GEOSPHERES

GEOGRAPHY

LITHOSPHERE ATMOSPHEREANTROPHOSPHEREBIOSPHEREHYDROSPHERE

REGIONAL COMPLEXAPPROACH

ECOLOGGICALAPPROACHSPATIAL APPROACH

SPACE REGIONSYSTEM

•SPATIAL PATERN•SPATIAL STRUCTURE•SPATIAL PROCESS•SPATIAL ORGANIZATION•SPATIAL INTERACTION•SPATIAL TENDENCY/TREND•SPATIAL ASSOCIATION

•MANenvironmentHUMAN ACT env.PHYSICAL (NAT.)env.PHYSICAL (ART.) env.

TYPESCATEGORYHIERARCHY

WHAT WHERE WHEN WHY WHO HOW

GEOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS

SPATIAL APPROACH SERIESSPATIAL PATTERN

A. POINT FEATURES

B

..

………...…….

C A

A

BC

C

CLUSTERED:•A. High Density

•B. Medium Density

•C. Low Density

CLUSTERED:A.LINIEAR

B.SQUARE

C.FAN

D. OCTOPUS

SYSTEMATIC:•(REGULAR)

RANDOM:

Source: Whynne – Hammand,C. (1985) Elements of Human Geography, London, George Allen & Unwin

CLUSTERED:•A. High Density

•B. Medium Density

•C. Low Density

2

B

A

D

… :.

. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

…….…….……..

…..…. ….

::::

…...

.:..

..

.

..:..

. .

. . . . . . . . . .

. …………… . . . .

. …. ……. .. . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. ….. …. … .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

.........…………….………...

..…

…..….…..

………..….….………

…

..…..….…… …..

. …….. ……. .. ..

SPATIAL APPROACH SERIESSPATIAL PATTERN

B. LINE FEATURES

B

A

A B

CC

STREET

NETWORKS:A.Parallel Pattern

B. Spider-Web Pattern

C. Grid-Iron pattern

D. Radial Pattern

TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS:•A.Chain Pattern

•B. Travelling Salesman Pt.

•C. Centre Oriented Pt.

•D. Circuit Pattern

•E. Branching Pattern

•F. Branching Circulatory Pt.

STREAM NETWORKS:•A. Dendritic Pattern

•B. Prallel Pattern

•C. Radial c.f. Pattern

•D. Rectangular Pattern

C

D

D

E F

A B

D

2a

.

..

.

.

SPATIAL APPROACH SERIESSPATIAL PATTERN

C. AREA FEATURES

A

B

IMPLICIT:C.Rectangle of

rectangles

B. Triangles of Various form

IMPLICIT:•A. Trapezium of Triangles

•B. Triangles of Squares

EXPLICIT:•1. Triangle

•2. Square

•3. Fan/Crescent

1

2

3

5

A C

D

EXPLICIT:•4. Trapezium

•5. Oval

2b

4

SPATIAL APPROACH SERIESSPATIAL STRUCTURE

A. POINT FEATURES B. LINE FEATURES

REGULAR:

•A. High Density

•B. Medium Density

•C. Low Density

IRRREGULAR:

•A. High Density

•B. Medium Density

•C. Low Density

REGULAR / CONCENTRIC DISTRIBUTION:

•A. High Density

•B. Medium Density

•C. Low Density

IRREGULAR:

•A. Spider - WEB

•B. Grid-Iron

•C. Branching-Irregular

•D. Parallel

C. AREA FEATURESREGULAR:

V v

…….……

xxxx

30%

45%

25%

IRREGULAR:A = 40%B = 45%C = 15%

A

B

C

A

B

C

A

B

C

A

BC

D

3

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

…………………………………………….……………………………………………………. …………………......... ……………..…. ……………… ………………….. ………………. …………. ……..

. . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

D

…………….

VvvvvVvvvvvVvvvvvVvvvv v

……………….. …….. …………… …….…….. …….……. …… …… …… ……. …… …. …. ……………

X x x x x x x x X x x x xX x xX xXX X x xX x xX x x xX x x X x x x x

A B

C

SPATIAL APPROACH SERIESSPATIAL PROCESSES

A. POINT FEATURES B. LINE FEATURES

CONTOH PROSES KERUANGAN:

•A. Luasan tetap; kuantitas bertambah; kualitas tetap

•B. Luasan bertambah; kuantitas bertambah; kualitas

bertambah

•C. Luasan tetap; kuantitas tetap; kualitas bertambah

CONTOH PROSES KERUANGAN:

•A. Luasan bertambah; kuantitas bertambah; kualitas

tetap

C. AREA FEATURES

B1

C1C2

A1 A2

T1 T2 T1 T2

A1 A2B2

A

B

C

A

B

C

T1 T2

CONTOH PROSES KERUANGAN:A = Luasan bertambahB = Luasan tetap, berubah sebaranC = Luasan berkurang

4

. . . . .

. . .

.

XxxXxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxx

VvvVvvvvvvvvvvv vvv

……………..…………….……………….

XxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

vvvvv vvvvvvvVvvvvvvVvvvvvv vvvvvvv vvvv

……….……….………

XxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

……………………….…………………….…………………………………XxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxXxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

IDENTIFIKASI PROSES KERUANGANDIMENSI

FENO MENA

LUASAN KUALITAS KUANTITAS

F E

N O

M E

N A

G

E O

S F

E R

A

123456789

101112131415161718192021222324252627

SPATIAL APPROACH SERIESSAPTIAL ORGANIZATION (Hierarchic Perspective)

[A] POINT – FEATURES

NON HIERARCHI OR BRANCHING HIERARCHY DIRECT CONTROL CHAIN POINT SGT

[B] LINE FETURE

... . .

..

.

.

. ... ...

..

.

...

.

. .....

. ..

..

.

. . ..

.

.

..

.

..

..

.. .

.

.....

...

1

1

12

2 2

2

2

3

34

4

3

3

3

2

21

2 1

3

3

31

1

1

2

1

1

3

3 2 1

1

12

11

12

1

1

GRAVELIUS’ STREAM ORDERS HORTON’S STREAM

ORDERSSTRAHLER’S STREAM ORDERS

SPATIAL INTERACTION CONCEPTSA. STIMULI – RESPONSES CONCEPTS: a. Urban Based Stimuli Interaction b. Rural Based Stimuli InteractionB. PUSH – PULL CONCEPT: a. Between two spaces: one way interaction

A B Exp: Urbanisation (The flow of people from the rural area to urban area)

Area of ORIGIN (Push Forces)

Area of DESTINATION (Pull Forces)

b. Between two spaces: two – way interaction

C DPush Forces

Push Forces

Pull Forces

Pull Forces

C : Area of Origin

D : Area of Destination

C : Area of Destination

D : Area of Origin

Exp: Rural Area & Urban Area

a. Between two spaces: one way interaction

5a.1

18

12

6

42

2 2

6

6

4

2

2

2

42

22

9

6

3

21

1 1

3

3B

2

1 1

1

2

1

1

1

SCHEIDEREGGER’S STREAM ORDERS

SHREVE’S STREAM ORDERS

(C) AREA FEATURES:

Centre: Rank I boundaries of nth ORDER (order 5) Centre: Rank 2 boundaries of n-1 ORDE (order 4) Centre: Rank 3 boundaries of n-2 ORDER (order 3) Centre: Rank 4 boundaries of n-3 ORDER (order 2) Centre: Rank 5 boundaries of n-4 ORDER (order 1)

ORDER : is group or class of centers within a hierarchy. Exp. First order refers to the group of smallest centers

RANK : Denotes the size of individual centers, in a system. First rank refers to the largest centers

Source: Herbert and Thomas (1982). Urban Geography: A first Approach. N.Y: John Wiley and Sons

C. Within a Regional City

1 2 3 4

ab

cd

ab

c

d

1: Core Area / CBD2: Inner of the City3: Urban – Rural fringe4: Rural Area

Centripetal movement

Centrifugal movement

a. Centripetal movement caused by centripetal forces.b. Centripetal forces comprise two forces, I.e: push forces (the outer parts) & pull forces (the inner parts)c. The outer sections: areas of Origind. The inner parts: areas of destination

a. Centrifugal movement caused by centrifugal forces.b. Centrifugal forces consist of two forces, I.e: push forces (the inner parts) & pull forces (the outer parts)c. The inner parts: areas of Origind. The outer parts: areas of destination

5a.1

D. Within Inner Nodal System Model: 1 (trips) Formula: (Pop.of i) X (Pop.of j) Pi.Pj Tij = _________________ = ____

distance between j&I d ij1 d.uB

100A

100

C100

2 distance unit

100 X 100

TAB = ___________ = 10,000 1 100 X 100TBC = ___________ = 5,000 2TAB : TBC = 2 : 1

Distance variable functions as a (imiting) Controlling Factors.

Interaction A – B is stronger than B – C, twiceE. Within Inner Nodal System Model: 2 (trips) Formula: (Pop.of i) X (Pop.of j) Pi.Pj Tij = _________________ = ____

distance between j&I d ij

B100

A200

C100

1 d.u

1 d.u 200 X 100

TAB = ___________ = 20,000 1 100 X 100TBC = ___________ = 10,000 2TAB : TBC = 2 : 1

Mass variable functions as a Controlling Factors.

Interaction A – B is stronger than B – C, double

5b.1

F. Sphere of Influence (Law of Retail Gravitation) After: Reilly Formula: d DA-B = _________________

1 + PB PA

P500

P2000

P8000

A

B

C

DA-B = The outermost limit of Influence Calculated from APA = Total of Population APB = Total of Population Bd = distance between A - B

DA-B = 80_____ = 27 1 + 8000 2000PB-A = 53dC-B = 11dB-C = 44

Distance B – C = 55 duDistance B - A = 80 du

5b.2

A MODEL OF RURAL – BASED STIMULI INTERACTIONS

Development of new industries / Functional intensification &

rehabilitation

VILLAGE (S)(Source of Stimuli)

ACTUALISATION OF INTERACTION

CITY (S)(Source of Responses)

Demands for non Agric. Products

Manufactured goods/products

Demands for Experts/Skilled Labour appropsiate technology In agriculture, natural resources, Conservation, preservation,homeIndustries, etc)

Experts in various field/ skilled labour

Development of Educational Institutions(formal/ informal)

Demands for recreation Theatres, restourant,cultural Centres, etc

Development ofRecreational facilities

Demands for Trans-Portation facilities

Horizontal MobilitiesOf goods & people

Development of trans-Portational structures& means of transportation

A MODEL OF RURAL – BASED STIMULI INTERACTIONS

VILLAGE (S)(Source of Stimuli)

ACTUALISATION OF INTERACTION

CITY (S)(Source of

Responses)

Demands for Educational facilities

The flow of studentas from the country sides

Development of uni-Versities, colleges,High schools,Training courses

Demands for moreSophisticated healthCare, etc

Betterment of Villagers’ health

Development of healthservices centre/ drug store, etc

lanjutan

A MODEL OF URBAN – BASED STIMULI INTERACTIONS

Development of specialty-agricultural production

CITY(S)(Sources of Stimuli)

ACTUALISATION OF INTERACTION

VILLAGE(S)(Sources of Responses)

Demands for Products Agricultural Productions

Demands for labour MigrationPart time farming / Labour concentra-Tion in certain season

Demands for land (residential,commercial,Industrial,transport,etc)

Land Selling & Buying Transactions

The betterment of socio-Economic condition

New centres development

speculation

Land ConversionUrban sprawl

7

A MODEL OF URBAN – BASED STIMULI INTERACTIONS(lanjutan)

Natural resort development /Traditional culture development (handicrafts)

CITY(S)(Source of Stimuli)

ACTUALISATION OF INTERACTION

VILLAGE(S)(Source of Responses)

Demands for Recreation& Refreshment

Recreational Activities,Exp:Fishing, NaturalResort, sports, etc

Demands for buidingmaterials

Building materials productions

Sand/gravel/stoneExtraction/Excavation/Bricks ind

SPATIAL INTERACTIONS & ORGANIZATIONSNETWORK EFFECIENCY:a. Connectivity : is the relationship between the number of nodes & the number of links/unit area in a

single network.b. Density : the number of links/unit area (the total

network length divided by the area it covers)c. Extent : diameter index (the number of links used in

crossing in network from one side to another at its widest point)

d. Fineness : the degree to wich a network’s individual link’s have an effect upon areas through wich they pass

e. Rate of Flow: Varied between networksf. Technological Characteristics : it reates largely to speed potentialsg. Degree of Stress : varied between networksh. Flexibility : varied between networksExample: BRANCHING CIRCULATORY NETWORK

7a

A M

I

F

E

DB C J

L

KI

HG

Beta Index= Total number of links Total number of nodesKonig number (u/ meneukur sentralitas)

= maximum number of links from each node to the other nodesShimbel number: Total number of

each rowThe lower the greater its centrality

A.7a.1

CONNECTIVITY MEASUREMENT the most common measure is BETA INDEXNotes:(1). The lower values of Konig Number, the greater its centrality(2). The greatter values of connectivity, the more advanced its economy(3). Beta Index: 1 = economic deviding line> 1 = advanced economies< 1 = backward economies (4). The lower values of Shimbel number the greatter its centrality

A B C D E F G H I J K L M Konig Shimbel

-2 1 2 3 4 4 5 3 2 3 3 3 5 35

2 - 1 2 3 4 4 5 3 2 3 3 3 5 351 1 - 1 2 3 3 4 2 1 2 2 2 4 242 2 1 - 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 253 3 2 1 - 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 304 4 3 2 1 - 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 414 4 3 2 1 2 - 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 295 5 4 3 2 3 1 - 2 3 4 4 4 5 403 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 - 1 2 2 2 3 242 2 1 2 3 4 2 3 1 - 1 1 1 4 233 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 1 - 2 2 5 343 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 1 2 - 2 5 343 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 1 2 2 - 5 34

TABLE OF SHORTEST ROUTES BETWEEN PAIRS OF NODES (BY NUMBER OF LINKS)

(Source: Whynne – Hammond, C. (1987). Elements of Human Geography. London: George Allen & Unwin.pp.145-146)

A

BCD

EF

G

H

IJKL

M

MATRIX DAN GRAPH CONNECTIVITY (2)

Exp: ada 5 titik dalam Transportation – network

0 1 1 1 11 0 1 1 11 1 0 1 11 1 1 0 11 1 1 1 0

∑ route maximal = 5 X 5 cell = 25 cells ada titik yang berhubungan dengan dirinya (1-1;2-2;3-3;4-4;5-5) tidak ada nilai route 0

∑ route = (52_5) = 20 Untuk m titik: ∑ route maximum = (m2 - m)

Apakah ini ∑ route maximal yang diperlukan pada suatu wilayah dengan 5 titik (m titik ?) NO. ada sejumlah “Redundent Routes” (Rute 1-2=2-1;2-3=3-2;dst) Route riil = 1 dari dua rute parallel yang berimpit (1/2nya) Jadi route maximal yang mungkin ada

1/2(52_5)=10 atau 1/2(m2_ m) atau Rmax = 1/2(m2_ m)Exp. Untuk wilayah dengan 50 titik (lokasi)= 1/2(502_50)=1.225

To 1 2 3 4 5From

1

2

3

4

5

1

1

2

2

3

3

445

5

6

78

910

Dicerminkan dalam index Konektivitas Diperoleh dengan membandingkan Rute Riil dengan Rute Max

C.I = R.ex Rmax

CI = Connectivity Index Rex = The exisiting routes Rmax = The maximumroutes

Ada 4 kemungkinan:

(a). Absolute non connectivity = 0 = 0 1/2(m2_ m)

(b). Minimum Connectivity == 0 = (m-1) = 1 = 2

1/2(m2_ m) 1/2(m2_ m) (m_ m) ½(m) m(c). Intermediate Connectivity=

= (Observed number of routes) ½ (m2_ m)

(d). Maximum Connectivity == ½ (m2_ m) = 1,0 ½ (m2_ m)

Source: Abler, R; Adam.s,J.S; Gould,P (1971). Spatial Organization: The Geographer is View of The World. N.J: Prentice-Hall.Inc. pp 259-260

DERAJAT KONEKTIVITAS

SPATIAL ASSOCIATION

.

.

. ....

.

.

.

.

. ..

..

.

.

.

....

..

.

.

. Phenomenon x

. Phenomenon y

SPATIAL TENDENCY/TREND

X XX XX

X

XX

X XX

X

XX

XX

XX

X

X

X

XX

X

X

X

X

XX

X

X XX X

X

X

XX

XXX

XXXX

XX XXX

X X XX

XX

X XX X

X

XX

Phenomena in T1

Phenomena in T2

The tendency of movement

ECOLOGICAL APPROACH

MAN:Cipta,RasaKarsa,karya

V1

v7

V2

V4

V3

V5

V6

V7

V8

Human activity:performance

Physico artificial:Quality

Physico natural:Qualityv7

v5

v1

v3 v3

v5

v5

v1

v3

v5

v1

v6

v4v6

v2v8

v8

v6 v4

v2

v6 v4

v2

Theme:1

Theme:4

Theme:2

Theme:3

ECOLOGICAL APPROACH SERIESSystem Analysis Applied to A Farm (Exemple 2) Identification of the “working forces”

Possible uses of land:Crops, livestock

Pattern of farming:-stock - fertilizer-organization - labour-feed -machinemy-seed -buildings

Decision making process INCOME

Physical Elements:Climate Relief Soils-Rain - rocks -water-Heat - rivers -nutrients - wells Behavioral

ElementsInnovationinvesment

Wealth

Human Elements:Cultural & Economic PoliticalHistoricalFactors:-labour -capital - government-technology-supply policy-transport -demand -trading-tradition -process block -evaluation limitations -perception -strategic conside ration

Chance Elements

STAGNATIONDEGRADATION

POVERTY

POSITIVEFEEDBACKSTABILIITY/INCREASING

NEGAITIVEFEEDBACKUNSTABILIITY/DECREASING

UNST

ATI

SFA

CTO

RY

STA

TISF

AC

TOR

Y

Source:Whyne-Hommand.C.,(1985) Elements 0f Human Geography. London:Goerge Allen&Unwin.p.79

ECOLOGICAL APPROACH SERIES:Man’s Relationship With His Environment

(Human Ecological Approach) CLIMATE

ATMOSPHERE WEATHER

TOPOGRAPHY SOIL

FLORA&FAUNASURFACE WATER

GEOLOGY

Deforestation,Industrial developments,Space exploration

Pollution, deselinationSchemes,drainage,use of icecaps

Reservoies, transport developments,agriculture

Exploitation ofFinite resources,Use of buildingmaterials

Soil degradation,Erosion,terracing,fertilisation

Clearance of vegetation,Extinction of species,conservation

Scientific improvement preparedness from meteoroloGical forecasts, botanic discoveries

Borning of ffosil fuels,Cloud seeding, urbanGrowth,mining

REGION

TYPE CATEGORY HIERARCHY

Formal/Homogeneous/Uniform -region

The idea of homogeneity

Functional / nodal /Heterogeneous - region

The idea of heterogenity

• Single – topic region• Double topic region• Combined topic region• Multiple topic region• ad hoc region• Total region

• The 1st order region• The 2nd order region• The 3rd order region• The 4th order region• The nth order region

Regional Complex Approach characterized by:• System• Inter related ABC environment elements• Spatial interaction

• Ruang : Wadah yag meliputi ruang daratan, lautan, udara sbg satu kesatuan wilayah, tempat manuasia & makhluk hidup lainnya hidup dan melakukan kegiatan serta memelihara kelangsungan hidupnya.• Kawasan : Wilayah dg fungsi utama lindung atau budidaya [wilayah yg mempunyia fungsi dan atau aspek / pengamatan fungsional tertentu]• Daerah : Bagian tertentu dari permukaan bumi (general)• Areal : Bagian tertentu dari permukaan bumi yang mengacu pada bentang luasan• Region (wilayah): Daerah tertentu di permukaan bumi yang mempunyia karakteristik ttt (can be distinguished from the

mere areas)