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SOCIAL INDICATORS DEPARTMENT

German System of Social Indicators:Key Indicators 1950-2005

A Gesis Publication

Mannheim, July 2007

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1

Contents

INTRODUCTION 2

POPULATION 3

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND SUBJECTIVE CLASS IDENTIFICATION 23

THE LABOUR MARKET AND WORKING CONDITIONS 34

INCOME AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION 60

CONSUMPTION AND SUPPLY 72

TRANSPORTATION 81

HOUSING 92

HEALTH 103

EDUCATION 125

PARTICIPATION 145

THE ENVIRONMENT 160

PUBLIC SAFETY AND CRIME 171LEISURE AND MEDIA CONSUMPTION 185

GLOBAL WELFARE MEASURES 196

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System of Social Indicators for the Federal Republic of

Germany: Key Indicators 1950-20051

Introduction

The aim of the German System of Social Indicators is to provide a measurement toolas well as time-series data that allow to monitor and to analyse the current state andthe development of the citizens objective living conditions and their subjective qualityof life, as well as changes in the macro structure of the German society. Thecomplete German System of Social Indicators comprises more than 3000 time seriesfor about 400 indicators.

During recent years the Social Indicators Department of Gesis-ZUMA has developedseveral products drawing from this data-base: In addition to the indicator tables

available online, the most important source for the complete time series data is theDigital Information System Social Indicators (DISI 2.1)2. It contains the indicatorsystems complete database and allows users to compile charts or data tablesaccording to their own needs.

By selecting the set of key indicators presented here, our focus was on core trends ofwelfare development and socio-structural change. Thus our choice of 89 indicatorstaken from the 14 life-domains of the indicator-system strives to outline a condensedand clear cut picture of social developments in Germany.

The time series data for the selected key indicators were newly edited, updated andare being presented in chart also presented in graphical format. On the introductorypages for each life domain the indicators selected from this domain are listed andinformation on definitions and data sources is supplied. On the following pages thecorresponding time series data are presented in graphical as well as in tabular form.In order to keep the materials presented as short as possible, no disaggregations ofthe data were included in this report.

1This report has been prepared under the responsibility of Heinz-Herbert Noll and Stefan Weick, who

coordinated all related activities. We particularly thank our research assistants Catrin Berger, TobiasLink, Friederike Rmer, Mariya Zvezdanova as well as Annette Krieger and Anne Bohlender who hada major share in updating and preparing the time series data for this report.2

Since a new Online-Information System Social Indicators is currently under development, there willbe no further releases of the Digital Information System Social Indicators DISI.

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3

Population

Selected indicators:

1. Resident Population(Indicator D001)Definition: Resident population in 1,000 at the end of the year.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch; Genesis-Online, Database of

the StBA.

2. Total Fertility Rate

(Indicator D005)Definition: Average number of children that are born alive to a woman during her lifetime

calculated as the sum of the age-specific fertility rates of a given year.Source: Before 1997: Council of Europe Publishing, Recent demographic developments in

Europe.1997 and after: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch.

Starting from 2004: Genesis Online, Database of the StBA

3. Percentage of the Population Under 15 Years of Age

(Indicator D007)Definition: Persons that are younger than 15 years of age as a percentage of the total

German population.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch; Genesis-Online, Database of

the StBA.

4. Percentage of the Population Over 65 Years of Age

(Indicator D009)Definition: Persons that are older than 65 years of age as a percentage of the total German

population at the end of the year.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch; Genesis-Online, Database of the

StBA.

5. Percentage of Foreigners

(Indicator D010)Definition: Foreign population as a percentage of the total German population at the end of

the year.Sources: Total German population at the end of the year: Statistisches Bundesamt,

Statistisches Jahrbuch.Number of foreign population:Before 1970: Lederer, Harald (1997): Migration und Integration in Zahlen.Bamberg.

Beauftragte der Bundesregierung fr Auslnderfragen (2002): Daten und Faktenzur Auslndersituation.1970-1990: Statistisches Bundesamt (1997): Strukturdaten ber die auslndischeBevlkerung.1990 and after: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch.Starting from 2003: Genesis Online, Database of the StBA

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6. Total First Marriage Rate

(Indicator D019)Definition: Sum of age-specific first-marriage-rates (for women up to the age of 50 years) in

one year of observation.Source: Council of Europe Publishing (2000): Recent demographic developments in

Europe 2000.

7. Total Divorce Rate(Indicator D022)Definition: Sum of the duration-specific divorce rates in one year of observation.Source: Council of Europe Publishing (2000): Recent demographic developments in

Europe 2000.

8. Percentage of One-Parent Families

(Indicator D025)Definition: Families headed by a single parent as a percentage of all families.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 3; Statistisches Bundesamt, Leben in

Deutschland.

9. Net Migration(Indicator D041)Definition: Balance of immigrations and emigrations per 1.000 inhabitants.Source: 1952 - 1994: Lederer, Harald (1997): Migration und Integration in Zahlen.

Bamberg.1995 and after: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch.

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Population

GESIS-ZUMA,SOCIAL INDICATORS DEPARTMENT 5

1. Resident Population

Graphic //////////// TTTaaabbbllleee

Resident Population (End of Year)

0

10.000.000

20.000.000

30.000.000

40.000.000

50.000.000

60.000.000

70.000.000

80.000.000

90.000.000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Inhabitants

Total West East

Definition: Resident Population at the End of the Year.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch.; Statistisches Bundesamt, Genesis-

Online, Database of the StBA.Note: Starting from 2001 Berlin to West Germany.

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Population


1. Resident Population

GGGrrraaappphhhiiiccc //////////// Table

Total West East1950 69.346.000 50.958.000 18.388.0001951 69.785.000 51.435.000 18.350.0001952 70.164.000 51.864.000 18.300.0001953 70.566.000 52.454.000 18.112.0001954 70.945.000 52.943.000 18.002.0001955 71.350.000 53.518.000 17.832.0001956 70.943.000 53.340.000 17.604.0001957 71.475.000 54.064.000 17.411.0001958 72.031.000 54.719.000 17.312.0001959 72.543.000 55.257.000 17.286.0001960 73.147.000 55.958.000 17.188.0001961 73.668.000 56.589.000 17.079.0001962 74.383.000 57.247.000 17.136.0001963 75.046.000 57.865.000 17.181.0001964 75.591.000 58.588.000 17.004.0001965 76.336.000 59.297.000 17.040.0001966 76.864.000 59.793.000 17.071.0001967 77.038.000 59.949.000 17.090.0001968 77.550.000 60.463.000 17.087.000

1969 78.269.000 61.195.000 17.075.0001970 78.069.000 61.001.000 17.068.0001971 78.556.000 61.503.000 17.054.0001972 78.821.000 61.809.000 17.011.0001973 79.053.000 62.101.000 16.951.0001974 78.882.000 61.992.000 16.891.0001975 78.465.000 61.645.000 16.820.0001976 78.209.000 61.442.000 16.767.0001977 78.111.000 61.353.000 16.758.0001978 78.073.000 61.322.000 16.751.0001979 78.180.000 61.439.000 16.740.0001980 78.397.000 61.658.000 16.740.0001981 78.418.000 61.713.000 16.706.0001982 78.248.000 61.546.000 16.702.0001983 78.008.000 61.307.000 16.701.0001984 77.709.000 61.049.000 16.660.0001985 77.661.000 61.021.000 16.640.0001986 77.780.000 61.141.000 16.640.0001987 77.900.000 61.238.000 16.661.0001988 78.390.000 61.715.000 16.675.0001989 79.113.000 62.679.000 16.434.0001990 79.753.000 63.726.000 16.028.0001991 80.275.000 64.485.000 15.790.0001992 80.975.000 65.289.000 15.685.0001993 81.338.000 65.740.000 15.598.0001994 81.539.000 66.007.000 15.531.0001995 81.818.000 66.342.000 15.476.0001996 82.012.000 66.583.000 15.429.0001997 82.057.000 66.688.000 15.369.0001998 82.037.000 66.747.000 15.290.0001999 82.164.000 66.946.000 15.217.0002000 82.260.000 67.140.000 15.120.0002001 82.440.000 68.711.000 13.729.0002002 82.537.000 68.920.000 13.617.0002003 82.532.000 69.007.000 13.524.0002004 82.501.000 69.067.000 13.433.0002005 82.438.000 69.093.000 13.345.000

Definition: Resident Population at the End of the Year.

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch.; Statistisches Bundesamt, Genesis-Online, Database of the StBA.

Note: Starting from 2001 Berlin to West Germany.

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Population




Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

TFR

Total West East

Definition: Average number of children that are born alive to a woman during her lifetime calculated as the sum of the age specific fertility rates of a given year.

Source: Before 1997: Council of Europe Publishing, Recent demographic developments inEurope;starting from 1997: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch;starting from 2004: Genesis-Online, Database of the StBA

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Population




Total West East1950 2,0919511952195319541955 2,1019561957195819591960 2,3619611962196319641965 2,50196619671968

19691970 2,0119711972197319741975 1,451976 1,451977 1,401978 1,381979 1,381980 1,441981 1,431982 1,411983 1,331984 1,291985 1,281986 1,341987 1,371988 1,411989 1,391990 1,45 1,45 1,521991 1,33 1,42 0,981992 1,29 1,40 0,831993 1,28 1,39 0,771994 1,24 1,35 0,771995 1,25 1,34 0,841996 1,31 1,39 0,951997 1,37 1,44 1,041998 1,35 1,41 1,091999 1,36 1,40 1,152000 1,38 1,41 1,212001 1,352002 1,342003 1,342004 1,352005 1,34

Definition: Average number of children that are born alive to a woman during her lifetime

calculated as the sum of the age specific fertility rates of a given year.Source: before 1997: Council of Europe Publishing, Recent demographic developments in

Europe;starting from 1997: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch;starting from 2004: Genesis-Online, Database of the StBA.

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Population




Percentage of the Population under 15 Years of Age

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Total West East

Definition: Persons that are younger than 15 years of age as a percentage of the total

German population.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch; Genesis-Online, Database ofthe StBA.


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Population




Total West East

1950 67,1 67,3 66,619511952 67,71953 68,01954 68,41955 68,3 68,8 66,71956 69,01957 68,51958 68,41959 68,11960 66,9 67,5 64,81961 66,91962 66,51963 66,11964 65,61965 64,5 65,3 61,41966 64,81967 64,21968 63,91969 63,81970 63,0 63,6 61,2

1971 63,0 63,6 61,21972 63,1 63,6 61,31973 63,4 63,9 61,51974 63,5 63,9 61,91975 63,8 64,2 62,41976 64,2 64,5 62,91977 64,5 64,9 63,31978 65,0 65,4 63,51979 65,6 65,9 64,11980 66,3 66,7 64,81981 67,2 67,6 65,51982 68,1 68,6 66,21983 69,0 69,6 66,81984 69,4 70,0 67,11985 69,5 70,1 67,21986 69,5 70,1 67,31987 69,4 70,0 67,31988 69,3 69,8 67,41989 69,1 69,6 67,21990 68,8 69,3 66,8

1991 68,7 69,1 67,01992 68,6 68,9 67,51993 68,4 68,5 68,01994 68,0 67,8 68,51995 68,3 68,2 68,71996 68,2 68,0 69,21997 68,2 67,9 69,91998 68,2 67,8 70,31999 68,1 67,5 70,32000 67,8 67,3 70,32001 67,6 67,2 69,92002 67,5 67,0 69,82003 67,3 66,8 69,62004 66,9 66,5 69,22005 66,6 66,2 68,6

Definition: Persons that are younger than 15 years of age as a percentage of the totalGerman population.

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch; Genesis-Online, Database ofthe StBA.


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Population




Percentage of the Population over 65 Years of Age

0

5

10

15

20

25

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Total West East

Definition: Persons that are older than 65 years of age as a percentage of the total Germanpopulation (at the end of the year).

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch; Genesis-Online, Database of theStBA.


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Population




Total West East1950 9,7 9,4 10,619511952 9,81953 9,91954 10,11955 10,7 10,2 12,41956 10,31957 10,51958 10,71959 10,81960 11,6 10,9 13,81961 11,31962 11,41963 11,61964 11,91965 12,6 12,0 14,71966 12,31967 12,71968 12,8

1969 13,01970 13,8 13,3 15,61971 14,0 13,5 15,71972 14,2 13,8 15,91973 14,4 13,9 16,11974 14,7 14,3 16,21975 15,0 14,6 16,31976 15,2 14,9 16,31977 15,4 15,2 16,31978 15,6 15,4 16,41979 15,7 15,6 16,11980 15,5 15,5 15,71981 15,2 15,2 15,11982 14,8 14,9 14,51983 14,4 14,6 13,91984 14,5 14,7 13,61985 14,7 15,0 13,61986 14,8 15,1 13,51987 15,0 15,4 13,41988 14,9 15,4 13,21989 14,9 15,3 13,31990 14,9 15,3 13,51991 15,0 15,2 14,01992 15,0 15,2 14,21993 15,2 15,4 14,41994 15,4 15,5 14,71995 15,6 15,7 15,11996 15,7 15,7 15,31997 15,8 15,8 15,61998 15,9 15,9 15,91999 16,2 16,2 16,42000 16,6 16,6 17,12001 17,1 16,9 17,82002 17,5 17,3 18,52003 18,0 17,8 19,32004 18,6 18,3 20,22005 19,3 18,9 21,1

Definition: Persons that are older than 65 years of age as a percentage of

the total German population (at the end of the year).Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch; Genesis-Online, Database of the

StBANote: Starting from 2001 Berlin to West Germany.

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Population




Percentage of Foreigners

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Total West East

Definition: Foreign population as a percentage of the total Germanpopulation (at the end of the year).

Sources: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch; Lederer, Harald(1997); Beauftragte der Bundesregierung fr Auslnderfragen(2002); Statistisches Bundesamt (1997); Genesis-Online, Database of the StBA

Note: 1. Values for West include those for Berlin.2. Due to a correction of the central foreigners register in 2004, the values arerestrictedly comparable with those of the other years.

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Population




Total West East195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961 1,2196219631964196519661967 3,01968 3,2

1969 3,91970 4,31971 5,61972 5,71973 6,41974 6,71975 6,61976 6,41977 6,31978 6,51979 6,71980 7,21981 7,51982 7,61983 7,41984 7,11985 7,21986 7,41987 6,91988 7,31989 7,71990 8,21991 7,3 8,8 0,81992 8,0 9,5 1,31993 8,5 9,9 1,51994 8,6 10,1 1,61995 8,8 10,2 1,71996 8,9 10,4 1,81997 9,0 10,5 1,81998 8,9 10,4 1,71999 8,92000 8,92001 8,92002 8,9 10,2 2,32003 8,9 10,2 2,42004 8,1 8,9 1,52005 8,8 10,1 2,4

Definition: Foreign population as a percentage of the total German

population (at the end of the year).Sources: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch; Lederer, Harald

(1997); Beauftragte der Bundesregierung fr Auslnderfragen(2002); Statistisches Bundesamt (1997); Genesis-Online, Database of the StBA

Note: 1. Values for West include those for Berlin.2. Due to a correction of the central foreigners register in 2004, the values arerestrictedly comparable with those of the other years.

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Population




Total First-Marriage-Rate

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Number

Total West East

Definition: Sum of age-specific first marriage rates (for women up to the age of 50 years) in oneyear of observation.

Source: Council of Europe Publishing (2000): Recent demographic developments in Europe2000.

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Population




Total West East19501951195219531954195519561957195819591960 1,06 1,061961 1,08 1,101962 1,10 1,111963 1,08 1,041964 1,11 1,021965 1,10 1,051966 1,10 1,031967 1,11 1,001968 1,00 0,99

1969 0,99 0,981970 0,97 0,981971 0,93 0,941972 0,87 0,931973 0,81 0,921974 0,75 0,911975 0,77 0,921976 0,71 0,931977 0,68 0,941978 0,63 0,891979 0,64 0,851980 0,66 0,811981 0,63 0,751982 0,62 0,721983 0,61 0,711984 0,61 0,751985 0,60 0,741986 0,60 0,781987 0,61 0,801988 0,64 0,781989 0,63 0,761990 0,64 0,64 0,641991 0,56 0,62 0,311992 0,57 0,62 0,321993 0,56 0,61 0,341994 0,57 0,60 0,381995 0,56 0,60 0,401996 0,57 0,60 0,411997 0,57 0,61 0,421998 0,57 0,61 0,431999 0,59 0,64 0,472000 0,59 0,62 0,472001 0,542002 0,54

Definition: Sum of age-specific first marriage rates (for women up to the age of 50 years) in oneyear of observation.

Source: Council of Europe Publishing (2000): Recent demographic developments in Europe

2000.

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Population


7. Total Divorce Rate


Total Divorce Rate

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Number

Total West East

Definition: Sum of the duration-specific divorce rates in one year of observation.Source: Council of Europe Publishing (2000): Recent demographic developments in Europe

2000.

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Population


7. Total Divorce Rate


Total West East19501951195219531954195519561957195819591960 0,161961 0,171962 0,161963 0,161964 0,181965 0,171966 0,191967 0,191968 0,20

1969 0,201970 0,15 0,191971 0,16 0,221972 0,17 0,301973 0,18 0,281974 0,20 0,301975 0,22 0,301976 0,23 0,321977 0,16 0,311978 0,08 0,311979 0,19 0,321980 0,23 0,321981 0,26 0,351982 0,29 0,361983 0,30 0,371984 0,32 0,381985 0,32 0,391986 0,31 0,401987 0,33 0,391988 0,33 0,371989 0,32 0,371990 0,29 0,31 0,241991 0,26 0,33 0,061992 0,26 0,32 0,081993 0,30 0,35 0,151994 0,32 0,37 0,191995 0,33 0,38 0,181996 0,35 0,39 0,201997 0,38 0,42 0,271998 0,391999 0,392000 0,412001 0,42

Definition: Sum of the duration-specific divorce rates in one year of observation.Source: Council of Europe Publishing (2000): Recent demographic developments in Europe

2000.

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Population




Percentage of One-Parent Families

0

5

10

15

20

25

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Total West East

Definition: Families headed by a single parent as a percentage of all families.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 3; Statistisches Bundesamt, Leben in

Deutschland.Note: Starting from 2005 Berlin to East Germany

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Population




Total West East19501951195219531954195519561957 13,71958195919601961 13,21962196319641965196619671968 8,3

1969 9,31970 9,61971 9,01972 8,71973 8,81974 8,61975 8,61976 8,71977 8,81978 8,51979 9,31980 9,31981 9,61982 9,9198319841985 10,61986 11,01987 11,21988 11,11989 10,91990 10,61991 11,5 10,7 14,61992 11,6 10,8 14,81993 11,8 11,0 15,31994 12,1 11,1 15,81995 12,2 11,2 16,31996 12,4 11,3 16,81997 12,5 11,4 16,91998 12,6 11,5 17,31999 13,2 11,8 18,92000 13,2 12,0 18,32001 13,6 12,3 19,02002 14,0 12,8 19,32003 14,5 13,2 19,82004 14,8 13,5 20,32005 15,0 13,6 20,6

Definition: Families headed by a single parent as a percentage of all families.

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 3; Statististisches Bundesamt, Leben inDeutschland.

Note: Starting from 2005 Berlin to East Germany

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Population


9. Net Migration


Net Migration

-6,0

-4,0

-2,0

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

pe

r1,000Inhabitants

Total West

Definition: Balance of immigrations and emigrations per 1,000 inhabitants.Source: Lederer, Harald (1997), Migration und Integration in Zahlen; Statistisches Bundesamt,

Statistisches Jahrbuch.Note: The value for Western Germany in 1990 also includes Migration from the new federal

countries and Berlin-East (i.e. the former GDR).

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Population


9. Net Migration


Total West East195019511952 -0,941953 -0,401954 -0,481955 -0,171956 -0,171957 0,501958 0,931959 0,891960 3,181961 3,971962 4,221963 2,621964 4,151965 5,161966 1,581967 -3,471968 4,26

1969 9,061970 9,021971 6,231972 4,601973 5,691974 -0,561975 -3,621976 -1,511977 0,281978 1,641979 3,761980 4,821981 2,191982 -1,451983 -2,161984 -3,181985 0,911986 2,621987 3,161988 7,181989 9,571990 10,781991 7,511992 9,781993 5,801994 4,051995 4,871996 3,451997 1,141998 0,571999 2,462000 2,032001 3,312002 2,662003 1,732004 1,00

Definition: Balance of immigrations and emigrations per 1,000 inhabitants.Source: Lederer, Harald (1997), Migration und Integration in Zahlen; Statistisches Bundesamt,

Statistisches Jahrbuch.Note: The value for Western Germany in 1990 also includes Migration from the new federal

countries and Berlin-East (i.e. the former GDR).

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23

Socio-economic Status and Subjective Class Identification

Selected Indicators

1. Percentage of Private Households by Occupational Position of the ReferencePerson

(Indicator S004)Definition: Percentage of private households with a reference person who is self-employed or

family worker, civil servant, salaried employee, worker, or not part of the workingpopulation.

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 3.

2. Percentage of the Population with Employment as Main Source of Income

(Indicator S005)Definition: Percentage of the total population whose main source of income

is employment.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch; Statistisches Bundesamt,

Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.1.

3. Classification of the Population According to Subjective Class Identification

(Indicator S014)Definition: The question was posed: There is a lot of talk today about different strata of the

population. Which stratum do you assign yourself to? Persons 18 years of ageand over who answered: (1) working class, (2) middle class, (3) upper-middle classor upper class, (4) none of the above classes (in percent).

Source: Welfare Survey, own calculations.

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1. Percentage of Private Households by Occupational Position of theReference Person (West)


Percentage of Private Households by Occupational Position of Reference Person

(West)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Self-empl./familiy workers Civil Servants Sal. Employees Workers Not in Workforce

Definition: Percentage of private households with a reference person who is self-employed or

family worker, civil servant, salaried employee, worker, or not part of the workingpopulation.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 3.

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1. Percentage of Private Households by Occupational Position of theReference Person (West)


Self-employed /family workers

Civil Servants Salaried Employees Workers Not part of theworkforce

19501951195219531954195519561957 16,2 5,8 13,2 35,0 29,819581959196019611962196319641965196619671968 11,9 6,1 17,3 32,7 32,01969 11,6 6,0 17,8 32,3 32,21970 10,4 6,1 20,1 31,3 32,01971 10,4 5,8 19,0 31,5 33,21972 9,7 6,2 19,7 31,7 32,71973 9,6 6,2 19,7 31,2 33,31974 9,1 5,9 19,7 30,6 34,61975 8,8 6,0 20,2 28,3 36,71976 8,4 6,2 20,3 27,7 37,41977 8,3 6,1 20,4 27,6 37,51978 8,1 6,2 20,8 27,1 37,81979 8,1 6,0 21,2 26,8 37,91980 8,0 5,9 21,5 27,0 37,61981 7,7 5,9 21,6 26,7 38,11982 7,8 6,1 21,7 25,5 39,0198319841985 7,7 5,9 21,8 23,3 41,21986 7,6 5,9 22,4 23,0 41,1

1987 7,5 6,0 22,4 22,7 41,41988 7,4 6,1 23,3 22,1 41,21989 7,3 6,1 23,1 22,5 41,01990 7,5 6,1 24,7 22,5 39,21991 7,5 5,9 25,0 22,3 39,31992 7,5 5,7 25,2 22,2 39,51993 7,4 5,5 24,9 21,5 40,61994 7,5 5,4 24,9 20,4 41,71995 7,6 5,3 24,9 20,3 42,01996 7,6 5,2 24,7 20,2 42,31997 7,8 5,0 25,2 19,2 42,81998 7,8 4,9 25,4 19,1 42,81999 7,7 4,7 25,9 19,0 42,72000 7,8 4,5 26,0 19,3 42,42001 7,7 4,3 27,5 18,0 42,42002 7,7 4,3 27,7 17,3 43,02003 7,8 4,2 27,6 16,5 43,92004 7,8 4,1 26,5 16,7 44,8

Definition: Percentage of private households with a reference person who is self-employed orfamily worker, civil servant, salaried employee, worker, or not part of the workingpopulation.


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1. Percentage of Private Households by Occupational Position of theReference Person (East)


Percentage of Private Households by Occupational Position of Reference Person

(East)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Self-empl./familiy workers Civil Servants Sal. EmployeesWorkers Not in Workforce

Definition: Percentage of private households with a reference person who is self-employed or

family worker, civil servant, salaried employee, worker, or not part of the workingpopulation.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 3.

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1. Percentage of Private Households by Occupational Position of theReference Person (East)


Self-employedpersons/ Family

workers

Civil Servants Salaried Employees Workers Not part of theworkforce

195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961196219631964196519661967196819691970197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985

198619871988198919901991 3,7 0,5 26,4 30,0 39,41992 4,2 0,9 23,5 25,7 45,71993 4,6 1,1 21,8 24,5 48,01994 4,9 1,3 22,1 24,0 47,71995 5,1 1,5 21,9 24,8 46,71996 5,1 1,6 20,6 24,6 48,01997 5,3 1,8 20,6 23,0 49,21998 5,7 1,9 20,8 22,0 49,61999 5,6 2,0 21,3 21,9 49,02000 5,8 2,0 20,5 22,0 49,82001 5,8 2,2 21,2 20,4 50,42002 5,6 2,2 21,0 20,0 51,22003 5,9 2,3 20,6 19,4 51,82004 6,2 2,3 20,1 18,8 52,6

Definition: Percentage of private households with a reference person who is self-employed orfamily worker, civil servant, salaried employee, worker, or not part of the workingpopulation.


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Percentage of Population with Employment as Main Source of Income

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Male West Male East Female West Female East

Definition: Percentage of the total population whose main source of income is employment.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch; Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie

1, Reihe 4.1.1Note: Starting from 2005 Berlin to East Germany.

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Male West Male East Female West Female East1950195119521953195419551956195719581959196019611962196319641965 57,9 27,41966 57,5 27,11967 56,1 25,91968 56,0 25,7

1969 55,9 25,71970 55,5 25,71971 55,3 25,71972 55,4 26,2197319741975 53,1 25,41976 52,9 25,61977 53,1 25,31978 54,0 26,419791980 54,7 27,11981 54,6 27,11982 54,1 27,4198319841985 54,5 28,91986 55,0 29,21987 54,7 29,51988 55,1 29,41989 55,3 29,91990 55,9 31,01991 55,9 53,8 32,3 41,91992 55,2 49,7 31,9 36,31993 53,9 48,4 31,8 35,11994 52,6 48,9 31,6 35,71995 51,9 49,8 31,5 36,31996 51,0 48,4 31,7 36,21997 50,3 47,3 31,3 35,41998 50,1 46,8 30,7 35,11999 50,2 47,7 31,6 36,02000 50,2 47,2 32,1 35,72001 50,0 46,3 32,3 35,82002 48,9 45,4 32,0 35,82003 47,7 45,7 32,0 35,62004 47,2 43,6 31,9 35,52005 48,2 44,0 32,6 36,2

Definition: Percentage of the total population whose main source of income is employment.

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch; Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie1, Reihe 4.1.1.

Note: Starting from 2005 Berlin to East Germany.

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3. Classification of the Population According to Subjective Class Identification(West)


Classification of the Population According to Subjective Class Identification (West)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Working Class Middle Class Upper-Middle and Upper Class

Definition: The question was posed: There is a lot of talk today about different strata of the

population. Which stratum do you assign yourself to? Persons 18 years of age andover who answered: (1) working class, (2) middle class, (3) upper-middle class orupper class, (4) none of the above classes (in percent).

Source: Welfare Survey, own calculations.Note: 2001: Welfare Survey-Trend 2001.

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3. Classification of the Population According to Subjective Class Identification(West)



19501951195219531954195519561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978 32 58 1019791980 33 57 101981198219831984 33 56 11198519861987

1988 27 59 1419891990199119921993 29 57 1319941995199619971998 29 59 12199920002001 31 56 13

Definition: The question was posed: There is a lot of talk today about different strata of thepopulation. Which stratum do you assign yourself to? Persons 18 years of age andover who answered: (1) working class, (2) middle class, (3) upper-middle class or

upper class, (4) none of the above classes (in percent).Source: Welfare Survey, own calculations.Note: 2001: Welfare Survey-Trend 2001.

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3. Classification of the Population According to Subjective Class Identification(East)


Classification of the Population According to Subjective Class Identification (East)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent


Definition: The question was posed: There is a lot of talk today about different strata of the

population. Which stratum do you assign yourself to? Persons 18 years of age andover who answered: (1) working class, (2) middle class, (3) upper-middle class orupper class, (4) none of the above classes (in percent).

Source: Welfare Survey, own calculations.Note: 2001: Welfare Survey-Trend 2001.

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3. Classification of the Population According to Subjective Class Identification(East)



19501951195219531954195519561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987

198819891990 60 38 2199119921993 58 40 219941995199619971998 61 36 3199920002001 52 45 3

Definition: The question was posed: There is a lot of talk today about different strata of thepopulation. Which stratum do you assign yourself to? Persons 18 years of age andover who answered: (1) working class, (2) middle class, (3) upper-middle class or

upper class, (4) none of the above classes (in percent).Source: Welfare Survey, own calculations.Note: 2001: Welfare Survey-Trend 2001.

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The Labour Market and Working Conditions

34


Selected Indicators:

1. Adjusted Labour Force Participation Rate(Indicator A005)Definition: Persons in the labour force aged 15-65 years as a percentage of

the employable population.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.1.

2. Part-time Employment Rate

(Indicator A00801)Definition: Employees considering themselves to be working part-time as a percentage of all

employees (until 1983: employees working less than the weekly hours collectivelyagreed upon).

Source: Until 1983: Bundesministerium fr Arbeit und Sozialordnung (BMA), StatistischesTaschenbuch.

1984 and later: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.1.

3. Occupational Qualification of Persons in Gainful Employment

(Indicator A009)Definition: (Groups of) Persons in gainful employment, classified by the level of their (highest)

occupational qualification as a percentage of all persons in dependentemployment.

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.2.

4. Share of Gainfully Employed Persons Working in the Tertiary Sector

(Indicator A012)Definition: Share of gainfully employed persons who work in commerce, hotel and restaurant

industry, transport and telecommunications, in banking and insurance companies,

on the property market, renting, services for companies, public administration andpublic or private services (without administration).Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.1.

5. Employees Subject to Social Insurance Contribution as a Percentage of allGainfully Employed Persons

(Indicator A01702)Definition: Employees Subject to Social Insurance Contribution as a Percentage of all

Gainfully Employed Persons.Source: Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit: Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit,

Arbeitsstatistik Jahreszahlen.

6. Unemployment Rate

(Indicator A018)Definition: Persons that are registered as unemployed as a percentage of all persons in

dependent employment.Source: Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit: Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit,

Arbeitsstatistik Jahreszahlen.

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35

7. Positive Subjective Assessment of Labour-Market Opportunities: Employees

(Indicator A022)Definition: The question was asked: In case you should lose your job, would it be easy,

difficult or virtually impossible for you to find a new position that is at least as goodas the one you are holding at the moment? Percentage of respondents whoanswered Easy.

Source: 1977: ZUMA-Bus, own calculations.

1978 and after: Welfare Survey, own calculations.

8. Rate of Long-term Unemployment

(Indicator A027)Definition: Persons who were unemployed for 12 months or longer as a percentage of all

unemployed persons.Source: Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit, Arbeitsstatistik Jahreszahlen;

Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit, Arbeitsmarkt.

9. Average Working Week (According to Collective Agreements)(Indicator A032)Definition: Average weekly working time according to collective agreements

(in hours).Source: Bundesministerium fr Arbeit und Sozialordnung (BMA),Statistisches Taschenbuch.

10. Index of Real Wages

(Indicator A041)Definition: Index of the development of real gross hourly wages of industrial workers

(standardised using the price index for the cost of living of median-income, 4-person employee households), the base-value in October 1995 equals an index-value of 100; concerning the total values: October 2000 = 100.

Source: Bundesministerium fr Arbeit und Sozialordnung (BMA),Statistisches Taschenbuch.

11. General Job Satisfaction

(Indicator A046)Definition: The question was posed: Taking everything into consideration, are you by and

large satisfied or dissatisfied with your current job? Respondents mean answer onan 11-point scale ranging from 0 (completely dissatisfied) to 10 (completelysatisfied).


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1. Adjusted Labour Force Participation Rate


Adjusted Labour Force Participation Rate

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Male - West Male - East Female - West Female - East

Definition: Persons in the labour force aged 15-65 years as a percentage of the employablepopulation.

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.1.Note: Starting from 2005 Western Germany without Berlin, beforehand including West

Berlin, starting from 2005 yearly mean, beforehand punctual values (mostlyMarch/April)

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1. Adjusted Labour Force Participation Rate


Male West Male East Female West Female East1950195119521953195419551956195719581959196019611962196319641965196619671968

1969197019711972 88,4 47,61973 87,7 48,41974 86,7 48,31975 86,0 48,21976 85,0 48,31977 84,6 48,91978 84,5 49,01979 84,5 49,71980 84,4 50,21981 83,5 50,61982 83,0 51,01983 82,0 50,71984 81,4 51,71985 81,9 52,71986 82,0 53,41987 82,3 54,11988 82,5 55,01989 82,2 55,51990 82,7 58,51991 82,2 86,0 58,4 77,21992 82,2 80,8 59,5 74,81993 81,9 78,6 59,6 73,31994 81,8 79,2 60,0 73,81995 81,3 79,7 59,9 73,91996 80,5 79,3 59,7 73,31997 80,5 79,7 60,3 73,61998 80,2 80,2 60,5 73,51999 80,3 80,4 61,7 73,02000 80,0 79,8 62,1 72,22001 80,1 79,7 63,2 72,52002 80,2 79,3 63,6 72,62003 80,4 79,9 64,5 73,22004 80,4 79,9 64,5 73,42005 80,8 79,1 65,5 72,1

Definition: Persons in the labour force aged 15-65 years as a percentage of the employable

population.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.1.Note: Starting from 2005 Western Germany without Berlin, beforehand including West

Berlin, starting from 2005 yearly mean, beforehand punctual values (mostlyMarch/April).

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Part-time Employment Rate

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

PercentageofAllEmployees

Male - West Male - East Female - West Female - East

Definition: Employees considering themselves to be working part-time as a percentage of allemployees (until 1983: employees working less than the weekly hours collectivelyagreed upon).

Source: BMA, Statistisches Taschenbuch; Statistisches Bundesamt,Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.1.

Note: Starting from 2005 Western Germany without Berlin, beforehand including WestBerlin, starting from 2005 yearly mean, beforehand punctual values (mostlyMarch/April).

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Male West Male East Female West Female East19501951195219531954195519561957195819591960 1,5 8,619611962196319641965 1,5 16,4196619671968

19691970 1,5 24,419711972197319741975 2,0 29,31976 1,9 29,41977 1,9 30,61978 1,8 29,61979 1,8 30,41980 1,3 29,01981 1,4 30,11982 1,3 30,21983 1,9 33,01984 1,5 27,91985 1,4 28,91986 1,4 29,41987 1,5 29,01988 1,7 30,11989 1,7 30,21990 2,2 33,81991 2,3 1,2 34,3 17,51992 2,5 1,0 35,1 14,61993 2,6 1,3 36,1 16,51994 2,9 2,5 36,6 20,41995 3,2 2,9 37,3 20,71996 3,6 2,4 37,4 19,01997 4,2 2,8 39,1 20,51998 4,5 3,3 40,0 21,61999 4,8 3,6 41,7 22,02000 5,0 3,9 41,9 22,82001 5,3 4,5 43,1 24,42002 5,6 4,8 43,7 24,92003 6,1 5,7 44,7 26,62004 6,2 6,3 45,3 27,82005 7,0 9,0 47,4 32,0

Definition: Employees considering themselves to be working part-time as a percentage of all

employees (until 1983: employees working less than the weekly hours collectivelyagreed upon).

Source: BMA, Statistisches Taschenbuch; Statistisches Bundesamt,Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.1.

Note: Starting from 2005 Western Germany without Berlin, beforehand including WestBerlin, starting from 2005 yearly mean, beforehand punctual values (mostlyMarch/April).

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3. Occupational Qualification of Persons in Gainful Employment Male


Occupational Qualification of Persons in Gainful Employment (Male)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percen

t

No Vocational Training - Total No Vocational Training - West Vocational Training - Total

Vocational Training - West Technical/University Degree - Total Technical/University Degree - West

Definition: (Groups of) Persons in gainful employment, classified by the level of their (highest)occupational qualification as a percentage of all persons in dependent employment.


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3. Occupational Qualification of Persons in Gainful Employment Male


No vocationaltraining - Total No vocationaltraining West Vocationaltraining - Total Vocationaltraining - West Technical/Univers. Degree -Total

Technical/Univers. Degree -West

19501951195219531954195519561957195819591960196119621963196419651966

196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978 27 56 91979198019811982 24 57 10198319841985 23 56 1119861987 22 57 1219881989 20 57 1319901991 21 55 1319921993 22 54 1419941995 18 56 151996 20 54 161997 18 54 171998 18 54 171999 20 52 162000 22 51 162001 21 52 162002 22 52 162003 22 51 172004 23 50 17

Definition: (Groups of) Persons in gainful employment, classified by the level of their (highest)occupational qualification as a percentage of all persons in dependent employment.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.2.

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3. Occupational Qualification of Persons in Gainful Employment Female


Occupational Qualification of Persons in Gainful Employment (Female)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

No Vocational Training - Total No Vocational Training - West Vocational Training - Total

Vocational Training - West Technical/University Degree - Total Technical/University Degree - West

Definition: (Groups of) Persons in gainful employment, classified by the level of their (highest)occupational qualification as a percentage of all persons in dependent employment.


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3. Occupational Qualification of Persons in Gainful Employment Female


No vocationaltraining - Total No vocationaltraining West Vocationaltraining - Total Vocationaltraining - West Technical/Univers. Degree -Total

Technical/Univers. Degree -West

19501951195219531954195519561957195819591960196119621963196419651966

196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978 43 48 61979198019811982 39 52 6198319841985 36 54 719861987 35 56 619881989 30 58 819901991 28 56 819921993 28 55 919941995 22 59 111996 24 57 121997 22 58 121998 22 58 131999 24 56 122000 25 55 122001 24 56 122002 24 56 122003 24 55 122004 24 54 13

Definition: (Groups of) Persons in gainful employment, classified by the level of their (highest)occupational qualification as a percentage of all persons in dependent employment.Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.2.

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Share of Gainfully Employed Persons Working in the Tertiary Sector

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Total - Total Total - West Male - Total Male - West Female - Total Female - West

Definition: Share of gainfully employed persons who work in commerce, transport andtelecommunications, in banking and insurance companies, in services, in non-profitorganisations and private households, for territorial authorities or in the social securityadministration.

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.1.Note: 1. From 1995 change of classification of economic sectors.

2. Starting from 2005 Berlin to East Germany

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Total Total Total West Male Total Male West Female Total Female - West195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961 37,8 32,0 47,61962 38,0 32,7 48,81963 38,9 32,8 49,41964 39,6 33,4 50,31965 40,0 33,6 50,91966 40,4 33,9 51,61967 41,8 35,1 53,31968 41,9 35,1 53,6

1969 41,5 34,7 53,31970 41,6 34,8 53,31971 42,3 35,3 54,61972 44,7 38,0 56,41973 45,1 38,1 55,91974 45,5 38,3 57,91975 47,3 39,5 59,31976 48,2 40,6 60,91977 48,0 40,2 61,21978 48,8 41,0 62,01979 49,5 41,2 63,31980 49,3 40,9 63,41981 49,8 41,1 64,31982 51,2 42,1 65,91983 51,9 42,5 67,01984 53,0 43,8 67,81985 53,6 44,4 68,31986 54,3 45,2 68,91987 54,8 45,6 69,41988 54,7 45,2 69,71989 55,4 45,6 70,71990 55,8 45,8 70,71991 54,8 55,8 44,0 45,4 70,0 71,31992 56,6 56,5 45,2 45,8 72,6 72,21993 57,7 57,6 45,8 46,5 74,5 73,71994 58,9 58,9 46,8 47,6 75,8 74,91995 59,8 60,0 47,8 48,9 76,5 75,81996 61,0 61,0 48,6 49,5 77,8 77,11997 61,6 61,7 49,2 50,0 78,4 77,71998 62,1 62,0 50,0 50,6 78,3 77,51999 62,6 62,4 50,1 50,6 79,0 78,22000 63,0 62,8 50,3 50,7 79,4 78,72001 63,8 63,5 51,3 51,4 79,7 79,02002 65,6 65,1 53,6 53,5 80,6 80,02003 66,4 66,0 54,4 54,4 81,2 80,62004 66,9 66,4 54,9 54,8 81,5 80,92005 67,9 67,1 56,2 55,7 82,2 81,3

Definition: Share of gainfully employed persons who work in commerce, transport and

telecommunications, in banking and insurance companies, in services, in non-profitorganisations and private households, for territorial authorities or in the social securityadministration.

Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 1, Reihe 4.1.1.Note: 1. From 1995 change of classification of economic sectors.

2. Starting from 2005 Berlin to East Germany

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Employees Subject to Social Insurance Contribution as a Percentage of all GainfullyEmployeed Persons

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percen

t

Total West East

Definition: Employees Subject to Social Insurance Contribution as a Percentage of all GainfullyEmployed Persons.

Source: Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit: Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit,Arbeitsstatistik Jahreszahlen.

Note: 1999 change of the east-west classification of the employment offices in Berlin.

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Total West East

195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961196219631964196519661967196819691970

1971197219731974 77,51975 78,21976 77,41977 76,81978 77,21979 78,11980 78,01981 77,41982 76,51983 76,11984 75,31985 76,51986 76,91987 77,71988 77,71989 77,91990 76,3

1991 78,11992 78,21993 77,61994 78,3 77,4 82,11995 78,0 77,3 81,11996 77,1 76,3 80,41997 76,2 75,7 78,51998 75,9 75,3 78,41999 75,5 72,8 87,52000 76,0 73,6 86,82001 75,6 73,5 85,32002 75,5 73,6 84,22003 74,5 72,8 82,62004 74,4 72,7 82,2

Definition: Employees Subject to Social Insurance Contribution as a Percentage of all GainfullyEmployed Persons.

Source: Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit: Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit,

Arbeitsstatistik Jahreszahlen.Note: 1999 change of the east-west classification of the employment offices in Berlin.

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Unemployment Rate

0,0

2,5

5,0

7,5

10,0

12,5

15,0

17,5

20,0

22,5

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Total West East

Definition: Persons that are registered as unemployed as a percentage of all persons independent employment.

Source: Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit: Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit,Arbeitsstatistik Jahreszahlen.

Note: Starting from 1993 Berlin to East Germany.

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Total West East1950 11,01951 10,41952 9,51953 8,41954 7,61955 5,61956 4,41957 3,71958 3,71959 2,61960 1,31961 0,81962 0,71963 0,81964 0,81965 0,71966 0,71967 2,11968 1,5

1969 0,91970 0,71971 0,81972 1,11973 1,21974 2,61975 4,71976 4,61977 4,51978 4,31979 3,81980 3,81981 5,51982 7,51983 9,11984 9,11985 9,31986 9,01987 8,91988 8,71989 7,91990 7,21991 6,3 10,31992 8,5 6,6 14,81993 9,8 8,2 15,81994 10,6 9,2 16,01995 10,4 9,3 14,91996 11,5 10,1 16,71997 12,7 11,0 19,51998 12,3 10,5 19,51999 11,7 9,9 19,02000 10,7 8,7 18,82001 10,3 8,3 18,92002 10,8 8,5 19,22003 11,6 9,3 20,12004 11,7 9,4 20,12005 13,0 11,0 20,6

Definition: Persons that are registered as unemployed as a percentage of all persons in

dependent employment.Source: Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit: Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit,

Arbeitsstatistik Jahreszahlen.Note: Starting from 1993 Berlin to East Germany.

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Positive Subjective Assessment of Labour-Market Opportunities: Employees

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percentage

Total West East

Definition: The question was asked: In case you should lose your job, would it be easy, difficultor virtually impossible for you to find a new position that is at least as good as the oneyou are holding at the moment? Percentage of respondents who answered Easy.

Source: ZUMA-Bus, own calculations; Welfare Survey, own calculations.Note: 2001: Welfare Survey-Trend 2001.

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Total West East1950195119521953195419551956195719581959196019611962196319641965196619671968

196919701971197219731974197519761977 351978 4119791980 411981198219831984 201985198619871988 3119891990 13199119921993 35 38 2319941995199619971998 25 29 11199920002001 20 22 11

Definition: The question was asked: In case you should lose your job, would it be easy, difficultor virtually impossible for you to find a new position that is at least as good as the oneyou are holding at the moment? Percentage of respondents who answered Easy.

Source: ZUMA-Bus, own calculations; Welfare Survey, own calculations.

Note: 2001: Welfare Survey-Trend 2001.

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Rate of Long-term Unemployment

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Year

PercentageofAllUnemployedPersons

Total West East

Definition: Persons who were unemployed for twelve months or longer as a percentage of allunemployed persons.

Source: Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit Arbeitsstatistik Jahreszahlen;Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit - Arbeitsmarkt.

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Total West East

195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961196219631964196519661967 3,81968 21,01969 15,4

1970 8,91971 5,31972 4,61973 8,51974 5,21975 9,61976 17,91977 14,01978 14,51979 15,51980 12,91981 12,91982 17,91983 24,91984 28,81985 30,91986 32,01987 31,81988 32,61989 31,4

1990 29,71991 28,31992 25,8 26,6 24,41993 27,6 26,0 30,71994 33,2 32,5 34,71995 32,0 33,3 28,81996 31,1 32,7 27,01997 34,1 36,1 29,81998 36,7 37,8 34,41999 35,0 36,7 31,42000 36,5 37,1 35,52001 33,5 32,5 35,42002 33,1 30,3 38,52003 36,7 33,2 42,62004 40,3 37,5 45,3

Definition: Persons who were unemployed for twelve months or longer as a percentage of allunemployed persons.

Source: Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit Arbeitsstatistik Jahreszahlen;

Amtliche Nachrichten der Bundesanstalt fr Arbeit - Arbeitsmarkt.

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9. Average Working Week (According to Collective Agreements)


Average Working Week (According to Collective Agreements)

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Hours

Workers - West Workers - East Salaried Employees - West Salaried Employees - East

Definition: Average weekly working time according to collective agreements (in hours).Source: BMA, Statistisches Taschenbuch.

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9. Average Working Week (According to Collective Agreements)


Workers - West Workers - East Salaried Employees -West Salaried Employees -East

19501951195219531954195519561957195819591960 44,1 44,51961 44,1 44,51962 43,3 44,11963 43,0 43,91964 42,3 43,41965 42,0 43,11966 41,8 42,51967 41,3 42,1

1968 41,2 42,11969 40,9 41,81970 40,7 41,61971 40,5 41,01972 40,5 40,91973 40,4 40,71974 40,3 40,51975 40,1 40,11976 40,1 40,11977 40,1 40,11978 40,1 40,01979 40,0 40,01980 40,1 40,11981 40,1 40,11982 40,1 40,01983 40,0 40,01984 40,0 40,01985 39,5 39,71986 39,4 39,41987 39,3 39,21988 39,0 39,01989 38,5 38,61990 38,2 38,41991 38,1 40,2 38,2 40,21992 38,0 40,1 38,1 40,11993 37,7 40,0 37,9 40,01994 37,6 39,6 37,8 39,91995 37,4 39,4 37,6 39,71996 37,4 39,3 37,6 39,61997 37,4 39,3 37,5 39,51998 37,4 39,3 37,5 39,51999 37,4 39,2 37,4 39,32000 37,4 39,1 37,4 39,12001 37,4 39,1 37,4 39,12002 37,4 39,1 37,4 39,12003 37,4 39,1 37,4 39,12004 37,4 39,0 37,4 39,02005 37,3 39,0 37,3 39,0

Definition: Average weekly working time according to collective agreements (in hours).Source: BMA, Statistisches Taschenbuch, StBA.

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Index of Real Wages

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Index

Total West East

Definition: Index of the development of real gross hourly wages of industrial workers(standardised using the price index for the cost of living of median-income, 4-personemployee households), the base-value in October 1995 equals an index-value of 100;concerning the total values: October 2000 = 100.

Source: BMA, Statistisches Taschenbuch.Note: Index of Real Wages of workers calculated using the consumer price index of 4-

person-households of workers and employees

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Total West East1950195119521953195419551956195719581959196019611962 39,71963 41,71964 44,21965 46,81966 48,11967 49,01968 50,5

1969 54,01970 60,11971 63,31972 65,61973 67,61974 69,81975 71,21976 72,41977 74,81978 76,91979 78,41980 79,51981 78,71982 78,31983 78,41984 78,51985 79,81986 82,71987 85,91988 88,51989 89,41990 91,61991 93,61992 94,81993 95,91994 96,31995 98,51996 96,7 100,5 99,91997 96,4 100,81998 97,1 102,01999 98,9 104,12000 100,0 105,32001 99,6 105,12002 100,02003 101,42004 101,82005 100,8

Definition: Index of the development of real gross hourly wages of industrial workers(standardised using the price index for the cost of living of median-income, 4-personemployee households), the base-value in October 1995 equals an index-value of 100;concerning the total values: October 2000 = 100.

Source: BMA, Statistisches Taschenbuch.Note: Index of Real Wages of workers calculated using the consumer price index of 4-

person-households of workers and employees

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General Job Satisfaction

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

AverageRateon

aScalefrom0

(totallydissatisfied)

to

10(totallysatisfied)

Total West East

Definition: The question was posed: Taking everything into consideration, are you by and largesatisfied or dissatisfied with your current job? Respondents mean answer on an 11-point scale ranging from 0 (completely dissatisfied) to 10 (completely satisfied).


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Total West East1950195119521953195419551956195719581959196019611962196319641965196619671968

196919701971197219731974197519761977197819791980 7,61981198219831984 7,91985198619871988 7,819891990 6,7199119921993 7,6 7,7 7,219941995199619971998 7,5 7,6 7,3199920002001 7,5 7,6 7,2

Definition: The question was posed: Taking everything into consideration, are you by and largesatisfied or dissatisfied with your current job? Respondents mean answer on an 11-point scale ranging from 0 (completely dissatisfied) to 10 (completely satisfied).


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60

Income and Income Distribution


1. Per Capita Net National Income in Constant Prices (in Euro)(Indicator I001)Definition: Net National Income per capita of the resident population (yearly

average).Source: Net National Income: Jahresgutachten des Sachverstndigenrats zur

Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung.Values until 1969: According to the European System of National Accounts(ESVG) 1979, using prices as of 1991 (own conversion of DM-values into Euro).Values 1970 and after: According to the European System of National Accounts(ESVG) 1995, using prices as of 1995.Population: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch.

2. Ratio of Household Incomes in the Old and New Federal States

(Bundeslnder) (GSOEP)(Indicator I003)Definition: Ratio of the average equivalent income (need-adjusted new OECD-equivalence-

scale) in East Germany to the corresponding average equivalent income in WestGermany (in percent).

Source: German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), own calculations.

3. Concentration of Net Income (EVS)

(Indicator I004)Definition: The Gini-Index of net income. It is defined as the area between the Lorenz-Curve

of the net income of private households per household member and the equal-distribution line, divided by the area below the equal-distribution line. An index-value of 0 indicates an equal distribution of incomes while an index-value of 1

suggests a totally unequal income distribution (i.e. a single person acquires allavailable income).Source: Until 1993: Income and Consumption Survey (EVS)-Database of the Economics

Department of Goethe-University, Frankfurt a.M., Professorship for Distribution andSocial Policy.1998: Becker, Irene; Hauser, Richard (2002): Anatomie der personellenEinkommens- und Vermgensverteilung - Ergebnisse der Einkommens- undVerbrauchsstichproben 1969-1998, Berlin: edition sigma.

4. Poverty Rate (Relative Poverty Line, 50% of Mean Income) (EVS)

(Indicator I010)Definition: Percentage of the population with a net household income (need-adjusted new

OECD-equivalence-scale) that is below 50% of the equivalent average nethousehold income.

Source: Until 1993: Income and Consumption Survey (EVS)-Database of the EconomicsDepartment of Goethe-University, Frankfurt a.M., Professorship for Distribution andSocial Policy.1998: Becker, Irene; Hauser, Richard (2002): Anatomie der personellenEinkommens- und Vermgensverteilung Ergebnisse der Einkommens- undVerbrauchsstichproben 1969-1998, Berlin: edition sigma.

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61

5. Satisfaction With Ones Household Income (GSOEP)

(Indicator I016)Definition: Mean value of the respondents ratings for the question: All in all, how satisfied are

you with your household income? on an 11-point rating scale from 0 (completelydissatisfied) to 10 (completely satisfied).


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1. Per Capita Net National Product in Constant Prices (in Euro)


Per Capita Net National Income in Constant Prices

0

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Euro

Total West

Definition: Net National Income per capita of the resident population (yearly average).Source: Jahresgutachten des Sachverstndigenrats zur Begutachtung der

gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch.Note: 1. starting from 2001 Berlin to West Germany

2. From 2001: preliminary values.3. Until 1969: national accounts according to ESVG 1979, prices as of 1991, ownconversion of DM-values into Euro. From 1970: national accounts according to ESVG1995, prices as of 1995.

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1. Per Capita Net National Product in Constant Prices (in Euro)


Total West East1950 4.3911951 4.8211952 5.2301953 5.6181954 5.9721955 6.6371956 7.0241957 7.3101958 7.4621959 7.9101960 8.5031961 8.7191962 8.9831963 9.1001964 9.5861965 9.9501966 10.0951967 9.9761968 10.515

1969 11.2101970 13.2701971 13.4921972 13.8811973 14.4271974 14.4041975 14.2161976 15.0751977 15.5221978 16.0601979 16.6711980 16.7991981 16.6561982 16.3821983 16.7541984 17.3901985 17.8091986 18.1821987 18.3471988 19.0061989 19.6381990 20.4211991 18.678 21.0691992 18.8371993 18.3151994 18.4781995 18.6791996 18.7401997 18.9201998 19.2221999 19.5812000 20.1682001 20.1832002 19.9932003 19.954

Definition: Net National Income per capita of the resident population (yearly average).Source: Jahresgutachten des Sachverstndigenrats zur Begutachtung der

gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch.Note: 1. starting from 2001 Berlin to West Germany

2. From 2001: preliminary values.3. Until 1969: national accounts according to ESVG 1979, prices as of 1991, own

conversion of DM-values into Euro.4. From 1970: national accounts according to ESVG 1995, prices as of 1995.

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2. Ratio of Household Incomes in the Old and New Federal States (Bundes-lnder) (GSOEP)


Ratio of Household Income In the Old And New Federal States (Bundeslnder)

(SOEP)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

NBLinPercentABL

Relation

Definition: Ratio of the average equivalent income (need-adjusted new OECD-equivalence-scale)

in East Germany to the corresponding average equivalent income in West Germany(in percent).Source: German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), own calculations.

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2. Ratio of Household Incomes in the Old and New Federal States (Bundes-lnder) (GSOEP)


Total West East

19501951195219531954195519561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987

1988198919901991 54,41992 63,51993 71,41994 76,21995 77,91996 81,01997 82,71998 82,51999 80,92000 81,22001 82,12002 82,62003 82,02004 80,32005 81,2

Definition: Ratio of the average equivalent income (need-adjusted new OECD-equivalence-scale)in East Germany to the corresponding average equivalent income in West Germany(in percent).


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Concentration of Net Income (EVS)

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Gini-Coefficient

West East

Definition: The Gini-Index of net income. It is defined as the area between the Lorenz-Curve ofthe net income of private households per household member and the equal-distribution line, divided by the area below the equal-distribution line. An index-value of0 indicates an equal distribution of incomes while an index-value of 1 suggests atotally unequal income distribution (i.e. a single person acquires all available income).

Source: EVS-Database of the University of Frankfurt (a.M.); Becker & Hauser (2002).Note: Separate income distributions for West and East Germany.

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Total West East1950195119521953195419551956195719581959196019611962 0,29196319641965196619671968

1969 0,261970197119721973 0,2519741975197619771978 0,2519791980198119821983 0,2519841985198619871988 0,2519891990199119921993 0,27 0,2019941995199619971998 0,27 0,2219992000

Definition: The Gini-Index of net income. It is defined as the area between the Lorenz-Curve ofthe net income of private households per household member and the equal-distribution line, divided by the area below the equal-distribution line. An index-value of0 indicates an equal distribution of incomes while an index-value of 1 suggests atotally unequal income distribution (i.e. a single person acquires all available income).


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Poverty Rate (Relative Poverty Line, 50% of Mean Income) (EVS)

0,0

2,5

5,0

7,5

10,0

12,5

15,0

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

West East

Definition: Percentage of the population with a net household income (need-adjusted old OECD-equivalence-scale according to household composition) that is below 50% of theequivalent average net household income.

Source: EVS-Database of the University of Frankfurt (a.M.); Becker & Hauser (2002).

Note: Separate income distributions for West and East Germany.

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Total West East1950195119521953195419551956195719581959196019611962 10,6196319641965196619671968

1969 7,11970197119721973 6,519741975197619771978 6,519791980198119821983 7,719841985198619871988 8,819891990199119921993 10,1 3,119941995199619971998 11,2 4,519992000

Definition: Percentage of the population with a net household income (need-adjusted old OECD-equivalence-scale according to household composition) that is below 50% of theequivalent average net household income.


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Satisfaction With One's Household Income (SOEP)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

0(totallydissatisfied)to10(totallysatisfied)

Total West East

Definition: Mean value of the respondents ratings for the question: All in all, how satisfied areyou with your household income? on an 11-point rating scale from 0 (completelydissatisfied) to 10 (completely satisfied).


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Total West East1950195119521953195419551956195719581959196019611962196319641965196619671968

1969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984 6,41985 6,51986 6,51987 6,61988 6,51989 6,61990 6,4 6,7 5,51991 6,5 6,9 4,71992 6,4 6,7 4,91993 6,3 6,6 5,31994 6,2 6,3 5,41995 6,3 6,4 5,61996 6,3 6,4 5,61997 6,1 6,2 5,41998 6,2 6,3 5,51999 6,2 6,4 5,62000 6,4 6,6 5,72001 6,5 6,7 5,82002 6,3 6,5 5,62003 6,2 6,3 5,42004 6,0 6,2 5,22005 6,0 6,2 5,4

Definition: Mean value of the respondents ratings for the question: All in all, how satisfied are

you with your household income? on an 11-point rating scale from 0 (completelydissatisfied) to 10 (completely satisfied).


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72

Consumption and Supply


1. Private Per Capita Consumption in Constant Prices(Indicator E001)Definition: National per capita (yearly average) consumption in constant prices (in Euro, until

1969 prices as of 1991, from 1970 prices as of 1995).Source: Private consumption: Jahresgutachten des Sachverstndigenrats zur

Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung.Values until 1969: According to the European System of National Accounts(ESVG) 1979, using prices as of 1991 (in Euro) (own conversion of DM-values intoEuro).Values 1970 and after: According to the European System of National Accounts(ESVG) 1995, using prices as of 1995.

Population: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch.

2. Costs of Welfare Expenditures(Indicator E013)Definition: Sum of all means provided for financing social expenditures (from social security

contributions by employees and employers, transfers from public funds or otherbodies as well as revenues from other sources and internal transfers betweensocial service institutions) as a percentage of the gross domestic product.

Source: Expenditures: Finanzierung des Sozialbudgets: Bundesministerium fr Arbeit undSozialordnung: Sozialbudget Tabellenauszug 2000 und Materialband zumSozialbudget 2001.GDP: Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch.

3. Rate of Savings of Private Households

(Indicator E017)Definition: Savings of private households as a percentage of disposable

household income (incl. non-commercial private organisations).Source: Jahresgutachten des Sachverstndigenrats zur Begutachtung der

gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung.Values until 1979: According to the European System of National Accounts(ESVG) 1979, percent values were directly available.Values 1980 and after: According to the European System of National Accounts(ESVG) 1995, calculated by adding up amount saved and available income.

4. Satisfaction With Ones Own Standard of Living

(Indicator E018)Definition: Respondents mean ratings for the question: Certain things you can buy or afford

to buy determine ones standard of living: for example housing, clothes, food, car,recreation, and travels. In general how satisfied are you with your standard of

living ? on a scale 0 (completely dissatisfied) to 10 (completely satisfied).Source. Welfare Survey, own calculations.

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1. Private Per Capita Consumption in Constant Prices (in Euro)


Private Per Capita Consumption in Constant Prices

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Euro

Total West

Definition: National per capita (yearly average) consumption in constant prices (in Euro, until1969 prices as of 1991, from 1970 prices as of 1995).

Source: Jahresgutachten des Sachverstndigenrats zur Begutachtung der

gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch.Note: 1. From 2001 preliminary values.

2. Until 1969: national accounts according to ESVG 1979, prices as of 1991, ownconversion of DM-values into Euro. From 1970: national accounts according to ESVG1995, prices as of 1995.

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1. Private Per Capita Consumption in Constant Prices (in Euro)


Total West East19501951195219531954195519561957195819591960 4.5001961 4.7121962 4.9211963 5.0101964 5.2251965 5.5211966 5.6431967 5.6941968 5.940

1969 6.3531970 7.6091971 7.9591972 8.2881973 8.4941974 8.5211975 8.8671976 9.2601977 9.6731978 10.0291979 10.3731980 10.4621981 10.3941982 10.2881983 10.4661984 10.7171985 10.9511986 11.3741987 11.7801988 12.0151989 12.2721990 12.5371991 12.079 12.9501992 12.3141993 12.2401994 12.3321995 12.5491996 12.6391997 12.6901998 12.9201999 13.3912000 13.6422001 13.8542002 13.7302003 13.724

Definition: National per capita (yearly average) consumption in constant prices (in Euro, until1969 prices as of 1991, from 1970 prices as of 1995).

Source: Jahresgutachten des Sachverstndigenrats zur Begutachtung dergesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch.

Note: 1. From 2001 preliminary values.2. Until 1969: national accounts according to ESVG 1979, prices as of 1991, ownconversion of DM-values into Euro. From 1970: national accounts according to ESVG1995, prices as of 1995.

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2. Costs of Welfare Expenditures


Social Costs of Welfare Expenditures

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Total West East

Definition: Sum of all means provided for financing social expenditures (from social securitycontributions by employees and employers, transfers from public funds or other bodiesas well as revenues from other sources and internal transfers between social serviceinstitutions) as a percentage of the gross domestic product (in percent).

Source: Bundesministerium fr Arbeit und Sozialordnung: Sozialbudget Tabellenauszug 2000und Materialband zum Sozialbudget 2001; Statistisches Bundesamt, StatistischesJahrbuch.

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2. Costs of Welfare Expenditures


Total West East19501951195219531954195519561957195819591960 22,819611962196319641965 23,9196619671968

19691970 26,619711972197319741975 32,11976 31,71977 31,31978 31,21979 30,91980 31,91981 32,61982 32,41983 31,21984 30,91985 31,11986 31,21987 31,41988 30,8

1989 30,51990 29,51991 30,0 29,1 51,61992 30,8 29,7 56,11993 31,7 31,0 51,11994 31,6 30,9 46,11995 31,8 31,0 46,51996 32,4 31,7 47,51997 32,3 31,6 47,01998 32,3 31,4 48,31999 32,1 31,6 48,82000 32,5 32,1 49,82001 32,2 31,8 50,32002 32,62003 33,02004 32,42005 32,0

Definition: Sum of all means provided for financing social expenditures (from social security

contributions by employees and employers, transfers from public funds or other bodiesas well as revenues from other sources and internal transfers between social serviceinstitutions) as a percentage of the gross domestic product (in percent).

Source: Bundesministerium fr Arbeit und Sozialordnung: Sozialbudget Tabellenauszug 2000und Materialband zum Sozialbudget 2001; Statistisches Bundesamt, StatistischesJahrbuch.

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Rate of Savings of Private Households

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Percent

Total West

Definition: Savings of private households as a percentage of disposable household income (incl.non-commercial private organisations).

Source: Jahresgutachten des Sachverstndigenrats zur Begutachtung dergesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung.

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Total West East1950 3,01951 2,81952 4,91953 5,81954 6,61955 5,91956 5,41957 7,61958 8,11959 8,41960 8,61961 9,11962 8,61963 9,91964 11,31965 12,21966 11,61967 11,21968 12,5

1969 13,31970 13,81971 13,51972 14,41973 13,91974 14,61975 15,11976 13,31977 12,21978 12,11979 12,71980 13,61981 14,11982 13,41983 11,81984 12,41985 12,21986 13,01987 13,11988 13,41989 12,81990 14,11991 12,9 13,71992 12,71993 12,11994 11,41995 11,01996 10,51997 10,11998 10,11999 9,52000 9,22001 9,42002 9,92003 10,32004 10,52005 10,7

Definition: Savings of private households as a percentage of disposable household income (incl.

non-commercial private organisations).Source: Jahresgutachten des Sachverstndigenrats zur Begutachtung der

gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung.

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Satisfaction With One's Own Standard of Living

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

AverageRateonaScalefrom0(totally

dissatis

fied)to10(totallysatisfied)

Total West East

Definition: Respondents mean ratings for the question: Certain things you can buy or afford tobuy determine ones standard of living: for example housing, clothes, food, car,recreation, and travels. In general how satisfied are you with your standard of living ?

on a scale 0 (completely dissatisfied) to 10 (completely satisfied).Source: Welfare Survey, own calculations.

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Total West East1950195119521953195419551956195719581959196019611962196319641965196619671968

1969197019711972197319741975197619771978 7,4197919801981198219831984 7,31985198619871988 7,419891990 6,1199119921993 7,2 7,5 6,319941995199619971998 7,3 7,4 6,719992000

gesis

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