gestão de energia: 2013/14 class # 4 energy analysis: block diagrams prof. tânia sousa...
TRANSCRIPT
• Embodied Energy is …
Embodied Energy
Material Energy MJ per kg
Bricks (common) 3
Steel (general, av. recycled content) 20.1
Stainless steel 56.7Cork insulation 26
Aluminium (general & incl 33% recycled)
155
PVC (general) 77.2Wallpaper 36.4
Iron (general) 25
Copper (average incl. 37% recycled) 42
Lead (incl 61% recycled) 25.21Ceramic sanitary ware 29
Paint - Water-borne 59Paint - Solvent-borne 97
• Embodied Energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or services,
Embodied Energy
L ifecyc le E nergy (M J/k g)
F o od G rou p
S w ed en U K M eat from la n d 13-75 45 -10 9 M eat from ocea ns 19 -22 0 75 -15 0 C h eese 60-65 75 E gg s 18 58 M ilk 5-6 7 -8 L egu m es 5 -20 22 -33 O th er Veg etab le s 11 -60 9-35 F ru it , u n sp ecif ied 9-31 F ru it , a ir fre igh t 29 -11 5 F ru it , sh ip 9 -10 F ru it , loca l 5 B reak fast cerea ls 2 .5-37 25 C erea ls 2 -7 .5 10 -25 B read s 9 -21 10 S w ee ts 1 -44 13 -19 0
Energy Analysis
Auto-industry assembly line
Electricity
Paint
Embodied energy in a car?
Energy Analysis
• Definition: the process of determining the embodied energy of a product or service, i.e., the energy required directly and indirectly to produce it
– The energy used indirectly might be more important that the energy used directly
Auto-industry assembly line
Electricity
Paint
Embodied energy in a car: 270 GJ
Energy Analysis
• What is Energy Analysis useful for:
Energy Analysis
• What is Energy Analysis useful for:– Determine the energy needed to produce a product– Compare the energy needed to produce a product in
different places
– Compute energy savings due to changes in the production processes, e.g., by recycling waste glass produced inside a glass factory back to the furnace?
Energy Analysis
• Difficulties associated with the Energy Analysis framework:
Energy Analysis
• Difficulties associated with the Energy Analysis framework:– Choosing the system boundary
– Merge several kinds of energy• Ex: the production of fueloil from crude oil has a much higher
efficiency than the production of electricity from coal
– Energy Credit for by-products• Ex: by-products from the iron & steel industry are used by the cement
industry
Energy Analysis: Basic Operations
• Unitary Production Operation
• Conventions:– The use of block letters for Operations– The use of numbers for Inputs/Outputs
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EA
Materialslnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
Energy Analysis: Specific Consumption of Operation & Inputs
• Specific Consumption of Operation A: CEA
• Specific Consumption of Material 1: CE1
3
Energy consumption of operation A /
Production of operation AA
A
ECE kJ kg
m
11 1
1
Energy consumption in previous operations /
Mass of 1
ECE kJ kg
m
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
Energy Analysis: Mass Factors
• Residue formation factor
• Mass proportion
1 2
3
Materials input of A= ( 1)
Production of A
A A
m mS S
m
11
1 2
Material input of 1 in A ( 1 1)
Total materials input of A i ii
mf f e f
m m
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
Energy Analysis: Specific Consumption of Production
• What is the energy specific consumption of m3?
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
Energy Analysis: Specific Consumption of Production
• What is the energy specific consumption of m3?
• Write it as
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
3 A 1 23
3 3
E E +E +ECE = =
m m
3 3 1 2 1 2, , , , ,A ACE CE CE CE CE S f f
A 1 2A 1 2
3 1 2
1 2 1 2A 1 2
3 1 2 1 2
E E ECE ; CE ; CE
m m m
m m m mS ; f ; f
m m m m m
Energy Analysis: Specific Consumption of Production
• What is the energy specific consumption of m3?
• Write it as
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
3 A 1 23
3 3
E E +E +ECE = =
m m
3 3 1 2 1 2, , , , ,A ACE CE CE CE CE S f f
A 1 2 1 1 2 23 A 1 1 2 2
3 3 1 2 1 1 2 2
E m m m E m ECE CE CE CE
m m m m m m m m AS f f
A 1 2A 1 2
3 1 2
1 2 1 2A 1 2
3 1 2 1 2
E E ECE ; CE ; CE
m m m
m m m mS ; f ; f
m m m m m
Direct Energy Use
Indirect Energy Use
Energy Analysis: Specific Consumption of Production
• What is the energy specific consumption of m3?
• What is the specific consumption of residues?
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
3 A 1 23
3 3
E E +E +ECE = =
m m
Energy Analysis: Specific Consumption of Production
• What is the energy specific consumption of m3?
• The specific consumption of residues is null
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
3 A 1 23
3 3
E E +E +ECE = =
m m
No energy consumption is attributed to mR (which is also an output of operation A)
Energy Analysis: Specific Consumption of Production
• What is the energy specific consumption of m3?
– Why does a higher residue formation factor, SA, implies a higher specific consumption of the useful output, CE3?
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
3 A 1 23
3 3
E E +E +ECE = =
m m
3 A 1 1 2 2CE CE CE CEAS f f
Energy Analysis: Sequential Process
• What is the energy specific consumption CE4?
BA C2 3 41
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
EA EB
EC
Energy Analysis: Sequential Process
• What is the energy specific consumption CE4?
• Write it as a function of:
BA C2 3 41
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
EA EB
EC
4 3C CCE CE S CE
4 4 1, , , , , ,C C B B A ACE CE CE S CE S CE S CE
Energy Analysis: Sequential Process
• What is the energy specific consumption CE4?
BA C2 3 41
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
EA EB
EC
2
3
CE
4 C B A 1
CE
CE CE CE CEC B ACE S S S
Energy Analysis: Sequential Process
• What is the energy specific consumption CE4
using this exterior boundary?
BA C2 3 41
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
EA EB
EC
Energy Analysis: Sequential Process
• What is the energy specific consumption CE4
using this exterior boundary?
• Homework: Prove that this expression is equal to
BA C2 3 41
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
EA EB
EC
4 14
4 4
A B CE E E E ECE
m m
4 C B A 1CE CE CE CEC B ACE S S S
Exercise
Consider the production system of floor pavement that has only: a ceramic oven, choice of defective parts and storage. The specific consumption of the furnace is 200 kJ / kg, whereas the specific energy consumption of the choice operation is 5 kJ / kg and the specific energy consumption of storage operation is 20 kJ / kg. The floor raw material involved an energy consumption of 50 kJ / kg in the clay processing operations. The operation of cooking promotes the volatilization of certain components of raw pavement representing 5%. The operation of choice rejects 10% of the output of the furnace and breaks during storage are 1%. Determine the specific consumption of the floor pavement.
Exercise
Scheme
CEA = 200 kJ/kg; CEB = 5 kJ/kg; CEC = 20 kJ/kg
CE1 = 50 kJ/kg;
SA = 1/0.95; SB = 1/0.9; SC = 1/0.99
ChoiceOven Storage2 3 41
EA EB
EC
4 C B A 1CE CE CE CE 308kJ/kgC B ACE S S S
Energy Analyis: Convergent Process
• What is the energy specific consumption CE5?
A
B
C 5
4
2
3
1
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
Energy Analyis: Convergent Process
• What is the energy specific consumption CE5?
5 2 2 4 4
2 1
4 3
C C
A A
B B
CE CE S f CE f CE
CE CE S CE
CE CE S CE
A
B
C 5
4
2
3
1
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
Exercise
A company manufacturing sunflower oil imports 60% of raw material and the remaining 40% is domestically produced. The sunflower imported is transported by sea 1000 km, while the national sunflower is transported by truck 200 km. The operation of oil refining has a specific consumption of 100 kJ/kg. The oil content of sunflower is 10%, meaning that the rejection mass on refining is 90% (in fact thismaterial is used in the manufacture of cattle feed). The specific consumption of transport is 0.025 kJ/kg.km by truck and 0.010 kJ/kg.km by sea. Losses in sunflower transportation are 1% on truck and 0.1% on ship. Determine the specific consumption of refined oil.
Exercise
Scheme
CEA =10000.01 kJ/kg; CEB =2000.025 kJ/kg;
CEC =100 kJ/kg;
SA = 1/0.999; SB = 1/0.99; SC = 1/0.1;
CE1 = CE3 = 0;
A: Transportship
B: Transporttruck
C: Refining 5
4
2
3
1
5 2 1 4 3 180kJ/kg C C A A B BCE CE S f CE S CE f CE S CE
Energy Analyis: Divergent Process
• In a divergent process all products that are an output of the same operation have the same specific energy consumption– There are other options to give energy credit to by-
products, e.g., economic.
B
C
A
3
5
2
41
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
Energy Analyis: Divergent Process
• What are the energy specific consumptions
CE5 & CE3?
B
C
A
3
5
2
41
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
Energy Analyis: Divergent Process
• What are the energy specific consumptions
CE5 & CE3?
B
C
A
3
5
2
41
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
3 B 2
2 A 1
CE CE CE
CE CE CE
B
A
S
S
5 C 4
4 2
CE CE CE
CE CE
CS
Exercise
• Compute CE11 and CE12
DE
C
GA 11109
75
2
F
1
4 B
3
6
128
Exercise
• Compute CE11 and CE12
DE
C
GA 11109
75
2
F
1
4 B
3
6
128
11 G 10
10 E 9
9 D 1 1 6 6 7 7
6 B 4
4 A 2
7
CE CE CE
CE CE CE
CE CE f CE f CE f CE
CE CE CE
CE CE CE
CE
G
E
D
B
A
S
S
S
S
S
C 3 3 5 5 5 4
12 F 8
5 4
CE f CE f CE CE CE
CE CE CE
CE CE
C
F
S
S
Energy Analysis: Treatment Operation
• What is the energy specific consumption CE2?
• Energy consumption in a treatment operation is assigned to the operation that generates the residues (A)
Operation Am1 m2
mR
EA
Materialsinput
Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
Treatment operation B
m3
Recycledresidues EB
Energy consumption in treatment
Energy Analysis: Treatment Operation
• What is the energy specific consumption CE2?
Operation Am1 m2
mR
EA
Materialsinput
Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
Treatment operation B
m3
Recycledresidues EB
Energy consumption in treatment
2 A 1 B2 A 1
2 2 2
t BB
R
t2 A 1 B
E E E E ECE CE S CE
m m m
Energy in B E CE
Residues of A m
Residues of A S S S 1
Production of A
CE CE S CE S CE
t tB
A
t
t tA A A
tA A
Energy Analysis: Treatment Operation
• What is the energy specific consumption CE2?
• What is the energy specific consumption CE3?
Operation Am1 m2
mR
EA
Materialsinput
Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
Treatment operation B
m3
Recycledresidues EB
Energy consumption in treatment
2 A 1 B2 A 1
2 2 2
t BB
R
t2 A 1 B
E E E E ECE CE S CE
m m m
Energy in B E CE
Residues of A m
Residues of A S S S 1
Production of A
CE CE S CE S CE
t tB
A
t
t tA A A
tA A
Energy Analysis: Treatment Operation
• What is the energy specific consumption CE2?
• What is the energy specific consumption CE3?– The energy specific consumption of the output
from the treatment operation is null
Operation Am1 m2
mR
EA
Materialsinput
Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
Treatment operation B
m3
Recycledresidues EB
Energy consumption in treatment
2 A 1 B2 A 1
2 2 2
t BB
R
t2 A 1 B
E E E E ECE CE S CE
m m m
Energy in B E CE
Residues of A m
Residues of A S S S 1
Production of A
CE CE S CE S CE
t tB
A
t
t tA A A
tA A
Energy Analysis: Recycling
• What is the specific consumption of production CE2?
Operation Am1 m2
mR
EA
Materialsinput
Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
Treatment operation B
m3
Recycledresidues
EB
Energy consumption in treatmentRecycling
operation C
m4
Energy Analysis: Recycling
• What is the specific consumption of production CE2?
• Other recycling schemes:
Operation Am1 m2
mR
EA
Materialsinput
Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
Treatment operation B
m3
Recycledresidues
EB
Energy consumption in treatmentRecycling
operation C
m4
2 A 1 42
2 2
t2 A 1 1 4 4 B
4 3
3
E E E E ECE
m m
CE CE S f CE f CE S CE
CE CE
0
tB
tA A
D DS CE
CE
Exercise
• Compute CE6
B
3
C(treat)
D
A
4
R
6
1
25
Exercise
• Compute CE6
B
3
C(treat)
D
A
4
R
6
1
25
6 B 2 2 5 5
5 A 1 1 4 4 A
4 D 3
3
CE CE f CE f CE
CE CE f CE f CE CE
CE CE CE
CE 0
B
t tA C
D
S
S S
S
Energy Analyis: Energy & material inputs
• What is the meaning of E1?– E1 is the total energy used to produce m1
• For consistency purposes what should be the meaning of EA?
Operation Am2
m3
mR
EAMaterials
lnput Production
Energyconsumption
Residues
m1
Energy Analyis: Energy & material inputs
• What is the meaning of E1?– E1 is the total energy used to produce m1
• For consistency purposes what should be the meaning of EA?– EA should be the total energy used to produce that
energy consumption, i.e., EA should be the primary energy associated with the final energy input
– To merge several kinds of final energy first convert each one to primary energy and then make the sum
Energy Analyis: Energy efficiency measures
• What is the impact of an energy efficiency measure that decreases CEA on CEoutput?
BA C2 3 41
EA EB
EC
6
Energy Analyis: Energy efficiency measures
• What is the impact of an energy efficiency measure that decreases CEA on CEoutput?
BA C2 3 41
EA EB
EC
4 3
3 2
2 1
2 3 4
A A A
CE CE CE
CE CE CE
CE CE CE
CE CE CE1; ;
CE CE CE
C C
B B
A A
B C B
S
S
S
S S S
Exercise
A factory produces 2 end products: P1 and P2. These products follow the production process shown in the diagram below, with P1 = 50000 ton/year and P2 = 30000 ton/year. The operation G treats the effluents from E and F. These two (E and F) are the only productive operations that generate waste, and SE = 1.2, SF = 1.3. In operation G, only 20% of the input effluent, exits the process as waste. The values of composition are as follows: f4 = 0.4, f6 = 0.5. The table presents the specific consumption of each operation. Consider that for electricity: 0.215 kgep/kWh and for fueloil 0.984 kgep/kg.
Calculate f13
8 (produção 1)
A
C
D
E
B
2
1
F
G
1413
1211
10 (produção 2)
3
4
5
6
7
9
Exercise
8 (produção 1)
A
C
D
E
B
2
1
F
G
1413
1211
50000
30000
30000
30000
3000010000
39000
9000
380015200
27600
4140041400
42400
13
1520026%
57600f
Exercise
A factory produces 2 end products: P1 and P2. These products follow the production process shown in the diagram below, with P1 = 50000 ton/year and P2 = 30000 ton/year. The operation G treats the effluents from E and F. These two (E and F) are the only productive operations that generate waste, and SE = 1.2, SF = 1.3. In operation G, only 20% of the input effluent, exits the process as waste. The values of composition are as follows: f4 = 0.4, f6 = 0.5. The table presents the specific consumption of each operation. Consider that for electricity: 0.215 kgep/kWh and for fueloil 0.984 kgep/kg.
What is the specific consumption of each operation?
A B C D E F G H
Electricidade (kWh/ton produto) 100 20 30 20 20 20
Thick Fuel Óleo (kg/ton produto) 50 60 50
Exercise
CE = 100 0.215+50 0.984 kgoe
CE = 20 0.215 kgoe
CE = 30 0.215 kgoe
CE 20 0.215 kgoe
CE 60 0.984 kgoe
CE = 20 0.215 kgoe
CE = 20 0.215 kgoe
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Exercise
A factory produces 2 end products: P1 and P2. These products follow the production process shown in the diagram below, with P1 = 50000 ton/year and P2 = 30000 ton/year. The operation G treats the effluents from E and F. These two (E and F) are the only productive operations that generate waste, and SE = 1.2, SF = 1.3. In operation G, only 20% of the input effluent, exits the process as waste. The values of composition are as follows: f4 = 0.4, f6 = 0.5. The table presents the specific consumption of each operation. Consider that for electricity: 0.215 kgep/kWh and for fueloil 0.984 kgep/kg.
What is the specific consumption of each product?
8 (produção 1)
A
C
D
E
B
2
1
F
G
1413
1211
10 (produção 2)
3
4
5
6
7
9
Exercise
t t8 E E 6 6 7 7 E G
6 C 3
3 4 13 13 1 1
13
1
7 9 4 4 5 5
5 2
2
t t10 9 G
CE =CE +S f CE +f CE +S CE
CE =CE +CE
CE =CE =CE + f CE +f CE
CE 0
CE 0
CE =CE =CE + f CE +f CE
CE =CE +CE
CE 0
CE =CE +S CE +S CE
A
D
B
F F F
Exercise
A factory produces 2 end products: P1 and P2. These products follow the production process shown in the diagram below, with P1 = 50000 ton/year and P2 = 30000 ton/year. The operation G treats the effluents from E and F. These two (E and F) are the only productive operations that generate waste, and SE = 1.2, SF = 1.3. In operation G, only 20% of the input effluent, exits the process as waste. The values of composition are as follows: f4 = 0.4, f6 = 0.5. The table presents the specific consumption of each operation. Consider that for electricity: 0.215 kgep/kWh and for fueloil 0.984 kgep/kg.
In which product will a measure of energy savings implemented in the operation A reduce more the specific consumption?
8 (produção 1)
A
C
D
E
B
2
1
F
G
1413
1211
10 (produção 2)
3
4
5
6
7
9
Exercise
8 10E 6 7 4 4
6 C 13 13 1 1
t t8 E E E G4 13 13 1 1
7
5 2
10 4 13 13 1 1 5 2
t tG
S f +f f S f
f CE +CE + f CE +f CE +
CE =CE +S +S CEf CE + f CE +f CE +f CE +
f CE +CE
CE =CE +S CE + f CE + f CE +f CE +f CE +CE
+S CE
FA A
A
A
D
B
F F D A B
F
CE CE
CE CE