transformers ratedmore35,000 volts shallbeinstalled in a vault. c.Askarel-lnsulatedTransfformenlnstaftedIndoors.Askarel-insulated transformers rated in excess of 25 KVA shall be furnished with a pressure-relief vent. Where installed in a poorly ventilated place they shall be furnished with a means for absorbing any gases generated by arcing inside the case,or the pressure relief vent shallbeconnectedtoachimneyor fluewhichwillcarrysuchgasesoutsidethe building. Askarel-insulated transformers rated more than 35,000 volts shall be install-edin a vault. d.Oil-Insulated Transformers Installed Indoors. Oil-insulated transformers shall be installed in a vault constructed as specified in thisSection except asfollows: 11NOTOVER112-1/2KVATOTALCAPACITY.Theprovisionsfortransformer vaults specified in Section 9.3 of this Rule apply except that the vault may be con-structed of reinforcedconcretenot less than100 mm thick. 2)NOT OVER600VOLTS.Avaultisnot requiredprovided suitable arrangements aremadewherenecessarytopreventatransformeroilfireignitingother andthe total transformer capacity in one location does not exceed 10 KVA in a section of the building classified ascombustible,or 75 KVA where the surrounding structure is classifiedasfire-resistant construction. 3)FURNACE TRANSFORMERS.Electric furnace transformers of a total rating not exceeding 75 KVA may be installed without a vault in a building or room of fire-resistantconstructionprovidedsuitablearrangementsaremadetopreventa transformer oil fire spreadingto other combustiblematerial. 4)DETACHED BUILDING. Transformers may be installed in a building which does not conform with the provisions specified in this Code for transformer vault, pro-vided neither the building nor its contents present fire hazard to any other building or property,andprovidedthe building is usedonly in supplyingelectricservice andthe interior is accessible only to qualitied persons: e.Guarding. Transformers shallbe guardedasfollows: 1)MECHANIC PROTECTION. Appropriate provisions shall be made to minimize the possibilityofdamagetotransformersfromexternalcauseswherethe transformers are located exposedto physical damage. 21CASE ORENCLOSURE.Dry-Typetransformersshaltbeprovidedwithanon-combustible moisture resistantcaseor enclosurewhich willprovidereasonable protection against accident insertion of foreignobjects. 29 30 31EXPOSED LIVE PARTS. The transformer installation shall conform with the pro-visions for guarding of livepartsinPECRule1056. 4)VOLTAGE WARNING. The operating voltage of exposed live parts of transformer installation shall be indicated by signs visible markings on the equipment or struc-tures. 9.Provisions for Transformers Vaults a.New Building.Newbuildingrequiringanexpectedloaddemandof 200KVAor above shallbeprovidedwitha transformer vault,except that tran.sformersmay be mounted on poles or structures within the property if enough space is available,pro-vided that all clearances required can be obtained and no troublesome contamination oninsulators,bushings,etc.cancausehazardsandmalfunctioningof'1heequip-ment. b.location. Transformer and transformer vaults shall be readily accessible to qualified personnel for inspection and maintenance. Vaults shall be located where they can be ventilated to the outside air without using or ducts wherever such anarrangement is practicable. c.Walls, Roof and Floor. The walls and roofs of vaults shall consist of reinforced con-crete not less than 150 mm thick, masonry or brick not less than 200 mm thick, or 300 mmload bearinghollow concreteblock shallhavea coatingof cementor gypsum plaster not lessthan 20 mm thick.The vault shall have a concrete floor not less100 mm thick. Building walls and floors which meet these requirements may serve for the floor, roof and one or more walls of the vaults. Other forms of fire-resistant construc-tion are also acceptable provided they have adequate structural strength for the con-ditions and a minimum fire resistance of two and one-half hours according to the ap-proved Fire Test Standard. The quality of the material used in the construction of the vault shallbe of the grade approvedby theBuildingOfficial having jurisdiction. d.Doorways.Any doorway leading from the vault into the building shall be protected asfollows: 1tTYPEOFDOOR.Eachdoorway shallbeprovidedwith atight-fittingdoor of a typeapprovedforopeningsinsuchlocationsbytheauthorityenforcingthis Code. 2)SILLS.Adoor sill or curb of sufficient height to confine within the vault,the oil fromthelargest trensformer shallbe providedandin no caseshallbeheight be less than100 mm. 3)LOCKS.Entrancedoors shallbeequippedwithlocks,anddoors shallbekept locked, access being allowed only to qualified persons.Locks Jnd latches shall be soarrangedthat the door may bereadily 'andquickly opened from the inside. 10.Ventilation.Ventilation shallbe adequate to prevent a transformer temperature in ex-cess of theprescribedvalues. a.Ventilation Openings. When required, openings for ventilation shall be provided in accordance with the following: 1)LOCATION.Ventilationopeningsshallbelocatedasfar away aspossiblefrom doors,windows,fire escapes and combustible material. 2)ARRANGEMENT. Vaults ventilated by natural circulation of air may have roughly half of the total area of openings required for ventilation in one or more opsnings near the floor and the remainder in one or more openings in the roof or in the side-walls near the roof;or allof the arearequired for ventilationmay beprovided in oneor more openingsin or. near the roof. 31SIZE.Inthe caseof vaults ventilatedto anoutdoor areawithout usingducts or flues the combinednet areaof allventilatingopenings after deducting thearea occupied by screens,gratings, or louvers,shall be not less than.006 sq,mm per KVA of transformer capacity in service, except that the net areashall be not less than0.1sq.m.for anycapacityunder 50 KVA. 5)DAMPERS.Whereautomaticdampersareusedintheventilationopeningsof vaults containing oil-insulated transformers,the actuating device should be made to function at a temperature resultingfrom fire and not a tempera..,...whichmight prevailasaresultofanoverheatedtransformerorbankoftransformers. Automatic dampers should be designed and constructed to minimize the possibili-ty of accident closing. 6.DUCTS.Ventilatingducts shallbe constructedof fire resi5%antmaterial. 7.DRAINAGE.Wherepracticable,vaultscontainingmorethan100.KVA transformercapacityshallbeprovidedwithadrainor othermeanswhichwill carryoff any accumulationof oilor water inthevaultsunlesslocalconditions make thisimpracticable.The floor shallbepitchedto the drainwhenprovided. 8.WATERPIPESANDACCESSORIES.'Anypipeorduct systemforeigntothe electrical installation should not enter or passthrough a transformer vault. Where the presenceof suchforeignsystemcannot be avoided,appurtenances thereto whichrequiremaintenanceatregularintervalsshallnotbelocatedinsidethe vaults.Arrangementshallbemadewherenecessarytoavoidpossibletrouble fromcompensation,leaksandbreaksinsuchforeignsystem.Pipingorother facilitiesprovidedforfireprotectionorforwater-cooledtransformersarenot deemed to beforeignto theelectricalinstalltion. 11.CAPACITORS a.Application.This Sectionapplies to installation of capacitors on electric circuits in or onbuildings. Exception No.1. Capacitors that are components of other apparatus shall conform to the requirements for suchapparatus. Exception No. 2.Capacitors in hazardous locations shall comply with additional re-quirements inPECsection400-414. location.Aninstallationof capacitorsinwhichany singleunit containmore than three gallons of combustible liquid shall be in vault conforming to part C of PECSec-tion 319. MechanicalProtection.Capacitorsshallbeprotectedfromphysicaldamageby location or by suitable fences,barriers or other enclosures. Cases and Supports. Capacitors shall be provided with non combustible cases and supports. rransformersUsedwithCapacitors.Transformerswhicharecomponentsof :apacitor to a power circuit shall be installed inaccordance withPECSection 319. TheKVA ratingshallnot be lessthan135 per cent of the capacitor ratinginKvar. 12.Emergency Systems a.TheprovisionsofthisSectionshallapplytotheinstallation,operationand maintenance of circuits, systems and equipment intended to supply illumination and powerintheeventof failureof thenormalsupply or intheeventof accidentto elementsof a systemsupplying power illuminiation essentialfor safetytolife and property wheresuchsystems or circuits arerequiredby theFireCode,or byany government agency having jurisdiction. 31 32 Emergencysystemaregenerally installedinplacesof assembly whereartificialil-lumination is required,such as buildings subject to occupancy by largenumbers of persons,hotels, theaters, sports arenas,hospitals and similar institutions. Emergen-cysystemsprovidepowerforsuchfunctionsasrefrigeration,operationof mechanicalbreathing apparatus,ventilationessentialto maintainlife,illumination andpower for hospitalroom,firealarmsystems,firepumps,industrialprocesses wherecurrentinterruptionwould produce serioushazards,publicaddress systems andother similar functions. b.All requirements of .this Sectionshallapply to emergency systems. c.Allequipmentfor useonemergency systemsshallbeproperly approved. d.Tests andMaintenance 1)The authority having jurisdiction shall conduct or witness a test on the complete systemupon completionof installation,andperiodically afterwards. 2)Systems shall be tested periodically in accordance with a schedule acceptable to theauthorityhavingjurisdictiontoassurethattheyaremaintainedinproper operatingcondition. 3)Where the battery systems or unit equipment are involved, including batteries us-edfor startingorignitioninauxiliary engines,the authorityhavingjurisdiction shallrequireperiodicmaintainance. 4.Awritten recordshallbe kept of suchtests andmaintenance. e.Emergencysystemsshallhaveadequatecapacityandratingfortheemergency operationof all equipment connected to the system. f.Currentsupply shallbe suchthat intheeventof failureof the normalsupply to or within the building to group of buildings concerned, emergency lighting to emergen-cy power, will be immediately available. The supply system for emergency purposes may be composed of one or more of the types of systems coveredin Section12.7 shall satisfytheapplicablerequirements of thisSection. Consideration must be given to the type of ser:vice to berendered;whether for short duration,asforexitlightsofatheater,orforlongduration,asforsupplying emergencypower andlighting duringlongperiodsof current failurefromtrouble eitherinside or outsidethebuildingsasinthecaseof a hospital. Assignmentofdegreeofreliabilityoftherecognizedemergencysupplysystem depends upon the careful evaluation of the variables of each particular installation. g.A storage battery of suitable rating and capacity shall supply, by means of a service installedaccordingto Section200of thePECandmaintainedat nonmofe than90 percentofsystemvoltage,thetotalloadofthecircuitssupplyingemergency lighting andemergency power for a period of at least 1/2 hour. Batteries,whether of the acidor alkalitype,shallbe designedand constructed--to meet therequirements of the emergency service.Lead-acidtype batteriesshallin-clude low gravity acid( 1.20 to 1.22 S P. GR.), relatively thick and rugged-plated and separators,and a transparent jar. h.Ageneratorset drivenby someform of primemover,withsufficient capacity and proper ratingto supplycircuitscarryingemergencylighting or lighting andpower, equipped with suitable means for autormatically starting the prime mover on failure of the normal service shallbe provided.For hospitals,the transition-time from ins-tant of failure of the normal power source to the E!mergency generator source shall not exceedtenseconds.(SeeSection12.4). i.There shall be two service, each in accordance with Section 200 of the PEC,widely separated electrically andphysically to minimize the possibility of simultaneous in-terruption of power supply arising from an occurence within the building or group of buildings served. j.Connection on the line side of the main service shall be sufficiently separated from saidmainservicetopreventsimultaneousinterruptionof supplythroughanoc-curencewithin the buildingor group of buildings served. k.The requirements of Section12.3 and Section12.6 also apply to installations where the entire electrical load on a service or subservice is arranged to be supplied froma second source.Current supply from a standby power plant shall satisfy the require-ment of availability in Section12.6. I.Audibleandvisualsignaldevicesshallbeprovided,wherepracticable,forthe followingpurposes:.. a)To givewarningof dearrangementof theemergencyor auxiliarysource. b)To indicate that the battery or generator setis carrying a load. c)To indicate when a battery charger is properly functioning. m.Only appliances and lamps specified as required for emergency use shall be supplied by emergency lighting circuits. n.Emergencyilluminationshallbeprovidedforallrequiredexitlightsandallother lights specified asnecessary for sufficient illumination. Emergency lighting systems should be so designed and installedthat the failureof any individuallightingelement,suchasthe burningout of alight bulb,shallnot leave any areain totaldarkness. o.Branch circuits intended to supply emergency lighting shall be so installed as to pro vide service immediately when the normal supply for lighting is interrupted. Such in-stallationsshallprovideeitheroneof thefollowing: 1)An emergency lighting supply,independent of the generallighting system with provisionsforautomaticallytransferringto the emergencylightsby meansof devices approved for the purpose upon the event of failure of the general lighting systemsupply. 2)Twoormoreseparateandcompletesystemswithindependentpower supply, each system providing sufficient current for emergency lighting purposes and are both lighted, means shall be provided for automatically energizing either system uponfailureoftheother.Eitherorbothsystemsmaybepartofthegeneral lightingsystemsoftheprotectedoccupancyifcircuitssupplyinglights . for emergency illuminationareinstalledinaccordancewithotherSections of this Rule. p.For branch circuits which supply equipment classed as emergency, there shall be an emergency supply source to which the load will be transferred automatically and im-mediately upon the failure of the normal supply. q.Emergency circuit wiring shallbe kept entirely independent of allother wiring and equipment and shall not enter the same-race-way, box or cabinet with other wiring except: a)Intransfer switches,or b)Inexit or emergency lighting fixtures supplied from two (2)sources. r.The switches installed in emergency lighting circuits. shall be so arranged that only authorized persons have control of emergency lighting, except: a)Where two or more single throw switches are connected jn parallelto controla single circuit, at least one of those switches shall be accessible only to authorized persons. 33 34 b)Additionalswitches which act only to put emergencylights into operationbut not todisconnectthem may be permitted. Switches connected in series and three-and-tour-way switches shall not be allowed. s.Allmanualswitches for controllingemergency circuits shallbelocatedat the most accessibleplace toauthorizedpersonsresponsible fortheiractuation.Inplacesof assembly,suchastheaters,aswitchforcontrollingemergencylightingsystems shallbe located inthe lobby or at a place conveniently accessible therefrom. In no case shall, a control switch for emergency lighting in a theater for motion pic-ture projection be placedin the projection booth or on the stage.However, where multiple switches are provided,one such switch may be installed in such locations andso arranged that itcanenergizebut not disconnectfor the circuit."' t.Lights on the exterior of the building which are .not required for illumination when there is sufficient daylight may be controlled by an automatic light-actuated device approvedtor the purpose. u.In hospital corridors,switching arrangements to transfer corridor lighting inpatient areasofhospitalsfromoverheadfixturesto designedtoprovidenight lighting may bepermitted,that switches canonly selectbetweentwo setsof fix-tures but cannot extinguish both sets at the sametime. v.The branchcircuits over current devices in emergency circuits shall be accessible to authorizedpersonsonly. w.Wherepermittedbytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction,inlieuofothermethods specifiedelsewhereinthisSection,individualunitequipmentforemergencyil luminations shallconsist of: 1)Battery 2)Battery chargingJlfleans,when a storage battery is used. 3)One or more lamps,and 4)Arelayingdevice arranged to energize the lampsautomatically uponfailureof the normal supply to the building. The batteries shall be of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain, at not less than 90 per cent of rated lamp voltage, the total lamp load associated with the unit for a period of at least 1/2 hour. Storage batteries, whether of the acid or alkali type, shall be designed and constructed to meet the requirements of emergency ser-vice.Lead-acidtype storagebatteries shallhavetransparent jars. Unit equipment shall be permanently fixed in palce (i.e.not portable) and shall have allwiringto eachunit installed in accordancewiththe requirements of any of the wiring methods discussed in Chapter 11of the PEC.They shall not be connected by flexiblecord.Thesupplycircuit betweenthe unit equipmentandtheservice,the feedersorthe branch circuit wiring shallbe installedasrequiredbySection12.17. Emergency illumination,fixtures whichobtainpower froma unit equipment which arenot part of the unit equipmentshallbewiredto the unit equipment asrequired byRule5257 of the PECand in accordance with the one of the wiring methods des-cribedinChapter11of thePEC. 13.EffECTIVELY a.All primary and secondary supply lines already existing shall comply with the provi sions of this Rule Within two (2)years from the effectivity of this Rule. b.Transformers to be installed on, ilttached to, or in buildings shall comply with the re-quirements of this Rule. Transformer installations already existing shall comply with the requirements within two (2)years from the effectivity of this Rule. c.Non-compliance with the provisions of this Ruleshall be subject to the penal provi -sionsinSection213of PO1096. RULEX-MECHANICAL REGULATIONS 1.Definitions-For purposesof thisRule,thef ollowingdefi nitionsshallapply: A CCI DENTAL CONTACT -Any inadvertent physical contact with power transmission equ.ipment, prime movers. machines or machine parts which could result from slipping, falling.sliding,trippingor anyother unplanned actionormovement. AIR coNDITIONING-The processof treating airso asto control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet the requirements of the con-ditioned space. BALUSTRADES-The frames on either of the moving steps of anescalator. BOILER -A closed vessel for heating water or for application of heat to generate steam or other vapor to beusedexternally or to itself. BUFFER - A device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its nor-mallimitoftravelbyabsorbinganddissipatingthekineticeneryyofthecaror counterweight. CAGE/CAB -An enclosureforhousingtheoperatorandthehoistingmechanism, power plant andequipment controllingacrane. CAPACITYOFWORKS.PROJECTORPLANT- Thetotalhorse-powerofall engines,motors,turbines or other primemovers installed,whether in operationor not. CAR - The load-carrying unit of anelevator including its platform, frame, enclosure and door or gate. COMPRESSOR-A mechanicaldevice f or the purpose of increasing the pressure upon the refrigerant. CON DENSER- Ave.sselorarrangementofpipesortubinginwhichvaporizedre-frigerant is liquified by the removalof heat. CONDEMNEDBOILERORUNFIREDPRESSUREVESSEL -A boilerorunfired pressure vesselthat has beeninspected by the BuildingOfficial and declaredunsafe or disqualified and power stampedor markeddesignatingits rejection. CRANE -Means a machine for lifting or lowering a load and moving it horizontally, the hoisting mechanism being anintegral part ofthe machine. DUCT - Apassageway made of sheetmetal or other suitablematerial not necessarily ieaktight,forconveying air or other gases at low pressure. DUMBWAITER-A hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car not to ex-ceed 3861sq. em. in area and a maximum height of 1.20 m., the capacity of which does not exceed277kilos,usedexclusivelyfor carryingmaterials. ELEVATORLANDING-Thatportionof afloor,balconyorplatformfor loadingor dischargingpassengers or freightto or fromtheelevator . ELEVATORWIREROPES- Steelwireropesattachedtothecarframeorpassing aroundsheavesattachedtothecarframefromwhichelevator/ dumbwaitercarsand their counterweights are suspended. ENCLOSED-Means that the moving parts of a machine are so guarded that physical contactbyanypartof thehumanbodyisprecludedorprevented.Thisdoesnot however prohibit the use of hinged, sliding or otherwise removable doors or sections to permit inspection,lubrication or proper mai ntenance. ESCALATOR-A power driven,inclined,continuousstairway for raisingor lowering passengers. 35 36 EVAPORATION-That part of the AC/refrigeration system in which liquid refrigerant is vaporizedto produce 'refrigeration. EXTERNALINSPECTION - Aninspectionmadeona boilerduringoperation. GUARDED -Shielded, fencea, or otherwiseprotected by means of suitable enclosure guards,covers or standardrailings,so asto preclude the possibility of accidentalcon-tact or. dangerous approach to persons or objects. HOIST - Anapparatusfor raisingor loweringa loadbytheapplicationofabuilding force,but doesnotincludea carorplatform.ttmay bebase-mounted,hooksuspen-sion,monorail, over-head,simple drum type or trolley suspension. HOISTWAY-Ashaftway for the travel of one or more elevators or dumbwaiters. INTERNALINSPECTION -An inspectionmadewhenaboilerisshutdown,with hand-holes, manholes, or other openings opened or removed to permit inspection of the interior. LIQUID RECEIVER- A vesselpermanently connected to a systemby inlet and outlet pipes for storage of a liquid refrigerant. LOCOMOTIVEBOILER - Aboiler mounted ona sel f-propelledtrack locomotiveused to furnishmotivatingpower for travellingonrail s. LOW PRESSUREHEATINGBOILER- Aboiler operated at pressures not exceeding 1.05 kgs/sq./m. with steamor water temperaturenot exceeding250F. MACHINE- Thedriven unit of an equipment. MACHINEHOUSE - Anenclosurefor .housingthehoistingmechanismandpower plant. MACHINE PARTS -Any or allmoving parts of a machine. MECHANICALEQUIPMENT.MACHINERYORPROCESS - Includessteam engines,internalcombustionengineplants,hydraulicpowerplants,pumpingplants, refngeratingplants,airconditioning plants, mill shops,factories,foundries, shipyards, etc. containing any mechanical equipment, machinery or process,driven by steam,in-ternalor externalcombustion fuel,electricity,gas,air,water, heat,chemicals or other prime movers. MOVINGWALK - Atypeofhorizontalpassenger-carryingdeviceonwhich passengers standor walk,withits surfaceremainingparallelto its directionof motion and is uninterrupted. POINT OF OPERATION- That part of a machine which performs an operation onthe stockormaterialand/ orthatplaceorlocationwherestockormaterialisf edtothe machine.A machinemayhave more thanonepoint of operation. PORTABLEBOILER - Aninternally firedt}oiler whichisself-contained,primarily in-tended for temporary location. POWER TRANSMISSIONMACHINERY -A shaft,wheel,drum.pulley,systemof fastandloosepulleys,coupling,clutch,drivingbelt,V-beltsheavesandbelts,chains andsprockets,gearing,torque connectors,conveyors,hydraulic couplings,magnetic couplings, speed reducers or increasers or any device by which the motion of an engine is transmitted to or received by another machine. PRIME MOVER -An engine or motor operated by steam, gas, air, electricity, liquid or gaseous fuels, liquids in motion or other forms of energy whose main function is to drive or operate,eit her directly or indirectly, other mechanical equipment. PROCESS MACHINE- Anequip.ment designed and operated for a specific purpose. REFRIGERANT -A substance which produces a refrigerating effect by its absorption of heat whileexpandingorevaporating. TONOFR EFR I G ERATION -Theusefulrefrigeratingeffectequalto12,000 BTU/hour; 200 BTU/minute. TRAVELLING CABLE -A cable made up of electric conductors which provides elec-tricalconnectionbetweenanelevatorordumbwaitercarandafixedoutletinthe hoistway. UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSEL-A vesselin which is obtained from an exter-nalsource or from anindirect applicationof heat. VENTILATION - Process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from any space. 2.Guarding 9f Moving and Dangerous Parts: All prime n10vers,machines and machine parts,powers transmission equipment shall so guarded, shielded,fencedorenclosed to protect any person against exposure to or accidentalcontact with dangerous moving parts. 3.Cranes: a.Accesstothecaseor machineshouseof a conviniently placedstationary ladder, stairsorplatformsrequiringastep-over,thatnogapexceeding300milimetersis allowed. b.Adequatemeansshallbeprovidedtorcraneshavingrevolvingcabsormachine houses to permit the operator to enter ur leave the crane cab andreachthe ground safely,irrespective of its position. c.Cages, cabs or machine houses on cranes shall be enclosed to protect operator dur-ing inclement weather. d.Agong or other effectivewarningdeviceshallbemounted, oneachcageor cab. e.Temporarycranewarningdevicemaybeallowedprovidedthereisa flagman whose sole duty is to warnthose inthepathof the crane or its load. f.Themaximumratedloadof allcranes shallbe plainly markedoneachsideof the crane.If the crane has more than one hoisting unit, each hoist shall have marked on it toitsloadblock,its ratedcapacityclearlylegiblefromtheground or floor. 4.Hoists: a.Operating controlshallbeplainly marked to indicate the direction of travel. b.Eachcage controlled hoist shallbe equipped with an effective warningdevice. c.Each hoist designed to lift its load vertically shall have its rated load legibly marked on thehoist or load block or at someeasilyvisible space. d.A stop, which shall operate automatically, shall be provided at each switch, dead end railor turn-table to prevent the trolley running off whenthe switch isopen. e.Eachelectric hoist motor shall be provided with electrically or mechanically operated brake so arranged that the brake will be applied automatically when the power is cut off from the hoist. 5.Elevators: a.Hoistwaysfor elevators shallbe substantially enclosed through their height, withno openings allowedexcept for necessary doors,windows or skylights. b.Ropes, wires or pipes shall not be installed in hoistways, except when necessary for the operationof the elevators. c.Hoistway pits shall be of such depth that when the car rests on the fully compressed buffers, a clearanceof not lessthan600 millimeters remainsbetweentheunderside of the car and _the bottomof thepit. 37 38 d.When four or more elevators serve all or the same portion of a building, they shall be locatedinnot lessthantwo(2)hoistways andin nocaseshallmorethan tour t41 elevators belocated in any one hoistway. e.Where a machine room or penthouse is provided at the top to a hoistway, it shall be constructed with sufficient room for repair and inspection. Access shall be by means of an iron ladder or stairs when the room is more than 600 millimeters above the ad-cajent floor or roof surface.The angle of inclination of such ladder or stairs shall not exceed60fromthehorizontal.Thisroomshallnot be usedaslivingquartersor depository of othermaterials andshallbeprovidedwith adequateventilation. f .Minimumnumber of hoistingropesshallbethree(3) for tractionelevators andtwo (2)for drum type elevators. g.The minimum diameter of hoisting and counter-weight ropes shall be 30 millimeters. h.Elevators shallbe provided with over-loadrelay and reversepolarity relay. i.Inhigh-rise apartments or residential condominiums of more than five (5) stories.at least one passenger elevator shallbekept on 24-hour constant service. 6.Escalators: a.Theangleof inclination of anescalator shallnot exceed35 fromthe horizontal. b.The width betweenbalustrades shallnot be lessthan558 millimeters nor more than 1.20 meters.Thiswidthshallnot exceedthewidthof thestepsbymore than330 millimeters. c.Solidbalustradesof incombustiblematerialshallbeprovidedoneachsideofthe moving steps.If made of glass,it shallbetempered type glass. d.Each balustrade shall be provided with a handrail moving in the same direction and at the same speed asthe steps. e.The rated speed,measured along the angle of inclination, shall be not more than38 mpm. f.Starting switches shallbekeyo p e ~ a t e dandlocatedwithinsight of escalatorsteps. g.Emergency buttons shall be conspicuously and accessibly located at or near the top and bottom landings but protected from accidentalcontact. 7.Boilers andPressure Vessels: a.Location of Boilers: 1)Boilers may belocated inside buildings provided that the boiler roomisof rein-forcedconcreteor masonry andthat the boiler roomshallnot beusedfor any other purpose. 2)Incase the main building isnot made up of fire resistive materials,boilers shall be locatedoutside thebui ldingat a distanceof not lessthan3.00meters from the outsidewallof themainbuildingandthebuildinghousing theboilershallbe made up of the fire resistive materials. 3)No part of the boiler shallbe closer thanone meter from any wall. 4)Fire tube boilers shall be provided with sufficient room for removal/replacement of tubes eitherthru the front or rear. b.Smokestackswhether self-supportingorguyedshallbeof sufficientcapacityto handlefuelgases,shallbeableto withstanda windloadof175kmperhour and shall riseat least 5 meters above the eaves of a building within a radius of 50 meters. c.Manufacturers/ assemblersofboilers/ pressurevessels/ pressurizedwaterheaters shall stamp each vesselon the front head or on any nther suitable location withe the nameofthemanufacturer,serialnumber.maximum allowableworlSCALE 20.FLOORRACEWAYS The NECrecognizes threetypes of floor raceways 'underfloor raceways ' cellular metal floorraceways 'cellular concrete floor raceways A)Underfloor Ducts .... UF These raceways which may be installed beneath or flush with the floor, are covered findtheir widest application irioffice spaces, sincetheir use prmits placement of power and signal outlets immediately under desks and other furniture, regardless of furniturelayout.Wheresuchunderfloorracewaysarenotemployed,anditis desired to place an outlet on the floor,one of thefollowing methods is necessary. a.Channel the floor and install a conduit in the chase,connecting it to the nearest wall outlet.Patchthe chasedportion.

b.Drill through the floor and run a conduit on the ceiling below to an outlet below. c.Drill through the floor twice and connect the new outlet to an existing outlet via aconduitontheceilingbelow,(Thisisexpensiveanddisturbs theoccupant below) CSIL\NG3' d.Install a surface floor raceway. Underfloor duct systems areavailable in twobasicdesigns-single level andtwo level. 63 64 puq \'ILA1Efl.AL I TAl'-0\L IN 6"tOOoLA "lt=lq\L Headerdum (wireways)connecttoelectricalpanelsandtelephonecabinetsinthe andtelephoneclosets,respectively.Telephoneheadersarenormallyof larger sizethan the power header and .cancarry other low-voltage signal equipmentaswell Distribution ducta (laterals) tap onto the headers. These laterals may act as subdistribu-tion wireways (foreground)or may feed fixtures and poles directly.Power feeds f rom these laterals are made by means of plugs and receptacles, thus eliminating the cost in-volved in the "hard" wiring of fixtures;this allows the desired flexibility. Polescarryingtelephoneand. i 20v power