getting ready for taks!!!
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Getting Ready for TAKS!!!. Objective 2 Cells, DNA, Kingdoms and Body Systems. Levels of Organization. Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System Organism. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote. How do things go in and out of the cell?. Diffusion - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Getting Ready for TAKS!!!
Objective 2Cells, DNA, Kingdoms and Body
Systems
Levels of Organization•Atom•Molecule•Organelle•Cell•Tissue•Organ•System•Organism
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
How do things go in and out of the cell?
DiffusionMolecules move from
areas of high concentration to an areas of less concentration.
i.e. from where there are a lot of them to where there are none…
Ex. Mom is mopping in the kitchen and you can smell it in your room…the Pine Sol molecules have diffused across the house!
Osmosis: Another way a cell maintains homeostasis
Water moving in and out of cells…Hyper”skinny”tonic Solution
More water in cell than out Cell Shrinks
Hypo”hippo” tonic SolutionMore water outside cell than in
cell swells and blows up Isotonic Solution
Equal amounts of water in and out of cell Cell is Happy
Photosynthesis:Energy from the Sun
LeavesPhotosynthetic organ
of the plant, used to convert sunlight into food
Stomata: pores within the leaf that open to let CO2 in and O2 out. Guard cells open and close.
Cuticle: waxy covering on leaf that prevents water loss
Cellular Respiration: Energy from food!!
ENERGY: Monster Drink for Cells
Carbon Dioxide + Water
Light
Water
Oxygen + Sugar
Chloroplasts
(Photosynthesis
(Plant Cells)
Mito
chon
dria
(Cel
lula
r Res
pira
tion)
Plan
t and
Ani
mal
Cel
ls
All About
That Energy
Nucleic Acids
DNADouble StrandedComposed of
nucleotides:Deoxyribose
SugarPhosphateNitrogen Bases
• A-T G- C Is the “Blueprint for the
building”
RNASingle StrandedComposed of
nucleotidesRibose SugarPhosphateNitrogen Bases
• A-U, G-C Is the “Construction
Worker who builds Proteins”
Replication: Copying DNADNA
Cells Copy DNA before they divideOccurs in nucleus
A=T, G=C (visa/versa)Sometimes mistakes occur
Mutations:Changes in DNA
Transcription: From DNAmRNA
Uses DNA info to make mRNA
Occurs in NucleusNo T in mRNA only U
A=U T=A G=C C=G
Mistakes in replication are carried on through transcription!!
Translation: The FinalemRNA Protein
Occurs in CytoplasmPlayers:
RibosomesAmino AcidsmRNAProtein
Mutations during replication and transcription make wacked out proteins that may not work well!!
Wanna know how to make a protein?
Okay Solve the Puzzle
Find the protein:
-AUG CCA UUA Met – Pro – Leu-AUG GGU UCA Met – Gly – Ser-AUG ACU UUU Met – Thr – Phe
Human Body Systems
Circulatory System
Major Structuresheart, blood
vessels, blood, lymph
Functionstransports
nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases
Digestive System
Major Structuresmouth, throat,
esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines
Functionsextracts and absorbs
nutrients from food;
Immune System
Major Structureswhite blood cells, lymph
nodes and vessels, skin
Functionsdefends against
pathogens and diseases
Stuff that makes you Sick!!!
Integumentary System
Major Structuresskin, nails, hair
Functionsprotects against injury,
infection, and fluid loss; helps regulate body temperature
Muscular System
Major Structuresskeletal, smooth, and
cardiac muscle tissues
Functionsmoves limbs and trunk;
moves substances through body; provides structure and support
Nervous System
Major Structuresbrain, spinal cord,
FunctionsRegulates behavior;
maintains homeostasis;
Respiratory System
Major Structures lungs, nose, mouth,
trachea
Functionsmoves air into and out of
lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs
Skeletal System
Major Structuresbones and joints
Functionsprotects and supports
the body and organs; interacts with skeletal muscles; produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Endocrine SystemMajor Structureshypothalamus, pituitary,
pancreas, pineal, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, testes, and ovaries
Functions regulates body
temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems
Taxonomy:Classifying and Organizing
Eight Levels1. Domain - Broadest level DID2. KINGDOM - KING3. PHYLUM - PHILLIP4. CLASS - COME5. ORDER - OVER6. FAMILY - FOR7. GENERA - GOOD8. SPECIES - most specific SPAGETTI
- Species can interbreed and produce offspring
Classifications
There are only 2 Domains:Prokayota - All BacteriaEurkaryota - Everything Else
There are 6 KingdomsArchaebacteria & EubacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia
Cell MembranesCytoplasmRibosomes
Animals
Plants
Fungi
EukaryotesProtists:
Uni/MulticellularAutotro/Heterotrophs
Membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotes:BacteriaCell Wall
Unicellular OnlyAuto/heterotrophs
EukaryotesCell Wall
AutotrophsMembrane-
Bound Organelles
EurkaryotesHeterotrophsMembrane-
Boundorganelles
EukaryotesCell Wall
HeterotrophsMembrane-bound
OrganellesMulti/Unicellular
DNA/RNA
• I can not reproduce
on my own• I’m Non-
living• I’m just a
Little “Robot”
• I cause HIV, Influenza, Small Pox
Bacteria vs. Viruses: Living vs. Non-Living
• I can reproducethough BinaryFission• I’m Alive• I have all this Cool cell stuffInside!!• I cause strep, Staph, E. coli, Diptheria…Yuck!
Killer T-cells (really bigWhite blood cells) are
Our arch-enemies!!
Virus…”How it’s All Done”
Attaches Injects Viral DNA
Forces cell to build virus parts
Oooh..it’s crowded in here!!
Virus explodeOut of cell
Evolution:Change over Time
FossilPreserved or
mineralized remains or imprint of organism that lived long ago
How do we know evolution has occurred?
Homologous StructuresStructural features with a
common evolutionary origin
Vestigial StructuresBody structure in a
present-day organism that no longer serves its original purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor.
Natural Selection:Decent with Modification
Natural SelectionOrganisms best adapted to
their environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their “super genes”!!
Ex. A strange mutation occurs which makes a moth white…well it snows. Who survives best the white moth or the black moth!!
•Ecology•Begins with the SUN
•Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2
Energy Transfer
ProducersAutotrophs
Gather energy from the sun (Photosynthesis)
Have the most energy!!
ConsumersHeterotrophs
Have to consume (eat) other organisms in order to survive
Energy Pyramid
Tertiary Consumer.1% Energy
Smallest Biomass
Secondary Consumer1% Energy
Even Smaller Biomass
Primary Consumer10% Energy
Smaller Biomass
Producers100% EnergyLarge Biomass
Food Web: Arrows point to where the energy is flowing
Draw as many food chains as possible!!
Food Web
Arrows point toWhere energy is flowing!!
Ecosystem
Habitat is the place a plant or animal lives It’s home!!
Niche is an organism’s total way of lifeKinda…like its day job!!
Symbiosis
Interactions between species can become so intimate that one or both become dependent on the other
PARASTISMCOMMENSALISMMUTALISM
Parasitism
One species benefits at the expense of the other.
Ex. Leech sucking your blood!!!
Commensalism
One species benefits while the other is unaffectedEx. Epiphytes are
plants that grow on trees. They do not harm or help the trees that live on.
Mutualism
Both species benefit
Ex. Insects and birds often eat the nectar made by flowers and while doing so they will get pollen attached to their feet. When they fly away they spread the pollen onto nearby flowers which aides in the reproduction of the plant.
Predation
Organisms eating other organismsOuch..that’s gotta
sting a little!!