getting to california

• push factor – feature or event that encourages a person to leave his or her current residence

• pull factor – a feature or event that attracts a person to move to another area

• steerage – most basic and cheapest accommodations on board a steamship (used mostly by immigrants)

• Ellis Island – immigrant processing center for most east coast immigrants located in New York City

• Angel Island – immigrant processing center for most west coast immigrants located in San Francisco

• nativism – an extreme dislike for foreigners by native-born people and the desire to limit immigration

• American Protective Association – anti-immigration group that wanted to stop Catholic immigration

• Chinese Exclusion Act – barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in America from becoming citizens (passed 1882, renewed 1882

Ch 10 Sec 1: Immigration

Objective: Analyze the circumstances surrounding the great wave of immigration after the Civil War.

Evaluate how nativism affected immigration policies



Chapter Objectives

• Analyze the circumstances surrounding the great wave of immigration after the Civil War.

• Evaluate how nativism affected immigration policies.

Section 1: Immigration

Section 1-1

Guide to Reading

After the Civil War, millions of immigrants from Europe and Asia settled in the United States.

• steerage

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• Ellis Island • Jacob Riis • Angel Island

• nativism

• Chinese Exclusion Act





(pages 336–339)(pages 336–339)

Europeans Flood Into the United States• By the late 1800s, most European states made it

easy to move to America.





(pages 336–339)(pages 336–339)

Europeans Flood Into the United States• By 1900, eastern and southern Europeans made up

more than half of all immigrants.

• Of the 14 million immigrants who arrived between 1860 and 1900, many were European Jews.





• America offered immigrants employment, few immigration restrictions, avoidance of military service, religious freedom, and the chance to move up the social ladder.

Europeans Flood Into the United States (cont.)

(pages 336–339)(pages 336–339)





• Immigrants were either pushed or pulled to the United States.


(pages 336–339)(pages 336–339)





• Push Factor

feature or event that encourages a person to leave his or her current residence

• Pull Factor

a feature or event that attracts a person to move to another area

(pages 336–339)(pages 336–339)

Europeans Flood Into the United States




Evaluate how nativism affected immigration policies1.

2.

• Most immigrants took the difficult trip to America in steerage, the least expensive accommodations on a steamship.


(pages 336–339)(pages 336–339)





• The 14-day trip usually ended at Ellis Island, a small island in New York Harbor.

• It served as a processing center for most immigrants arriving on the East coast after 1892.


(pages 336–339)(pages 336–339)





• Most immigrants passed through Ellis Island in a day.

• However, some faced the possibility of being separated from family and possibly sent back to Europe due to health problems.


(pages 336–339)(pages 336–339)





• Most immigrants settled in cities.

• They lived in neighborhoods that were separated into ethnic groups.


(pages 336–339)(pages 336–339)





• Here they duplicated many of the comforts of their homelands, including language and religion.

• Immigrants who learned English, adapted to American culture, had marketable skills or money, or if they settled among members of their own ethnic group tended to adjust well to living in the United States.


(pages 336–339)(pages 336–339)





(page 339)(page 339)

Asian Immigration to America• Severe unemployment, poverty, and famine in China;

the discovery of gold in California; the Taiping Rebellion in China; and the demand for railroad workers in the United States led to an increase in Chinese immigration to the United States in the mid-1800s.






Asian Immigration to America• In Western cities,

Chinese immigrants worked as laborers, servants, skilled tradesmen, and merchants.

• Some opened their own laundries.





• Between 1900 and 1908, large numbers of Japanese migrated to the United States as Japan began to build an industrial economy and an empire.

Asian Immigration to America(cont.)






• In 1910 a barracks was opened on Angel Island in California.

• Here, Asian immigrants, mostly young men and boys, waited sometimes for months for the results of immigration hearings.








The Resurgence of Nativism• The increase in immigration led to nativism, an

extreme dislike for foreigners by native-born people and the desire to limit immigration.






The Resurgence of Nativism• Earlier, in the

1840s and 1850s, nativism was directed towards the Irish.

• In the early 1900s, it was the Asian, Jews, and eastern Europeans that were the focus of nativism.

• Nativism led to the forming of two anti-immigrant groups.





• The American Protective Association was founded in 1887.

• The party’s founder, Henry Bowers, disliked Catholicism.

• He wanted to stop Catholic immigration.

The Resurgence of Nativism (cont.)






• In the 1870s, Denis Kearny, an Irish immigrant, organized the Workingman’s Party of California.

• This group wanted to stop Chinese immigration.

• Racial violence resulted.







• In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act that barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in America from becoming citizens.

• This act was renewed by Congress in 1892, made permanent in 1902, and not repealed until 1943.







Section 1-17

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. cramped quarters on a ship’s lower decks for passengers paying the lowest fares

__ 2. hostility toward immigrants

A. steerage

B. nativism

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

B

A





Section 1-20

Reviewing Themes

Geography and History What routes did European and Asian immigrants take to get to the United States?

Europeans generally entered through Ellis Island, New York, Asians through Angel Island, San Francisco.





Chapter Assessment 3

Reviewing Key Facts

How did the Chinese in the United States react to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

The Chinese in the United States organized letter-writing campaigns, petitioned the president, and filed suit in federal court.





Section 1-18

Checking for Understanding (cont.)

Describe where most immigrants to the United States settled in the late 1800s.

Most immigrants settled in neighborhoods of large cities.






Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)

What attempts did nativist groups make to decrease immigration to the United States in the late 1800s?

Nativist groups set up the American Protective Association, the Working Man’s Party of California, and worked to get the Chinese Exclusion Act passed.





Section 1-21

Critical Thinking

Analyzing Why did some Americans blame immigrants for the nation’s problems?

They were blamed for economic recession and stigmatized for their religion and political beliefs.





Section 1-9

What helped immigrants adjust to living in the United States?

Immigrants tended to adjust well to living in the United States if they quickly learned English and adapted to the American culture. Skilled immigrants, those who had money, or those who lived among their own ethnic group also tended to adjust more successfully.


(pages 336–339)(pages 336–339)





Section 1-19

Explain why nativist organizations sought to limit immigration.

Nativist organizations disliked their religion, and immigrants were perceived to take jobs from Americans.

Checking for Understanding (cont.)





Section 1-16

Why did nativists oppose eastern European immigrants?

Nativists thought the large influx of Catholic immigrants from Ireland would give the Catholic Church too much power in the American government. Labor unions feared that immigrants would work for lower wages and take work as strikebreakers.







Section 1-12

What caused the increase in Japanese immigrants between 1900 and 1910?

Japanese immigration to the United States increased because Japan started to build an industrial economy and an empire. The economy of Japan was disrupted and caused hardship for the Japanese people.








Critical Thinking

Analyzing Themes: Geography and History What factors led so many people to immigrate to the United States in the late 1800s?

Military conscription in their homeland, religious persecution, and better job opportunities in the United States led many people to immigrate to the United States.





Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1






Interpreting Graphs By about how much did the population of the United States increase between 1861 and 1900?

The population increased by about 2.5 million.

Geography and History (cont.)






Geography and History (cont.)

Understanding Cause and Effect What is the relationship between immigration and population increase?

Immigration played a significant role, especially in the period from 1881 to 1885.






What was the only ethnic group to be officially excluded by federal law from immigrating to the United States between 1870 and 1900?

The Chinese were the only ethnic groups to be officially excluded.





End of Section 1

getting to california

Documents

great wave of immigration

immigration policiessection

chinese immigration

immigration restrictions

civil war

europeans flood

united states cont

united statesby