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Updated:March2016

GermanLawJournal

StyleGuide

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Editor’sNote:ThisstyleguidehasbeenkeyedtotheTexasLawReviewManualonUsage&StyleandtheBluebook.WheretheStyleGuideissilent,useyourbest judgment—withreferencetotheTMS,Bluebook,andPurpleBook—ineditingsubmissions.Andpleasecommunicateanyissuesyoufindinusingthisguide.

TableofContentsI.Formatting.................................................................................................................................................................4

A.DocumentWideSettings............................................................................................................................4

B.TitleLines....................................................................................................................................................4

C.Byline..........................................................................................................................................................4

D.Abstract......................................................................................................................................................5

E.Headings.....................................................................................................................................................5

F.Body............................................................................................................................................................6

G.Footnotes...................................................................................................................................................6

H.Capitalization..............................................................................................................................................6

I.Italics............................................................................................................................................................7

J.Abbreviations..............................................................................................................................................7

K.Dates...........................................................................................................................................................7

L.BlockQuotations.........................................................................................................................................7

M.BookReviews............................................................................................................................................8

N.ConferenceReports....................................................................................................................................8

II.Punctuation...............................................................................................................................................................9

A.QuotationsandQuotationMarks...............................................................................................................9

B.Commas......................................................................................................................................................9

C.Semicolon.................................................................................................................................................10

D.Colon........................................................................................................................................................10

E.Parentheses..............................................................................................................................................11

F.Apostrophe...............................................................................................................................................11

G.DashesandHyphens................................................................................................................................11

H.Ellipses......................................................................................................................................................11

I.Periods.......................................................................................................................................................12

J.Washington&LeeUniversity....................................................................................................................12

III.Grammar................................................................................................................................................................13

A.AmericanEnglish......................................................................................................................................13

B.“A”or“An”(TMS6.10).............................................................................................................................13

C.AdjectivePlacement.................................................................................................................................13

D.Americanv.EnglishVerbs........................................................................................................................13

E.BeginningaSentencewithaConjunction................................................................................................13

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F.Contractions(TMS1.02)...........................................................................................................................13

G.EndingaSentencewithaPreposition(TMS6.11)....................................................................................14

H.GenderNeutrality(TMS7.01–7.03).........................................................................................................14

I.“However”(SeeTMS,Appendix:CommonlyMisusedWords)..................................................................14

J.“Impact”(SeeTMS,Appendix:CommonlyMisusedWords).....................................................................14

K.“Like”(SeeTMS,Appendix:CommonlyMisusedWords).........................................................................14

L.MisleadingConnectives............................................................................................................................15

M.“OntheOtherHand”...............................................................................................................................15

N.“Only”(SeeTMS,Appendix:CommonlyMisusedWords)........................................................................15

O.PossessivesofNounsEndingin‘s’(TMS1.01).........................................................................................15

P.“Second”...................................................................................................................................................15

Q.“Since”......................................................................................................................................................15

R.“Who”v.“Whom”(SeeTMS,Appendix:CommonlyMisusedWords).....................................................16

S.“Whose”v.“OfWhich”(SeeTMS,Appendix:CommonlyMisusedWords)..............................................16

IV.Citations.................................................................................................................................................................17

A.PriorityofAuthorities...............................................................................................................................17

B.GermanLawJournal.................................................................................................................................17

C.CourtofJusticeoftheEuropeanUnion....................................................................................................17

NOTE:ForCJEUcitations,BluebookrulesandECLIrulesareacceptable.Defertotheauthor’schoiceonthesematters...............................................................................................................................17

D.EuropeanCourtofHumanRights.............................................................................................................18

E.GermanCases...........................................................................................................................................18

F.EuropeanUnionTreaties.........................................................................................................................19

G.EuropeanUnionLegislation.....................................................................................................................20

H.InternetCitations.....................................................................................................................................20

I.SupraandInfra..........................................................................................................................................20

J.UseofShortCitationFormsGenerally......................................................................................................21

K.ParentheticalInformation........................................................................................................................21

L.GermanCitationParticularities.................................................................................................................21

V.Appendix.................................................................................................................................................................22

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I.Formatting

A.DocumentWideSettings

1.Language ThelanguageoftheentiredocumentshouldbesettoEnglish(U.S.). 2.ParagraphSpacing

Exceptintheformattingofthefootnotes,thedocument’sparagraphspacingsettingsshouldbeasfollows:• Nospacingbeforeorafter• Singlelinespacing

3.Typeface TheentiredocumentshouldappearinCalibri.

B.TitleLines

1.Font• Thetitleshouldbein14pt.Calibri.• Thetitleshouldappearinbold.• Titleshouldnotbeitalicized,exceptasrequiredbyotherrulesintheGLJStyleGuide.

2.JustificationThetitleshouldbeleft-aligned.

3.SpacingThetitleshouldbefollowedbytwohardreturnssothatoneblank14pt.lineseparatesthetitleandthebyline.4.Capitalization(BluebookRule8)• Capitalizeallwordsexceptarticles,conjunctions,andprepositionsoffourorfewerletters,exceptwhentheyarethe

firstorlastwordoftheheading.• Capitalizehyphenatedwordsasyouwouldifthehyphenswerespaces.

C.Byline

1.Font• Thebylineshouldbein12pt.Calibri.• Thebylineshouldappearinitalics.• Theauthor’snameshouldbeprecededbytheword“By”.

2.BiographicalFootnotesThebylineshouldcontainabiographicalfootnote,markedwithanon-italicizedasterisk.

Tofootnotethebylinewithanasterisk:Select“Reference”tab→Clickonthebottomrightcornerof“Footnotes”box→Type*inthe“Custommark”field→Click“Insert”.

3.JustificationThebylineshouldbeleft-aligned.

4.SpacingThebylineshouldbefollowedbyfourhardreturnssothatthreeblank12pt.linesseparatethebylineandtheabstract.

5.MultipleAuthors

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Twoauthorsshouldbejoinedbyanampersand.Threeormoreauthorshouldbejoinedbycommas,withanampersandsettingoffthefinalauthor.Forthebiographicalfootnote,eachauthorreceivesanumberofasterisksequaltohisorherorderofappearance.

ByMartinHeidegger*&JürgenHabermas**ByMartinHeidegger,*JürgenHabermas,**&KarlMay***

D.Abstract

1.Requirement• Everypublicationmusthaveanabstractatthebeginning.• Ifthereisnoabstract,leaveacommentfortheauthoraskingforone.

2.Heading

• Theabstractshouldbeprecededbytheword"Abstract"• Inboldletters• Followedbytwohardreturns3.FontThetextoftheabstractshouldbein10pt.Calibri.

4.JustificationThetextoftheabstractshouldbefull-justified.

5.SpacingTheabstractisthelastpieceoftextonthatpage(asidefromthefootnotes.)Thearticleshouldbeginonthenextpage.(Donotuseapagebreakasthatwillinterferewiththepagenumbers.)

6.IndentationThetextoftheabstractshouldnotbeindented.

E.Headings

1.OrderofHeadingsHeadingtitlesshouldbeginwiththefollowingcharacters,separatedbyonespacebetweenthecharactersandthestartoftheheadingtitles:

-Firstlevel:A.,B.,C.,etc.-Secondlevel:I.,II.,III.,etc.-Thirdlevel:1.,2.,3.,etc.-Fourthlevel:1.1,1.2,1.3,etc.-Fifthlevel:a),b),c),etc.

Notethatthebodyofanarticledoesnotneedtostartwithaheading.Abstractsorsummariesatthestartofthepaperdonotrequireheadings.

2.JustificationHeadingsshouldbeleft-aligned.

3.Spacing• Headings should be preceded by two hard returns and followed by two hard returns so that one blank 10 pt. line

appearsaboveandbelowtheheading.• Notethatifaheadingbeginsthearticle,itshouldbeprecededbyfourhardreturnssuchthatthreeblank12pt.lines

separatethebylineandtheheading.

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4.Capitalization(BluebookRule8)• Capitalizeallwordsexceptarticles,conjunctions,andprepositionsoffourorfewerletters,exceptwhentheyarethe

firstorlastwordoftheheading.• Capitalizehyphenatedwordsasyouwouldifthehyphenswerespaces.5.FirstLevelHeadingsFont• Firstlevelheadingsshouldbein10pt.Calibri.• Firstlevelheadingsshouldappearinbold.• Firstlevelheadingsshouldnotbeitalicized,exceptasrequiredbyotherrules.

6.SubordinateLevelHeadingsFont• Subordinateheadingsshouldbeinitalicized10pt.Calibri.• Ifawordintheheadingwouldnormallyappearinitalics,itshouldnotbeitalicized.

F.Body

1.FontThetextofthebodyshouldbein10pt.Calibri.

2.JustificationThetextofthebodyshouldbefull-justified.

3.SpacingParagraphsshouldbefollowedbytwohardreturnssothatoneblank10pt.lineseparateseachparagraph.

4.IndentationParagraphsshouldnotbeindented.

G.Footnotes

1.FontFootnotesshouldbein8pt.Calibri.

2.JustificationFootnotesshouldbefull-justified.

3.Spacing• Onespaceshouldseparatethefootnotenumberandthetextofthefootnote.• Paragraphspacinginthefootnotesshouldbesetto8pt.afteraparagraph,0pt.beforeaparagraph,andsingleline

spacing.

H.Capitalization

1.Generally(BluebookRule8)Capitalizethefollowingwhentheyappearinsentences:

-Propernouns-Namesoforganizations-Namesofnationalandethnicgroups-Namesofreligiousgroups-Namesoflanguages-Titlesofartisticoracademicworks

2.TitlesandSubdivisionsCapitalizeallwordsinatitleexceptarticles,conjunctions,andprepositionsoffourorfewerletters.Thefirstandlastwordsofatitleshouldalwaysbecapitalized.

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3.ForeignMaterials

Donotchangethecapitalizationofmaterialinaforeignlanguage.

I.Italics

1.CasenamesItalicizecasenamesappearingintextualsentences.Italicizeshortformcasenameswhetherappearingintextualsentencesorcitationsentences.

2.PublishedWorksandWorksofArtItalicizethenamesofworksofart,includingthetitlesofmoviesandvideogames.

3.TitlesWithinTitlesIfatitlerequirestheuseofitalicsandtermsinsidethetitlecontainitalics,theinternalitalictermsshouldnotbeitalicized.

4.ForeignWordsandPhrasesItalicize foreign words and phrases that have not been accepted into common legal usage. Use Bluebook Rule 7(b) todeterminewhetherforeignwordsorphrasehavebeenacceptedintocommonlegalusage.SeealsoTMS4.09.

5.Terms(TMS4.06)Keytermsinaparticularcontextareitalicizedontheirfirstoccurrence.Thereaftertheyarebestsetinroman.ButseeGLJStyleGuide§II.A.5(HighlightinganExpression).

Thetwochieftacticsofthisgroup,obstructionismandmisinformation,requirecarefulanalysis.

J.Abbreviations

1.Intext Abbreviationsinformalwritingshouldgenerallybeavoided.Assuch,“Art.”“para.”“sec.”“i.e.”shouldbespelledoutas

“Article”“Paragraph”“Section”“forexample,”respectively.Commonlyusedacronyms,however—suchasEUandUN—canbeabbreviated.2.IntextparentheticalAllwordsshouldbespelledoutexcept“e.g.”maybeusedasanabbreviationfor“forexample”inaparenthetical. Britishbattleshipnames(e.g.,TheNautilus)makehorriblechildren’snames.3.AcronymsCommonlyusedacronymscanbeabbreviated,suchasEUandUN.

K.Dates

1.GenerallyIntextualsentences,datesshouldappearasMonthDD,YYYY.Incitations,datesshouldappearasMonthDD,YYYY,wherethemonthsareabbreviatedaccordingtoBluebookTable12.

2.DecadesDecadesshouldappearasthefour-digityear,followedbyalowercase“s”withoutanapostrophe.

L.BlockQuotations

1.UseQuotationsof fiftywordsormoreshouldbeformatted intoablockquote,whether inthebodyofthetextorfootnotes.Initialandterminalquotationmarksshouldbeomitted.

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2.IndentationParagraphindentationofblockquotesshouldbesettooneinchfromboththeleftandrightmargins.3.FormattingAblockquoteshouldbesetoffformprecedingandsubsequenttextwithtwohardreturnssothatoneblanklineprecedesandfollowstheblockquote.

M.BookReviews

1.TitleLineThetitleshouldbeginwith“BookReview”initalics,followedbyacolon.Thetitleshouldthenfollowtheformatof<bookauthor’sname>’s<book’stitle>.ThetitlelineshouldotherwiseconformtoGLJStyleGuide§I.B.

BookReview:MurrayRaff’sPrivatePropertyandEnvironmentalResponsibility:AComparativeStudyofGermanRealPropertyLaw

2.TitleoftheReviewDiffersfromtheBook’sName• Ifthetitleofthereviewdiffersfromthenameofthebookitself,thetitleofthereviewshouldfollowthetitleofthe

bookasdescribedinGLJStyleGuide§I.C.1,separatedbytwohardreturnssothatoneblank14pt.lineseparatesthetitleoftheconferencereportfromthetitleoftheconference.

• Thetitleofthereviewshouldthenappearinbold,12pt.Calibri.Thetitleofthereviewshouldbefollowedbytwohardreturnssothatoneblank12pt.lineseparatesthetitleofthereviewandthebyline.

3.Capitalization(BluebookRule8)• Capitalizeallwordsexceptarticles,conjunctions,andprepositionsoffourorfewerletters,exceptwhentheyarethe

firstorlastwordoftheheading.• Capitalizehyphenatedwordsasyouwouldifthehyphenswerespaces.

N.ConferenceReports

1.TitleLineThe title should begin with “Conference Report” in italics, followed by a colon. The name of the conference generallyfollowsthecolon.ThetitlelineshouldotherwiseconformtoGLJStyleGuide§I.B.

ConferenceReport:30YearsAdditionalProtocolstothe1949GenevaConventions:Past,Present,andFuture2.TitleoftheReportDiffersfromtheConferenceName• Ifthetitleofthereportdiffersfromthenameoftheconferenceitself,thetitleofthereportshouldfollowthenameof

the conference asdescribed inGLJ StyleGuide§ I.D.1, separatedby twohard returns so thatoneblank14pt. lineseparatesthetitleofthereportfromthetitleoftheconference.

• Thetitleofthereportshouldthenappearinbold,12pt.Calibri.Thetitleofthereportshouldbefollowedbytwohardreturnssothatoneblank12pt.lineseparatesthetitleofthereportandthebyline.

3.Capitalization(BluebookRule8)• Capitalizeallwordsexceptarticles,conjunctions,andprepositionsoffourorfewerletters,exceptwhentheyarethe

firstorlastwordoftheheading.• Capitalizehyphenatedwordsasyouwouldifthehyphenswerespaces.

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II.Punctuation

A.QuotationsandQuotationMarks

1.StyleUse“smart”quotationmarks,notstraightquotationmarks(i.e.").TochangethedefaultofMicrosoftWordtoSmartQuotes,gotoToolsàAutoCorrectàAutoFormatasYouTypeàReplaceasYouTypeà"straightquotationmarks"to“smartquotationmarks.”2.PunctuationinRelationtoClosingQuotationMarks(TMS1.08)Periodsandcommasprecedeclosingquotationmarks,whetherdoubleor single.Allotherpunctuations, like semicolonsandquestionsmarks,ifnotpartoftheoriginaltext,areplacedoutsideoftheclosingquotationmarks.

“Admitit,”Prof.Howardsaid.“Youhaven’treadtoday’sassignment.”Findthespotmarkedwithan“X”;thetreasureshouldbeburiedthere.Istheoldsayingtruethat“birdsofafeatherflocktogether”?

3.FootnotesinRelationtoClosingQuotationMarksPlace footnotes immediatelyafter a closingquotationmark.Whereaquotation is followedbyany formofpunctuation,placethefootnoteaftertheaccompanyingpunctuation.

4.Alterations(BluebookRule5.2(d),TMS8.03)Squarebrackets(intheUnitedStatesusuallyjustcalledbrackets)areusedinscholarlyprosemainlytoenclosematerial—usuallyaddedbysomeoneotherthantheoriginalwriter—thatdoesnotformapartofthesurroundingtext.Specifically,squarebracketsencloseeditorialinterpolations,explanations,translationsofforeignterms,orcorrections.

“They[thefree-silverDemocrats]assertedthattheratiocouldbemaintained.”“ManyCF[cysticfibrosis]patientshavebeenhelpedbythenewtherapy.”Satire,Jebbtellsus,“istheonly[form]thathasacontinuousdevelopment.”

Ifquotedmatteralreadyincludesbracketsofitsown,theeditorshouldsostateinthesourcecitation(e.g.,“bracketsintheoriginal”).

5.HighlightinganExpression(scarequotes)Quotationmarksareoftenused toalert readers that a term isused inanonstandard (or slang), ironic,orother specialsense.Nicknamedscarequotes,theyimply,“Thisisnotmyterm”or“Thisisnothowthetermisusuallyapplied.”Likeanysuchdevice,scarequoteslosetheirforceandirritatereadersifoverused.

B.Commas

1.Use—GenerallyThecomma,asidefromitstechnicalusesinmathematical,bibliographical,andothercontexts,indicatesthesmallestbreakin sentence structure. Especially in spoken contexts, it usually denotes a slight pause. In formal prose, however, logicalconsiderationscomefirst.Effectiveuseofthecommainvolvesgoodjudgment,witheaseofreadingtheendinview.

2.SerialCommas(OxfordCommas)(TMS1.16)Itemsinaseriesarenormallyseparatedbycommas.Whenaconjunctionjoinsthelasttwoelementsinaseriesofthreeormore,acommashouldappearbeforetheconjunction.

Shetookaphotographofherparents,thepresident,andthevicepresident.Theirwartimerationsincludedcabbage,turnips,andbreadandbutter.

3.ParentheticalElements(TMS1.20)

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Ifonlyaslightbreakisintended,commasshouldbeusedtosetoffaparentheticalelementinsertedintoasentenceasanexplanation or comment. If a stronger break is needed or if there are commas within the parenthetical element, emdashes–butnotparentheses–shouldbeused.

4.CertainAdverbs(TMS1.22)Commasaretraditionallyusedtosetoffadverbssuchashowever,therefore,andindeed.Whentheadverbisessentialtothemeaningoftheclause,orifnopauseisintendedordesired,commasarenotneeded(asinthelasttwoexamples).

Indeed,notonetestsubjectaccuratelypredictedtheamountofsoupinthebowl.

BUTIfyoucheatandarethereforedisqualified,youmayalsorisklosingyourscholarship.Thatwasindeedtheoutcomeofthestudy.

5.IndependentClausesJoinedbyConjunctions(TMS1.18)When independent clauses are joined byand,but,or,so,yet, or any other conjunction, a comma usually precedes theconjunction.Iftheclausesareveryshortandcloselyconnected,thecommamaybeomittedunlesstheclausesarepartofaseries.

C.Semicolon

1.Use—Generally(TMS1.13)In regular prose, a semicolon ismost commonly usedbetween two independent clauses not joinedby a conjunction tosignalacloserconnectionbetweenthemthanaperiodwould.

Shespentmuchofherfreetimeimmersedintheocean;nomerewater-resistantwatchwoulddo.

2.ComplexSeries(TMS1.15)When items in a series themselves contain internal punctuation, separating the itemswith semicolons can aid clarity. Ifambiguityseemsunlikely,commasmaybeusedinstead.

Themembershipoftheinternationalcommissionwasasfollows:France,4;Germany,5;GreatBritain,1;Italy,3;UnitedStates,7.

3.TransitionalAdverbs(TMS1.14)Avoidtheuseofasemicolonwheretwoindependentclausesarejoinedbyatransitionaladverb.Instead,useaperiodor,iftheintendedinteractionofthetwoclauseswillremainclear,rephrasethesecondclausetoomitthetransitionaladverb.4.SpacingOnespaceshouldfollowasemi-colon.

D.Colon

1.Use—Generally(TMS1.11)A colon introduces an element or a series of elements illustrating or amplifyingwhat has preceded the colon. Betweenindependentclausesitfunctionsmuchlikeasemicolon,andinsomecaseseithermarkmayworkaswellastheother;useacolonsparingly,however,andonlytoemphasizethatthesecondclauseillustratesoramplifiesthefirst.(Thecolonshouldgenerallyconveythesenseof“asfollows.”)

2.SpacingOnespaceshouldfollowacolon.3.CapitalLetterAfteraColonThefirstwordfollowingthecoloniscapitalized.

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E.Parentheses

1.ForGlossorTranslationParenthesesareonlyusedtoencloseglossesofunfamiliartermsortranslationsofforeignterms—or,ifthetermisgiveninEnglish,toenclosetheoriginalword.Inquotedmatter,bracketsshouldbeused.

Adropfolio(apagenumberprintedatthefootofapage)isusefulontheopeningpageofachapter.Germanhastwotermsforeating—oneforthewayhumanseat(essen)andoneforthewayanimalseat(fressen).

2.ShortFormsUseparenthesestodesignateabbreviationsofclauses.

TheFederalCourtofJustice(BGH)determinedthat§20aWpHGcannotbereadinconjunctionwith§823BGB.

F.Apostrophe

1.The“Smart”ApostropheTheapostropheisthesamecharacterastherightsinglequotationmark(’).2.CommonErrorsThere are two common pitfalls: using the “default” unidirectional mark ('), on the one hand, and using the left singlequotation mark, on the other. The latter usage in particular should always be construed as an error. Some softwareprogramsautomaticallyturnatypedapostropheatthebeginningofawordintoaleftsinglequotationmark;authorsandeditorsneedtobevigilantinoverridingsuchautomationandproducingthecorrectmark.

Wespentthe’90s(not‘90s)inthralltoourgadgets.

G.DashesandHyphens

1.Hyphens(TMS1.28–32)Hyphenshavetwouses.First,whereaphrase,referredtoasaphrasaladjectiveorcompoundmodifier,functionsasaunittomodifyanoun.(SeeCMS5.91forafulldiscussionofthegeneralrules.)Donothyphenateamodifierifthemeaningisclearwithoutthehyphen.Second,hyphensareusedtoseparatenumbersthatarenotinclusive(e.g.,telephonenumbers,ISBNs)ortoseparateletterswhenawordisspelledoutletterbyletter(e.g.,g-e-r-m-a-n).

2.Endash(TMS1.27)Theprincipaluseoftheendash is toconnectnumbersand, lessoften,words.Withcontinuingnumbers—suchasdates,times,andpagenumbers—itsignifiesuptoand including(orthrough).Forthesakeofparallelconstruction, thewordto,nevertheendash,shouldbeusedifthewordfromprecedesthefirstelementinsuchapair;similarly,and,nevertheendash,shouldbeusedifbetweenprecedesthefirstelement.3.Emdash(TMS1.26)Theemdash,oftensimplycalledthedash, is themostcommonlyusedandmostversatileof thedashes.Emdashesareused to set off an amplifying or explanatory element and in that sense can function as an alternative to parentheses,commas,oracolon—especiallywhenanabruptbreakinthoughtiscalledfor.Aspaceshouldneitherappearbeforeoraftertheemdash.

H.Ellipses

1.Use—GenerallyUseanellipsistosignifytheomissionofmaterialinsideaquotation.

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2.Formatting(BluebookRule5.3)Eachperiod inanellipsis shouldbeprecededand followedbyanon-breaking space,except for the fourthperiod, if theellipsisappearsattheendofthesentence.Thus,anellipsisshouldbesevencharacterslongwherethequotedmaterialisinthemiddleofthesentenceandeightcharacterslongwheretheellipsisendsthesentence.Toinsertanon-breakingspaceonWindowsandMac,pressCtrl+Shift+Space.

I.Periods

1.SpacinginRelationtotheEndofaSentenceInsertonespacebetweenaperiodendingasentenceandthebeginningofthenextsentence.2.InRelationtoParentheses(TMS1.35)Whenanentireindependentsentenceisenclosedinparenthesesorsquarebrackets,theperiodbelongsinsidetheclosingparenthesis or bracket.Whenmatter in parentheses or brackets, even a grammatically complete sentence, is includedwithinanothersentence,theperiodbelongsoutside.

Fiorelliinsistedonrewritingtheparagraph.(Hisnewfoundabilitytotypewasbothablessingandacurse.)FarnsworthhadleftanangrymessageforIsadoraonthemantel(shenoticeditwhileglancinginthemirror).

J.Washington&LeeUniversity

Alwaysuse“&”—insteadof“and”—whenreferencingWashington&LeeUniversityortheSchoolofLaw.

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III.GrammarThefollowingruleshavebeenidentifiedtoaddresscommonmistakesinworkssubmittedtotheGermanLawJournal.Theserulesaremeanttoserveasareferencepointtoaidyouintheeditingprocess,notasanexhaustivelistofmandatoryrules.Foramoreexhaustivetreatmentofgrammaticalrules,pleasereviewChapter5oftheChicagoManualofStyle,especially§5.220(containinganextensivelistof“good”versus“common”usagesofprettymuchanywordimaginable).

A.AmericanEnglish

UsetheAmericanEnglishspellingofallwords.ChangeanyBritishEnglishspellingstoAmericanEnglishspellings.LeaveBritishLanguageasisinanBritishcitation.

B.“A”or“An”(TMS6.10)

Withtheindefinitearticle,thechoiceofaorandependsonthesoundoftheworditprecedes.Acomesbeforewordswitha consonant sound, including /y/, /h/, and /w/, no matter how the word is spelled{a eulogy}{a historic occasion}{aOuachita tribemember}.Ancomes beforewordswith a vowel sound{an LSAT exam room}{anX-Filesepisode}{an hourago}.

C.AdjectivePlacement

Anadjectivethatmodifiesanoun,nounphrase,orpronounusuallyprecedesit{perfectstorm}{spectacularview}{agoodbowlofsoup}.Anadjectivemayfollowthenounif:

(1)specialemphasisisneeded{reasonsinnumerable}{captainscourageous};(2)itoccursinthispositioninstandardusage{court-martial}{notarypublic};(3)itisapredicateadjectivefollowingalinkingverb{Iamready};or(4)thepronounisofatypeusuallyfollowedbytheadjective{anythinggood}{everythingyellow}{nothingimportant}{somethingwicked}.

Someadjectivesarealways inthepredicateandneverappearbeforewhattheymodify{thecity isasleep}{thedoorwasajar}. Others appear uniformly before the nouns they modify{utter nonsense}{a mere child}. Phrasal adjectives mayprecedeorfollowwhattheymodify.

D.Americanv.EnglishVerbs

Afewverbsthatareconsideredregularhaveanalternativepasttenseandpastparticiplethatisformedbyaddingttothesimple verb form{dream–dreamed}{dream–dreamt}. When these alternatives are available, American English tends toprefer the forms ined(e.g.,dreamed,learned,spelled), while British English tends to prefer the formsint(dreamt,learnt,spelt).UsetheAmericanEnglishspelling.

E.BeginningaSentencewithaConjunction

Sentencesmaystartwithaconjunction.Besurethattheuseoftheconjunctionisproper.Wherebutisusedatthestartofasentence,evaluatethecontrastingforceofthebutinquestion,andseewhethertheneededwordisreallyand;ifandcanbesubstituted,thenbutisalmostcertainlythewrongword.Butisaperfectlyproperwordtoopenasentence,butonlyiftheideaitintroducestrulycontrastswithwhatprecedes.

F.Contractions(TMS1.02)

Most typesofwritingbenefit fromtheuseofcontractions. Ifusedthoughtfully,contractions inprosesoundnaturalandrelaxed and make reading more enjoyable.Be-verbs and most of the auxiliary verbs are contracted when followedbynot:are–aren’t;was–wasn’t;cannot–can’t;could not–couldn’t;do not–don’t; and so on. A few, such asought not–oughtn’t, lookor soundawkwardandarebestavoided.Pronouns canbecontractedwithauxiliaries, formsofhave, andsomebe-verbs. Think before using one of the less common contractions, which often don’t workwell in prose, except

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perhaps in dialogue or quotations. Some examples areI’d’ve(I would have),she’d’ve(she would have)it’d(itwould),should’ve(shouldhave),there’re(thereare),who’re(whoare),andwould’ve(wouldhave).Also, somecontractedformscanhavemorethanonemeaning.Forinstance,there’smaybethereisortherehas,andI’dmaybeIhadorIwould.Theparticularmeaningmaynotalwaysbeclearfromthecontextandshouldbeexpanded.

G.EndingaSentencewithaPreposition(TMS6.11)

The traditional caveatof yesteryearagainstending sentenceswithprepositions is, formostwriters, anunnecessaryandpedanticrestriction.Asentencethatendsinaprepositionmaysoundmorenaturalthanasentencecarefullyconstructedtoavoidafinalpreposition.Compare,forexample,thisisthecaseItoldyouaboutwiththisisthecaseaboutwhichItoldyou.The“rule”prohibitingterminalprepositionswasanill-foundedsuperstition.

H.GenderNeutrality(TMS7.01–7.03)

Problematic pronouns: Some readers take offense at the exclusive use of themasculine pronoun as a generic term to representbothmenandwomen.Donotusetheconstructionshe/she,s/he,[s]he,him/her,his/her.Usethephrasesheor she,himorher,andhisorheronlyasalastresort,afterotherdevicesforgenderneutralityhaveprovedunworkable. Somewaystoavoidproblematicpronouns:

1. Pluralize2. Substituteanarticleforthemasculinepossessivepronoun3. Repeatthenoun4. Alternate

Gender-neutral titles:Themodern trend is to avoid the use of titles ending in–man. Also, avoid the use of titleswithfemininesuffixes.

I.“However”(SeeTMS,Appendix:CommonlyMisusedWords)

“However” may not be used at the beginning of a sentence unless meaning “in whatever manner or way.”If usedimproperly,deletehoweverandsubstituteadifferentintroductoryclause,orrephrasethesentence.

Howeveryouframethefacts,thereisstillnomaterialdisagreement.

NOTHowever,shemayhaveapoint.

J.“Impact”(SeeTMS,Appendix:CommonlyMisusedWords)

Resistusing thiswordasaverb.Tryaffectorinfluenceinstead.Besidesbeinghyperbolic,impactusedasaverb iswidelyconsideredasolecism.

K.“Like”(SeeTMS,Appendix:CommonlyMisusedWords)

Likeisprobablytheleastunderstoodpreposition.Itstraditionalfunctionisadjectival,notadverbial,sothatlikeisgovernedby a noun or a noun phrase{teens often see themselves as star-crossed lovers like Romeo and Juliet}. As apreposition,likeis followed by a noun or pronoun in the objective case{the person in that old portrait looks likeme}.Increasingly (but loosely) today in ordinary speech,likedisplacesasoras ifas a conjunction to connect clauses. Forexample, init happened just like I said it would happen,likeshould readas; and inyou’re looking around like you’vemisplaced something,likeshould readas if. Becauseasandas if are conjunctions, they are followed by nouns in thenominativecase{Doyouwork toohard,as Ido?}.Althoughlikeasaconjunctionhasbeenconsiderednonstandardsincetheseventeenthcentury,todayit iscommonindialectalandcolloquialusage{heranlikehewasreallyscared}.ConsidercontextandtonewhendecidingwhethertoimposestandardEnglish,asintheexamplesabove.

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L.MisleadingConnectives

Addingtoasingularsubjectbyusingphrasalconnectivessuchasalongwith,aswellas,inadditionto,togetherwith,andthe like does not make the subject plural. This type of distraction can be doubly misleading because the interveningmaterialseemstocreateacompoundsubject,andthemodifyingprepositionalphrasemayitselfcontainoneormorepluralobjects.Ifthesingularverbsoundsawkwardinsuchasentence,itmaybebettertousetheconjunctionandinstead:

WRONG: Thebrideaswellasherbridesmaidsweredressedinmauve.RIGHT: Thebrideaswellasherbridesmaidswasdressedinmauve.BETTER: Thebrideandherbridesmaidsweredressedinmauve.

M.“OntheOtherHand”

Theuseof“ontheotherhand”–tocomparethelatteroftwoideas–mustbeprecededbytheuseof“ontheonehand”fortheoriginalproposition.Thisjournaldoesnotbelieveinonehandedarguments.Add“ontheonehand”totheoriginalideaorrephrasethelatteridea’sintroductoryclause.

N.“Only”(SeeTMS,Appendix:CommonlyMisusedWords)

Onlyfunctionsasanadjective, anadverb,anda conjunction,and it canmodifyanypartof speech. It isprobablypoorlyplaced in sentencesmore often than any otherword.Onlyemphasizes theword or phrase that immediately follows it.Whenonlyappearstooearlyinthesentence,ithasadeemphasizingeffect;itcanalsoalterthemeaningofthesentenceorproduceambiguity.CompareIboughtonlytomatoesatthemarket(Iboughtnothingelse)withIboughttomatoesonlyatthemarket(I boughtnothingother than tomatoesor I didn’tbuy tomatoes fromanyotherplace?). In idiomatic spokenEnglish,onlyisplacedbeforetheverb,regardlessofwhat itmodifies:Ionlyboughttomatoesatthemarket.Thismaybeacceptable inspeechbecausethespeakercanuse intonationtomakethemeaningclear.Butsince inwritingthere isnoguidancefromintonation,rigorousplacementofonlyispreferabletoaidthereader’scomprehension.

O.PossessivesofNounsEndingin‘s’(TMS1.01)

Useanapostrophetodenotepossessivenessofanounendingin‘s.’Xerxes’sarmies

Butwhenthesingularformofanounendingin‘s’isthesameastheplural,useoftoavoidthepossessive.

TheroleoftheUnitedStatesininternationallawNOT

TheUnitedStates’roleininternationallaw

P.“Second”

Whensequentially labelingaseriesofargumentsorsentences,“First”must introducethefirstsentencebefore“Second”mayintroduceasubsequentargument.Where“Second”appearswithout“First,”add“First”tointroducethefirstsentenceorrephrasealone“Second”toadifferentintroductoryclause.

Theplaintiffhasthreetheories.First,shearguesX.Second,shearguesY.Third,shearguesZ.NOT

Itseemstobethemostpopular.Second,Xseemstobethemostunderstood.

Q.“Since”

Sinceistobeusedwherethemeaningis“afteratimeinthepast.”Becauseistobeusedwherethemeaningis“forthereasonthat.”

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Shehasbeenactingthatwaysinceshewas12.IranbecauseIwasafraid.

R.“Who”v.“Whom”(SeeTMS,Appendix:CommonlyMisusedWords)

Whoandwhoeverare the nominative forms, used as subjects{Whoever said that?}or predicate nominatives{It waswho?}.Whomandwhomeveraretheobjectiveforms,usedastheobjectofaverb{Youcalledwhom?}orapreposition{Towhomareyoureferring?}.Threeproblemsarisewithdeterminingthecorrectcase.First,becausethewordsaresooftenfoundintheinvertedsyntaxofaninterrogativesentence,theirtruefunctioninthesentencecanbehardtoseeunlessonesorts thewords into standard subject–verb–object syntax. In this example, sorting the syntax into “I should saywho iscalling”makesthecaseeasiertodetermine:

WRONG: WhomshouldIsayiscalling?RIGHT: WhoshouldIsayiscalling?

Second,determiningthepropercasecanbeconfusingwhenthepronounservesa function (say,nominative) inaclausethat itself servesadifferent function (say,objective) in themain sentence. It is thepronoun’s function in its clause thatdeterminesitscase.Inthefirstexamplebelow,theentireclausewhoeverwilllistenistheobjectoftheprepositionto.Butin the clause itself,whoeverserves as the subject, and that function determines its case. Similarly, in the secondsentencewhomeveristheobjectofchooseintheclause,soitmustbeintheobjectivecaseeventhoughtheclauseitselfservesasthesubjectofthesentence.

WRONG: I’lltalktowhomeverwilllisten.RIGHT: I’lltalktowhoeverwilllisten.WRONG: Whoeveryouchoosewillsuitme.RIGHT: Whomeveryouchoosewillsuitme.

Asthesecondexampleaboveshows,afurtherdistractioncanarisewhenthewhoclausecontainsanestedclause,typicallyofattributionoridentification(here,youchoose).

S.“Whose”v.“OfWhich”(SeeTMS,Appendix:CommonlyMisusedWords)

The relativeswhoandwhichcan both takewhoseas a possessive form (whosesubstitutes forof which){a movie theconclusionofwhichisunforgettable}{amoviewhoseconclusionisunforgettable}.Somewritersobjecttousingwhoseasareplacementforofwhich,especiallywhenthesubjectisnothuman,buttheusageiscenturiesoldandwidelyacceptedaspreventingunnecessaryawkwardness.Comparethecompanywhosestockrosefasterwiththecompanythestockofwhichrosefaster.Eitherformisacceptable,butthepossessivewhoselendsgreatersmoothness.

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IV.Citations

A.PriorityofAuthorities

WheretheGLJStyleGuideissilent,turnfirsttotheBluebookRulesandTables.WhentheBluebookRulesareambiguous,defertotheauthor’smethodofcitationandensurethatitisconsistentthroughoutthearticle.Finally,defertotheauthor’sonforeignsourceswhichcannoteasilybecitedaccordingtotheBluebook.

B.GermanLawJournal

AbbreviatetheGermanLawJournalincitationsasGERMANL.J.NeilWalker,JuridicalTransformationasaProcess:ACommentonStoneSweet,8GERMANL.J.929,936(2007).

C.CourtofJusticeoftheEuropeanUnion

NOTE:ForCJEUcitations,BluebookrulesandECLIrulesareacceptable.Defertotheauthor’schoiceonthesematters.

1.Generalcitationformatfordecisions.SeeBluebookRule21.5.2:

Case<casedesignation>,<namesofparties>,<volume>E.C.R.<firstpagenumber>,<pincite>.

CaseC-91/05,Comm’nv.Council,2008E.C.R.I-651,para.12.2.IfanofficialreportofaCJEUcaseisnotavailable,citetotheCJEU’sdatabase.Donotfollowthelinkwithinstructionsonhowtosearchforthecaseonthesite.SeeBluebookRule18.2.2(d):

Case<casenumber>,<nameofparties>,<pincite>(<dateofdecision>),<URL>.CaseC-371/08,Ziebellv.Baden-Württemberg,para.14(Dec.8,2011),http://curia.europa.eu/.

3.Ifnecessary,provideaparallelcitationtooneoftheprivateservicesprovidingselectedreportsofthecourt’sopinions.CommonMarketLawReports(C.M.L.R.)ispreferred.SeeBluebookRule21.5.2(b). Case148/78,PubblicoMinisterov.Ratti,1979E.C.R.1629,1C.M.L.R.96(1980).4.Shortformcitations,generalformat: <firstparty’sname>,Case<casedesignation>at<pincite>. Ziebell,CaseC-371/08atpara.12.5.Wheretheauthorhasprovidedtheinformation,abbreviatecasenamesforshortformcitationsinfootnoteswith“[hereinafter]”intheoriginalcitation.SeeBluebookRule4.2(b).6.CitationstotheAdvocateGeneral’sopinion:

OpinionofAdvocateGeneral<lastname>at<pincite>,Case<casenumber>,<namesofparties>(<dateofAdvocateGeneral’sopinion>),<URL>.

OpinionofAdvocateGeneralBotatpara.55,CaseC-371/08,Ziebellv.Baden-Württemberg(Apr.14,2011),http://curia.europa.eu/juris/recherche.jsf?language=en.

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7.ShortformcitationtoAdvocateGeneral’sopinion: OpinionofAdvocateGeneral<lastname>,supranote<#>,at<pincite>. OpinionofAdvocateGeneralBot,supranote22,atpara.12.8.EuropeanCaseLawIdentifier(ECLI): <Courtname>,<Casenumber>,<Parties’names>,<ECLInumber>,<Judgmentof[Date]>.

ECJ,CaseC-62/14,Gauweileretal.v.DeutscherBundestag,ECLI:EU:C:2015:400,Judgmentof16June2015.

TofindECLInumbersofcasesgotohttp://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/j_6/en/.

D.EuropeanCourtofHumanRights

1.Generalcitationformatfordecisions.SeeBluebookRule21.5.3:

<casename>,<volumenumber><reporter><firstpagenumber>,<pincite>(year,ifnotinvolumenumber).

Kampanisv.Greece,318Eur.Ct.H.R.29,35(1995).Paponv.France(No.2),2001XIIEur.Ct.H.R.235.

2.IfanofficialreportofanECHRisnotprovidedbytheauthor,citetotheECHR’sdatabase.Donotfollowthelinkwithinstructionsonhowtosearchforthecaseonthesite.SeeBluebookRule18.2.2(d): <casename>,App.No.<applicationnumber>,<pincite>(dateofdecision),<URL>. Haasv.TheNetherlands,App.No.36983/97,para.43(Jan.13,2004),http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/.3.Shortformcitations,generalformat: <firstparty’sname>,<volumenumber><reporter>at<pincite>. Kampanis,318Eur.Ct.H.R.atpara.43.4.Shortformcitations,wheretheofficerreportisunavailable: <casename>,App.No.<applicationnumber>at<pincite>. Haas,App.No.36983/97atpara15.5.Wheretheauthorhasprovidedtheinformation,abbreviatecasenamesforshortformcitationsinfootnoteswith“[hereinafter]”intheoriginalcitation.

E.GermanCases

1.Iftheauthorhasprovidedinformationtoanofficialorunofficialreporter,orislistedondejure.org,seeBluebookT2.14:

19

<nameofcourt>[<court’sabbreviation>][<translation>]<dateofdecision>,<volumenumber><REPORTER>[reporterabbreviation]<firstpage>,<pincite>.

Bundesgerichtshof[BGH][FederalCourtofJustice]Apr.16,2008,NEUEJURISTISCHEWOCHENSCHRIFT[NJW]592,para. 24.2.Generalunpublishedcitationformat:

<nameofcourt>[<court’sabbreviation>-<translation>],CaseNo.<casedesignation>,<pincite><(date)>,<URL>.

Bundesgerichtshof[BGH][FederalCourtofJustice],CaseNo.IIZR187/04,para.12,(Feb.8,2006),http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/list.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=en.

3.Usethelinktothemainpageofthedatabasewherethedecisionmaybeobtained.Donotfollowthelinkwithinstructionsonhowtosearchforthecaseonthesite.SeeBluebookRule18.2.2(d).

4.Shortformcitations,generalformat.SeeBluebookT2.14: <volumenumber><reporterabbreviation><firstpage>(<page(s)ofspecificmaterial). 154BGHZ370(371). 5.Shortformcitationsforunpublishedcases: <court’sabbreviation>,<casedesignation>at<pincite>.

BGH,CaseNo.IIZR187/04atpara.12.

6.Wheretheauthorhasprovidedtheinformationorwhenthecasedesignationisextremelylong,abbreviatecasenamesforshortformcitationsinfootnoteswith“[hereinafter]”intheoriginalcitation.Whentheauthordoesnotprovidetheinformation,usetheabbreviation“Judgmentof[DATE].”Donotuse“supra”inthesubsequentcitations.SeeBluebookRule4.2.

Bundesverfassungsgericht[BVERFGE][FederalConstitutionalCourt],Mar.19,2013,NEUEJURISTISCHEWOCHENSCHRIFT[NJW]1058,paras.67,95–96,104–05[hereinafterJudgmentofMar.19,2013].

7.Allsubsequentcitations:JudgmentofMar.19,2013atparas.53–54.

F.EuropeanUnionTreaties

1.CitepublicationsoftheEuropeanCouncilandoftheEuropeanCommissiontotheOfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion(O.J.)andtheOfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities(alsoabbreviatedO.J.),respectively.TheO.J.isavailableattheEuropeanUnion’sofficialwebsite,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm.Abbreviatetreatynamesforshortformcitationsinfootnoteswith“[hereinafter]”intheoriginalcitation.SeeBluebookRules21.9and21.4.5.

TreatyofLisbonAmendingtheTreatyonEuropeanUnionandtheTreatyEstablishingtheEuropeanCommunity,Dec.13,2007,2007O.J.(C306)1[hereinafterTreatyofLisbon].

2.Shortformcitation,generalformat.Donotinclude“at”beforearticles. TreatyofLisbonarts.4–5.

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G.EuropeanUnionLegislation

1.CitingtopublicationsfromtheCommissionandCouncil.

• SourcesSeeBluebookRule21.9(a)(i):o AfterFebruary1,2003citetotheOfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion(O.J.)o BetweenJanuary1,1973andJanuary31,2003citetotheOfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities

(alsoO.J.)o BeforeJanuary1,1973citetotheSpecialEditionoftheOfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities(O.J.

Spec.Ed.),ifavailable;otherwisecitetotheJournalOfficeldesCommunautesEuropeennes(J.O.)• CitetoO.J.andJ.O.byyear,source,series(“L”forlegislativeactsor“C”forother),andissue.• Fordirectives,regulations,anddecisionsofthecounselandcommissionbyissuinginstitution,typeoflegislation,

number,andsubdivision(ifapplicable).SpecifyEuropeanUnion(EU)orEuropeanCommunity(EC)inaparentheticalattheendofthecitationifitisnototherwiseclear.Youmayalsoincludethefullnameofthelegislation.SeeBluebookRule21.9(a)(ii).

2.Examples

<issuinginstitution><typeoflegislation>,<number,><subdivision(ifapplicable),><year><source><(series)><issue>.

CouncilDirective90/476,art.5,1990O.J.(L266)1,2(EC).

H.InternetCitations

1. Informationshouldbecitedinawaythatclearlyindicateswhichsourcetheauthoractuallyusedoraccessed.

2. PDFfilesfoundonlinearetreatedasanexactcopy.Includethehyperlinktothepdfsourceitself.SeeBluebookRule18.2.1(a)(iii).

EUR.CENT.BANK,THEMONETARYPOLICYOFTHEECB55(2011),http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/monetarypolicy2011en.pdf.

3.IfcitingdirectlytoanInternetwebpage,indicatetheauthor(whetherpersonalorinstitutional),title,dateparenthetical,theURL,andsubstantiveparenthetical(ifrequired).Donotputtheauthor’sname(whetherpersonalorinstitutional)inlargeandsmallcaps.Alwaysitalicizethewebpagetitle.Whentherearemultipletitlesonthewebpage,usethetitlethatbestidentifiesthesectionofthepageyouareciting.TheURLshouldnotbeprecededby“availableat.”SeeBluebookRule18.2.2.InstitutionalauthorsshouldbeabbreviatedaccordingtoBluebookRule15.1(d).

LukanyoMnyanda,ItalianBondsRiseasFive-YearBorrowingCostsFallatAuction,BLOOMBERG(Dec.30,2013),http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-30/italian-bonds-advance-after-borrowing-costs-fall-at-debt-auction.html.

4.Whenmaterialisotherwiseundated,thedatethatthewebsitewaslastvisitedshouldbeplacedinaparentheticalaftertheURL.

I.SupraandInfra

1.Suprareferstocitationsordiscussionsappearingpreviously.Infrareferstocitationsordiscussionsthatwillappearlater.SeeBluebookRule3.5:InternalCross-References.

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SeeinfraPartD.2.IV. Seecasescitedsupranote12(citingcasesinwhichtheFCCusedthisstandardofreview).

Seesupranotes58–61andaccompanyingtext.

2.Supramaybeusedtoshortcitetoanysourceexceptcases,statutes,constitutions,legislativematerials(otherthanhearings),restatements,modelcodes,orregulations—exceptinextraordinarycircumstances.SeeBluebookRule4.2.

J.UseofShortCitationFormsGenerally

1.Afterasourcehasbeenfullycitedonce,useBluebookRule4forshortcitationforms. 2.Thereisnoneedtociteasourceagainfullyafterithasbeencitedonetimewithinanarticle.

K.ParentheticalInformation.SeeBluebookRule1.5. 1.Addormodifysubstantiveparentheticalsonlywheretheauthorhasprovidedanexplanatoryclause. 2.Explanatoryinformationtakestheformofapresentparticipialphrase,aquotedsentence,orashortstatementthatis

appropriateincontext.

L.GermanCitationParticularities

WhenencounteringGermansources,youmayencountercertainGermanparticularitiesthatarenotcoveredbytheBluebook.Thefollowingwillbethemostfrequent:1.Randnummer(Rn.)

• Rn.standsfortheGermanword“Randnummer.”Itisaspecialdesignationroughlyequivalentto“parapgraph.”Shouldyouencountera“Randnummer,”defertotheauthor’smethodofcitation.

2.Fortfolgende(ff.)

• "Fortfolgende”literallytranslatesinto“andthefollowing.”Itisusedinadditiontoapincitetoindicatethatthethepagesfollowingthepincitecontinuetheargument.“Fortfolgende”willappearas“ff.”

• Shouldyouencounteraff.,pleasereplaceitwithetseq.

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V.AppendixThelistbelowcontainsthewordsthatmostoftengivewriterstrouble.Notethatsomeofthewordsincludedhere—suchasverbsthatcanbeusedtransitively{thetireabuttedthecurb}orwordsthatcanbeusedwithoutfurtherqualification{sherefusedtoacquiesce}{hiswordswereconsideredblasphemy}—donotalwaystakeprepositions.abide(vb.):with(“stay”);by(“obey”);none(transitive)abound(vb.):in,with[resources]absolve(vb.):from[guilt];of[obligation]abut(vb.):on,against[land];none(transitive)accompanied(adj.):by(notwith)[somethingorsomeone

else]accord(vb.):inorwith[anopinion];to[aperson]acquiesce(vb.):in[adecision];to[pressure]acquit(vb.):of(notfrom)[acharge];none(transitive)adept(vb.):at[anactivity];in[anart]admit(vb.)(“acknowledge”):none(notto)(transitive)admit(vb.)(“letin”):to,intoadmit(vb.)(“allow”):ofanxious(adj.):about,over(preferablynotto)[aconcern]badger(vb.):into[doingsomething];about[asituation]ban(vb.):from[aplace]ban(n.):on[athing;anactivity];from[aplace]based(adj.):on(preferablynotupon)[apremise];in[a

place;afieldofstudy];at[aplace]becoming(adj.):on,to[aperson];of[anofficeorposition]bestow(vb.):on(preferablynotupon)[anhonoree]binding(adj.):on(preferablynotupon)[aperson]blasphemy(n.):against[areligioustenet]center(vb.):on,upon(notaround)[aprimaryissue]chafe(vb.):at[doingsomething];under[anirritating

authority]coerce(vb.):into[doingsomething]cohesion(n.):between[things;groups]collude(vb.):with[apersontodefraudanother]commiserate(vb.):with[aperson]compare(vb.):with(literalcomparison);to(poeticor

metaphoricalcomparison)comply(vb.):with(notto)[arule;anorder]confide(vb.):to,in[aperson]congruence(n.):with[astandard]connive(vb.):at[abadact];with[anotherperson]consider(vb.):none(transitive);as[oneofseveralpossible

aspects(notasasubstitutefor“tobe”)];for[aposition]consist(vb.):of[components(saidofconcretethings)];in

[qualities(saidofabstractthings)]contemporary(adj.):with[anotherevent]contemporary(n.):of[anotherperson]contiguous(adj.):with,to[anotherplace]contingent(adj.):on(preferablynotupon)contrast(vb.):to,with[apersonorthing]conversant(adj.):with,in[afieldofstudy]convict(vb.):of,for(notin)depend(vb.):on(preferablynotupon)differ(vb.):from[athingorquality];with[aperson];about,

over,on[anissue]

different(adj.):from(butwhenadependentclausefollowsdifferent,theconjunctionthanisadefensiblesubstituteforfromwhat:“moviestodayaredifferentthantheywereinthefifties”)

dissent(n.&vb.):from,against(preferablynottoorwith)dissimilar(adj.):to(notfrom)dissociate(vb.):fromenamored(adj.):of(notwith)equivalent(adj.):to,in(preferablynotwith)excerpt(n.):from(notof)forbid(vb.):to(formal);from(informal)foreclose(vb.):on[mortgagedproperty]hale(vb.):to,into[aplace];before[amagistrate]hegemony(n.):over[rivals];in[aregion]identical(adj.):with(preferredbypurists),to[something

else]impatience(n.):with[aperson];with,at,about[asituation]impose(vb.):on(preferablynotupon)[aperson]inaugurate(vb.):as[anofficer];into[anoffice]inculcate(vb.):into,in[aperson]independent(adj.):of(notfrom)[somethingelse]infringe(vb.):none(transitive);on(preferablynotupon)[a

right]inhere(vb.):in(notwithin)[aperson;athing]inquire(vb.):into[situations];of[people];after[people]instill(vb.):in,into(notwith)[aperson]juxtapose(vb.):to(notwith)mastery(n.):of[askillorknowledge];over[people]militate(vb.):against[aharsheroutcome]mitigate(vb.):none(transitive)oblivious(adj.):of(preferred),to[adanger;anopportunity]off(prep.&adv.):none(notof)predilection(n.):for[apreferredthing]predominate(vb.)(nottransitive):in,on,over[afield;rivals]preferable(adj.):to(notthan);over[analternative]pretext(n.):for[atrueintention]reconcile(vb.):with[aperson];to[asituation]reticent(adj.):about[speaking;atopic]sanction(n.):for[misbehavior];of[asponsoringbody];to[a

person;anevent]shiver(vb.):from[cold];at[somethingfrightening]stigmatize(vb.):none(transitive);as[dishonorable]subscribe(vb.):to[aperiodicaloranopinion];for[stock]trade(vb.):for(“swap”);in(“sell”);with(“dobusiness

with”);at(“patronize”);in[certaingoods];on(“buyandsellat”)

trust(n.):in[faith];for(“beneficialtrust”)undaunted(adj.):in[atask];by[obstacles]unequal(adj.):to[achallenge];in[attributes]used(adj.):to(“accustomed”);for(“appliedto”)vexed(adj.):with[someone];about,at[something]