ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 7 695

(ed.), e Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse (1981) as well as in e Modern Hebrew Poem Itself (2003). Mikhtavim mi-NesiahMedummah was translated into German (Briefe von einer ima-ginaeren Reise, 2003). For further English translations of her works, see Goell, Bibliography, index.

: E. Spicehandler, in: Israel (Spring 1961),6180; G. Yardeni, Sihot im Soferim (1961), 11932; G. Shaked, in: Moznayim, 3 (1956) no. 3, 86190; idem, in: Orot, 38 (Jan. 1960), 4549; D. Sadan, in: Yerushalayim, Shenaton le-Divrei Sifrut ve-Ommanut(1970), 1722; R. Alter, in: Commentary, 49, 5 (1970), 8386. .: R. Sherwin, Two New Translations: e Poems ofL Goldberg and D. Ravikovich as Good English Poems, in: ModernHebrew Literature 3/12 (1977), 3842; O. Baumgarten-Kuris, EmzaimSifrutiyim be-Shiratah shel L. Goldberg (1979); T. Ruebner, L. Gold-berg, Monografyah (1980); A.B. Jae, Pegishotim L. Goldberg (1984); L. Hovav, Yesodot be-Shirat ha-Yeladim birei Yeziratah shel L. Goldberg(1986); H. Shoham, Fichte und Landscha: Ein romantisches und ein zionistisches Modell. Vergleichende Betrachtung eines Gedichtes von Heinrich Heine und Lea Goldberg, in: Conditio Judaica 1 (1988), 32938; Y. Nave, Biblical Motifs Representing the Lyrical Self in the Works of Scholem Aleichem, N. Alterman, Lea Goldberg, Ariela Deem,

Shulamit Har-Even (1987); A.B. Jae, Lea Goldberg: Tavei Demut li-Yeziratah (1994); A. Lieblich, El Lea (1995); S. Neumann, Mokedimba-Lashon ha-Figurativit shel Shirat L. Goldberg (1996); N.R.S. Gold, Rereading It Is the Light, L. Goldbergs Only Novel, in: Prooexts17/3 (1997), 24559; M.E. Varela Moreno, Hypotexts of Lea GoldbergsSonnets, in: Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century 2 (1999), 23643; R. Kartun-Blum and A. Weisman (eds.), Pegishot imMeshoreret: Masot u-Mehkarim al Yeziratah shel L. Goldberg (2000); H. Barzel, Shirat Erez Yisrael: Shlonsky, Alterman, Goldberg (2001); O. Yaglin, Ulai Mabat Aher: Klasiyut Modernit u-Modernizm be-Shi-rat L. Goldberg (2002).

[Ezra Spicehandler]

GOLDBERG, MARSHALL (Biggie, e Elkins Express,Mad Marshall, the Hebrew Hillbilly; 1917 ), U.S. football player, starring in college at the University of Pittsburgh and in the with the Chicago Cardinals, and member of College Football Hall of Fame. Goldberg was born and raised in El-kins, West Virginia, a town of ve Jewish families in a commu-nity of 7,500 people. Goldbergs father, Saul, had immigratedfrom Uman, Romania, and ran a ladies clothing store beforebecoming owner of the towns movie theater. Goldberg wasa high school legend, captaining his schools football, basket-ball, and track teams in 1935, and was selected All-State in eachsport. He led Pitt to a Rose Bowl title in 1936 aer leading the nation in rushing with 886 yards, and to the National Cham-pionship the following year. Goldberg was named Grantland Rice All-America honorable mention in 1936, and a consen-sus All-America halack in 1937 and fullback in 1938, n-ishing third in the Heisman Trophy voting in 1937 and sec-ond in 1938. Goldberg ended his career at Pitt holding all the schools rushing records, including total rushing yards with1,957. Goldberg then played with Chicago Cardinals for eight years, and was considered the greatest defensive back ofhis time. He led the team to the championship in 1947, and made all-pro at two positions as a halack in 1941 and as a defensive back in 1946, 1947, and 1948. Goldberg led the

league in 1941 with seven interceptions, and in kicko returns that year with a 24.2-yard average, and the following year witha 26.2-yard average. He was inducted into the College Foot-ball Hall of Fame in 1958.

[Elli Wohlgelernter (2 ed.)]

GOLDBERG, OSCAR (18851952), scholar and author, bornin Berlin. Goldberg rst studied medicine, but on the basis of personal parapsychological experiments he turned to eso-teric mysticism. Aer Hitlers rise to power he immigratedto France and subsequently to the United States. He later re-turned to France and died in Nice. His rst work, Die fuenf Buecher Mosis, ein Zahlengebaeude (1908) is an attempt toprove (in accordance with kabbalistic opinion) that the en-tire Torah is based on the letters of the Tetragrammaton. His basic theories are expressed in the works: Die Wirklichkeit der Hebraeer (vol. 1, 1925; no more were published); Maimonides(1935); and articles on Greek mythology in the monthly Massund Wert (1937). Goldberg assumed that there were meta-physical peoples whose biological center was their god as opposed to peoples or groups who had lost their metaphysi-cal power and were merely biological groups. Die Wirklichkeit der Hebraeer (e Reality of the Hebrews) shows the He-brews to be the outstanding example of a metaphysical people, which activates the vital link between it and its center, i.e., its god, via the magical power of ritual and makes its god dwell within the world. e metaphysical reality of the genuine He-brews consisted in the activation of the laws and statutes ofthe Torah (which must be understood in its most literal and exact interpretation). Later Judaism, beginning with the re-ligion of the prophets, was based on the deterioration of the magical powers of the Hebrews and the loss of the basic tools for the activation of their magical reality: the Tabernacle and the Ark of the Covenant. Every metaphysical people has a national god, and among these gods, which had perfect real-ity, the God of Israel is but the strongest. As the real magical power of metaphysics was weakened, there begins the process of the transformation of the ritual which possessed formaland material precision into an abstract universal religion. e histories of religions constitute decline and not progress. e decline of true Hebraism, which worked miracles not ac-cording to circumstance but by order and xed ritual, began during the reigns of David and Solomon. It reached its nadir in the religiosity of the Psalms. e transition from worship in the Temple to that in the synagogue typies the decline ofthe metaphysical power to nothingness.

Goldberg accepted only the Pentateuch as a divine docu-ment in all its details and signs, and interpreted it magically,not theologically. e Revelation of God is not an act offree grace to His creatures, but springs from the need of God Himself to nd a dwelling place (mishkan) on earth. Gold-berg views the system of Maimonides as the nal expressionof complete alienation from the true mission of the Hebraic existence, and as an intended blurring and abolition of the re-alistic principle which is the power to work miracles in favor

,

696 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 7

of moralistic and abstract prattle. According to this system, Goldberg interpreted all details of other mythologies. He ad-vocated the organization of the remnants of magical power which remained here and there, in order to nd a way for the renewal of divine revelation. He stated his magical views in a clearly rationalistic way and linked them with modern biologi-cal philosophy. e kabbalistic origins of his thought are con-spicuous and Goldberg himself recognized this despite his at-tempts to dene specic dierences between the spheres of the Torah and that of Kabbalah. Goldberg was hostile to Zionism, which he viewed as a secular renewal of a Jewish people with-out a metaphysical basis according to his denition.

For many years Goldberg led a small group which propa-gated his views in writing and orally. His most important dis-ciple in philosophy was Erich Unger (d. 1951 in London). For some time his works and thoughts had considerable inuence on circles of both Jewish and gentile intellectuals, scholars and writers such as the paleontologist E. Dacque, and the writer omas Mann. e latter depicted Goldberg in his novel Doc-tor Faustus (1947) as the character Dr. Chaim Breisacher.

: J. Schechter, Mi-Madda le-Emunah (1953), 21329; E. Unger, Politik und Metaphysik (1922); idem, Das Problemder mythischen Realitaet (1926); idem, Wirklichkeit, Mythos, Erken-ntnis (1930); A. Caspary, Die Maschinenutopie (1927).

[Gershom Scholem]

GOLDBERG, RUBE (18831970), U.S. cartoonist. Reuben Lucius Goldberg, satirist of American folkways and creator ofimprobable and outlandish devices and inventions, was bornin San Francisco, Calif. His father insisted he go to college tobecome an engineer. Aer graduating from the Universityof California at Berkeley, Goldberg went to work for the San Francisco Water and Sewers Department. Aer six months, Goldberg joined the sports department of a San Francisco newspaper and kept submitting drawings and cartoons to its editor, until he was nally published. He moved to New York, drawing daily cartoons for e Evening Mail. At rst he wasa sports cartoonist and sportswriter, but one day, with a lit-tle space le over from his cartoon, he lled it with Foolish Question No. 1, which showed a man who had fallen from the Flatiron Building being asked if he was hurt. No, I jump othis building every day to limber up for business, he replied.e Foolish Question caught on, and Goldberg wound up do-ing thousands of them. Many of his ideas came from readers, fascinated with the nearly probable. As comic strips grew in popularity, Goldberg conceived the character Boob McNutt, a simple-looking fellow who was in love with a beautiful girl named Pearl. eir blunder-lled courtship went on from 1916 to 1933. Goldberg also created the strip Lala Palooza, about a woman of ample girth. His most enduring creation was Pro-fessor Lucifer Gorgonzola Butts, the inventor of marvelously complicated contraptions designed to accomplish fairly sim-ple ends. An exhibition of these nonexistent and zany gadgets opened at the National Museum of History and Technology ofthe Smithsonian Institution in Washington in 1970. e Gold-

bergs of yesterday were catalogued under the show title Do It the Hard Way: Rube Goldberg and Modern Times. erewere cartoons, comic strips, and oddly ingenious doodads that might have been invented by Goldberg himself. e car-toonists ludicrous inventions became so widely known thatWebsters ird International Dictionary listed the adjective rube goldberg and dened it as accomplishing by extremely complex roundabout means what actually or seemingly could be done simply.

In the middle 1930s, comic strips declined in popular-ity and at the age of 55 Goldberg embarked on a career as aneditorial cartoonist for e New York Sun and later the NewYork Journal-American, for which he drew 5,000 cartoons. One of his cartoons, Peace Today, warning of the perils of atomic weapons, which appeared in e Sun, won a Pulitzer Prize in 1948.

[Stewart Kampel (2 ed.)]

GOLDBERG, SZYMON (19091993), violinist and conduc-tor of Polish birth. He studied with Mihailowicz in Warsaw, and with Flesch in Berlin. Aer his debut in Warsaw (1921), he appeared with the Berlin (1924) and was leader of the Dresden Philharmonic (19251929). From 1929 to 1934 he formed a string trio with Hindemith and *Feuermann andwas appointed concertmaster of the Berlin Philharmonic. Hethen toured as soloist and as sonata partner with Lili *Kraus. While on a tour of Asia, Goldberg was interned in Java by the Japanese (19421945). Aer the war he resumed his career and played in Australia, South Africa, the Americas, and Israel. He became an American citizen (1953) and taught at the As-pen Music School (19511965) where he formed the Festival Quartet, which achieved wide recognition in concerts and on records. Goldberg played trios with Casals and R. *Ser-kin during the Prades Festival (1954) and became permanent conductor and musical director of the Netherlands Chamber Orchestra (1955), which he led with notable distinction for 22 years. From 1969 he lived in London, conducted the Manches-ter Camerata (19771982), taught at Yale University, the Juil-liard School, the Curtis Institute of Music, and the Manhattan School of Music. From 1990 until his death he conducted the New Japan Philharmonic in Tokyo. He was an ocer of the Order of Oranje Nassau. A masterly violinist Goldbergs tone was warm and pure, his interpretations stressed renement, intimacy and a noble intensity. His recordings include a dis-tinguished set of the Brandenburg Concertos and, with RaduLupu, 16 Mozart sonatas. He was also a sensitive performer of Bartk, Berg, and Hindemith.

: Grove Music Online; ; Bakers Bio-graphical Dictionary (1997); B. Gavoty. Szymon Goldberg (Geneva, 1961),

[Naama Ramot (2 ed.)]

GOLDBERGER, IZIDOR (18761944), Hungarian rabbi and scholar. Goldberger, who was born in Btorkeszi, Hungary,held appointments in Storaljaujhely (19031914) and Tata

,