geothermal energy hakim saibi & saeed september 2014 winner of grc 2011 photo contest, reykjanes...
TRANSCRIPT
Geothermal Energy
Hakim SAIBI & SAEED
September 2014
Winner of GRC 2011 photo contest, Reykjanes Geothermal Power Plant, Iceland
2
Few Keywords
• Feasibility studies• IEA• Energy• Renewable Energy• Thermal plants• Hybrid systems• Efficiency• Exergy• Reservoir• Geofluid
• Two phase flow• Brine• Well• Drilling • Enthalpy• Entropy• Surface facilities• Utilization• Scaling• Corrosion
9
Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy
0
25,000
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
175,000
200,000
225,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Applications
TJ/y
r
1995
2000
2005
2010
1. Geothermal Heat Pumps2. Space Heating3. Greenhouses4. Aquaculture5. Agricultural Drying6. Industrial7. Bathing and Swimming8. Cooling / Air Conditioning9. Others
11
Numerical model of synthetic enhanced geothermal system with isosurfaces of temperature after 30 years of heat mining by injection of
cold water from the central well and production from two peripheral wells that intersect the stimulated fracture zone.
15
Topics• Borehole geology and alteration mineralogy• Chemistry of thermal fluid• Drilling (depth of interest!)• Energy policy (local and global scale)• Environmental aspects• Geological explorations• Geophysics• Geothermal energy utilization• Geothermal reservoir• Geothermal resources assessment• Hydrology and hydrogeology• Logging• Well testing• Extensive field works
16
Education
• UNU-GTP (United Nations University-Geothermal Training Program, Iceland)
– http://www.unugtp.is/
• Geothermal diploma course, University of Auckland, New Zealand
• Smaller contributions from Universities in Japan, USA, Italy, Mexico.
20
Geothermal Resources
• Hot dry rock
- no water at all, still no commercial utilization• Vapor dominated fields
- deliver steam ready for the turbine• Water dominated fields
- water flows into the wells, and boils partly• Liquid water
- temperature below 100°C (The fluid contains non-condensable gases and dissolved solids)
21
The cycles
• Flash (Bjarnarflag (backpressure), Nesjavellir)• Double flash (Krafla, Svartsengi)• ORC (Svartsengi)• Kalina (Husavik)
22
Direct use applications• District heating and snow melting• Spas and swimming pools• Greenhouses• Fish farming (aquaculture)• Drying
25
District heating in Reykjavík started in 1930. By 1970 nearly all Houses in Reykjavík were receiving hot water for heating and sales began to nearby municipalities. Today Reykjavík Energy serves about 150.000 people or 99.9% of the population of Reykjavík and five neighboring communities.
19901930
REYKJAVÍK Before and after geothermal space heating
28
Environmental Concerns
• Surface disturbances• Physical effects - fluid withdrawal• Noise• Thermal pollution• Chemical pollution• Protection• Social and economic effects
29
Surface Disturbances
• Excavation• Construction• Roads• Landslides• Scenery• Changes in surface activity• Untidiness
CSmall area of activity, mostly undergroundSource usually exploitednear drillsite
CDrillrigs disappear after Use
CAbandoned or unused boreholes can be hidden
Mitigation
31
Sustainable Development
• Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987)
32
Sustainable Production of Energy from an Individual Geothermal System
• For each geothermal system, and for each mode of production, there exists a certain level of maximum energy production, E0, below which it will be possible to maintain constant energy production for a very long time (100-300 years). If the production rate is greater than E0 it cannot be maintained for this length of time. Geothermal energy production below or equal to E0 is termed sustainable production, while production greater than E0 is termed excessive production (Axelsson et al. 2001)
34
Cascade Utilization of Geothermal Energy
RefrigerationPlant
Food Processing
Power Plant
ApartmentBuilding
Greenhouse
Fish Farm2000C
1000C
Cascading to maximize useof the geothermal energy