germany before bismarck early 1800s industry is growing rapidly zollverein – trade org. that...
TRANSCRIPT
Germany Before Bismarck
Early 1800’s industry is growing rapidly
Zollverein – Trade org. that excludes Austria
Italian unification 1859 stimulated German nationalism
Bismarck 1862
Called upon to head ministry to suppress liberalism
Blood and Iron Prussia and Austria go to war with Denmark
Bismarck wanted Prussia to control the northern Protestant part of Germany
Provokes Austria into war Seven weeks. Prussia wins and gives Venetia to ItalyGives Austria generous terms
The Taming of Parliament
Conservatives had to make peace with the liberal middle class
German Govt. Federation with king as pres. Chancellor responsible only to king
Controls Army And foreign affairs
Two houses Upper house appointed by different states Lower house universal male suffrage-appeals to
working class Middle class liberals subdued and happy
Ruling Parties Align With the Lower Class European Countries that have a large
working class receive social programs
Middle class taxes pay for social programs
Governments gain support from the majority- The working class
The Franco Prussian War 1870-1871
The Ems Dispatch Bismarck edits a letter to insult the French
over succession to the Spanish throne Napoleon III demands an apology Wilhelm I refuses France prepares to teach Prussia a lesson
Blood and Iron Vs. Elan and Cran
The War
Southern German states support cause Prussia defeats France at Sedan Sept.1 1870 Napoleon III is captured and humiliated
Riots break out in Paris: wow that’s different Napoleon is deposed and The Third Republic
is born Paris is surrounded and starved into
submission
The Hall of Mirrors 1871
France is Humbled
Wilhelm I is proclaimed Emperor of Germany at Versailles
France receives harsh terms Pay 5 billion Francs Cedes the Alsace-Lorraine to Germany
The Paris Commune 1871
Parisian Socialists refuse to accept German peace terms
Set up a socialists dictatorship backed by the International Working Men’s Association and Proudhon (Germinal)
French troops backing the National Assembly of the Third Republic in May of 1871 enter Paris and kill 20,000 Communards
“Thier that monstrous little gnome” Karl Marx
USA
Indians
Slaves
War with Mexico
Gold Rush
Civil War
Homestead Act
13th Amendment
The Aftermath of Crimea 1853
Modernization of Russia
The Great Reforms Background
Serfs were property Army recruits – 25 years Sexually exploited Lost the Crimean War
Ottomans Empire weak Russia is behind
Alexander II (r.1855 – 1881)
1861 Emancipation of Serfs
Alexander II Reforms Russia
1861 serfs are freed
Villages were responsible for payments
Collectives made it difficult for individuals to improve agriculture
Zemstvo – local authorities – did not lead to greater liberalism.
Gave Jews certain freedoms
Russia Marches With Europe Towards Industrialism
Industrialism in Russia
Two industrial surges 1860 – Railways
1,250 – 15,500 miles of track by 1880
Increases grain production
Creates a class of modern factory workers
The Trans-Siberian Railway
Second Surge – Alexander III
1881- Alexander III – reactionary no political modernizationState owned railways –
The Trans Siberian Line connects Moscow with the Pacific Ocean
Nationalism becomes key
Russian Steel and Oil Production
Encourages Foreign Investors
Extremely successful
Modern steel factories, by 1900 Russia was one of the major producers
Oil production equaled USA
Japan and Russia Collide Near Korea
Russo- Japanese War 1904-05
The Revolution of 1905
The Russo-Japanese WarRussia eyes KoreaJapan launches surprise attackRussia is defeated in 1905
Bloody Sunday 1905
Political Upheaval at Home
Factory workers were organized in illegal labor orgs.
The Army still pinned down in the East
Massive group of workers attempt to deliver a petition to Nicholas II
Bloody Sunday – Guards open fire on demonstrators
Nicholas II
Upheaval Continues
General strike of October 1905
Govt. gives in “The October Manifesto.” Granted full civil rights Promised a popularly elected Duma Middle class helped the survival of a
constitutional monarchy
Liberalism Takes a Step Back
The tsar had absolute veto
The Ministers were chosen by the tsar
The tsar dismisses the Duma
More power is given to the propertied classes
Workers, peasants and national minorities are weakened
The Responsive National State
For the most part the Frame work of the Europe was set
Mass Politics and mass loyalty to the state More people could vote By 1914 universal male suffrage was the rule Part of the system USA by 1913 women could vote in many state and
local elections Many suffragettes emerged setting the way for women
to vote after WWI
Mass Politics
Political parties had to respond to the will of the people
Multi party system appears in many countries
In order to pass laws coalitions had to be formed
Individual parties gain leverage
The Down Side to Nation States
The power structure can manipulate the population with nationalist rhetoric
Patriotism and loyalty
At the expense of international security
WWI, Iraq?
Hatred for certain ethnic groups create unity
The Kulturkampf and Socialism
Bismarck launches attack on Catholics as an impediment to German unity
Socialism and Liberalism are gaining ground Has to reverse his “culture struggle” to
achieve greater unity Has to give into to some social programs and
the growing liberal middle class
The German Empire
Bismarck controlled the Reichstag popular elected body
Kulturkampf – fails
Crash of 1873 Bismarck uses tariffs to protect German
economy Led to anger among other counties and trade
wars
German State Continued
Socialism was growing in Germany
Socialist rhetoric transcended the nation state
Bismarck tried to drive them underground
The Socialists were too organized-The International Working Men’s Association
As a result…
Germany becomes a leader in progressive socialist programs Social security laws
Sickness and accident insurance 1889 – Old age pensions and retirement benefits
Bismarck is Let Go….”The dropping of the pilot” Social Democratic party by the turn of the century
gains power
Many wealthy and middle–class Germans feared The Social Democrats but they were becoming less radical
Opposition to military and imperialist aims declined
Social Democrats were Germans first.
Republican France 1871 “The Third Republic” Adolf Their – “The government that divides the
least.” Gambetta by 1879 parliament becomes boss Upper and Lower houses of parliament were
republicans. Many groups = coalition politics Jules Ferry-mandatory public education
Teachers could marry Husband and wife team could support each other Example of secular republicanism
The Dreyfus Affair
Jewish officer falsely accused of treason Split France apart
Catholic establishment- for the army Republican civil libertarians – for Dreyfus
1905 reaction against the Church – State withdrew support Members no longer paid by state
Only socialism stood in the way of republican nationalism
Great Britain and Ireland
The Vote 1832- males of the “solid middle-class” 1859- utilitarian's struggle with how to protect
the rights of individuals while franchise expanded.
1884 Disraeli’s conservative party expands franchise to every adult male. Lower class expected to be responsible.
1906 Lloyd George’s Liberal party raised taxes on the rich to create social programs.
Ireland
Irish Famine 1840’s England began concessions 1880’s Gladstone’s Liberal party tried to
pacify Ireland Bills did not pass Irish support Liberals to receive “Home Rule.” Irish Protestants and Catholics refused mix. Ulster refused to accept home rule Problem put on hold in 1914 - WWI
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Magyar nationalism –Hungary 1866 defeated by Prussia Dual Monarchy Austria threatened by slavs 1914 Hungary – 1/4 of males could vote
Jewish Emancipation and Jew Hating 1791- French Rev. Jews gain rights 1848 -1870 continued gains through
Liberalism and sometimes Socialism 1873 stock market crash Jews blamed Zionism =Jewish national state - Palestine
Marxism and the Socialist Movement Marx wanted an international proletariat The Socialist International
Rapid growth after 1871 1912 millions of followers – especially Germany The Workers International Marx Authors “Das Capital.” 1867
Embraced the Paris Commune First International collapses May Day – one day strike Second International
Unions and Revisionism
European Socialism became militantly moderate Gradual change Less revolution Sober action
Workers gained the right to vote, used elections to make change
National pride Schools Military Aggressive foreign policy
Standard of living improved Growth of labor unions
For a long time illegal 1870-1906 legalized—Germany
Socialist not really interested in unions they wanted revolution
Unions focused on “bread and butter issues” Wages Working conditions
Collective bargaining brought improvement- revision not revolution – Militant Marxist saw this as a sin.
Second International rejects revision
By 1914
Socialist parties were clearly nationalistic Germany France Great Britain
By WWI socialist leaders supported their government