1. BASIC PHRASESNEW!If you'd like to study these phrases (and their pronunciations) individually, please go toBasic German Phrases.Guten Morgengoot-en mor-genGood MorningGuten Taggoot-en tahkHello/Good DayGuten Abendgoot-en ah-bentGood Evening

Gute Nachtgoot-eh nakhtGood NightTag / Hallo / Servustahk / hah-loh / sair-voohsHi / Hello / Hi & Bye(Southern Germany & Austria)Auf Wiedersehenowf vee-dair-zaynGoodbye

Gr dich / Gr Gott!Hello! / Greetings!(Southern Germany & Austria)Tschs / Tschautchews / chowBye!Gehen wir!geh-en veerLet's go!

Bis spterbiss shpay-terSee you laterBis baldbiss bahltSee you soonBis morgenbiss mohr-genSee you tomorrow

Bittebih-tuhPleaseDanke (schn / sehr)dahn-kuh shurn/zairThank youBitteschnbih-tuh shurnYou're welcome

Es tut mir leid.ehs toot meer liteI'm sorryEntschuldigen Sieehnt-shool-dih-gun zeeExcuse meVerzeihungPardon me

Wie gehtes Ihnen?vee gayt es ee-nenHow are you? (formal)Wie geht's?vee gaytsHow are you? (informal)(Sehr) Gut / So lalazair goot / zo lahlah(Very) Good / OK

Schlecht /NichtGutshlekht / nisht gootBad / Not goodEs geht.ess gateI'm ok. (informal)Ja / Neinyah / nineYes / No

Wie heien Sie?vee hie-ssen zeeWhat's your name? (formal)Wie heit du?vee hiesst dooWhat's your name? (informal)Ich heie...ikh hie-ssuhMy name is... [I am called...]

Es freut mich.froyt mikhPleased to meet you.Gleichfalls.glykh-falsLikewise.Herr / Frau / Fruleinhair / frow / froi-lineMister / Misses / Miss

Woher kommenSie?vo-hair koh-men zeeWhere are you from? (formal)Woher kommst du?vo-hair kohmst dooWhere are you from? (informal)Ich komme aus...ikh koh-muh ows...I'm from...

Wo wohnen Sie?vo voh-nen zeeWhere do you live? (formal)Wo wohnst du?vo vohnst dooWhere do you live? (informal)Ich wohne in...ikh voh-nuh inI live in...

Wie alt sind Sie?vee alt zint zeeHow old are you? (formal)Wie alt bist du?vee alt bisst dooHow old are you? (informal)Ich bin ____ Jahre alt.ikh bin ____ yaa-reh altI am ____ years old.

Sprechen Sie deutsch?shpreck-en zee doytchDo you speak German? (formal)Sprichst du englisch?shprikhst doo eng-lishDoyou speak English? (informal)Ich spreche (kein)...ikh shpreck-uh kineI (don't) speak...

Verstehen Sie? / Verstehst du?fehr-shtay-en zee / fehr-shtayst dooDo you understand? (formal / informal)Ich verstehe (nicht).ikh fehr-shtay-eh nikhtI (don't) understand.Ich wei (nicht).ikh vise nikhtI (don't) know.

Knnen Sie mir helfen?ker-nen zee meer hell-fenCan you help me? (formal)Kannst dumir helfen?kahnst doo meer hell-fenCan you help me? (informal)Natrlich / Gernenah-tewr-likh / gair-nuhOf course / Gladly

Kann ich Ihnen helfen?kahn ikh ee-nen hell-fenMay I help you? (formal)Kann ich dir helfen?kahn ikh deer hell-fenMay I help you? (informal)Wie bitte?vee bih-tuhWhat? Pardon me?

Wie heit ___ auf deutsch?vee heist ___ owf doytchHow do you say___ in German?Wo ist / Wo sind... ?voh ist / voh zintWhere is / Where are... ?Es gibt...ess geeptThere is / are...

Was ist los?vahs ist lohsWhat's the matter?Das macht nichts.dass makht nikhtsIt doesn't matter.Das ist mir egal.dass ist meer eh-gahlI don't care.

Keine Angst!ky-nuh ahngstDon't worry!Ich habe es vergessen.ikh hah-buh ess fehr-geh-senI forgot.Jetzt muss ich gehen.yetz mooss ikh geh-enI must go now.

Ich habe Hunger / Durst.ikh hah-buh hoong-er / dirstI'm hungry / thirsty.Ich bin krank / mde.ikh bin krahnk moo-duhI'm sick / tired.Ich habe Langeweile.ikh hah-buh lahn-guh-vy-luhI'm bored.

Ich mchte / Ich htte gern...ikh merkh-tuh / ikh heh-tuh gairnI'd like...Das gefllt mir.dahs geh-fehlt meerI like it.Prima / Toll / Super!pree-mah / tohl / zoo-pairGreat / Fantastic!

Gesundheit!geh-soont-hytBless you!Herzlichen Glckwunsch!herts-likh-en glewk-voonshCongratulations!Sei ruhig!zy roo-hikhBe quiet! (informal)

Willkommen!vil-koh-menWelcome!Viel Glck!feel glewkGood luck!Schauen Sie mal! / Schau mal!show-en zee mal / show malLook! (formal / informal)

Bitte schn?Yes? / What would you like to order?Was darf's sein?What can I get you? / How can I help you?Sonst noch etwas?Anything else?

Bitte schn.Here you go. (handing something to someone)Zahlen bitte!The check, please!Stimmt so.Keep the change.

Ich bin satt.I'm full.Mir ist schlecht.I feel sick.Es tut mir weh.It hurts.

Ich liebe dich.ikh leeb-uh dikhI love you. (informal)Du fehlst mir.I miss you. (informal)Alles ist in Ordnung.Everything is fine.

Wie wre es mit ... ?How about...?Was fr ein...?What kind of (a)...?Nichtwahr?[general tag question]

Ichis not actually pronouncedikh, unless you are speaking a northern dialect of German.If you are speaking a southern dialect, then it is more likeish. There is no equivalent sound in English. In standard German, it is somewhere between ish and ikh. Technically, it is a voiceless palatal fricative and its voiced counterpart is the y sound in yes.

2. PRONUNCIATIONGerman VowelsEnglish Pronunciation

[i]vielmeet, eat

[y]khlee rounded / long vowel

[]Tischmitt, it

[]hbschih rounded / short vowel

[e]Teemate, wait

[]schnay rounded / long vowel

[]Bettmet, wet

[]zwlfeh rounded / short vowel

[a]Mannmop, not

[]kamah / longer vowel than [a]

[u]gutboot, suit

[]mussput, soot

[o]Sohncoat, goat

[]Stockcaught, bought

[]bittecut, what

[]Wetteruhr / also short vowel like []

Highlighted vowels do not exist in English.Notice that words spelled withandcan be pronounced with a long or short vowel, so determining the pronunciation based on the spelling is not possible. The other umlauted letter,, is generally pronounced as [e], though it can be pronounced as [] in some dialects. A general rule for pronunciation, however, states that the short vowels / / must be followed by a consonant, whereas the long vowels / i y u e o / can occur at the end of the syllable or word.German DiphthongsEnglish Pronunciation

[a]ein, meineye, buy, why

[a]auf, kaufencow, now, how

[]neu, Gebudetoy, boy, foil

German ConsonantsThere are a few German consonants that do not exist in English, and some consonant combinations that are not common in English. Notice that the pronunciation of the German r changes according to the location in the countries that speak German, i.e. [R] in northern Germany and [r] in southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland.SpellingIPASample wordsHow to pronounce:

ch (with vowels e and i)[]Chemie, mich,nichtMake yuh sound voiceless (no vibration of vocal cords)

ch (with vowels a, o, u)[x]Buch, lachen, kochenMake kuh sound a fricative (continuous airflow)

pf[pf]Apfel, Pferd, PfannePronounce together as one sound

z[ts]Zeit, Zug,TanzPronounce together as one sound

j[j]ja, Januar, Jungeyuh

qu[kv]Quote, Quiz, Quittekv

st / sp (at beginning of syllable)[t] / [p]Stadt, sprechensht / shp

sch[]schenken, schlafensh

th[t]Theater, Thront

v[f]Vater, verbotenf

w[v]Wasser, warmv

[s]Strae, gros

s (before vowel)[z]Salz, seit, Sitzz

In addition, the sounds [b], [d], and [g] lose their voicing at the end of a syllable, so they are pronounced as their voiceless counterparts [p], [t], and [k], respectively. However, the spelling does not reflect the pronunciation.StressStress generally falls on the first syllable of the word, except in words borrowed from other languages, where the stress falls on the last syllable (especially withFrench words.)

3. ALPHABETaahjyohtsess

bbaykkahttay

ctsayleluoo

ddaymemvfow

eaynenwvay

feffoohxeeks

ggayppayyirp-se-lon

hhahqkooztset

ieerehr

There is another letter in written German, (es-zet), pronounced like [s]. However, this letter is only used after long vowels or diphthongs, and it is not used at all in Switzerland.

4. NOUNS & CASESAll nouns have a gender in German, either masculine, feminine or neuter. There really isn't a lot of logic to which nouns are which gender, so you must memorize the gender of each noun. 1. Male persons or animals, the seasons, months, and days are allmasculine, as are nouns ending in -ant, -ast, -ich, -ig, -ismus, -ling, -or and -us. 2. Female persons or animals, and numerals are allfeminine, as are nouns ending in -a, -anz, -ei, -enz, -heit, -ie, -ik, -in, -keit, -schaft, -sion, -sis, -tt, -tion, -ung and -ur. 3. Young persons or animals, metals, chemical elements, letters of the alphabet, hotels, restaurants, cinemas, continents, countries and provinces are allneuter, as are nouns that end in -chen, -icht, -il, -it, -lein, -ma, -ment, -tel, -tum, and -um. Nouns referring to things that end in -al, -an, -ar, -t, -ent, -ett, -ier, -iv, -o and -on, as well as most words with the prefix ge- and most nouns ending in -nis and -sal are also neuter. All nouns in German are capitalized in writing.All nouns (as well as pronouns and adjectives)have a case depending on what function they serve in the sentence. These may seem strange, but remember that English uses cases also; however, we would say direct object instead of accusative, or indirect object instead of dative. Although these cases may make learning new words difficult, they actually help with word order because the position of words in a sentence is not as fixed in German as it is in English. And the reason for that is because words can occur in these four cases:Nominativesubject of the sentenceThe girlis reading.

Accusativedirect objectsWe seethe mountain.I boughta gift.

Dativeindirect objectsWe talktothe guide.I gavemy moma gift.

Genitiveindicates possession or relationshipThe bookofthe girl.Thedog'stail.

The nouns you look up in a dictionary will be in the nominative case.

5. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVESDefinite Articles (The)

MasculineFeminineNeuterPlural

Nominativeder(dare)die(dee)das(dahs)die

Accusativeden(dane)diedasdie

Dativedem(dame)derdemden

Genitivedes(dess)derdesder

Indefinite Articles (A, An)

MasculineFeminineNeuter

Nom.ein(ine)eine(ine-uh)ein

Acc.einen(ine-en)eineein

Dat.einem(ine-em)einer(ine-er)einem

Gen.eines(ine-es)einereines

Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)

This / TheseThat /Those

Masc.Fem.Neu.Pl.Masc.Fem.Neu.Pl.

Nom.dieserdiesediesesdiesederdiedasdie

Acc.diesendiesediesesdiesedendiedasdie

Dat.diesemdieserdiesemdiesendemderdemden

Gen.diesesdieserdiesesdieserdesderdesder

Jeneris an older word found in written German that was used to mean that or those, but today in spoken German the definite articles are used. Dortordamay accompany the definite articles for emphasis. Dasis also a universal demonstrative and therefore shows no agreement. Notice the last letter of each of the words above. They correspond to the last letters of the words for the definite articles. Words that are formed this same way are calledder-wordsbecause they follow the pattern of the der-die-das declension. Other der-words are: jeder-every, andwelcher-which. Mancher(many) andsolcher(such) are also der-words, but they are used almost always in the plural.

6. SUBJECT (NOMINATIVE) PRONOUNSSubject Pronouns

ichikhIwirveerwe

dudooyou (familiar)ihreeryou (all)

er, sie, es, manair, zee, ess, mahnhe, she, it, onesie, Siezeethey, you (formal)

Mancan be translated as one, we, they or the people in general. When referring to nouns asit, you useerfor masculine nouns,siefor feminine nouns andesfor neuter nouns. However, the definite articlesder, dieanddascan be substituted forer, sieandesto show more emphasis.

7. TO BE, TO HAVE, & TO BECOME

Present tense of sein - to be(zine)

I amich binikh binwe arewir sindveer zint

you are (familiar)du bistdoo bihstyou (plural) areihr seideer zide

he/she/it iser/sie/es istair/zee/ess isstthey/you (formal) aresie/Sie sindzee zint

Past tense of sein

I wasich warikh varwe werewir warenveer vah-ren

you were (familiar)du warstdoo varstyou (plural) wereihr warteer vart

he/she/it waser/sie/es warair/zee/es varthey/you (formal) weresie/Sie warenzee vah-ren

Present tense of haben - to have(hah-ben)

ich habehah-buhwirhabenhah-ben

du hasthahstihrhabthahbt

er/sie/es hathahtsie/Siehabenhah-ben

Past tense of haben

ich hattehah-tuhwirhattenhah-ten

du hattesthah-testihrhattethah-tet

er/sie/es hattehah-tuhsie/Siehattenhah-ten

Present tense of werden - to become(vair-den)

ich werdevair-duhwirwerdenvair-den

du wirstveerstihrwerdetvair-det

er/sie/es wirdveertsie/Siewerdenvair-den

Past tense of werden

ich wurdevoor-duhwirwurdenvoor-den

du wurdestvoor-destihrwurdetvoor-det

er/sie/es wurdevoor-duhsie/Siewurdenvoor-den

Habenis frequently used in expressions that would normally taketo bein English.Ich habe Hunger.= I am hungry.Ich hatte Durst.= I was thirsty.Ich habe Langeweile.= I am bored.Ich hatte Heimweh. = I was homesick.Ich habe Angst.= I am afraid.In everyday speech, the final -e on the ich conjugations can be dropped:ich hab'orhab' ich

8. USEFUL WORDSandundoontisn't it?nichtwahr?nikhtvahr

butaberah-bertoo badschadeshah-duh

verysehrzairgladlygerngehrn

oroderoh-derimmediatelysofortzoh-fort

herehierheresure(ly)sicher(lich)zikh-er-likh

alsoauchowkhbut, rathersondernzohn-dehrn

bothbeideby-duhfinallyschlielichshleess-likh

someetwaseht-vahssright!stimmtshtimt

onlynurnooranywayberhauptoo-ber-howpt

againwiedervee-derenoughgenugguh-nook

hopefullyhoffentlichhoh-fent-likhexact(ly)genauguh-now

betweenzwischenzvish-ensometimesmanchmalmahnch-mal

thereforedeshalbdes-halpalwaysimmerim-er

alot, manyviel(e)feel(uh)nevernienee

reallywirklichveerk-lishoftenoftohft

togetherzusammentsoo-zah-menof courseklarklahr

allalleahl-luhperhapsvielleichtfee-likht

nowjetztyetstalittleein bisschenine biss-khen

soalsoal-zohalittleein wenigine vay-nikh

anothernoch einnohkh inenot at allgar nichtgarnikht

alreadyschonshonenot a bitkein bisschenkine biss-khen

Es gibtis commonly used to meanthere is/areand it is always followed by theaccusative case.

9. QUESTION WORDSWhowervehrWhom (acc.)wenvain

WhatwasvahsWhom (dat.)wemvaim

Whywarumvah-roomHow comewiesovee-zo

WhenwannvahnWhere fromwohervo-hair

WherewovohWhere towohinvo-hin

HowwieveeWhichwelche/-r/-svelsh-uh/er/es

10. NUMBERS / DIE NUMMERN0nullnool

1einsines1sterste

2zweitsvy2ndzweite

3dreidry3rddritte

4vierfeer4thvierte

5fnffewnf5thfnfte

6sechszecks6thsechste

7siebenzee-bun7thsiebte

8achtahkht8thachte

9neunnoyn9thneunte

10zehntsayn10thzehnte

11elfelf11thelfte

12zwlftsvurlf12thzwlfte

13dreizehndry-tsayn13thdreizehnte

14vierzehnfeer-tsayn14thvierzehnte

15fnfzehnfewnf-tsayn15thfnfzehnte

16sechzehnzeck-tsayn16thsechzehnte

17siebzehnzeep-tsayn17thsiebzehnte

18achtzehnahkh-tsayn18thachtzehnte

19neunzehnnoyn-tsayn19thneunzehnte

20zwanzigtsvahn-tsikh20thzwanzigste

21einundzwanzigine-oont-tsvahn-tsikh21steinundzwanzigste

22zweiundzwanzigtsvy-oont-tsvahn-tsikh22ndzweiundzwanzigste

23dreiundzwanzigdry-oont-tsvahn-tsikh23rddreiundzwanzigste

24vierundzwanzigfeer-oont-tsvahn-tsikh24thvierundzwanzigste

30dreiigdry-sikh30thdreiigste

40vierzigfeer-tsikh40thvierzigste

50fnfzigfewnf-tsikh50thfnfzigste

60sechzigzekh-tsikh60thsechzigste

70siebzigzeep-tsikh70thsiebzigste

80achtzigahkh-tsikh80thachtzigste

90neunzignoyn-tsikh90thneunzigste

100(ein)hundertine-hoon-duhrt

1,000(ein)tausendine-tow-zuhnt

Sometimes zwo(tsvoh)is used instead of zwei to avoid confusion with drei when talking on the telephone. The use of commas and periods is switched in German, though a space is commonly used to separate thousandths, i.e. 1,000 would be 1 000. When saying telephone numbers, you can either say each number individually or group them in twos. For years, you use the hundreds: 1972 is neunzehn hundert zweiundsiebzig; or the thousands: 2005 is zwei tausend fnf.Wann sind Sie geboren?When were you born?Ich bin in 1982 geboren.I was born in 1982.

11. DAYS OF THE WEEK / DIE TAGEMondayMontagmohn-tahk

TuesdayDienstagdeens-tahk

WednesdayMittwochmit-vock

ThursdayDonnerstagdon-ers-tahk

FridayFreitagfry-tahk

Saturday(N & E Germany)SamstagSonnabendzahms-tahkzon-nah-bent

SundaySonntagzon-tahk

dayder Tag (-e)dehr tahk

morningder Morgen (-)mawr-gun

afternoonder Nachmittag (-e)nakh-mih-tahk

eveningder Abend (-e)ah-bunt

nightdie Nacht (, -e)nahkt

todayheutehoy-tuh

tomorrowmorgenmawr-gun

tonightheute Abendhoy-tuh ah-bunt

yesterdaygesterngeh-stairn

last nightgestern Abendgeh-stairn ah-bunt

weekdie Woche (-n)voh-kuh

weekenddas Wochenende (-n)voh-ken-en-duh

dailytglichteh-glikh

weeklywchentlichwer-khent-likh

To sayona certain day or the weekend, useam. Add an -s to the day to express "on Mondays, Tuesdays, etc." All days, months and seasons are masculine so they all use the same form of these words: jeden- every,nchsten- next,letzten- last (as in the last of a series),vorigen- previous. In der Wocheis the expression for "during the week" in Northern and Eastern Germany, whileunter der Wocheis used in Southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland.

12. MONTHS OF THE YEAR / DIE MONATEJanuaryJanuaryah-noo-ahr

(Austria)Jnneryeh-ner

FebruaryFebruarfay-broo-ahr

MarchMrzmehrts

AprilAprilah-pril

MayMaimy

JuneJuniyoo-nee

JulyJuliyoo-lee

AugustAugustow-goost

SeptemberSeptemberzehp-tehm-ber

OctoberOktoberok-toh-ber

NovemberNovemberno-vehm-ber

DecemberDezemberdeh-tsem-ber

monthder Monat (-e)moh-naht

yeardas Jahr (-e)yaar

monthlymonatlichmoh-naht-likh

yearlyjhrlichjehr-likh

To sayina certain month, useim.Wann hast du Geburtstag?When is your birthday?Mein Geburtstag ist im Mai.My birthday is in May.

13. SEASONS / DIE JAHRESZEITENWinterder Winterdehr vin-ter

Springder Frhlingdehr frew-ling

Summerder Sommerdehr zom-mer

Autumnder Herbstdehr hehrpst

To sayin the+ a season, useim.

14. DIRECTIONS / DIE RICHTUNGENrightrechts

leftlinks

straightgeradeaus

Northder Norden

Southder Sden

Eastder Osten

Westder Westen

imNorden = in the NorthnachOsten = to the EastausWesten = from the West

15. COLORS & SHAPES / DIE FARBEN & DIE FORMENorangeorangesquaredas Viereck

pinkrosacircleder Kreis

purpleviolett / lilatriangledas Dreieck

blueblaurectangledas Rechteck

yellowgelbovaldas Oval

redrotoctagondas Achteck

blackschwarzcubeder Wrfel

brownbraunspheredieKugel

graygrauconeder Kegel

whiteweicylinderderZylinder

greengrn

turquoisetrkis

beigebeige

silversilber

goldgold

Because colors are adjectives, they must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe if they are placed before the noun. However, not all adjectives agree, such as colors ending in -a or -e; nor do they agree when they are used as predicate adjectives. More aboutAdjectives in German III. To say that a color islight, puthell-before it, and to say that a color isdark, putdunkel-before it.Das Viereck ist braun.The square is brown.Das Rechteck ist hellblau.The rectange is light blue.

16. TIME / DIE ZEITWhat time is it?Wie spt ist es?vee shpayt isst ess

(It is) 2 AMEs ist zwei Uhr nachtsess ist tsvy oor nahkts

2 PMEs ist zwei Uhr nachmittagstsvy oor nahk-mih-tahks

6:20Es ist sechs Uhr zwanzigzex oor tsvahn-tsikh

half past 3Es ist halb vierhahlp feer

quarter past 4Es ist Viertelnach vierfeer-tel nahk feer

quarter to 5Es ist Viertel vor fnffeer-telfor fewnf

10 past 11Es ist zehn nach elftsyan nahk elf

20 to 7Es ist zwanzig vor siebentsvahn-tsikh for zee-bun

noonEs ist nachmittagnakh-mih-tahk

midnightEs ist mitternachtmih-ter-nahk

in the morningmorgens / frhmawr-guns / frew

in the eveningabendsaah-bunts

It's exactly...Es ist genau...ess ist guh-now

At 8.Um 8 Uhr.oom akht oor

early(ier)frh(er)frew(er)

late(r)spt(er)shpayt(er)

Official time, such as for bus and train schedules, always uses the 24 hour clock. Notice thathalb+ number meanshalf to, nothalf past, so you have to use the hour that comes next.

17. WEATHER / DAS WETTERHow's theweather today?Wie ist das Wetter heute?vie ist dahs vet-ter hoy-tuh

It's hotEs ist heiess isst hise

It's coldEs ist kaltess isst kahlt

It's beautifulEs ist schness isst shern

It's badEs ist schlechtess isst shlehkt

It's clearEs ist klaress isst klahr

It's icyEs ist eisigess isst ise-ikh

It's warmEs ist warmess isst varm

It's sunnyEs ist sonnigess isst zohn-ikh

It's windyEs ist windigess isst vin-dikh

It's cloudyEs ist bewlktess isst beh-verlkt

It's hazyEs ist dunstigess isst doons-tikh

It's muggyEs ist schwless isst schvool

It's humidEs ist feuchtess isst foikht

It's foggyEs ist nebeligess isst neh-beh-likh

It's snowingEs schneitess schnite

It's rainingEs regnetess rayg-net

It's freezingEs friertess freert

It looks like rain.Es sieht nach Regen aus.es seet nahkh ray-gen ows

The weather is clearingDas Wetter klrt sich auf.dahs vett-er klairt sikh owf

18. FAMILY / DIE FAMILIEParentsdie ElternRelativeder Verwandte (-n)

Motherdie Mutter ()Mander Mann (, -er)

Fatherder Vater ()Sir / Misterder Herr (-en)

Sonder Sohn (, -e)Woman / Ma'am / Mrs. / Ms.die Frau (-en)

Daughterdie Tochter ()Husbandder Ehemann (, -er)

Brotherder Bruder ()Wifedie Ehefrau (-en)

Sisterdie Schwester (-n)Boyder Junge (-n)

Grandparentsdie GroelternGirldas Mdchen (-)

Grandfatherder Grovater ()Grandpader Opa (-s)

Grandmotherdie Gromutter ()Grandmadie Oma (-s)

Grandchildrendie EnkelkinderDadder Vati

Grandsonder Enkel (-)Momdie Mutti

Granddaughter die Enkelin (-nen)Friend (m)der Freund (-e)

Niecedie Nichte (-n)Friend (f)die Freundin (-nen)

Nephewder Neffe (-n)Partner / Significant Other (m)der Partner (-)

Cousin (m)der Vetter (-n)Partner / Significant Other (f)die Partnerin (-nen)

Cousin (f)die Kusine (-n)Marital Statusder Familienstand

Uncleder Onkel (-)Singleledig

Auntdie Tante (-n)Marriedverheiratet

Siblingsdie GeschwisterDivorcedgeschieden

Babydas Baby (-s)Malemnnlich

Godfatherder Pate (-n)Femaleweiblich

Godmotherdie Patin (-nen)Childdas Kind (-er)

Step-der/die Stief-Toddlerdas Kleinkind (-er)

-in-lawder/die Schwieger-Teenagerder Teenager (-)

Brother-in-lawder Schwager ()Adultder Erwachsene (-n)

Sister-in-lawdie Schwgerin (-nen)Twinder Zwilling (-e)

The letters in parentheses indicate the plural form of the noun. Notice that sometimes an umlaut is placed over the main vowel of the word in the plural. For example,der Mannis singular (the man) anddie Mnneris plural (the men). For step- and -in-law relations, just addStief-orSchwieger-before the main person, except in the case of brother-in-law and sister-in-law noted above. The plurals follow the pattern for the main person, i.e.die Schwiegermutter(singular) anddie Schwiegermtter(plural)

19. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTSkennen - to know peoplewissen - to know facts

ich kenneken-nuhwir kennenken-nunich weivisewir wissenvih-sun

du kennstkenstihr kenntkentdu weitvistihr wisstvihst

er/sie/es kenntkentsie/Sie kennenken-nuner/sie/es weivisesie/Sie wissenvih-sun

Kennen is a regular verb, while wissen is irregular in the present tense. Youmustuse the subject pronouns (ich, du, er...); however, I will leave them out of future conjugations.

20. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNSPlural nouns in German are unpredictable, so it's best to memorize the plural form with the singular. However, here are some rules that can help:1.Femininenouns usually add-nor-en. Nouns that end in-in(such as the female equivalents of masculine nouns) add-nen.eine Lampezwei Lampen

eine Trzwei Tren

eine Studentinzwei Studentinnen

eine Gabelzwei Gabeln

2.Masculineandneuternouns usually add-eor-er. Many masculine plural nouns ending in-eadd an umlaut as well, but neuter plural nouns ending in-edon't. Plurals that end in-eradd an umlaut when the stem vowel isa, o , uorau.MasculineNeuter

ein Rockzwei Rckeein Heftzwei Hefte

ein Mannzwei Mnnerein Buchzwei Bcher

3.Masculineandneutersingular nouns that end in-ereither add an umlaut or change nothing at all. Many nouns with a stem vowel ofa, o, uorauadd an umlaut.Masculineandneutersingular nouns that end in-elalso add nothing at all (with three exceptions: Pantoffel, Stachel, Muskel).MasculineNeuter

ein Bruderzwei Brderein Fensterzwei Fenster

ein Kegelzwei Kegelein Mittelzwei Mittel

4. Nouns that end in a vowel other than an unstressed -e and nouns of foreign origin add-s.ein Hobbyzwei Hobbys

ein Hotelzwei Hotels