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Christopher J. Gobler, PhD Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for Remediation

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Page 1: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Christopher J. Gobler, PhD

Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for Remediation

Page 2: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Outline of presentation

• Background on Georgica Pond• 2016 status and trends• Options for improving the conditions in Georgica Pond

Page 3: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

What has been ailing Georgica Pond?

Page 4: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Georgica Pond, blue green algae

Page 5: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Dangers of cyanotoxins

Microcystin

Anabaena

Anatoxin

Page 6: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Temporal dynamics of blue‐green algae, 2015

Page 7: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Microcystin congeners, 2015

*Data in collaboration with Dr. Paul Zimba, Texas A&M

Page 8: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Macroalgae

Page 9: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Low oxygen, death of wildlife

Page 10: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

How much nitrogen and phosphorus is entering Georgica Pond?

Where is it coming from?

Nitrogen and phosphorus are promoting algal blooms.

Page 11: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Homes (>2,000) within the Georgica Pond watershed

Page 12: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Independent, hybrid nitrogen loading model

Lawn fertilizer Agricultural fertilizer

Wastewater

1%4%

17%

50%22%

Sediment flux

Atmosphericdeposition

4%1%

Geese, swans

Page 13: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Independent, hybrid phosphorus loading model

Lawn fertilizer Agricultural fertilizer

Wastewater

6% 9%

2%

4% 61%Sediment flux

Atmosphericdeposition

1%6%

Geese, swansRunoff

11%

Page 14: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

2016?

Page 15: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

2016 general overview• Cut was open to the ocean through late March.

• Upon closing in mid‐spring, the cut has remained close.

• In 2015, the cut was open for the first six months of the year.

Page 16: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Salinity, 2016‐ ocean salinity is 31

Salin

ity (k

g/g)

• Salinity fell below 15 by late April• Currently 5• < 10 is ideal for blue‐green algae• >15 is inhospitable for blue‐green algae• Lower salinity also brings more nutrients of other algae

Page 17: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Algal blooms, 2016Algal p

igmen

t (ug

/L)

Mahogany Tide, May ‐ June

Blue‐green algae, July

Total algae pigment

Page 18: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Algal blooms, 2016, fluoroprobe

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

13‐Mar 13‐Apr 13‐May 13‐Jun 13‐Jul 13‐Aug

Green Blue‐green Diatom‐Dinoflagellate

Algae (ug/L)

Mahogany Tide, May ‐ JuneBlue‐green algae, July

Mixed community

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Algal blooms, 2015, fluoroprobe

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450 Green Blue‐green Diatom‐dinoflagellate

Mono‐specific bloom

Cut open

Page 20: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Blue green algae, August 2015

050

100150200250300350400450500

Blue

‐green

 algae

 (ug/L)

Page 21: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Blue green algae, August 2014

050

100150200250300350400

Blue

‐green

 algae

 (ug/L)

Page 22: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Blue green algae, August 2016

050

100150200250300350400

Blue

‐green

 algae

 (ug/L)

NYSDEC threshold

Page 23: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Current south fork blue green algal blooms

Lake Agawam

WainscottPond

Old Town Pond

Mill Pond

Georgica Pond

Hook Pond

MecoxBay

SagaponackPond

KellisPond

= Blue green algae bloom = No blue green algae bloom

Page 24: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Dissolved oxygen, 2016Dissolved oxygen

 (mg/L)

NYSDEC threshold

Page 25: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Dissolved oxygen levels, 2015 v 2016Dissolved oxygen

 (mg/L)

NYSDEC threshold

NYSDEC threshold

Page 26: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Management options ‐ 2015

What can be done to reduce nutrient delivery and mitigate algal blooms in Georgica Pond?

Page 27: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

2015: Harvesting macroalgae to mitigate nitrogen and phosphorus

• Preliminary analyses indicate macroalgae contain 3% nitrogen and 0.2% phosphorus.

• Algae re‐grow weekly (good).• Weekly removal of macroalgae 

during summer months would represent a significant removal of nutrients.

• Preliminary discussions with NYSDEC Marine Habitat Section Head have been positive; a path forward for 2016 has been established.

Page 28: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

2016:  NYSDEC permits obtained, FoGPfunded, harvesting began in May 

Page 29: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

What are that macroalgae?

Sago Pondweed Cladophora

Page 30: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Macroalgal harvestJune: 2.43 tons removedJuly: 11.12 tons removed

For July:~25% of July phosphorus load~10% of July nitrogen load

Page 31: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

The fate of the harvested macroalgae?

• Renewable resource.

• Gobler lab investigating converting macroalgae into fertilizer.

• Preliminary results suggest multiple, marketable products can be yielded from this material.

Page 32: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Management options

What can be done to reduce nutrient delivery and mitigate algal blooms in Georgica Pond?

Page 33: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

First step recommendations

• Upgrade septic systems to maximize the removal of nitrogen. 

• Minimize fertilizer use; switch to organic fertilizers.

• Create and expand the growth of local and natural vegetation adjacent to Georgica Pond to create buffers that are not fertilized and intercept land runoff.

Page 34: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Opening the cut on a regular basisOpening the cut:• Flushes out nutrients and algal blooms.

• Keeps salinity too high for blue‐green algae.

• Restricts the regions covered by macroalgae

• Being open for > six months reduces the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus and reduces the need for other reductions.

Page 35: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Effect of cut on salinity, blue‐green algae, 2015

Page 36: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Opening the Georgica ocean inlet, change in blue green algae, 2015

Oct 8, inlet open

Page 37: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Opening the Georgica ocean inlet, change in blue green algae, 2014

Oct 13, 2014 Oct 17, 2014

October 15, inlet open

Page 38: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted
Page 39: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Permeable reactive barriers (PRB) to remove nitrogen, phosphorus

• PBR can remove N (and perhaps P) from groundwater before it enters Georgica Pond. 

• Targeted placement of PBRs could alleviate nitrogen loading in regions with heavy loads, poor flushing, or both.

• May be most effective at the headwaters of streams and/or coves where groundwater discharge is concentrated.

Page 40: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Groundwater monitoring wells

Page 41: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1 2 3 4 5 6

Nitrate (uM)

Well Number

5ft Depth

10ft Depth

15ft Depth

Groundwater monitoring well nitrate‐values are average of measurements January ‐ August

Page 42: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

0.6 mg/L

2.2 mg/L5.3 mg/L

1.1 mg/L

4.5 mg/L

4.0 mg/L

Groundwater monitoring well, nitrate

Page 43: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

Dredging Georgica Pond• Removal of the thick layer of 

mud across parts of the Pond could eliminate 50% of the phosphorus and 20% of the nitrogen fueling algal blooms.

• A greater depth within the Pond would provide more dilution of nutrients and could lower water temperatures.

• Deepening the passage from Georgica Cove to the Pond will allow the Cove to exchange with the Pond.

• Dredging the bar along the north end of the pond will permit better exchange to the south.

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Sediment type and depth of mud in meters, Georgica Pond

• Meeting with GEI consultants suggested sediment testing for NYSDEC dredging permits

• Sediment samples collected and being analyzed for NYSDEC contaminants

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Mesocosmexperiments, 

2016

Page 47: Georgica Pond Progress: Executing a Sustainable Plan for … · 2017. 3. 30. · • Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills promoted

0

20

40

60

80

Start 3 days 7 days

Control, no treatment

Green Blue‐green Diatom

0

20

40

60

80

Start 3 days 7 days

Hydrogen peroxide, 2mg/L

Green Blue‐green Diatom

Hydrogen peroxide experiment results

Blue‐green algae bloom

Diatoms, no blue‐green 

algae

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Conclusions:• Georgica Pond suffers from algal blooms, blue‐green algae, low oxygen, and fish kills 

promoted by excessive nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater and sediments.

• In 2016, harvesting macroalgae may have reduced the July phosphorus and nitrogen loads by up to ~25% and ~10%.

• In 2016, blue‐green algal blooms were short and mild and blue‐green algae never dominated the Pond.

• In 2016, macroalgae never dominated the Pond.

• Groundwater testing has suggested indicated possible locations for permeable reactive barriers to mitigate nitrogen loading. 

• Sample testing has begun to investigating the dredging of muds.

• Opening the cut regularly will help keep the Pond clean and clear.

• Hydrogen peroxide may be a useful ‘emergency measure’ for Georgica Pond in the future.

• Responsible fertilizer use is required by farms and homeowners.

• Improving the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater is the central long term solution.

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Acknowledgements:

Sincere gratitude for:Leadership of the Friends of Georgica Pond.Generosity of Perelman Foundation & Georgica Pond homeownersCollaboration with The Nature ConservancyCommitment of the East Hampton Town Trustees and Town of East Hampton

Thank you to Mark Lusty, Ryan Wallace, Jennifer Janikowiak, and Rob McCabe for field sampling, laboratory work, and data analysis support.

Thank you for your attention.