geothermal energy fausto batini enel – international rome – italy [email protected]

Geothermal energy

GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Fausto BatiniFausto Batini

Enel – InternationalEnel – International

Rome – ItalyRome – Italy

[email protected]@enel.it

Rome, 2006 5th JulyRome, 2006 5th July

Geothermal energy

Contents1° PART1° PART

1. introduction

2. Geothermal energy basic concepts

• Heat sources

• Geothermal systems

3. The geothermal industry worldwide

• Electric energy generation

• Direct use application

2° PART

1. Resource assessment and project development

• Ranking of geothermal prospects

• Project development

• Operation and maintanamce

2. Drivers & barriers for the geothermal energy growth

• Technological challenges

• Economic and environmental sustainability

3. Conclusions

Geothermal energy

• The principal electricity operator in Italy with the leading

position in the generation, transmission*, distribution and sale

of electricity

• Strong presence in the gas market

• One of the world largest operators in the energy sector

Enel market capitalizationEnel market capitalization

Source: Bloomberg* Enel owns 36,14% of the share capital of Terna and has already signed an agreement for the sale of up to 30% of the

company

- 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000

HUANENG POWER INTR INC-A

FIRSTENERGY CORP

SCOTTISH POWER PLC

CENTRICA PLC

CHUBU ELECTRIC POWER CO INC

KANSAI ELECTRIC POWER CO INC

TXU CORP

ENDESA S.A.

SOUTHERN CO

IBERDROLA SA

ELECTRABEL SA

DOMINION RESOURCES INC/VA

DUKE ENERGY CORP

SUEZ SA

NATIONAL GRID TRANSCO PLC

EXELON CORP

TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER CO INC

RWE AG

ENEL SPA

E.ON AG

mkt cap (Eur mn)

Geothermal energy

Enel in the world Europe

America

53.161 MW, 750 power plants, 1.000.000 km grid, over 34 million customers

America

• 1.592 MW Thermal• 671 MW Hydroelectric• 600,000 customers!

50% of EUFER:• 294 MW Wind• 89 MW Hydroelectric• 62 MW Cogeneration

SPAIN

ROMANIA

•51% of Dobrogea

•51% of Banat•1.4 million customers

RUSSIANorth Western thermal power plant management contract

BULGARIA• 67% of Maritza East III:• 732 MW Thermal

SLOVACCHIA•66% of Slovenske Elektrarne•6.850 MW

ITALIA• 30 million customers (power)• 2 million customers (gas)• 42.000 MW

• 286 MW Hydroelectric• 67 MW Wind• 21 MW Biomass and Biogas

• 293 MW Hydroelectric• 20 MW Wind• 115 MW Geo (12,7% of LaGeo)

Over 19.000 MW

of renewable energy

Geothermal energy


1. introduction


• Heat sources





2° PART








3. Conclusions

Geothermal energy

Temperature gradient in the earth is 33°C/km (In the geothermal areas > 100 °C/km)

A mean heat flux at the earth's surface is around 16 kWt/ km2 (In the geothermal areas > 100 kWt/ km2 )

42.000.000 MWt dissipated to the atmosphere and space

Geothermal heat source

Geothermal energy is, literally, the heat contained within the Earth that generates geological phenomena on a planetary scale.

Only a fraction of this energy can be recovered and exploited by man.

Geothermal energy

The thermal engine in the Earth

Immense volumes of deep hotter rocks, less dense and lighter than the surrounding material, rise with convective movements towards the surface

Geothermal energy

Geothermal areas worldwide

The heat flux tends to be strongest along tectonic plate boundaries where volcanic activity transports high temperature material to near the surface.

However, even in parts of the world far from plate boundaries, there can still exist areas of higher than average

natural heat flow.

Geothermal energy

Geothermal system

Heat source

Depth 5-10 km

T > 600- 700 ° C

Meteoric water

Hot fluid

Production wells

CaprockThickness 500 – 1500 m

Impervious rocks

Utilization of geothermal energy has been limited to areas in which geological conditions permit a carrier (water in the liquid phase or

steam) to 'transfer' the heat from deep hot zones to or near the surface, thus giving rise to geothermal system

ReservoirPorous – fractured

rocksTickness 500 – 1500 m

T = 150 – 300 °C

Reinjection well

Power plant

Steam gathering

system Drilling rig

Geothermal energy

Geothermal system

Geothermal energy

Geothermal systems

Geothermal energy

Electric energy generation

This is the most common type of geothermal power unit.

NAMEPLATE CAPACITY :

5 - 60 MW

NAMEPLATE CAPACITY :

2 - 10 MW

Geothermal energy

Direct use of geothermal heat

Geothermal energy

HDR Project at Soultz: the Pilot Plant concept

Heat mining

Develop advanced technology to use the huge thermal energy amount contained in the earth crust

Geothermal energy


1. introduction


• Heat sources





2° PART








3. Conclusions

Geothermal energy

Once upon a time at the underworld watchdog site... Larderello (Italy)…

The dawn of geothermal industry

… in 1817 a small group of entrepreneurs formed the first geothermal firm starting the extraction of boric acid by

evaporation of the waters of the many geothermal lagoons present in

the Larderello region.

Geothermal energy

……

… and to measure the power of the steam

… in 1827 the first approach to explore the hell …


Geothermal energy

……


The first commercial electric power plant

Larderello 1 ( 1916 )

3x3000kW (indirect cycle)

In 1904 the first experiment of

electric energy generation

Geothermal energy

Geothermal highlights in Italy

Radicondoli - Travale•Since 1950•Exploited area 30 km2

•steam dominated reservoir• efficient capacity:160 MWAmiata

• since 1954 • exploited area 50 km2

• Water dominated system

• efficiente capacity :88 MW

Larderello • since 1913• exploited area 250 km2

• steam dominated reservoir• efficient capacity:463MW

Roma

Florence

Year 2005Efficient capacity (MW) 711Net generation (GWh) 5.036Heat distributed (Tcal ) 235CO2 avoided (Mt) 3,4TEP saved (MTEP) 1,13

Same geothermal system at depth over 3000 extending about

400 km2

Geothermal energy

Geothermal exploration & production process

RESOURCE EXPLORATION & ASSESSMENT

DRILLING ENGINEERING

& CONSTRUCTION OPERATION &

MAINTANANCE

Geothermal energy

… to select the most promising prospect

and to predict the drilling targets

An interdisciplinary integrated approach is applied to build an accurate subsurface geological model of the geothermal system…

Geological & structural model

Exploration & resource assessment

Geothermal energy

Drilling

Vertical and directional wellsare drilled from the same pad

at depth of 1000 – 4500 m

Montieri 1 well

Steam production

over 240 tonnes/h of steam

Geothermal energy

Design & construction of the power system

Power plants

20 MW each one

Steam pipeline

(lenght range :1-10 km)

Geothermal energy

Reduction of gas emission AMIS (process for H2S and Hg

removal)Abatement Hg >90% H2S 70-80%

Environmental sustainability

Architectural solutions to minimize the visual impact

Geothermal energy

Integrated management of geothermal resources for production optimization

Field and power plant O & M

Reinjection well

Production well Electric power plantSteam gathering system

Steam flowWater

Cooling towers

Geothermal energy

• 31 Units in operation

• Range 6.5 MW - 60 MW

• 508 wells

• 408 km steam&water pipelines

Enel’s geothermal assets in ItalyEnel’s geothermal assets in Italy

All the units are remote controlled

711 MW operating capacity

Geothermal energy

Geo-heat supply in Italy

DISTRICT HEATING & GREEN HOUSES

Geothermal energy

Fonte: IGA 2005

Enel geothermal portfolio – Ytd 2005

1930

2564

953838

711

535

435

202163

121151 79 7733 28 20 16 20

0

500

1000

1500

2000

PHILIP

PINES

USA

MEX

ICO

INDONES

IA

ITALY

JAPA

N

NEW Z

EALA

ND

ICEL

AND

COSTA R

ICA

KENYA

El S

ALVADOR

RUSSIA

NICARAGUA

GUATEMALA

CHINA

PORTU

GAL

TURKE

Y

Other

s

MW

(in

sta

lled

)

3000

2500The total installed capacity is 8,933 MW

8,000 MW running and supplying 56,786 GWh

an increase of 12% and 15% respectively with respect to year 2000

Enel

100%

12.5%

Geothermal energy

Geothermal installed capacity

•2/3 of the total installed capacity are for dry steam and single flash units•Binary units are increasing, but with a lower value of capacity per unit.

29%

37%

25%

8% 1%

Dry Steam

Single Flash

Double Flash

Binary

Back Pressure

Fonte: IGA 2005

About 8,000 MW in operation and supplying 56,786 GWh

Geothermal energy

Energy saving & pollution avoidedGEOTHERMAL ENERGY FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION

56875 GWh in 2004

2%

44%

37%

12% 5% AFRICA

AMERICAS

ASIA

EUROPE

OCEANIA

Electric use

•Energy saving (*) of fuel oil per year 96,6 million barrels or 14, 5 millions tonnes

•Carbon pollution avoided (millions tonnes year) 3 (natural gas) or 13 (oil) or 15 (coal)

Total energy saving of fuel oil per year over 220 million barrels

Total carbon pollution avoided per year over 39 (oil) million tonnes(*) generating electricity with 0,35 efficiency factor

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY FOR DIRECT USE OF HEAT

72632 GWh

1%32%

21%

44%

2% AFRICA

AMERICAS

ASIA

EUROPE

OCEANIA

Direct uses

•Energy saving (*) of fuel oil per year 123,4 million barrels or 18,5 millions tonnes

•Carbon pollution avoided (millions tonnes year) 4 (natural gas) or 16 (oil) or 18 (coal)

Geothermal energy

World geothermal potential

… up to 72.500 MW exploitable with existing technologies while future technologies will allow the exploitation of up to 140.000 MW …

Source: World Bank

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy worldwide development

• Indonesia (838 MW)• Filippine (1838 MW)

• New Zealand (403 MW)

Russia (79 MW)

• Canada• Usa (1935 MW)

Cina (19 MW)

•France - Guadalupe(15 MW)• Portugal (13 MW)• Italy (711 MW)

• Kenia (129 MW)• Ethiopia (7,3 MW)

• Cile• Bolivia• Perù• Argentina

Turchia (18 MW)

Iran

• Nicaragua (38 MW)• El Salvador (119 MW)• Costa Rica (163 MW)• Guatemala (29 MW)

Areas with high potential ( MW in operation)

Japan (530MW)

Iceland (202 MW)

Source : Bertani WGC 2005

• Mexico (953 MW)

8900 MW in operation forecasted to year 2010

Geothermal energy

Pozzi da postazioni

esistenti

Pozzi da postazioni da costruire

Zona d’esplorazione

Pozzi da postazioni

esistenti

Pozzi da postazioni

esistenti

Pozzi da postazioni da costruirePozzi da postazioni da costruire

Zona d’esplorazione

Sesta -Montecastelli

Montieri

Chiusdino

Selva - Bruciano

Lagoni Rossi profondo

Val di Corniaprofondo

Exploration program

2004-2008 3D seismic

11 wells at depth of 3500-4500

68 € millions investment

100 MW additional

in the next 5 years

Enel’s new development in ItalyEnel’s new development in Italy

Geothermal energy

Cile

Partenership with ENAP

ENG s.a & GDN s.a.

4 project under exploration

Apacheta

El Tatio – La torta

Calabozo

Chillan

Enel’s worldwide development

Berlin

Ahuachapan

Partenership with LaGeo

119 MW in operation

55 MW under construction

El Salvador

Partenership with LaGeo

GEONICA s.a.

2 project under exploration

Nicaragua

Chiltepe

Hoyo Mt.Galan

North America

projects

under evaluation

Far EastMarket opportunity

under evaluation

Geothermal energy


1. introduction


• Heat sources





2° PART








3. Conclusions

Geothermal energy

Thanks for your attention

For any further information please contact me at the following e-mail address:

[email protected]

geothermal energy fausto batini enel – international rome – italy [email protected]

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