getting to net zero - naseo 2019 annual meeting | naseo...
TRANSCRIPT
PV and the Electrical Grid | The Bullitt Center
Getting to Net Zero
September 17, 2013
PRESENTED BY:
Paul Schwer, PE, LEED AP
Scott Bevan, PE, LEED AP
PRESENTED TO: NASEO Getting to Net Zero National Forum
Set aggressive goals
Analyze the climate
Reduce energy use
Choose efficient systems
Opt for renewables
Verify performance
How? Strategies
Set aggressive goals
Analyze the climate
Reduce energy use
Choose efficient systems
Opt for renewables
Verify performance
How? Strategies
Renewable
Energy Sources
PV
The Workhorse
The earth receives more energy from the sun in just
one hour than the whole world uses in a year. *
*solarbuzz.com
Solar Resource
kWh/m2 /day
2.19
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
6.78
Los Angeles
652 kBtu/Sf/Yr
San Francisco
631 kBtu/Sf/Yr
Portland 457
kBtu/Sf/Yr
Seattle 435
kBtu/Sf/Yr
New York 528
Kbtu/Sf/Yr
Phoenix 760
kBTU/sf/yr
Solar Resource Array Tilt = Latitude
Denver 649
kBTU/sf/yr
Atlanta 604
kBTU/sf/yr
Houston 559
kBTU/sf/yr
Minneapolis 553
kBTU/sf/yr
Miami 614
kBTU/sf/yr
Electricity
Costs
First Cost Trend
Average Price of PV
Source:Barbose, Galen L, Darghouth, Naïm, Weaver, Samantha, and Wiser, Ryan H. Tracking the Sun VI: An Historical Summary of the Installed Price of Photovoltaics in the United States from 1998 to 2012. Berkeley, 2013.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1998 2003 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028
US
$/
W
First Cost Trend Average Price of PV
Energy Storage
Making it Happen
ENERGY
EXPORT
ENERGY
IMPORT
NET ZERO
EXPORT TO GRID
IMPORT FROM GRID
Net Zero Energy
Using the Grid
Net Zero Energy
Energy Use | Solar Budget
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
Ene
rgy
(kW
h)
Energy Deficit
Energy Deficit
Energy Surplus
Solar Energy Production
Building Energy Use
Utility Grids
Transformer
Network Protector
Grid
Radial
Transformer
Network Protector
Grid
Spot Network
Transformer
Network Protector
Grid
Area Network
285 US CITIES WITH POPULATION > 100,000
300
0
100
200
US
CIT
IES
WIT
H P
OP
ULA
TIO
N >
10
0,0
00
90% OR ROUGHLY 250 US CITIES
USE SECONDARY NETWORKS
Networks Are Everywhere
• Reverse power flow not
permitted in downtown
network.
• 100 kW buffer required by
utility.
• Lost PV production
between 15-20%
Portland
Downtown Network
Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt
Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt
o 20
Transform a 512,400 square foot, 18-story, 1974 office building into a LEED Platinum cornerstone of GSA’s green building portfolio.
Budget: $ 141,000,000
Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt
Modernization Project
98% of Available Solar
Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt
Solar PV
OVER 13,000 SF OF PV 180 kW
25,000 SF CANOPY COLLECTS RAINWATER FOR TOILET FLUSHING, IRRIGATION, AND COOLING TOWERS
Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt
Rooftop PV
Number of modules 715
Unit Nom. Power 250 W
Peak System Output 179 kW
Produced Energy 209,000 kWh/yr
Panel Efficiency (STC) 14.9%
System Efficiency ~13%
PV Array
In detail
Solarworld 250W SW 250 mono
PV Array
Components
1
2
3
4
5
PV Array
Rooftop
PV Array
System Interconnection
NREL
Success Stories
PV Array
Minimum Import Relay
PV Array
Minimize Array Size
PV Array
Dynamically Controlled Inverters
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
En
erg
y (
kW
h)
Typical Occupied and Unoccupied Days
PV Available
PV Used (kW)
Building
Demand (kW)
Friday Saturday
Net Electricity
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
En
erg
y (
kW
h)
Month
Monthly Estimated PV Available and PV Captured
PV Available
PV Captured
Opportunity Lost More Than 35% of Possible Production Lost
BULLITT
CENTER
Seattle Downtown Network
The Power Plant
Net Zero Energy
Energy Use | Solar Budget
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
Ene
rgy
(kW
h)
Energy Deficit
Energy Deficit
Energy Surplus
Solar Energy Production
Building Energy Use
EUI 92 64,000 SF of
PV
Bullitt Center
PV Area
EUI 52 45,000 SF of
PV
Bullitt Center
PV Area
EUI 32 26,000 SF of
PV
Bullitt Center
PV Area
Bullitt Center
PV Area
EUI 16 14,000 SF of
PV
Grasshopper
Net Zero Energy - PV
Scheme II
Scheme 2 - TILTED ROOF ARRAY (15 deg tilt @ Back): ROOF (5 deg West) = 7,258sf = 123,000 kWh/yr
ROOF (15 deg Southeast) = 4,240sf = 73,000 kWh/yr
SOUTHEAST WALL = 750sf = 9,000 kWh/yr
SOUTH WALL = 4,015sf = 50,000 kWh/yr (3,500kWh/yr/row)
255,000 kWh/yr (+9K v. BASE)
Net Zero Energy - PV
Scheme III
Scheme 3 - TILTED ROOF ARRAY (25 deg tilt @ Back): ROOF (5 deg West) = 7,258sf = 123,000 kWh/yr
ROOF (25 deg Southeast) = 4,514sf = 80,000 kWh/yr
SOUTHEAST WALL = 750sf = 9,000 kWh/yr
SOUTH WALL = 4,015sf = 50,000 kWh/yr (3,500kWh/yr/row)
262,000 kWh/yr (+18K v. BASE)
Net Zero Energy – PV
Scheme Ia
Scheme 1a – South Spaced 10.5” (15 deg tilt @ North Roof): Panel Orientation Area Panel # Sanyo 205 SunPower 315 ROOF SOUTH (5 deg West): 6,272sf = (503 panels) 101,500 kWh/yr (110,500 kWh/yr)
ROOF MIDDLE (5 deg West): 611sf = (49 panels) 10,000 kWh/yr
524sf * 70% = 367sf = (42 panels) 7,000 kWh/yr
(Sliding roof section) 1,048sf * 75% = 785sf = (84 panels) 12,000 kWh/yr
ROOF NORTH (5 deg West & 15 deg SE): 4,539sf = (364 panels) 78,500 kWh/yr (85,500 kWh/yr)
SOUTH WALL: 2,918sf = (234 panels) 36,000 kWh/yr
(1276 panels) 245,000 kWh/yr (261,000 kWh/yr)
Number of modules 570
Unit Nom. Power 425 W
Peak System Output 227 kW
Produced Energy 242,000 KWH/yr
Panel Efficiency (STC)
19.7%
System Efficiency ~16%
Sunpower 425
SPR-425E-WHT-D
Building Site
Overview
OFFICE TENANT
Courtesy: Miller Hull
Typical Tenant Floor
Section Looking North
Commercial
Commercial
Office
Office
Office
Office
Commercial
Commercial
Madison St Alley
Courtesy: Miller Hull
Section Looking East
Average Building Energy Use
EPA Target Finder Score of 50 (Median EUI)
98
98
104
98
120
117
117
119
92
93
110 101
124
104
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Average Building Energy Use EPA Target Finder 50 Score Bldg Energy Use
35%
EU
I k
Btu
/sf/
yr
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
PV Production by City
Solar Power Generation at Horizontal
75%
kW
h/
kW
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
“Best” Building Energy Use EPA Target Finder 100 Score Bldg Energy Use
37%
EU
I k
Btu
/sf/
yr
Energy Use & PV Production
National Solar Harvest vs. Median EUI
Seattle
Portland
San Francisco
Los Angeles
Denver
Phoenix
Houston
Atlanta
Chicago
New York Boston
St. Louis
Miami
Minneapolis
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
950 1050 1150 1250 1350 1450 1550 1650
En
erg
y S
tar M
ed
ian
EU
I
Solar Harvest kWh/kW
Target Finder Score of 100
% of Roof Area to Achieve Net Zero
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
0 50 100 150 200
Roof % Needed for Net Zero
1 Story
2 Story
3 Story
Seattle - 29.2
Portland - 29.3
San Francisco - 27.4
Los Angeles - 27.7
Minneapolis - 37
Phoenix - 32.8
Denver - 31
Houston - 30.1
Atlanta - 29.3
Miami - 31.1
St. Louis - 35.5
Chicago - 35.9
New York - 34.8
Boston - 35
kB
tu/
sf/
year
Bullitt Center Equivalent Buildings
% of Roof Area to Achieve Net Zero
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
50 100 150 200Roof % Needed for Net Zero
3 Story
4 Story
5 Story
6 Story
Seattle - 16
Portland - 16.1
San Francisco - 15
Los Angeles - 15.2
Minneapolis - 20.3
Phoenix - 18
Denver - 17
Houston - 16.5
Atlanta - 16.1
Miami - 17
St. Louis - 19.5
Chicago - 19.7
New York - 19.1
Boston - 19.2
kB
tu/
sf/
year
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
AverageBuilding
(Energy StarScore = 50)
Seattle EnergyCode Building
LEED PlatinumBuilding (19
Energy Credits)
PV Budget ProposedBuilding
kB
tu/
sf/
year
PV Roof
Domest Hot Water
Elevator
Vent Fans
Pumps & Aux
Space Cooling
Space Heating
Plug Loads
IT Server
Lights
230,000 kWh 229,000 kWh
Net Zero Energy in Seattle
Energy Use + Solar Budget
92
52
32
83
% S
avin
gs
Typical Building Proposed Building
Fans 5%
Net Zero Energy
Energy Consumption
TOTAL
SAVINGS 83%
HEAT 1%
PLUG
LOADS 11%
LIGHTS
3%
DOM. HOT
WATER 1% FANS 1%
LIGHTS
15%
SPACE
HEATING 40%
COOLING
7%
DOMEST.
HOT WATER
1%
PUMPS &
AUX
5%
FANS
10% PLUG
LOADS 19%
COOKING
3%
Proposed Building Energy Use
Building Envelope
Envelope 2012 Seattle Code
Bullitt Center
Roof R-38 R-38
Wall R-19 R-21.4
Glazing
R-2.5
R-4 VT = 0.53
Infiltration 0.40 cfm/sf (New)
.24 cfm/sf
Goals
Envelope + Lighting (watts/sf)
Daylighting
75 watts
75 watts
100 watts
250 watts
20” CFL-LCD 20” CFL-LCD
Reducing Plug Loads 2007
40 watts
40 watts
80 watts
160 watts
22” CFL-LCD 22” CFL-LCD
Reducing Plug Loads
2009
14 watts
14 watts
14 watts
42 watts
22” LED-LCD
Reducing Plug Loads 2013
22” LED-LCD
Reducing Plug Loads 2013
18 watts
18 watts
20 watts total
56 watts
24” LED 24” LED
QTY W/ea HRS / DAY
ENERGY (kWh/Day) Days/yr kWh/yr
Collocated Server
IT Equipment 1 2212 24.00 53 365 19,379
Kitchen
Refrigerator 6.5 200 12 16 365 5,694
Microwave 6.5 1000 1.56 10 252 2,555
Coffee Pot 6.5 1000 3 20 252 4,914
Dishwasher 6.5 500 2 7 252 1,638
Open Office
Laptop Computer 35 40 8 11 252 2,822
PC 112 51 8 46 252 11,515
Thin Client 26 20 8 4 252 1,048
Monitor 286 25 8 57 252 14,414
Personal Misc (per person) 173 15 6.1 16 252 3,989
Conference Room
TV display or projector 15.0 110 8 13 252 3,326
Copy Room
Copier 8.6 1100 3.91 37 252 9,321
Misc. Equipment
Ceiling Fan 31 290 1.5 13 252 3,398
84,016
Product Inventory 2013
BUDGET
Daily kWh 0.3
Annual KWh 84016
Budget 84768
STATUS APPROVED
Hourly natural ventilation analysis
Multi-zone
Single-sided, cross-flow, stack-drive ventilation
Accounts for thermal mass effects
“Operates” building openings based on user inputs
Comfort Analysis
Tool: Bentley Tas
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2nd
No Cooling
2nd
RadiantCooling
4th South
No Cooling
4th South
RadiantCooling
Nu
mb
er o
f H
ou
rs
>85
84 to 85
83 to 84
82 to 83
81 to 82
80 to 81
79 to 80
78 to 79
77 to 78
76 to 77
75 to 76
Comfortable with Ceiling Fans
Comfortable
Not Comfortable
Bullitt Center Comfort Study
Total Hour Space Temperature Falls in 1°F Bins
Passive Cooling
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
12:0
0 A
M
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
8:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
12:0
0 P
M
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
12:0
0 A
M
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
8:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
12:0
0 P
M
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
12:0
0 A
M
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
8:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
12:0
0 P
M
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
°F
Zone Temperature for South Office Space w/o Mechanical Cooling August 9th-11th (Thurs-Sat)
85˚F
Outside Air
Passive Cooling
50556065707580859095
100105110115
12:0
0 A
M
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
8:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
12:0
0 P
M
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
12:0
0 A
M
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
8:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
12:0
0 P
M
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
12:0
0 A
M
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
8:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
12:0
0 P
M
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
°F
Zone Temperature for South Office Space w/o Mechanical Cooling August 9th-11th (Thurs-Sat)
85˚F
Outside Air
No Operable Windows
Passive Cooling
50556065707580859095
100105110115
12:0
0 A
M
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
8:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
12:0
0 P
M
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
12:0
0 A
M
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
8:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
12:0
0 P
M
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
12:0
0 A
M
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
8:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
12:0
0 P
M
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
°F
Zone Temperature for South Office Space w/o Mechanical Cooling August 9th-11th (Thurs-Sat)
85˚F
Outside Air
No Operable Windows
Manual Windows
Passive Cooling
50556065707580859095
100105110115
12:0
0 A
M
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
8:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
12:0
0 P
M
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
12:0
0 A
M
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
8:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
12:0
0 P
M
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
12:0
0 A
M
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
8:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
12:0
0 P
M
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
°F
Zone Temperature for South Office Space w/o Mechanical Cooling August 9th-11th (Thurs-Sat)
85˚F
Outside Air
No Operable Windows
Actuated Windows w/ Night Flush
Manual Windows
Architect: Miller|Hull
Bullitt Center HVAC System Overview
Radiant Floor
Irresistible Stair
Irresistible Stair
Financial Considerations
Market Rate Lease Rates – Seattle Class A
Class A ($/sf)
Bullitt Center ($/sf)
Triple Net Lease ~$30-40 ~$30
Operating Cost ~$10 ~$8
$265 / SF Does not include PV, water
system, or city infrastructure improvements.
$350 / SF Includes City infrastructure improvements and costs
associated with the PV array.
Financial Considerations
Direct Construction Costs
How’s Bullitt Doing?
Energy production 5% more than predicted
Building energy use 10% less than predicted
Seattle Living Building Pilot Ordinance • 10 foot building height bonus
• Additional height for PV and “rooftop features” (skylights)
• Elimination of on site commercial loading berth
Term Permit • PV over right-of-way
• Greywater infiltration in right-of-way
How Public Policy Can Help
Living Building Challenge
Beyond Net Zero Rocky Mountain Institute Headquarters
Building EUI
z
Snow Loss
Transportation
Beyond Net Zero In the Rocky Mountains
1 Parking Space 9x18’
PV Production 1.6 kW
EV Travel 30 miles/day
= =
Conclusion
Paul Schwer, PE, LEED AP [email protected]
Scott Bevan, PE, LEED AP [email protected]
Jonathan Rowe [email protected]
Brad Jacobsen [email protected]
Bike Rack
What’s Next
pizeoelectrics
biophilia
buildings that give back
ho
w d
o y
ou
mea
sure
h
ealt
h?
gaming to reduce energy
modular construction / fabrication
food waste to energy
phytoremediation
Gaming to Reduce Energy
PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS
Phase Changing Materials
US Photovoltaic Solar Resource
Electricity Price by Region
14 watts
14 watts
32 watts
60 watts
22” LED-LCD 22” LED-LCD
Reducing Plug Loads
2010
First Cost Trend
Average Price of PV
Source:Barbose, Galen L, Darghouth, Naïm, Weaver, Samantha, and Wiser, Ryan H. Tracking the Sun VI: An Historical Summary of the Installed Price of Photovoltaics in the United States from 1998 to 2012. Berkeley, 2013.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1998 2003 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038 2043 2048
US
$/
W
First Cost Trend Average Price of PV