GERUNDS & INFINITIVES(NON-FINITE NOUN CLAUSE)

GERUNDS(ACTIVE)

STRUCTURE

GERUNDS (Ving)

PLAYING (OYNAMA)UPLOADING (YÜKLEME)ABOLISHING (SONA ERDİRME)ACHIEVING (BAŞARMA)BULLYING (ZORBALIK ETME)CLARIFYING (AÇIKLAMA)DEFINING (TANIMLAMA)ENHANCING (ARTIRMA)FINANCING (PARA SAĞLAMA)GUIDING (YÖNLENDİRME)HARASSING (TACİZ ETME)IMITATING (TAKLİT ETME)LEGISLATING (YASAMA)

INFINITIVES (to V)

TO IMAGINE (HAYAL ETME)TO KIDNAP (ADAM KAÇIRMA)TO LEAK (SIZ(DIR)MA)TO PERSUADE (İKNA ETME)TO REGISTER (KAYIT OLMA)TO SEIZE (ELE GEÇİRME)TO TRACE (İZİNİ SÜRME)TO UNDERTAKE (ÜSTLENME)TO VIOLATE (İHLAL ETME)TO WITNESS (ŞAHİT OLMA)TO YIELD (MEYVE VERME)TO OBEY (İTAAT ETME)TO OBSERVE (GÖZLEMLEME)

FUNCTION

Gerund (Ving) ve Infinitive (to V) fiilleri isimleştirmek için kullanılır, ve cümlede bir isim (noun) gibi kullanılır.

Uploading a file on the internet sometimes takes too much time. İnternete dosya yükleme bazen çok fazla zaman alır

His making excuses all the time makes me angry. Sürekli bahaneler üretmesi beni sinirlendiriyor

The man denied harassing his collegue. Adam, iş arkadaşını taciz ettiğini inkar etti.

To raise children is not easy. Çocuk yetiştirmek kolay değildir.

We all hope to settle the matter as soon as possible Hepimiz, sorunu en kısa zamanda çözmeyi umuyoruz.

SUBJECT FUNCTION

Finding a solution to such problems is difficult.Bu tür sorunlara çözüm bulmak zordur.

Learning a foreign language after a certain age was difficult for me.Belli bir yaştan sonra yabancı bir dil öğrenmek benim için zor oldu.

Avoiding or ignoring the problems may cause physiological problems.Sorunlardan kaçmak veya onları görmezden gelmek psikolojik sorunlara neden olabilir.

Drinking too much may result in liver failure.Aşırı içki içmek karaciğer yetmezliği ile sonuçlanabilir.

Being interested in learning a foreign language necessiates patience.Dil öğrenmeyle ilgili olmak sabır gerektirir.

---- the unknown parts of the world paved the way for new trade routes.

---- school uniforms in Turkey was mandatory.

---- too much fast-food influences one’s health badly.

The US’s ----reluctant to sign the protocol led to reactions in some countries.

---- fossil fuel causes environmental problems.

BURNING-CONSUMING-DISCOVERINGWEARING-BEING-ALTERING

OBJECT OF MAIN VERB

I can’t help laughing at him.Ona gülmekten kendimi alamıyorum.

I’m considering going abroad.Yurtdışına gitmeyi düşünüyorum.

He had to give up smoking.Sigarayı bırakmak zorunda kaldı.

She detests writing letters.Mektup yazmaktan nefret ediyor.

Try to visualize sailing through the sky on a cloud.Gökyüzünde bir bulutun üstünde yelken açtığını hayal et.

I propose starting the project today.Projeyi bugün başlatmayı öneriyorum.

The use of logaritms involves converting numbers into other numbers.Logaritma kullanımı, sayıları başka sayılara dönüştürmeyi içerir.

acknowledgeadmitadviseadvocateanticipateappreciateavoidbarbegrudgecan’t helpcontemplateconsidercountenancedeferdenydetestdiscontinueenjoyescapeevadeexcusefinishgive up

keepmindmissnecessiatepardonpostponepracticepreventprohibitproposequitrelishresentresistrisksanctionsuggesttoleratevisualiseincludeinvolvejustifyimagine

OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONVerb + Preposition + (not)Ving

Jack puts off taking a vacation.Jack tatile çıkmayı erteliyor.

Succeding in winning the game requires a lot of hard work.Oyunu kazanmayı başarmak sıkı çalışma gerektirir.

Doctors recommend abstaining from eating fatty foods.Doktorlar, yağlı yiyecekler yemekten uzak durmayı öneriyor.

The conference will be about improving the resources.Konferans, kaynakları iyileştirmekle ilgili olacak.

She suffers from not having vitamin C.Vitamin C eksikliği var.

OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONVerb + Preposition + (not)Ving

Richard is thinking of ……………….(spend) his time at home all alone.Do you care about……………….(be) well-dressed?You should abstain from ……………(eat) fatty foods.I’m looking forward to …………….(go) to Italy this summer.Are you going to insist on ……………(wear) that funny tie?

Passing your exams with good marks depends ………..studying enough.I couldn’t succeed…………..winning the race.She dealt …………… decorating the house.He would decide …………… going out.He is talking …………… cutting down on the expenditures

participate take advatage feel complain object

He always ……………… about doing too much work. She won’t ………………. in formulating the budget. I don’t ………………. like going on picnic today. Why do you ………………. to my wearing jeans? I …………………. of living in a city.

Fill in the blanks with suitable verb form, preposition and verb

OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONVerb + Object + Preposition + (not)Ving

They charge him with embezzling.Onu, zimmetine para geçirmekler suçluyorlar.

He stopped them from leaving. Onların, gitmesine engel oldu.

John accused Sue of being selfish.John, Sue’yu bencil olmakla suçladı. 

I congratulated him on his being successful.Onun başarılı olmasını kutladım. 

I spend a lot of time on writing. Yazmaya çok zaman harcarım.

OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONVerb + Object + Preposition + (not)Ving

He accused me of……………….(steal) his moneyI cannot forgive Fatih for ……………. (lie)to me.Doctors suspect a gene deterioriation of …………. (cause)the cancer.Warn the children about …………………(go)too near the lake.

His attitudes stopped me ………………… making friends with him. Can you blame me ………………..doing this? She devoted herself …………………. raising her kids. They arrested him…………………..helping the criminals.

Fill in the blanks with suitable verb form and preposition.

OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONAdjective + Preposition + (not)Ving

I’m tired of working so hard.Bu kadar çalışmaktan usandım.

She is addicted to watching TV series.Dizi izlemeye bağımlı.

He was happy about winning the lottery.Piyangoyu kazanmaktan mutluydu.

Tina is scared of being alone at night.Tina, gece yalnız olmaktan korkuyor.

He was proud of completing the marathon.Maratonu tamamlamaktan gurur duyuyordu.

OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONNoun+ Preposition + (not)Ving

His addiction to surfing the Internet is a problem.İnternette gezinme bağımlılığı bir problem.

He has the advantage of speaking English fluently.İngilizce’yi akıcı konuşma avantajına sahip.

Her anxiety about speaking in public caused her to lose the job.Herkesin önünde konuşma gerginliği işini kaybetmesine sebep oldu.

His belief in not harming animals was something he learned from his mother.Hayvanlara zarar vermeme anlayışı, annesinden öğrendiği bir şeydi.

She took credit for improving the filing system.Dosyalama sistemini iyileştirdiği için övgü aldı

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

It’s no use crying over spilt milk.Olmuşla ölmüşe çare yok.

It’s worth visiting this historical place.Bu tarihi yeri gezmeye değer.

There is no point in hurrying; the exam has already started.Acele etmenin bir anlamı yok; sınav zaten başladı.

I don’t feel like going out tonight.Bu gece dışarı çıkasım yok.

I am accustomed to people’s not listening to each other.İnsanların birbirini dinlememesine alışığım.

GERUNDS(PASSIVE)

BEING + V3

Being served quickly is important for customers in a restaurant.Servislerin hızlı yapılması, müşteriler için önemlidir.

Jamie hates being called Jimmy.Jamie, Jimmyi diye çağrılmaktan nefret eder.

People’s being slaughtered by ISIS shows how a man can become worse than an animal.İŞİD tarafından insanların katledilmesi, bir insanın nasıl bir hayvandan daha kötü olabileceğini gösteriyor.

The actor is getting used to being flattered.Aktör, pohpohlanmaya alışıyor.

I can’t stand being told what to do.Ne yapacağımı söylenmesine dayanamıyorum.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ONE

1. She is looking forward to ---- her mother in Istanbul.

a) visiting b) being visited

2. The money will be devoted to ---- the environment.

b) protecting b) being protected

3. There is no point in house’s ---- .

c) painting b) being painted

4. ---- regular exercise is good for health.

d) doing b) being done

5. The maid denied ---- the money.

a) stealing b) being stolen

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ONE

His mother was excited about going to Africa.

The secretary carried on typing the letter.

The construction workers worried about losing their jobs.

They tried to cope with working in bad weather.

The pupil is known for causing problems.

My wife apologized for being late.

The teacher always keeps complaining about his timetable.

I insisted on taking the dog for a walk myself.

The teenager is addicted to watching TV.

The au-pair succeeds in keeping the children busy for some time.

He blamed me for damaging the CD player.

PERFECT GERUNDS(ACTIVE-PASSIVE)

The man admitted stealing the money/having stolen the money.

My father has resented not being consulted/not having been consulted.

HAVING + V3 HAVING BEEN + V3

INFINITIVES

ACTIVE PASSIVE

PRESENT TO WRITE TO BE WRITTEN

PROGRESSIVE TO BE WRITING -----------

PERFECT TO HAVE WRITTEN TO HAVE BEEN WRITTEN

SUBJECT

To speak five languages well is an advantage.

To be around her all day becomes boring.

To explore the Web is fun.

To travel to New York takes 4 hours.

For us to travel   is fun.

For Edward to commute to New York  takes 3hours.

To know you is to love you.

To try and fail is better than to have never tried at all.

To understand one woman is not necessarily to understand any other woman.

OBJECT of BE-MAIN VERB-ADJECTIVE

I can afford to buy it.

You appear to be lost.

I prefer to pay less.

Your duty is to check around.

It is nice to see you again

The first/the next/ the lastThe onlyThe superlatives

The first man to land on Mars is Neil Armstrong.The only place to go is home.The best book to read is …The most beautiful city to travel is …..

STRUCTURES FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

TOO/ENOUGHADJECTIVESNOUNSPASSIVES

He is too old to work so much.

She is beautiful enough to win the beauty contest.

It is necessary to make some changes.

His desire to learn English is very strong.

He is claimed to have fled from Syria last year.

VERBS THAT NEED SPECIAL ATTENTION

FORGETREMEMBERREGRETSTOPMEANTRYGO ON

MAKEHAVELETHELP

SEEWATCHFEELHEARNOTICESMELLLISTEN

She was made ---- from dawn to dusk.a)work b)working c) to work d) worked

Ayla! Do you happen ---- Aynur’s phone number?a)knowing b) to know c) that you know d) if you know

Why don’t you let him ---- ?a) go b) to go c) going d) goes

The criminals are said ---- in the forest.a)hide b) hiding c) to be hiding d)hidden

I am not accustomed to ---- early.a) get up b) my getting up c) getting up d)have gotten up

Jane Tate will go far in the film world since she has a remarkable talent for ____ even the most conflicting emotions. depicting having depicted being depicted depict having been depictedToday coffee prices are far below the required rate; hence, growers are unable to pay their debts and cooperatives find it hard ____ . surviving survive to survive survived to have survived

The witness finally admitted that he did remember ____ someone standing by the entrance. being seen to see to have seen having been seen having seen

This poem is generally supposed ____ in the fifteenth century, but some people date it even earlier. being composed to be composed having been composed to have composed to have been composed

VERB + PREPOSITION LISTSABOUT

agree We agreed about ending the matter. (on)

argue We argued about spending money.

care  We care about recycling things.

complain He complains about getting old.

forget She forgets about calling us.

talk He talks about getting married.

think  We are thinking about joining them.

worry  She worried about getting lost.

dream  He dreams about playing ball.

VERB + PREPOSITION LISTSAGAINST

decide  We decided against buying a car.warn They warn against giving out information.

delight She was delighted at seeing him again.excel  He excels at playing chess.laugh  We laughed at walking a cat on a leash.balk  He balked at making a speech. (stop short of)rejoice  They rejoiced at hearing the news.

look I will look after buying the tickets.

VERB + PREPOSITION LISTSAT

VERB + PREPOSITION LISTSAFTER

accustomed to He is accustomed to having his own office.

addicted to She is addicted to watching TV.afraid of She is afraid of speaking in

public.anxious about Norma is anxious about making

the presentation.bored of I am bored of doing the same

old job.capable of He is capable of winning a gold

medal.committed to She is committed to improving

her English.concerned about Nancy was concerned about

being late.content with Tim is content with winning

second place.dedicated to The organization is dedicated

to ending poverty.devoted to The money will be devoted to

protecting the environment.disappointed with Fiona was disappointed with

coming in third place.discouraged by He was discouraged by not

getting the job.excited about The researcher was excited

about going to Africa.famous for That actor is famous for being

extremely weird.fond of She is fond of having picnics.frightened of She is frightened of being alone

at night.

guilty of The banker was guilty of stealing money.

happy about He was happy about winning the lottery.

interested in She is interested in becoming a doctor.

involved in He was involved in making the movie.

known for She was known for causing problems.

opposed to They are opposed to building a new road in the park.

proud of He was proud of having completed the marathon.

remembered for She is remembered for protecting mountain gorillas.

responsible for He is responsible for causing the damage.

scared of Tina is scared of being alone at night.

terrified of The surfer is terrified of being attacked by a shark.

tired from She is tired from working all day.

tired of Margaret is tired of making dinner every night.

worried about The hikers were worried about not having enough water.

ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION LIST

dedication to His dedication to teaching was impressive.

delay in The delay in processing the visa caused problems.

devotion to His devotion to biking allowed him to win the competition.

disadvantage of The disadvantage of flying is that you can't see the scenery along the way.

experience in She has a great deal of experience in introducing new products to international markets.WITH THE NOUN "EXPERIENCE," SOMETIMES A GERUND IS ADDED WITHOUT THE PREPOSITION "IN." "EXPERIENCE INTRODUCING NEW PRODUCTS" WOULD ALSO BE ACCEPTABLE.

fear of His fear of flying made travel difficult.

fondness for Her fondness for traveling led to her career in the travel industry.

habit of His habit of smoking in restaurants caused many problems in California.

interest in Her career as a pilot evolved out of her interest in flying.

knowledge of Her knowledge of climbing helped her during the competition.

love of His love of singing developed when he was a child.

memory of Their memories of traveling in Africa will stay with them forever.

preference for I think his preference for speaking his native language is natural.

process of The process of painting such a large mural is more complicated than you might think.

reaction to His reaction to winning the prize was quite funny.

reason for The main reason for taking the course is to improve your language skills.

regret for The criminal's regret for committing the crime did not convince the judge.

report on The magazine's report on choosing the right car was not well researched.

reputation for Her reputation for lying is well known.

responsibility for His responsibility for completing the project on time was acknowledged by the company.

story about I don't know if I believe his story about seeing a UFO.

talent for His talent for learning languages was impressive.