gf> ®ø›mayudhaezhuthu.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ae-april...gf> ®ø›m √[ v‚|›...

gF> ®ø›m gF> ®ø›m gF> ®ø›m gF> ®ø›m √[™V‚|› >taB_ gFs>µ√[™V‚|› >taB_ gFs>µ√[™V‚|› >taB_ gFs>µ√[™V‚|› >taB_ gFs>µ

AYIDHA EZHUTHU INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TAMIL STUDIES

ISSN : 2278-7550 UGC - √_ÔÁÈ¬ ÔwÔ \VMB√_ÔÁÈ¬ ÔwÔ \VMB√_ÔÁÈ¬ ÔwÔ \VMB√_ÔÁÈ¬ ÔwÔ \VMB¬¬¬¬ zøs[ ∂∫ˇÔV´D ÿ√u≈m zøs[ ∂∫ˇÔV´D ÿ√u≈m zøs[ ∂∫ˇÔV´D ÿ√u≈m zøs[ ∂∫ˇÔV´D ÿ√u≈m

UGC RECOGNISED JOURNAL

UGC NO : 42330

\ÈÏ\ÈÏ\ÈÏ\ÈÏ :::: 7777 !!!!!!!!∞©´_∞©´_∞©´_∞©´_ääää 2012012012019999 ÷>µ : ÷>µ : ÷>µ : ÷>µ : 4444

√]©√VEˆBÏ√]©√VEˆBÏ√]©√VEˆBÏ√]©√VEˆBÏ

Â_Â_Â_Â_ Â¶´Vƒ[ Â¶´Vƒ[ Â¶´Vƒ[ Â¶´Vƒ[ >taB_ gF° Á\BD, ~º´V|.

1535153515351535....3362656?!:5533!3362656?!:5533!3362656?!:5533!3362656?!:5533!6265:6265:6265:6265:!!!!:8:2:!6265::8:2:!6265::8:2:!6265::8:2:!6265:?!74928!1244:?!74928!1244:?!74928!1244:?!74928!1244:!!!!

√_Ès √]©√ÔD√_Ès √]©√ÔD√_Ès √]©√ÔD√_Ès √]©√ÔD

118, º\‚˘Ï ƒVÁÈ, Ô_BVı E_¬¸ ®]ˆ_,

~º´V| á 638011.

[email protected] [email protected]

EDITORIAL BOARD

Dr.C.Thiyagarajan Tamil University, Thanjavur.

[email protected]

Dr.K.Ramesh Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore.

[email protected]

Dr.B.Sathiyamoorthy Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai.

[email protected]

Dr.P.Jayakrishnan Kerala University, Thiruvanandapuram.

[email protected]

Dr.K.Sankaranarayanan Chennai University, Chennai. [email protected]

Dr.Alibhava Bharathidasan University, Trichy.

[email protected]

Dr.S.Aranganathan Tamil Nadu Open University, Chennai.!

[email protected]

Dr.S.Kavitha Tamil University, Thanjavur. [email protected]

ஆசி�ய� �

ைனவ� சி.தியாகராச� தமி�� ப�கைல�கழக�, த�சா�+�.

[email protected]

ைனவ� க.இரேம� தி�வ��வ� ப�கைல�கழக�, ேவ��.

[email protected]

ைனவ� ேபா.ச�திய��தி ம�ைர காமராச� ப�கைல�கழக�, ம�ைர.

[email protected]

ைனவ� ப.ெஜயகி��ண� ேகரளா ப�கைல�கழக�, தி�வன த!ர�.

[email protected]

ைனவ� கி.ச�கரநாராயண� ெச#ைன� ப�கைல�கழக�, ெச#ைன.

[email protected]

ைனவ� உ.அலிபாவா பாரதிதாச# ப�கைல�கழக�, தி�$சி.

[email protected]!

ைனவ� $.அர�கநாத� தமி�நா& திற தநிைல� ப�கைல�கழக�,,ெச#ைன.

[email protected]

ைனவ� ச.கவிதா தமி�� ப�கைல�கழக�, த�சா�+�.

[email protected]

Dr.Manonmanidevi Annamalai Sulthan Itrecue Kalviyal University,

Malaysia.

Dr.Paramasivam Muthuswamy Malasyia University, Malasyia.

[email protected]

R.F.Arooz Raapa International Campus, Sri Lanka.

[email protected]

ADVISORY BOARD

M.Senthilkumar Periyar University, Salem.

[email protected]

Dr.V.S.Sreenivasan Nandha Arts and Science College, Erode.

[email protected]

Dr.T.K.Anuradha Trinity College For Women, Namakkal.

[email protected]

Dr.R.Vijyarani Beshap Heeper College, Tirucherappalli.

[email protected]

Dr.R.Nirmala Devi Vellalar Womens College, Erode.

[email protected]

Dr.K.Gayathiri Government Arts College, Chidambaram.

[email protected]

Dr.S.Kumaran University of Malaya,Malaysia.

[email protected]

Dr.S.Senthilkumar Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar.

[email protected]

Sellathurai Sutharsan University of Peradeniya, sri Lanka,.

[email protected]

Dr.N.Sathya Government College For Women, Kumbakonam.

[email protected]

Balasundaram Elayathamby Annamalai Canada Campus, Canada.

[email protected]

Dr.S.Priya Government Arts College, Chidambaram.

[email protected]

Dr.P.Senthilkumar Periyar University, Dharmapuri.

[email protected]

ைனவ� மேனா�மணிேதவி அ&ணாமைல (�தா# இ*+( க�வியிய� ப�கைல�கழக�,

மேலசியா.

ைனவ� பரமசிவ' �(சாமி மேலசியா ப�கைல�கழக�, மேலசியா.

[email protected]

R.F.அ)* ராபா ப#னா*& வளாக�, இல.ைக.

[email protected]

ஆேலாசைன+ �

ம.ெச,தி-�மர� ெப/யா� ப�கைல�கழக�, ேசல�.

[email protected]

ைனவ� ெவ.ச.சனீிவாச� ந தா கைல அறிவிய� க��/, ஈேரா&.

[email protected]

ைனவ� தா.க.அ0ராதா 2/னி2 மகளி� க��/, நாம�க�.

[email protected]

ைனவ� இரா.விஜயராணி பிஷ� ஹ6ப� க��/, தி�$சிரா�ப�ளி..

[email protected]

ைனவ� நி�மலா ேதவி ேவளாள� மகளி� க��/, ஈேரா&.

[email protected]

ைனவ� க.காய�� அர( கைல�க��/, சித�பர�. [email protected]

ைனவ� எ*.�மர� மலா7 ப�கைல�கழக�, மேலசியா.

[email protected]

ைனவ� ச.ெச,தி- �மர� அ8ணாமைல�ப�கைல�கழக�, அ8ணாமைலநக�.

[email protected]

ெச-ல�(ைர $த�ச� ேபராதைன� ப�கைல�கழக�, இல.ைக.

[email protected]

ைனவ� நா.ச�யா அரசின� மகளி� க��/, :�பேகாண�.

[email protected]

பால$,தர' இைளயத'பி அ8ணாமைல கனடா வளாக�, கனடா.

[email protected]

ைனவ� ச.பி�யா அர( கைல�க��/, சித�பர�.

[email protected]

ைனவ� ெபா.ெச,தி-�மர� ெப/யா� ப�கைல�கழக�, த�ம!/.!

[email protected]

gF> ®ø›m gF> ®ø›m gF> ®ø›m gF> ®ø›m - ! klqpqbz<! Nb<Ug<gie! yV! Hkqbgtl</! -u<uqkp<! 3124! Nl<! N{<M!!

Lkz<!gizi{<M!-kpig!outquf<kK/!3129!-z<!-Vf<K!lik!!-kpig!outquVgqxK/!OhvisqvqbIgt<?!!nxqRIgt<?!Nb<uitIgt<! lx<Xl<! ! klqp<! ! !NIuzIgt<! ! !njeuVl<! ! gm<Mjv! wPkzil</! ! ! sr<g!!-zg<gqbl<!!Lkz<!!!fuQe!!!!-zg<gqbl<!!!ujvbqzie!-zg<gqb!!Nb<Ugt<?!!!!fim<Mh<Hxuqbz<!-zg<g{l<?! olipqbqbz<! Nb<Ugt<! lx<Xl<! klqOpiM! okimIHjmb! hqx! Kjxgt<! njek<Kl<!ohiVtigzil</!!

gm<Mjvgtqz<! %xh<hMl<! gVk<KgTg<G! ! ng<gm<Mjv! ! NsqvqbOv! ! ohiXh<hiuiI/!!gm<MjvbitIgtqe<! gVk<K! ! -kp<! ! NsqvqbI! ! ! GPuqe<! ! ! gVk<kqje! ! ! hqvkqhzqh<he! ! ! nz<z/!!!hjmh<Hgjts<! ! SVg<gUl<?! ! kqVk<kUl<! NsqvqbI! ! GPuqx<G! LP! dvqjl! d{<M/! ! ! gm<Mjvgt<!!Nb<Uk<! ! ! kvLjmbjugtig! ! ! njlkz<! ! ! Ou{<Ml</! Nb<Uh<! ! ! ohiVTg<G! ! ! Lv{<hm<mkig!!!njlBl<! ! ! gm<Mjvgt<! ! ! Wx<Xg<ogit<th<hmlim<miK/! ! hjmh<Hgjtk<! kqVh<hq! nEh<h! -bziK/!-u<uqkPg<G!gm<Mjv!!nEh<h!!!uqVl<HOuiI!!!gQp<g<gi[l<!!upqLjxgjth<!hqe<hx<xzil</!

2/2/2/2/! ohiVt<! ;ohiVt<! ;ohiVt<! ;ohiVt<! ;! sr<g! -zg<gqbl<! Lkz<! fuQe!-zg<gqbl<! ujvbqzie! -zg<gqb! Nb<Ugt<?!!fim<Mh<Hxuqbz<?! -zg<g{l<?! olipqbqbz<!Nb<Ugt<!!lx<Xl<!klqOpiM!okimIHjmb!njek<Kl<!!!-ke<!ohiVtigzil</!!3/! ntU! ;3/! ntU! ;3/! ntU! ;3/! ntU! ;!!!! ! MSWord! -z<! ! A5! ! ntuqz<?! 2/6!uig<gqb! -jmoutqbqz<! )Lining Space*?! hilqeq!(Bamini Font) - 23! Ht<tq! wPk<ktuqz<? ! ! &e<X!!Lkz<! Jf<K! ! ! hg<gr<gTg<Gt<! gm<Mjv! njlb!Ou{<Ml</!!4/! Lguvq! ;4/! Lguvq! ;4/! Lguvq! ;4/! Lguvq! ;! gm<Mjvk<! ! kjzh<hqe<! ! ! gQp<!!!NsqvqbI! ! ! ohbI?! hkuq?! LguvqBl<?!gm<MjvLcuqe<! gQp<! ! ! -kp<! nEh<h! Ou{<cb!Lguvq?! lqe<eR<sz<! Lguvq! lx<Xl<! njzOhsq!w{<gTl<!-ml<ohxOu{<Ml</!!5/! gm<Mjv! nEh<Hl<! Ljx! ;5/! gm<Mjv! nEh<Hl<! Ljx! ;5/! gm<Mjv! nEh<Hl<! Ljx! ;5/! gm<Mjv! nEh<Hl<! Ljx! ;! gm<[email protected] (Or) pallavipublications@ gmail.com!we<x!lqe<eR<sz<!Lguvqg<G!nEh<hzil</!!6666/! ! sf<ki! ;/! ! sf<ki! ;/! ! sf<ki! ;/! ! sf<ki! ;!!!! keq! !-kp<! uqjz!'/461/.! -kjpk<!!!okimIf<K!!!ohx!uqVl<HOuiI!dXh<hqeI!gm<m{l<!osZk<kzil</! yV!N{<cx<G! 23!-kp<gt<! khizqz<!nEh<hq!jug<gh<hMl</!!2!N{<Mg<gm<m{l<!)keq!fhI*! .!!!!!'/!4111/.!2!N{<Mg<gm<m{l<!)F~zgl<?!gz<uq!fqXuer<gt<*! ! .!!!!!'/!4711/.!!7777/!/!/!/!!!!!gm<m{l<!osZk<Kl<!Ljx!! ;gm<m{l<!osZk<Kl<!Ljx!! ;gm<m{l<!osZk<Kl<!Ljx!! ;gm<m{l<!osZk<Kl<!Ljx!! ;!!!!dXh<hqeI!!!)sf<ki*! gm<m{k<jk! PALLAVI PATHIPPAKAM !we<x! ohbvqz<! ujvOuijzbig! )DD<*! =Ovim<cz<!lix<xqg<! ogit<tk<kg<g! ujgbqz<! )PAYABLE AT ERODE*! nEh<hzil</! -j{bupq?! )NET BANKING *?!njzOhsq!)MOBILE BANKING *!ur<gq!!!!!!!hvquIk<kje! !djmbuIgt<! NEFT! ! LjxbqZl<!h{l<!osZk<kzil</!!!!!

A/C Name: PALLAVI PATHIPPAKAM. A/C Type : CA,

A/C No : 33679969977. Bank : STATE BANK OF INDIA,

Sathy Road, Erode -638 011. IFSC : SBIN0016100.!

!

hz<zuq!hkqh<hglhz<zuq!hkqh<hglhz<zuq!hkqh<hglhz<zuq!hkqh<hgl<<<<!229?!Olm<_I!sijz?!gz<bi{<!sqz<g<^<!wkqvqz<?!

=vOiM!.!749122/!!

1535153515351535....3362656?!:5533!6265:3362656?!:5533!6265:3362656?!:5533!6265:3362656?!:5533!6265:!!!!:8:2:!6265::8:2:!6265::8:2:!6265::8:2:!6265:?!74928!1244:?!74928!1244:?!74928!1244:?!74928!1244:!!!!

!

[email protected] [email protected]

!

!!

hjmh<hitIgtqe<!guek<kqx<G!////hjmh<hitIgtqe<!guek<kqx<G!////hjmh<hitIgtqe<!guek<kqx<G!////hjmh<hitIgtqe<!guek<kqx<G!////!!!!!!!!

-Kujv!outqbie?!njek<K!Nb<k!wPk<K!-kp<gjtBl<!wr<gtK!

www.pallavipathippakam.in -j{bk<ktk<kqz<?!-kp<gt<!.!Nb<k!wPk<K!hGkqbqz<!LPjlbig!hkquqxg<gl<!(Download) osb<K!ogit<tzil</!

!

nz<zKnz<zKnz<zKnz<zK!!!!!

https://ayidhaezhuthu.in we<x!-j{bk<ktk<kqz<!hkquqxg<gl<!(Download) osb<K!ogit<tzil</!nu<uiOx!kr<gtK!Nb<Ug<gm<Mjvgjt!-f<k!-j{bk<ktk<kqe<!upqbig!nEh<hzil</!

√Á¶©AÔ^ k´ºkuÔ©√|˛[≈™...!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

ne<hii<f<k!ne<hii<f<k!ne<hii<f<k!ne<hii<f<k!klqp<!ler<gTg<G!u{g<gr<gt<!"klqp<!ler<gTg<G!u{g<gr<gt<!"klqp<!ler<gTg<G!u{g<gr<gt<!"klqp<!ler<gTg<G!u{g<gr<gt<!"!!!!

‘klqp<!fqjzohx<x!kir<gVl<!lvhqe<!lgqp<fje!lXgqe<!lKjvBl<!uxqOkklqp<!fqjzohx<x!kir<gVl<!lvhqe<!lgqp<fje!lXgqe<!lKjvBl<!uxqOkklqp<!fqjzohx<x!kir<gVl<!lvhqe<!lgqp<fje!lXgqe<!lKjvBl<!uxqOkklqp<!fqjzohx<x!kir<gVl<!lvhqe<!lgqp<fje!lXgqe<!lKjvBl<!uxqOk’!we<x!sqXhi{ix<Xh<hjm! himz<! uiqgt<! )77.78*! klqpib<f<k! nxqREl<! HzuEl<! =vibqvl<!

N{<MgTg<G!Le<hqVf<Ok!sr<gl<!njlk<K!lilKjvbqz<! osf<klqp<!uti<k<kei<! we<x!

ohVjlg<Giqb! uvzix<Xs<! osb<kqbqje! -zg<gqbr<gtqz<! hjxsix<xqBt<tK/! -u<uiX!

osf<klqPg<Gl<! lilKjvg<Gl<! fQ{<mofcb! uvzix<Xk<! okimi<H! -Vh<hjkh<! Ohie<X?!

Hgp<lqg<g! klqPg<Gl<?! gizf<OkiXl<! Hkqb! uvziXgjth<! hjmk<ktqg<Gl<! lKjv!

gilvisi<! hz<gjzg<gpgk<kqx<Gl<! fQ{<mofcb! uvzix<Xk<! okimi<H! d{<M/!

nf<kujgbqz<?! klqp<l{<{qe<! &k<Okii<<! hicbVtqb! sr<gizl<! okimr<gq?!

Hk<kqzg<gqbk<kiz<!HKUzjg!hjmk<Kg<!ogi{<cVg<Gl<!slgizl<!ujv!klqp<olipqbqz<!

njlbh<ohx<x! gVk<K{<jlgtqe<! hvf<k! hii<jujb! outqg<ogi{Vl<! ujgbqz<?!

klqpgk<kqz<! 2:77! –! Nl<! N{<M! okimr<gh<hm<m! uvzix<Xs<! sqxh<Hlqg<g! Nx<xz<siz<!lKjv! gilvisi<! hz<gjzg<gpgl<?! klqpqbx<Hzl<! njlk<K! klqpqbz<Kjxbqz<! ne<X!

okimr<gq! -e<Xujv! Wxk<kip! njvF~x<xi{<M! gizl<! hz<OuX! Nb<Uh<h{qgjt!

Le<eqe<X!fmk<kq! klqp<gz<uqg<Gl<! klqpib<Ug<Gl<! klqp<uti<s<sqg<Gl<! gizf<OkiXl<! ke<!

Ng<gr<gjt!Nb<uiti<gt<!sii<hig!osb<KuVgqe<xK/!!

! ‘uqjkk<kue<! dxr<gqeiZl<! uqjkgt<! dxr<Gukqz<jzuqjkk<kue<! dxr<gqeiZl<! uqjkgt<! dxr<Gukqz<jzuqjkk<kue<! dxr<gqeiZl<! uqjkgt<! dxr<Gukqz<jzuqjkk<kue<! dxr<gqeiZl<! uqjkgt<! dxr<Gukqz<jz’! we<hjkh<! Ohie<X!lKjv! gilvisi<! hz<gjzgg<gpgl<! Okix<Xuqg<gh<hm<m! fit<Lkz<?! klqpqbx<HzLl<!

Okie<xq! ke<! dbi<ju! gizf<OkiXl<! gm<c! wPh<hqg<ogi{<cVg<gqxK/! -ke<! Hgp<!

‘fqzk<kqEl<! ohiqOk?! uieqEl<! dbi<f<ke<X?! fQiqEl<! Nvt! uqe<Ox’! we<hK! Ohie<X!hvf<Khm<mK/! Nx<xz<siz<! lKjv! gilvisi<! hz<gjzg<gpgk<kqe<! Oleit<!

Kj{Ouf<ki<gtig! uqtr<gqb! ok/ohi/lQeim<sq! Sf<kveii<?! L/uvkviseii<?!

u/S/h/li{qg<geii<! Ohie<x! hz<OuX! klqpxqRi<gt<! -h<hz<gjzg<gpg! uti<s<sqg<Gl<!

klqpib<Ug<Gl<! ohVl<hr<gix<xqbui<gt<! we<hK! -r<G! fqjeU%xk<! kg<gK/! sr<gl<!

juk<K! klqp<! uti<k<k! oke<hi{<c! fim<M! lKjv! gilvisi<! hz<gjzg<gpgk<!

klqpqbx<Hzk<kqe<!klqp<!Nb<uiti<!le<xl<?!sr<g-zg<gqbl<!Lkz<!slgizl<!ujvbqzie!

klqpqbzqe<!hb{outqbqje!Nb<Uh<ohiVtig!njlk<K!-VF~Xg<Gl<! )311*! Olx<hm<m!

Nb<uiti<gtqmlqVf<K!ohxh<hm<m!Nb<Ug<gm<Mjvgjt!fie<G!okiGkqgtig!F~zig<gl<!

osb<K!slQhk<kqz<!outqbqm<mK/!-l<Lbx<sqbqz<!w{<{x<x!-zg<gqb!ujggt<?!-zg<g{!

lvHgt<?! kqxeib<Us<! sqf<kjegt<?! HKjljbh<! Ohix<Xl<! Hk<kqzg<gqb! hjmh<Hgt<! we!

Le<jeh<!hpjlg<Gl<!hqe<jeh<!HKjlg<Gl<!siqfqgi<!-mk<jkk<!kf<kqVf<kK!-l<Lbx<sq/!

klqp<!Nb<uiti<!le<xk<kqe<!Ngs<sqxf<k!Lbx<sq?!klqpgk<kqe<!Ouoxf<k!hz<gjzg<gpgk<!

klqpqbz<KjxbqZl<! gi{uqbzik! yV! sqxh<Hfqjzbig! gVkh<hm<mK/! w{<{x<x!

sqf<kjebiti<gjt! dVuig<gqb! ohVjlg<Giqb! lKjv! gilvisi<! hz<gjzg<gpgk<!

klqpqbx<Hzl<?! klqp<! Nb<uiti<! le<xl<! gmf<k! njvF~x<xi{<M! gizlig!

fjmohx<Xg<ogi{<cVg<gqxK! we<x! fQ{<mofcb! hivl<hiqbl<! uvzixigUl<?!

Nu{r<gtiUl<! flg<G! -Vg<gqxK! we<hjk! wh<OhiKl<! fqjeU%xg<!

gmjlh<hm<Mt<Otil</!!

!

klqpqe<!hb{k<jkh<!Ohiz<!-equVl<!gizr<gtqZl<klqpqe<!hb{k<jkh<!Ohiz<!-equVl<!gizr<gtqZl<klqpqe<!hb{k<jkh<!Ohiz<!-equVl<!gizr<gtqZl<klqpqe<!hb{k<jkh<!Ohiz<!-equVl<!gizr<gtqZl<!!!!

klqp<!Nb<uitv<!le<xk<kqe<!hb{l<!okimVl<klqp<!Nb<uitv<!le<xk<kqe<!hb{l<!okimVl<klqp<!Nb<uitv<!le<xk<kqe<!hb{l<!okimVl<klqp<!Nb<uitv<!le<xk<kqe<!hb{l<!okimVl<…!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

lKjv!gilvisi<!lKjv!gilvisi<!lKjv!gilvisi<!lKjv!gilvisi<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<hz<gjzg<gpgl<hz<gjzg<gpgl<hz<gjzg<gpgl<!!!!)Nx<xz<siz<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<*)Nx<xz<siz<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<*)Nx<xz<siz<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<*)Nx<xz<siz<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<*!!!!

klqpqbx<Hzl<klqpqbx<Hzl<klqpqbx<Hzl<klqpqbx<Hzl<!!!!klqp<!Nb<uiti<!le<xl<klqp<!Nb<uiti<!le<xl<klqp<!Nb<uiti<!le<xl<klqp<!Nb<uiti<!le<xl<!!!!

!!!!

yVr<gqj{h<hiti<gt<yVr<gqj{h<hiti<gt<yVr<gqj{h<hiti<gt<yVr<gqj{h<hiti<gt<!!!!!!!!

Ogi/uq\bvi\e<Ogi/uq\bvi\e<Ogi/uq\bvi\e<Ogi/uq\bvi\e<!!!!

Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!kjzui<!

klqp<!Nb<uiti<!le<xl<!!

L/osz<zLk<KL/osz<zLk<KL/osz<zLk<KL/osz<zLk<K!!!!

Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!osbziti<!

klqp<!Nb<uiti<!le<xl<!!!!!

s/Lk<Kh<hi{<cbl<lit<s/Lk<Kh<hi{<cbl<lit<s/Lk<Kh<hi{<cbl<lit<s/Lk<Kh<hi{<cbl<lit<!!!!

Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!ohiVtiti<!

klqp<!Nb<uiti<!le<xl<!

!!!!

yVr<gqj{h<Hg<GPyVr<gqj{h<Hg<GPyVr<gqj{h<Hg<GPyVr<gqj{h<Hg<GP!!!!!!!!

sq/zzqkisq/zzqkisq/zzqkisq/zzqki!!!!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!

!!!!

g/gVh<hsilqg/gVh<hsilqg/gVh<hsilqg/gVh<hsilq!!!!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!

!!!!

Ou/fqk<bh<hqiqbiOu/fqk<bh<hqiqbiOu/fqk<bh<hqiqbiOu/fqk<bh<hqiqbi!!!!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!

!!!!

ohi/Ogigqziohi/Ogigqziohi/Ogigqziohi/Ogigqzi!!!!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!

!

hq/Lk<KgqVhq/Lk<KgqVhq/Lk<KgqVhq/Lk<KgqV]]]]<{e<<{e<<{e<<{e<!!!!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!

!!!!

g/kezm<Slqg/kezm<Slqg/kezm<Slqg/kezm<Slq!!!!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!

!!!!

S/nhqziSf<kiqS/nhqziSf<kiqS/nhqziSf<kiqS/nhqziSf<kiq!!!!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!

!

n/gO{se<n/gO{se<n/gO{se<n/gO{se<!!!!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!

!!!!

-vi/hi{<cbvi\e<-vi/hi{<cbvi\e<-vi/hi{<cbvi\e<-vi/hi{<cbvi\e<!!!!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!

!!!!

G/ohie<epGG/ohie<epGG/ohie<epGG/ohie<epG!!!!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!

!!!!

Os/vil<hqvgiOs/vil<hqvgiOs/vil<hqvgiOs/vil<hqvgi]]]]<<<<!!!!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!

!!!!

s/-tlixe<s/-tlixe<s/-tlixe<s/-tlixe<!!!!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<!

!

!

!

!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

ohiVtmg<gl<ohiVtmg<gl<ohiVtmg<gl<ohiVtmg<gl<!!!!CONTENT

2/!Historical background of Juvenile Justice Act and Functions of

Juvenile Justice System in TamilNadu

*Mrs S.Poomari - 1

3/!Historical Background of Women Empowerment in

Rural Political System in India

*MrsT. Selvi - 5

4/!okiz<gih<hqb!Nb<Ugt<!

*S/lOgS/lOgS/lOgS/lOg]]]]<!hi{<c<!hi{<c<!hi{<c<!hi{<c! ! ! ! ! ! ! .! 9

5/!Pragmatic and Semantic Views of Translating Literature

*Dr.A.Munian - 10

6/!Development of Competency in Mother Tongue Through

Learning English as Second Language

*T.M.Shrithika - 14

7/!jpthfu> gpq;fy epfz;Lfspy; ,ir gw;wpa nra;jpfs;

*ePyNfrp.n[ePyNfrp.n[ePyNfrp.n[ePyNfrp.n[ - 17

8/!kqxeib<U!Ofig<gqz<!.!OhvisqiqbI!n/squohVlieqe<!

NsqiqbI!h{qOb!nxh<h{q!

*LjeuI!Ogi/kr<jgbeLjeuI!Ogi/kr<jgbeLjeuI!Ogi/kr<jgbeLjeuI!Ogi/kr<jgbe<! ! ! ! ! ! .! 32

9/!l{<olipqh<!OhSl<!‘wR<Osim<Mh<!oh{<’

*Ljeui<!vi/o\bzm<SlqLjeui<!vi/o\bzm<SlqLjeui<!vi/o\bzm<SlqLjeui<!vi/o\bzm<Slq! ! ! ! ! ! .! 35

:/!gizk<kqe<!Gvzig!yzqk<k!slbl<!

*of/Skiof/Skiof/Skiof/Ski! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .! 39

21/!fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbl<!

*-vi/lOg^<uvq-vi/lOg^<uvq-vi/lOg^<uvq-vi/lOg^<uvq! ! ! ! ! ! ! .! 43

22/!mfjp epiyapd; typfs; : ‘vy;iy jhz;lh mfjpfs;’

rpWfij Clhd tiuT

*K.fpwp];Nlhgu;K.fpwp];Nlhgu;K.fpwp];Nlhgu;K.fpwp];Nlhgu; - 35

23/!/gpuha;ba thrpg;gpy; GwehD}w;W tpwypahw;Wg; gil ghly;fs;

*m.,yq;Nf];tud;m.,yq;Nf];tud;m.,yq;Nf];tud;m.,yq;Nf];tud; - 38

24/!yh<hqbz<!Ofig<gqz<!.!gikish<kskq?! hkqoe{<!gQp<g<g{g<G!

*Ljeui</oh/SlkqLjeui</oh/SlkqLjeui</oh/SlkqLjeui</oh/Slkq! ! ! ! ! ! ! .! 53

25/!xsitahh; ghly;fspy; Md;kPfr; rpe;jidfs;

*Kidth; gh.fPjhKidth; gh.fPjhKidth; gh.fPjhKidth; gh.fPjh - 46

26/!-vilfikHvl<!lium<mk<kqz<<!-f<K!L^<zql<!dxUgt<!sr<g!gizk<kqzqVf<Ok…

*klqp<s<osl<lz<!guqRI!k^<zql<gi\iklqp<s<osl<lz<!guqRI!k^<zql<gi\iklqp<s<osl<lz<!guqRI!k^<zql<gi\iklqp<s<osl<lz<!guqRI!k^<zql<gi\i!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!! ! .! 61

!

27/!Bue<!sf<kqvOsgi<!hjmh<Hgtqz<!GMl<h!dxUgt<!

*n/o\bgqiQmn/o\bgqiQmn/o\bgqiQmn/o\bgqiQm<! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .! 65

28/!nxqUlkqbqe<!guqjkh<Ohig<G!

*Ljeui<!-vi/-viO\ <̂uiqLjeui<!-vi/-viO\ <̂uiqLjeui<!-vi/-viO\ <̂uiqLjeui<!-vi/-viO\ <̂uiq! ! ! ! ! ! .! 68

29/!GlvGVhvi<!Yi<!Nzbg<!gzsl<!

*Ljeui<!-vi/uq\bhivkqLjeui<!-vi/uq\bhivkqLjeui<!-vi/uq\bhivkqLjeui<!-vi/uq\bhivkq! ! ! ! ! ! .! 72

2:/!ts;syhH je;j jpUtUl;gh - jpUtUl;gh Rl;Lk; ,irmk;rqfs;

*fyhepjp jpUkjp Rfd;ah mutpe;jd;fyhepjp jpUkjp Rfd;ah mutpe;jd;fyhepjp jpUkjp Rfd;ah mutpe;jd;fyhepjp jpUkjp Rfd;ah mutpe;jd; - 64

31/!uqg<gqvlikqk<beqe<!guqjk!outq;!sibz<!weh<hMuK!

biokeqe<!okiGh<jh!Le<juk<K!

*Ljeui<!n/gi/npgi<silqLjeui<!n/gi/npgi<silqLjeui<!n/gi/npgi<silqLjeui<!n/gi/npgi<silq!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! .! 78

32/!klqp<!-zg<gqbr<gtqz<!LVge<!Gxqk<k!Nb<Ugt<!

*li/ohix<ogicli/ohix<ogicli/ohix<ogicli/ohix<ogic!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! ! .! 82

33/!Alagarkovil as Gleaned from The Literature With Special Reference to

Paripatal, Silappadikaram and Nalayira Divya Prabandam

*P. Kayalvizhi - 74

34/!hiuqk<kiz<!OhiKl<!hvlfqjz!wb<Kukx<Og"!

*Ljeui<!S/gif<kqKjvLjeui<!S/gif<kqKjvLjeui<!S/gif<kqKjvLjeui<!S/gif<kqKjv! ! ! ! ! ! .! 89

35/!dOu/silqfikJbVl<!hpf<klqp<!Yjzs<Suc!F~z<gTl<!

*LjeuI!li/fmviseLjeuI!li/fmviseLjeuI!li/fmviseLjeuI!li/fmvise<! ! ! ! ! ! .! 93

36/!nxg<Ogim<him<<cz<!ut<tLl<!fizcBl<!

*h/nVtLklh/nVtLklh/nVtLklh/nVtLkl<!! ! ! ! ! ! ! .! 96

37/!oh{<{qbk<jk!Hxf<kt<tqb!okiz<gih<hqbLl<?!lEUl<!

*s/OkukqVuVt<s/OkukqVuVt<s/OkukqVuVt<s/OkukqVuVt<! ! ! ! ! ! ! .! 99

38/!klqpvqe<!l{l<!

*Ljeuv<!sq/gzqb&v<k<kqLjeuv<!sq/gzqb&v<k<kqLjeuv<!sq/gzqb&v<k<kqLjeuv<!sq/gzqb&v<k<kq! ! ! ! ! ! .! :4

39/!kqj{olipq!Jl<hkqe<!himz<gtqz<!osiz<zqjs!ntohjm!

*oh/vi\ozm<Slqoh/vi\ozm<Slqoh/vi\ozm<Slqoh/vi\ozm<Slq! ! ! ! ! ! ! .! :7

3:/!ut<Tue<!g{<m!nvsqbz<!sqf<kjegt<!

*L/geqs<osz<uqL/geqs<osz<uqL/geqs<osz<uqL/geqs<osz<uq! ! ! ! ! ! ! .! ::

41/!w^</vilgqV]<{eqe<!‘ke<jeg<gmf<kui<’!sqXgjkbqz<!!! uip<uqbz<!sqf<kjegt<!

*l/Ogiuqf<kql/Ogiuqf<kql/Ogiuqf<kql/Ogiuqf<kq! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .! 213

gF> ®ø›mgF> ®ø›mgF> ®ø›mgF> ®ø›m ä ä ä ä √[™V‚|√[™V‚|√[™V‚|√[™V‚|›››› >taB_ gFs>µ - ( ∞©´_ ä 2019 ) >taB_ gFs>µ - ( ∞©´_ ä 2019 ) >taB_ gFs>µ - ( ∞©´_ ä 2019 ) >taB_ gFs>µ - ( ∞©´_ ä 2019 ) ISSN : 2278-7550 *1*

Historical background of Juvenile Justice Act and Functions of Juvenile Justice System in TamilNadu

*Mrs S.Poomari, Assistant Professor, Department of History, Sri Meenakshi Govt Arts College for Women (A), Madurai – 2.

According to the Juvenile Justice Act direction to the juvenile justice board duties and functions of the juvenile justice system in Taminadu. The juvenile justice system comprises of various agencies such as the police, probation, Juvenile Justice Boards, and observation homes and special homes. Delinquency includes both violent and non-violent activities. Culture of violence has become very common among the children in India. a few years ago, in Tamil Nadu, a school going student murdered his own lady teacher, and a couple of students in an engineering college in a southern district of Tamil Nadu brutally murdered their college principal. The prevalence of sexual offences is also very common among the juveniles in India particularly in Tamilnadu. Moreover, smuggling, kidnapping, property crimes, and cyber-crimes are also committed by the juveniles. Delinquent activities committed by the children are found to be ever increasing in India today. Numerous factors such as poverty, Illiteracy, unemployment, broken families, maltreatment of children, spoiled peer group, lack of care & protection, influence of mass media, improper socialization etc are cited for the incidence of juvenile delinquency. In this backdrop, this present paper attempt to made an essential steps and appropriate preventive strategies and controlling mechanisms such as like advanced developed countries to prevent the deviant activities among the children.

Key Words: Juvenile Justice System, Probation, Observation Home, Special Home

Introduction

According to the Juvenile Justice Act direction to the juvenile justice board duties and functions of the juvenile justice system in Taminadu.The juvenile justice system comprises of various agencies such as the police, probation, Juvenile Justice Boards, and observation homes and special homes.Juvenile Delinquency is a global phenomenon and serious social problems in India. Particularly in TamiNadu. Delinquency includes both violent and non-violent activities. Culture of violence has become very common among the children in India. afew years ago, in Tamil Nadu, a school going student murdered his own lady teacher, and a couple of students in an engineering college in a southern district of Tamil Nadu brutally murdered their college principal. The prevalence of sexual offences is also very common among the juveniles in India particularly in Tamilnadu. Moreover, smuggling, kidnapping, property crimes, and cyber-crimes are also committed by the juveniles. Delinquent activities committed by the children are found to be ever increasing in India today. Numerous factors such as poverty, Illiteracy, unemployment, broken families, maltreatment of children, spoiled peer group, lack of care & protection, influence of mass media, improper socialization etc are cited for the incidence of juvenile delinquency. The unwanted and licentious acts of juvenile delinquency not only degrade the glorious Indian culture, but also arrest the balanced development of the nation. The predominant velocity of the problem of juvenile delinquency requires the modern social scientists to rethink, and to find out ways and means to eradicate problems (Murugesan D &Ramakrishnan, M, 2014).


Definition of Juvenile Delinquency

The Oxford dictionary explains a juvenile delinquent as “a person below the legal age of (criminal) accountability and above a certain minimum age, who is held punishable for breaking the law” The Encyclopedia of ‘Crime and Justice’ (1983) defines Juvenile delinquency as such conduct by children which is either volatile of the prohibition of the criminal laws or is otherwise regarded as deviant and inappropriate. (ShipraLavania, 1993) In India, Juvenile Justice Act of 1986 was enacted as model legislation to provide the uniform definition in the country in respect of juvenile delinquents. It was amended in 2000 named by Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 and the further amendment of the Act was on 2006 with a vision to adopting a child-friendly approach in the negotiation and disposition of matters in the best interests of children and for their rehabilitation and overall development. (N.V. Paranjape, 2011).

Juvenile Justice Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2015

Some notable summary of the JJ Act 2015 are given below/- The bill will allow a Juvenile Justice Board, which would include psychologists and sociologists, to decide whether a juvenile involved in criminal activities in the age group of 16–18 should be tried as an adult or not. While the possibility of children between the ages of 16 and 18 years being tried as adults for heinous offenses has arisen. This means that a distinct set of reform and rehabilitation measures will have to be taken for such children. (The Gazette of India, 2016, Ministry of Child and Women Development).

Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Module rules, 2016

These module rules give some guidelines to the Juvenile Justice System deals with juveniles comes under conflict with the law. Here is that rules are the prevention of children from conflict with the law. Such as “Individual Care Plan” is an all-inclusive development plan for a child based on age and gender-specific needs and case history of the child, prepared in consultation with the child, in order to renovate the child’s self-esteem, dignity and self-worth and nurture him into a responsible citizen and consequently the plan shall discourse the following, including but not inadequate to, desires of a child, namely:- (a) health and nutrition needs, including any special needs; (b) emotional and psychological needs; (c) educational and training needs; (d) leisure, creativity and play; (e) protection from all kinds of abuse, neglect and maltreatment; (f) restoration and follow up; (g) social mainstreaming; (h) life skill training and etc.

Statistics on Incidence of Juvenile Crime in TamilNadu2016

Crime in India Statistics published by the National Crime Records Bureau for every year the incidence of crime in all over India and state wise includes Union Territories. The following statistics statistics published by the NCRB has been made. The following table indicates that incidence of Juvenile Crime under IPC and SLL during 2016 in TamilNadu

The prevalence of Crimes under IPC and SLL during 2016 in Tamil Nadu

Crime Heads Number of Cases Percentage

Murder 48 2.3

Attempt to Murder 61 2.8

Rape 13 0.5

Robbery 61 2.8


Burglary 141 6.4

Theft 667 30

Riots 48 2.2

Hurt 11 0.5

Death by negligence 48 2.3

Other IPC crimes 589 26.6

Gambling Act 3 0.1

Prohibition Act 11 0.5

Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act

0 0

SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act

0 0

Copyright Act 0 0.

Other SLL crimes 516 23

Total 2217 100.0

Source: NCRB Statistics (2016)

The above statistics relating to crimes by children, under the both IPC and SLL crimes, during the year 2016 in the state of Tamil Nadu are indicated in table 3 Out of a total 1687 IPC Crimes, 869 Cases are related to property offenses or, in other words, nearly 51 percent of the cases are property crimes. With regards to the SLL crimes, of the total 530 cases registered during 2016, eleven cases were under the Prohibition Act and 3 cases were under the Gambling Act.

Functions of Juvenile Justice System in TamilNadu

The juvenile justice system comprises of various agencies such as the police, probation, Juvenile Justice Boards, and Institutions (observation homes and special homes).

Police: In the juvenile justice system, police is the first agency with whom a juvenile in conflict with the law comes in contact. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act 2000 provides for the constitution of Special Juvenile Police Unit (SJPU) – a special unit of the police force – to deal with a Juvenile in conflict with law. The Act also states that one officer in every police station need to be designated as Child Welfare Officer (JCWO). In the state of Tamil Nadu, at the police station level, there are some officers designated as Child Welfare Officers; it is understood that such officers are also assigned other tasks.

Probation: The probation system is represented by probation officers. In the state of Tamil Nadu, adult probation system comes under prisons department, whereas juvenileprobation system functions under the Directorate of Social Defense. The probation officer is considered as a friend, a philosopher, and a guide of the children in conflict with law because he or she plays a crucial role in the whole criminal justice process, right from the apprehension by police till


rehabilitation and social re-integration. At present, there are 26 probation officers in the state. Generally, one probation officer is incharge of a district.

Juvenile Justice Board: The Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 mandates the constitution of Juvenile Justice Board in every district. Section 4(2) of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000, provides for constitution of a Board which shall consist of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the First class, as the case may be, and two Social workers of whom at least one shall be a woman. In the state of Tamil Nadu there are only eight Juvenile Justice Boards which are in response to the amendment of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000. In 2006 (Central Act No. 33 of 2006), the Government of Tamil Nadu has issued order to constitute and established one JJB in each district.

Conclusion

The juvenile justice system intensely highlights a distinct set of care, treatment reformative and rehabilitative measures to be taken for children in conflict with law. As like in the developed countries, Indian children, particularly in TamiNadu, are also sheltered from cautiously enacted laws and principles which attempt to safeguard the child protection, upcoming and reformation which comprise several preventive mechanism and control strategies such as state-level stakeholders to protect mainstream children in. Apart from the existence of national and international statutes, convention and declarations, etc., the government necessitates take consistent , follow-up and evaluation , and careful actions along with the state level stakeholders such as criminal justice functionaries-especially juvenile justice systems, NGOs, legal experts, academicians, educational institutions to take initial steps and speed-up the worldwideascertainedeffectiveactions and preventionstrategies to control the deviant activities by children in the modern society.

!

!

!

!

!

!


Historical Background of Women Empowerment in

Rural Political System in India

*MrsT. Selvi, Assistant Professor, Department of History, Rani Anna Government College for Women, Tirunelveli- 8.

During the medievalera, women were treated as one of the vulnerable and their rights

were denied in whole society includes their homes. The socio-economic and political participation were generally unavailable to them. Sati was one of the inhuman treatment on women and also various impartial treatments of women by the male dominated society. In the past few millennia the status of women had raised up by the reformers who were men and women. The contemporary India, women had held highest position in political systems that of President of India, Prime Minister of India, Speaker of the LokSabha and RajyaSabha, Union Ministers, Governors, Chief Ministers, Several ministers for the state governments etc. Apart from that, they have to hold the various positions in the local bodies. The Indian Constitution protected the women’s rights through equality, dignity, and freedom from discrimination. Establishment of numerous National Commissions, International conventions, legal enactments and declarations has been mostlyfavour of empowerment of women. The governmentof India came out with one-third of reservation for women in jobs and local body institutions. But, the prevalence of violence against women in the place of women reservation constituencies by both the family members and functionary seems to have exercised power on behalf of women. In this framework, the present paper attempt to made an summaries the Historical background of Women Empowerment in Rural Political system in India

Key Words:Contemporary Issues, Modern Political System, Reservation, Women Empowerment, Historical Background of Women Empowerment in Rural Political System in India.

Introduction

All the societies where past and present women are one of the marginalized and vulnerable groups. The women werenot fairly treated by the patriarchal society in medieval period. But, the women participation in the rural political system was not importance to preference to women. But our modern political systemhas wide importance that not only related to voting rights, but also simultaneously relates to participation in decision-making process, political activism, and political consciousness etc. Our constitution emphasize to eradicate gender inequalities by banning discrimination based on gender and class, prohibiting human trafficking and forced labor, and reserving elected positions for women.

The agitation of the early social-reformers about the social evils that affected women in the family displaced by nationalist issues, resulting in the neglect of women’s unequal social and economic positions. The constitutional reforms of 1999, Sarojini Naidu was part of a deputation of a home rule league who went to Britain to lobby for reforms and franchise rights. In 1918, the Indian National Congress supported the granting of the vote to women. Then afterwards, women were also given the right to enter into the legislature. Dr. MuthulakshmiReddi became the first


woman legislative councilor in Madras. Moreover, several women activists, particularly Sarojini Naidu, involved in political activities, also campaigned for women rights and empowerment. Presently, rural women play aimportant role in the domestic and socio-economic and political life of the society and consequently, national development is not possible without active involvement of women.

Historical background of problems faced by women

Our Indian Constitution in 1950 officially granted voting rights for women and men. Erstwhile to worldwide suffrage, regional legislatures had granted right to vote for women. Madras was the first to grant voting rights for women in 1921, but only to those men and women who possessed land property according to Britain government statutes, the rights granted in response to the undertaking towards voting rights were limited to qualifications of literacy and property ownership by either herself or husbands. This omitted enormous majority of Indian women and men from voting because they were poor. This changed in 1950 when universal suffrage was granted to all adult Indian citizens both men and women. After the various decades enlarged participation is happening in both rich and poor states in India. The Committee on the Status of Women had recommended in 1976 that one confirmatory way to inspire women’s entry into politics is the formation of all women Panchayats by means of the legislature. The Committee stated that these women Panchayats would not be parallel organizations to Gram Sabhas of village Panchayats. They had recommended as a provisional portion to break through traditional attitudes in rural society which inhibit women’s political participation. The present situation is, women find it very difficult to face the tug-of-war with men and are able to get elected or co-opted only from reserved seats. As a transitory measure, all women Gram Sabhas should be organized. In the year 2009, The Government of India sanctioned 50% reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions. The number of Indian states has implemented 50% reservation for women in Panchayat Raj. The mainstream of candidates in these Panchayats are women.

The Election Commission of India has required increasing voter turnout by cleaning up electoral rolls and removing missing or deceased members. Voter outreach has included thoroughly checked in all householders for voter registration, and in 2014 elections, voters have issued photo id with polling station information to increase voter turnout. Increased voter turnout in India is also partially due to the women voters, particularly in rural areas. Election Commission of India has sought to encourage voter registration among women particularly in rural areas and participation through education and outreach on college and university campuses.

Constitutional Amendments to Reservation for Women

73rdand74thAmendments of the Indian constitution have deliberatedappropriate gratitude and position to the panchayat raj institutions in India. The significant revolutionary of the seventy third constitutional amendment is the thirty-three percent reservation for women at all levels of local bodies. Eventhough, in realism, that representation of women in Panchayat Raj Institutions is still not satisfactory. The worldwide questions raised to increase women’s participation in politics and decision-making process: Women are yet to be participated in a large way in the decision -making process. This necessitates greater participation of women in politics. The contemporary system is political parties have to realize that the issues relating to women are not the matters to be dealt with by men only. They are to be deliberated and obvious at the national level. The parties need to assurance of large proportion of seats at least 30% to women, particularlydeliberate the rural women.

Women participation in Modern Political System

Women participation in modern political system in India, they have held highest positions including that of the President of India, Prime Minister of India, Speaker of the LokSabha and RajyaSabha, Union Ministers, Governors,Chief Ministers, Ministers for several departments in


state level etc. Apart from that, they have held various positions at local bodies in Panchayat Raj Institutions. The Indian Constitution secured the women’s rights through equality, dignity, and freedom from discrimination.

India is a multi-party system with the few registered parties at the national level. These parties have increased outreach among women voters as India's party system has become more modest. This is also contained the formation of women's wings in the major parties. Women's participation in political parties is tied to the increasing demand for equal rights. While, multiparty system is practicing in various states in India. These parties are also referencing to women’s wings within their parties seeking to demand for certain political empowerment to women’s. But, the rural woman has not equal rights and privileges than urban and rich women. Because the rural women who has only contest the election at local bodies, do not get much opportunity for the contest the position of higher offices such as state and central legislationsas well as parliament and etc.

Needs of Women Empowerment in PRIs

It’s necessitates to empower the women in politics especially in the panchayat raj institutions, when utmost it essentials to eradicates all the evil killing spoiled the women's rights and values in the society such as illiteracy rate, demanding dowry by bride-grooms, honour killing, female infanticide, Abortion of pre-natal sex determination,sexual harassment at home and workplaces, gender inequality, and domestic violence against women, rape, prostitution, women and girl child trafficking, and other issues. Gender discrimination in the state brings social, economic, cultural and educational differences which push the country back. The greatest active resolution to kill such evils is making effective participation of women in politics empowered by ensuring the Right to Equality stated in the Constitution of India. Substantialsignificance to the gender equality enables women empowerment all over the country. It would be encouraged by the children in each and every family. It necessitiesfor women to be strong physically, mentally and politically. Meanwhile, the better education can be the upliftment of women needs a healthy family to bring a holistic development of the nation. Still in many rural areas, there is a trend of early marriage and childbirth because of the poverty, lack of security and problems of illiteracy among the parents. In this backdrop, various steps should have been taken by the government to prevent violence, social separation, gender discrimination and abuse against women.

Conclusion

The numerous eminent social scientists and political thinkers argued that came across a huge number of urban women, originallycame from rural areas, who are now voluntarily among themselves to extend their services to rural societies. India has predominantlytrustedon method of reservation to safeguard women’s presence in decision-making process. Representation for women in political organizations through a proportion system has been recognized as one important means of achieving gender equality in India as elsewhere. Here, there is aessential to encourage women’s participation in new kinds of groups and associations which contribute to an atmosphere of leadership by women as well as associate training and networking for elected women. The political empowerment of rural women has become one of the most significantalarms in our present epoch. It’s not only possible by the Government without support from concern stake holders and other appropriate measures. While, the Government initiate to appropriate action along with concern stakeholders, social activists, academicians, and create the awareness about public participation to create a gender equality and give the opportunity to rural women for self-decision making and effective participation in the national, state and local politics. Therefore, the essential implementation of rural women empowerment in all levels of politics, not only with respect to the reservation, it should be avoid the intervention of families, dominant males and any other social force is predominantlyessential for the future of women and major role for decision making process in rural politics.


!!!!

!!!!

okiz<gih<hqbokiz<gih<hqbokiz<gih<hqbokiz<gih<hqb!!!!Nb<Ugt<Nb<Ugt<Nb<Ugt<Nb<Ugt<!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*S/lOgS/lOgS/lOgS/lOg]]]]<!hi{<c<!hi{<c<!hi{<c<!hi{<c?!?!?!?!LjeuIhm<mNb<uitI?!nb<bfimii<!\iegqnl<lit<!gz<Z~iq!)ke<eim<sq*?!squgisq/!

!

Ofig<Ggtl<Ofig<Ggtl<Ofig<Ggtl<Ofig<Ggtl<!!!!

! hpf<klqp<s<! s&gk<kqe<! okie<jljbfqXuNu{ligk<! kqgPl<! F~z<! okiz<gih<hqbl<!NGl</!gz<uqbqe<!utIs<sqg<gigUl<?fqXuer<gt<!kr<gjtLe<eqXk<kUl<!klqpqe<!Ole<jljb!hqxVg<GSm<m! Ou{<cbgm<mibl<! Wx<hm<mkiz<! okiz<gih<hqbl<! hx<xqbuquvj{jbBl<!njuokimIhieNb<uqjeBl<! Olx<ogit<twk<keqk<kK/! okiz<gih<hqbhkqh<Hgt<?Nb<Ugt<!Ngqbjuhk<okie<hkil<! F~x<xi{<ce<! gizgm<mk<kqz<! ohVgqe/! okiz<gih<hqbk<kqe<! Nb<Ug<!gtr<gjtLe<eqXk<Kukig!-g<gm<Mjv!-g<gm<mjvuqiqgqe<xK/!

okiz<gih<hqbLl<!uquvj{Bl<okiz<gih<hqbLl<!uquvj{Bl<okiz<gih<hqbLl<!uquvj{Bl<okiz<gih<hqbLl<!uquvj{Bl<!!!!

! okimg<ggizk<kqz<! okiz<gih<hqbk<kqe<! ohiVtkqgivl<! Gxqk<KLk<Ks<silqJbI?!ohbIokiqbik! yVuI?! L/! -vigjubr<giI?gi/S/! hqt<jt! NgqObiI! okiz<gih<hqbk<kqje!uquvj{Ljxbqz<! Nb<uqjek<! okimr<gqeI/! hpf<klqpIuip<U! we<hkjek<! okiz<gih<hqbh<!ohiVtkqgivk<OkiM!-j{k<KNb<Uzgqz<!HGf<keI/!!

! okiz<gih<hqbngk<kqj{?Hxk<kqj{we<xkqj{g<gm<mjlh<Hjlbg<gtligogi{<Mokiz<gih<hqbk<jkngfqjzbqZl<! HxfqjzbqZl<! uqtg<Gl<! F~z<gt<! Okie<xzibqe/! oz/h/gV/!-vilfikeqe<!‘okiz<gih<hqbs<!osz<ul<’h/nV{is<szk<kqe<!‘okiz<gih<hqbl<’ ?sq/-zr<Gueiiqe<!‘okiz<gih<hqbNvib<s<sq’ ?f/Sh<Hovm<cbiiqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbl<! gim<Ml<! uip<g<jg’ ?n/gq/fiBMuqe<!‘okiz<gih<hqbIg{<mklqpIsLkibl<’ ?HzuIGpf<jkbqe<!‘okiz<gih<hqbIgizk<klqp<’ ?silqsqkl<hveiiqe<! okiz<gih<hqbk<! klqpI’ ?g/out<jtuiv{iqe<!‘klqp<! -zg<gqbuvziX–okiz<gih<hqbl<’ ?u/Sh/! li{qg<geiiqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbg<! gmz<’ ?!klqOpiuqbeqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbg<! gizl<’oli/n/Kjvnvr<geiiqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbofxq’ ?!ohix<Ogiuqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbnxqLgl<’ ?klqp{<{zqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbI’ ?Osi/f/gf<ksilqbqe<!‘okiz<gih<hqbk<!oktqU’ ?G/OligeviSuqe<!okiz<gih<hqbuqVf<K’ ?g/h/nxui{eqe<!nx<jxfim<!gikZl<! uQvLl<’Osil/-tuvS?! -vi/-tr<Glve<! NgqObiiqe<! -zg<g{uvziXgt<?!gjzg<gtR<sqbl<?ngvikqgt<?gm<Mjvgt<?okiz<gih<hqbdjvh<hkqh<Hgt<?Lkzie! -e<El<! hz!F~z<gt<! okiz<gih<hqbk<kqje! nxqLgl<! osb<ukigUl<?! okiz<gih<hqb! Nb<uqje!Le<oeMh<hkigUl<!njlgqe<xjk!nxqbLcgqe<xK/!

okiz<gih<hqbl<!yh<hQm<MNb<UgTl<okiz<gih<hqbl<!yh<hQm<MNb<UgTl<okiz<gih<hqbl<!yh<hQm<MNb<UgTl<okiz<gih<hqbl<!yh<hQm<MNb<UgTl<!!!!

!!!! okiz<gih<hqbl<! Gxqk<Kyh<hQm<Mfqjzbqz<! hzNb<Ugt<! klqpqz<! fqgp<k<kh<hm<Mt<te/!olipqbqbz<!upq!yh<hqm<MNb<Ugtigokiz<gih<hqbLe<OeicNb<Ugt<!kqgp<gqe<xe/!hqxolipq!-zg<g{! F~z<gOtiM! yh<hqmz<?klqpqz<! Okie<xqbhqx! -zg<g{! F~OziMyh<hqmz<! we<x!gVk<Kg<gtk<kqjeg<! ogi{<M! -zg<g{! F~z<gtqe<! yh<hQMGxqk<Kgm<Mjvgt<! hz!wPkh<hm<me/! umolipqbqz<! dt<thi{qeQbl<?! ljzbitk<kqZt<t! -zg<g{! F~z<gt<!okiz<gih<hqbk<jk! yh<hqm<Mnux<xqe<! keqk<ke<jlgt<! wMk<Kjvg<gh<! ohx<Xt<te/! -ux<xqz<!G/lQeim<sqbqe<! ‘n]<mik<kkqbibqZl<?okiz<gih<hqbk<kqZt<t! -zg<g{g<! Ogim<hiMgt<’ ?!g/hizSh<hqvl{qbeqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbLl<! hi{qeQbLl<! YI! yh<hib<U’ LkzieNb<Ugt<!okiz<gih<hqbyh<hqm<MNb<Ug<gtk<kqz<! Gxqk<Ks<! osiz<zh<hm<m! Ou{<cbju! NGl</!okiz<gih<hqbk<jkfe<E~z<?Oflqfikl<?uQvOsipqbl<?k{<cbzr<givl<?bih<hVr<gzl<! we<xklqp<!-zg<g{!F~z<gOtiMyh<hQm<Ml<!Nb<OuMgt<?F~z<gt<?Nb<Ug<!gm<Mjvgt<!njlf<ke/!

okiz<gih<hqbLl<!olipqbqbZl<okiz<gih<hqbLl<!olipqbqbZl<okiz<gih<hqbLl<!olipqbqbZl<okiz<gih<hqbLl<!olipqbqbZl<!!!!

!!!! hk<okie<hkil<! F~x<xi{<cz<! wz<zq^<?giz<Mouz<! dt<tqm<mOljzfim<MnxqRIgtiz<!Le<oeMg<gh<hm<m! olipqbqbz<! siIf<k! nch<hjm! Nb<Ugt<! -Vhkil<! F~x<xi{<cz<!


ohVutIs<sqohx<Xk<!kqgp<gqe<xe/!ok/ohi/lQeim<sqSf<kveiI?uq/J/!Sh<hqvl{qbe<?!G/!lQeim<sq?!Oli/-^<Ovz<?! s/ngk<kqbzqr<gl<?! os/ju/! s{<Lgl<?! gi/hizSh<hqvl{qbe<?! -/LVjgbe<!Ohie<OxiI! okiz<gih<hqbk<jk! olipqbqbz<! Ofig<gqz<! Nb<Ug<gtligg<! ogi{<M!Nb<uqjefgIk<kqs<!ose<xeI/!

! os/ju/!s{<Lgk<kqe<!‘okiz<gih<hqbk<!okimiqbz<’ ?ngk<kqbzqr<gk<kqe<!‘okiz<gih<hqb!dVuig<gl<’ ?‘okiz<gih<hqbg<! guqjkbqbz<’ ?‘okiz<gih<hqbolipqbqbz<’ ?! Lkzqb! F~z<gt<!okiz<gih<hqbk<jkolipqbqbz<!Hzk<OkiMNvib<f<kjlbqz<!Le<!fqx<gqe<xe/!

okiz<gih<hqbLl<!Nb<UgTl<okiz<gih<hqbLl<!Nb<UgTl<okiz<gih<hqbLl<!Nb<UgTl<okiz<gih<hqbLl<!Nb<UgTl<!!!!

!!!! okiz<gih<hqbl<! uvziX?! s&gl<?! lieqmuqbz<?! olipqbqbz<?! guqjkbqbz<?! fuQeg<!Ogim<hiMgt<! we<x! gVKOgijtjlbligg<! ogi{<MNb<Ugt<! hzLe<oeMg<gh<hm<Mt<te/!nux<xqz<!okiz<gih<hqbk<kqe<!ohiVtkqgivOlNb<uqx<giegtk<kqe<!ncfqjzbignjlgqe<xK/!

! sqe</! Ogikqz<! olipqbeqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbk<kqz<! sikqofxq’! ohi/fi/! glziuqe<!‘okiz<gih<hqbk<kqz<! fuQes<! sqf<kjegt<’ ohi/Ouz<silq?n/liIg<sqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqb!dVuig<gk<kqe<! h{<him<M! nvsqbz<’ ?! figI\`eeqe<! ‘olb<h<him<cbz<! Ofig<gqz<!Olx<gk<kqbHjegjk’ ?wl</c/! Lk<Kg<Glivsilqbqe<‘olb<h<him<cbz<! osb<kqg<! Gxqh<hqje!dbqIk<kz<’\lizeqe<! ‘klqp<! olipqBl<! klqp<s<! s&gLl<’gi/! squk<kl<hqbqe<!‘okiz<gih<hqbLl<! guqjkBl<’ ?! vi\<og{kleqe<! ‘nxqUh<! ohiKjlbig<gk<kqz<!okiz<gih<hqbg<! ogijm’ ?hqOvl<! vOl]qe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbl<! dVuig<Gl<! dmz<?!hqvkqujvhmk<kqe<! OgiMgjtg<! gjzh<hKl<! Nr<gir<G! fQm<cujth<hKl<’ ?lgiviseqe<!‘okiz<gih<hqbk<kqz<! s&gh<! hcfqjzgt<’ ?‘okiz<gih<hqbk<kqz<! N{<?oh{<! hx<xqbgvk<kig<gl<’ Lkzie!F~z<gt<!okiz<gih<hqbk<kqe<!Nb<Uk<kmk<kqjes<!Sm<Mgqe<xe/!

okiz<giokiz<giokiz<giokiz<gih<hqbdjvNb<Ugt<h<hqbdjvNb<Ugt<h<hqbdjvNb<Ugt<h<hqbdjvNb<Ugt<!!!!

! okiz<gih<hqbdjvgt<! Gxqk<K! -Vhkil<! F~x<xi{<cz<! Nb<Ugt<! osb<bh<hm<me/!okiz<gih<hqbk<kqx<GdjvwPkqbdjvbisqiqbIgt<! nkx<gieohiVt<Ogimjzwu<uiXkr<gt<!gizk<kqz<! fqgp<k<kqeIwe<hjkjlbh<ohiV{<jlbigg<! ogi{<M! djvbisqiqbIgjt!Le<eqXk<kq!okiz<gih<hqb!Nb<Ug<gtl<!uqiqujmf<kK/!

! okiz<gih<hqbdjvbisqiqbIgtie! -tl<H,v{I?! OhvisqiqbI?! OseiujvbI?!okb<us<sqjzbiI?! fs<sqeiIg<gqeqbI?gz<zimINgqObiiqe<! djvgjtlkqh<hqm<Ml<! yh<hqm<Ml<!Nb<Ugt<! Olx<ogit<th<hm<me/! ! si/gqVm<ce! &Ik<kqbqe<! ‘-tl<H,v{Idjv’ ?L/sf<kiek<kqe<!‘OhvisqiqbIdjvk<kqxeg<’ ?! Osi/fi/! gf<ksilqbqe<‘okb<us<sqjzbiIdjvk<kqxl<’ ?s/GVsilqbqe<!‘-tl<H,v{Idjvofxq’ ?‘OhvisqiqbIdjvofxq’ ?OseiujvbIdjvofxq’ ?‘fs<sqeiIg<gqeqbIdjvofxq’Ngqbedjvhx<xqbNb<uqx<G!K~{<MOgizignjlgqe<xe/!

okiz<gih<hqbnjmUgt<okiz<gih<hqbnjmUgt<okiz<gih<hqbnjmUgt<okiz<gih<hqbnjmUgt<!!!!

! okiz<gih<hqbl<! hx<xqbkvUgjtokiGk<KnjmUgt<! hzdVuig<gh<hm<me/! -ju!okiz<gih<hqbk<kqje! nxqukx<giegVuqF~x<! hm<cbzigUl<! osbz<hMgqe<xe/! -ux<Xt<!kqV/l/N/! figl{qncgtiiqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbh<! ohiVtkqgivOlx<Ogit<! uqtg<g! ngvikq’ ?!g/h/nxui{eqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbyh<hqbz<’ ?‘okiz<gih<hqbg<! gtR<sqbl<’ ?u/o\bOkue<?h/ou/!figvi\eqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqb! ngvikq’ ?! uq]<[Gliveqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbs<! sqxh<hgvkq’ ?!-vi/ntr<Glveqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbs<! osix<ohiVm<! gtR<sqbl<’ ?g/k/! kqVfiUg<gvS?!L/s{<Lgl<hqt<jt?! s/olb<bh<he<?! Ogi/gqVm<{&Ik<kq?! s/Os/Sh<hqvl{qbe<?! hi/lKOg]<uve<!NgqObiiqe<! ‘okiz<gih<hqbk<kqe<! hkqh<HnjmUgt<’we! -e<El<! gVuq! F~z<gt<!okiz<gih<hqbl<!Gxqk<KdVuig<gh<hm<MgVuqF~x<!hm<cbZg<GdkUgqe<xe/!!

LcUjvLcUjvLcUjvLcUjv!!!!

! hk<okie<hkil<! lx<Xl<! -Vhkil<! F~x<xi{<Mgizgm<mk<kqz<! okiz<gih<hqbl<!gz<uqbitiqe<! hiIjubqz<! hm<me/! outqfim<miIgt<! okiz<gih<hqbk<kqjeolipqbz<! Ofig<gqz<!Nb<Uosb<Kklqp<s<! s&gk<kqe<! fqjzbqjes<! Sm<cbh<! hqe<eOvklqpiqe<! gizfqjzbqjeBl<!uip<uqbjzBl<! NvibOu{<cgz<uqfqjzbr<gt<! okiz<gih<hqbk<jkLe<oeMk<KfgIf<ke/!yh<hQM?olipq?! djvwe<xNb<Uk<kmk<kqz<! okiz<gih<hqbk<kqe<! Nb<Ug<gtl<! njlf<kK/!hz<gjzg<gpgr<gt<! okiz<gih<hqbNb<uqe<! uvzijxkqvm<Ml<! Ofig<gqz<! okiz<gih<hqbk<jk!ohiV{<jlbigg<! ogi{<M! hz<OuX! Nb<Ug<gVk<kvr<GgjtBl<! Nb<Ug<gm<MjvgjtBl<!slIhqk<kK/! okiz<gih<hqbk<kqe<! uquvj{gjtBl<! Nb<Ug<gtr<gjtBl<! -g<gm<Mjv!uqtg<gqfqx<hkqjenxqbLcgqe<xK/!

! !


Pragmatic and Semantic Views of Translating Literature

*Dr.A.Munian, Department of Linguistics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625021.

Introduction

In certain circumstances speech acquires the seal of literature. The circumstances, which constrain the speaker(s) and the hearer(s) in respect of the use of language in conversation, provide the ample evidences in interpreting and inferring the message in communication. Literature which objectives the notion of communication to the speakers of the language in question creates the problems while translating them to another language. This is due to the non-availability of similar contexts and thought processes between any two language speakers and users. The notion of communicating the worldviews and thoughts through the medium of literatures certainly differs in conceptualization of idealization. This is being encountered while translating those literatures, advocating philosophical ideas and thoughts to be comprehended by the speakers as well as the hearers. Here the problem of identifying the natural equivalences, which can carry over the pragmatic and semantic values as, conceived by the speakers and the hearers.

Pragmatic and Semantic Perception on Literature

The contextual situationalizing the inter and intra relationships to be existing between the language users and language use constitutes the basis of idealization. While translating those literatures, advocating philosophical thoughts, though simple and ease in wordings, focuses the difficulties in accounting the equivalences with similar semantic content. The written materials, acquiring the seal of literature, accomplish the status of authenticity and recordedness in its advocacies. The moment, the addresser tries to prescribe/ advocate the philosophical thoughts to his/her addressees, accounts the world views, and the inner thought process as convinced by the addressees. In other words, the text offers the way of identifying the quality of inferentiality and interpretability skills of the audiences, under the social situations.

The social situations provide the environment of making use of the language structures to express one's own conceptualization of the worldviews. The social structures pressurize the language structures especially the vocabularies with hidden meanings- the pragmatic views, to the level of freezed notions. This phenomenon leads to the notion of exocentric characteristics of the vocabuls. Such written text naturally through the ages of growth centered on the addresser's worldview point towards the addresses. The language use and the language users are got involved in decoding the message appropriately in the context of space and temporal shifts. This leads to create the problems in identifying the pragmatics semantic equivalences in the target language. The nature and the characteristics of the text encounter such problems. i.e. the written text, which consists of the intra and inter personal relationships with the geo-ethnological context, in the form of literature-poetry-provide lot of opportunities for varied interpretations and inferences.

Such phenomenon affects the intended message of both the text and the author. Most of the vocabuls employed in these literary texts expound the property of fossilization in their connotation. Let me cite the illustration from the classical text, "Tirukkural", "caanroon ena keetta taay", the phrase, keetta taay simply convey the meaning, " the mother who heard" at the


surface level, but if one looks deeply into the verse will have to understand the meaning as " the mother who wishes to say that others have to appreciate her child". Here actually loaded meaning to be brought to light when such texts are being translated, Here one has to acknowledge the syntactic structure and the semantic structure determine the pragmatic properties of the language use and the language users. One more illustration may be exemplified to validate the said thesis. Consider the medieval classical text, "Tirumantiram", "natatitum naavinul nanmaikal ellaam totarnttu collotu corporul", the surface level, the meaning conveyed "speech brings well beings", but the deep level, it emphasizes the appropriate usage of speech, which plays a vital role in establishing one's status in the society. In other words, the supremacy of speech through education is advocated.

Especially the concept of literacy rendering differs from one speech community to another. Thereby the advocacy of one's world views in a particular context and cultural circumference quietly differs from those experiencing by another speech community. i.e. the way one exploits the use of language and the language users does not expose similarity or sameness. In other words, the language entails different speech act events among its users and determines the social context. Such thing occurs due to the pragmatic aspects of the speech act and the communicators involved in the events. This kind of situation may be visualized through the following diagrammatic representation:

Language speakers/ participants

Addresser Message Addressees

Social Relevance: Space-Temporal context

Pragmaticism: Socialization of concepts

The religious philosophies as rendered through the literacy pieces of one speech community never the less exhibit similarity or alikeness in its ritualism. The social organization and cultural traits available/ being in practice in one particular speech community is conditioned by the ecological environments in which the language speakers dwell in and around is different from other speech community. In other words, the conceptualization of the worldview as perceived quietly differs from speech community to other. This phenomenon will well attest in the literatures created, being constrained by the flora and fauna. Such traits naturally create the problems of idealizations and conceptualization while translating from the literatures enriched in religious philosophy. Such problems are due to the pragmatic aspects of the speech and the people. That is the intra and inter relationships existing between the addresser and the addressees and also the central theme of the message as comprehended by the author and how to be comprehended by the audiences. This is due to the constraints available in the ecological context and the ethnological aspects of the speech community in question. Such concepts are incorporated in the literacy pieces. The surface level meaning and the vocabuls may seem to appear simple in nature and word structure. But when translating such verses in to the target language, one encounters the problems of not only the incorporation of the hidden meanings and also the dynamic equivalences to connotate the original author's intention. Let us consider the following verse from Tirumantiram:


"yaavarkkum aam iraivarku oru paccilai;

yaavarkkum aam pacuvukku oru vaayurai;

yaavarkkum aam unnumpootu oru kaippiti;

yaavarkkum aam pirarkku innurai taanee"

Saint Tirumular advocates the essence of human behaviour and through that one can visualize the almighty. Very commonly found vocabularies are employed in the verse; but with heavily hidden connotative values are embedded within the language structure. The cultural values are empowered into the simple vocabularies. When such verses are translated into another language where even if such concepts are in practice, no such connotative valued vocabularies are in currency.

The classical texts, almost consist of the geophysical properties like the ability of inferentiality and interpretability of the audiences to whom they are addressed; the social context under which the audiences comprehend the central theme, the spacio-temporal aspects etc. Let me cite one more illustration from the same author. Consider the following verse, which consists of simple forms with vocabularies of current usage. The central theme of the verse is to advocate, "learning and its empowerness of knowledge".

"kallaa aracanum kaalanum neer oppar;

kallaa aracanin kaalan mika nallan;

kallaa aracanaram ooraan'kol' enpan;

nallaaraik kaalan nanuki nillaanee"

The concept of "God of Death" is no doubt a universal one found in all religious philosophy. But the functional aspect- the attitude of God of Death- is expressed differently in this language, which is not attested in other languages. The non-existence of religio- philosophical concept in the target language creates the problem of identifying the dynamic natural equivalence, if is at all found (coined), will definitely either bring out new concept or lead to misinterpretation. The event of fossilization of the language structures along with the meaning and the usage found in the source language causes the setback in decoding the message, in the context of the target language culture. The pragmaticism of the source language use and its users does not equal with those of the target language use and its users..

Further if one looks in to the social structures of one particular speech community, one can understand the idealization of human relation and the social behaviours to be adopted in the society. Such phenomenon may be available in other speech communities with variant structural formations where the language structures exhibit low profile in its use. To demonstrate this feature, let us consider the following verses from Tirukkural:

"kan ninru kan arac collinum collarka

mun inru pin nookkaac col"

and

"nayanila collinum colluka caanroor

payanila collaamai nanru"

Both the couplets advocate how and when, what kind of speech is to be uttered in the midst of others. The author stresses the acquisition of the skill of communicative efficiency in building up the social relationship among the participants involved in the speech act. It seems obligatory on the part of translator to incorporate the sense and essence of the source text to be preserved and rendered in the target language. That means the connotative values of the source text should be kept intact in the target language with easiness for comprehension.


The contextual constraints, wider the gaps found in the socio-cultural traits among the source and target speech communities, the non-correlating of both the events (philosophical concepts) and the vocabularies symbolizing such events hinder the process of an effective translation in the target language.

Moreover the classical texts expose the socio-cultural traits as profound in the context of ethno-ecological situations. The multi characteristics of the vocabules with wider ranges of language use and contexts found in the pragmatics of the literacy genre and the literacy users quietly differ from one literary community to another literacy community. To have the parallelism in translating the classical texts demands the knowledge of pragmatics of ethnocentricism in literatures and the literature users. The semantic compositions of words / utterances of the source texts poses the problem of contextualization phenomenon and its inferentiality qualities.

Conclusion

From the foregone discussions, one can safely draw the inferences of the property of fossilization and the ethnocentricism of vocabularies employed in the literary genres differing from one speech community to other speech community. It becomes mandatory to account for the ethno-ecological aspects which directly relates to the comprehension of the socio-cultural traits through the window of pragmatics of the literary genres. Let me conclude with old sayings in Tamil, "kaakkaikkum tan kuncu pon kuncu", which denotes the desire of one that whatever it be, it is gold for me. It is meaning that "whether east or west, home is the best" may be paralleled.

Selected Bibliography:

Nida, E.A. 1964 Toward Science of Translating, Leiden, E.J.Brill.

Mey, L. Jacob 1998 Pragmatics: An Introduction

Subbiah, G. 2000 Meaning of compounding in Translation, National Seminar

on Literary Translation, CIIL, Mysore-6.


Development of Competency in Mother Tongue Through

Learning English as Second Language

*T.M.SHRITHIKA, Research Scholar (English), Madurai Kamaraj University.

Preamble

As far as language education is concerned, the notions of mother tongue, first language, second language and foreign language have to be understood in terms of language teaching and learning situations. The mother tongue is the language acquired naturally by the child from its birth from the family atmosphere and environment without strain and pain. The first language can be the mother tongue of the child but it needs not always be so. The term first language is usually associated with the native language of a speech community, region or a state where it is used for wider communication and may be used in education, mass media and administration and the jazz.

The language, imparted in its real and natural environment to the native speakers of the language is indeed a first language teaching situation. When the same language is learnt by or taught to the non-native speakers of the language through structured means it is categorized as second language teaching and learning situation. In the second language teaching situation, the language learning does not actually remain confined to the class room only, there is a continues reinforcement from the environment outside the class room. The second language learners learn the language faster when taught in its natural environment. When a language is taught in an alien or foreign environment or in other words, when teaching and learning of the language remain confined only to the classroom and there is no immediate reinforcement from the environment it is called foreign language learning. The foreign language may not necessary be a language of foreign country. Thus, it is the actual teaching situation which assigns different labels to various languages when they are taught or learnt.

Different languages are taught to various people in varying methods and most of the people learn more than one language as a result of a language learnt by one earlier tends to etch its colour on his language learnt thereafter. That is when L2 is learnt there are so many favours and unfavours from L1/MT to L2 learning. Many a context it has been discussed elaborately about the interlanguage interference in L2 learning. The inter language influence has mostly been discussed focusing the L1 to L2 or even from L2 to L1. Both the languages undergo “a give and take” process. The influences may be healthy or unhealthy. Both the languages influence each other in either way. Therefore the present paper tries to expose how the L2 helps to improve the L1 learnt earlier and how the learners exploit the L2 teaching and learning situations in processes of amelioration of their L1 on the virtue of ennobling the L2.

Before understanding this, it is imperative to understand the role of L1 in L2 learning and its helps and hindrances for learning L2, while using the students L1 or MT in the classroom of L2. The direct and audio- lingual methods say that the less the L1 is used in the classroom, the better the teaching. In the early days, the L1 was explicitly rejected later, the L1 was seldom mentioned as a possibility apart from occasional advice about how to avoid it. It is often said that “Don’t fan mother tongue or L1 use but encourage attempts to use the L2. Therefore the L1 has


become an invisible and scorned element in the classroom. The students are pretent the native speaker of the L2 rather than true L2 users.

If the students in a class speak several first languages it would be impossible for teaching to take account of them in L2 teaching. The practical reasons for avoiding the first language in multilingual or linguistically heteroglossic classes do not justify its avoidance in classes with a single first language. It is really a cumbersome to find explicit reasons being given for avoiding L1 in L2 contexts. But contrary to this there are so many reasons why we use L1 in L2 classroom.

The teacher uses the L1 for giving instruction about activities. The teacher has to balance the “gains and losses” of using L1 or L2. Some teacher resorts to the L1 after having tried in vain to get the activity going in L2. For translating and checking comprehension, teacher uses L1 and feels that it speeds things up.

When teacher wants to pass individuals comments to the students, he uses L1. To give feed back to the students, a teacher uses L1. Students are generally told whether they are right or wrong in their own language, presumably they tend use the L2 in the classroom.

The teacher finds it highly convenient to fall back on the L1 for explaining the grammar, tasks etc., to the students using L1 within the classroom activities. Teachers discourages from using L1 in L2 classes. The L1 can provide part of the scaffolding that goes with the dialogue.

Many other uses of L1 arises naturally in the classroom, keeping discipline, using bilingual dictionary, administrating test and many other. If there is no principled reason for avoiding the first languages, other than allowing or enabling the students to be exposed as much second language as they could, it may be more effective to resort to the L1 in the classroom.

The students also feel quite convenient at least in the initial period of L2 learning. It teachers use L1 for detailing the grammatical intricacies of L2 and in turn the students covertly or overtly handle L1 for L2 learning. In total L2 can be achieved effectively if learning is performed only through L2, but if L1 is used it will sometime avoid many a hurdle of L2 learning and many a time improve the L1 as well.

Generally any multilingual user can do more than any monolingual as he may acquire “Intercultural communicative competence”. Moreover, L2 learners also have L1 available to them, when they learn L2 they always compare L2 with their L1. Negative evidences can be used to work out what does not occur in L2 but might be expected to if it were like the first. That is to say linguistic universals are established for forming principles and uniquencess are unearthed for setting parameters. Both the positive evidences and negative evidence obtained through the contrastive and comparative analysis enable the learners to master the L2 and in turn to improve the L1. For example a Tamil student leaning English will eventually notice that English does not have the subjectless sentence he is used to. The ground for the expectation is not just sheer speculation but the concrete knowledge of the first language the learners have in their minds. So the L2 data will be the additional source of evidence for L1 data. The L2 learners often have the grammatical evidences and that will enable them to use L1 effectively as they relate anything and everything with L1.

Generally the virtue of learning L2 is held to be that it trains the brain. The lexical and reasoning power of the mind are enhanced through a L2. The person who can speak two languages are more flexible at problem solving than the monolingual. They can import the intricacies available in either language for effective communication. The insight that L2 provides into L1 and its culture helps the people to recognize cultural attitudes as expressed in language and learn the use of social convention. L2 will also help to identity L2 features found in L1. This will not happen in L1 acquisition. Children acquiring L1 do not have another language to fall back on, except in the case of early simultaneous bilingualism.


Generally in the bilinguala’s mind two languages should be kept separate. To develop the L2 properly means learning to use it independently and eventually to ‘think’ in it. Anything which keeps the two languages apart is therefore beneficial to L2 learning, L1 is used in L2 learning context. It is beneficial both to L1 and L2. There are indeed many parallels between L1 and L2 acquisition, since both learning processes take place in same mind. The presence of another language is an insurmountable difference from first language acquisition.

There is another opinion that L1 and L2 are leart in different parts of mind. That is when individual, after learning mother or L1, learn L2, they find many a parallel between L1 and L2 acquisition, since learning processes take place in the same mind either in same part of mind or in different parts of mind. That is compound bilinguals are the people who link two languages and coordinate bilinguals are the people who keeps them apart. Thus, the only valid form of L2 learning is a co-ordinate bilingual. L2 learning activity creates links between L1 and L2. Translation is a means of allowing genuine L2 use. Similarly L2 is learnt in centinnal conjunction with the first. In bilingual, dual and alternative language approach the teacher reads an L2 sentence and gives its meaning in L1. It is called ‘interpreting’ rather then ‘translating’ after that the students repeat in chorus and individually. The teacher testes the students understanding by saying the L1 sentences, the students have to answer in L2 though their two languages are tied together in the students mind through the meaning.

The common features found between L1 and L2 (in all levels of language) are reinforced and strengthened as they are handled often while using either of the languages. Consequently perfection in those elements can be achieved which will train the learners to excel in both the languages. There will be many similarities; between any two natural languages. Those similarities will gain perfection.

The unique culture of L1 can be indentified only while L2 is learnt. Similarly all the newly deviced communicative formation, proverbs, idioms, metaphor, simily and all concenities can be transmitted to L1 there by their L1 is developed.

When L2 is processed almost all the learners at least initially, (novices) will ‘think’ in L1 and translate it into L2 learning situation. L2 learning provides opportunities to inculcate L1 ‘Thinking’, pragmatic aspects, Ethnographic aspect, Literary Appreciation, Discourse Pattern and all Progressive skills of language use in L1 and those can be achieved both in L1 and L2. Every polyglot contributes to every ontogeny development taken place in ones L2 leads to progeny development of L1 and Le.

Conclusion

In total, the L2, its learning situation, its learning processes etc., enable the learners of L2 to master the L1 and to know about the L1. Sometimes frequent use of L2 will eliminate the use of L1 but during the initial period of learning L2 the L1 is developed. The type of consciousness with regard to the knowledge of language acquired while learning L2 would certainly contribute for furthering, nurturing, consolidating, remedying, refining, polishing, sustaining and bettering the L1 regardless the levels of learning.

The linguistic socialization alone does not reinforce the L1, but L2 learning, and teaching situation too. This will hold good with all the levels and types of L2 learners. The L1 works positively and negatively for developing L2, the L1 also reciprocates the same. Therefore one’s mother Tongue competence is improved when he learns English as a second language.

Reference

Ellis. R Secord Language Acquisition, OUP, Oxford 1997. Richardsm J.c S Approaches and methods in language Teaching, Thecologe, S. R Foreign Language Teaching Press, Beijing, 1986. Schiefelbusche, L. R Language competence, college, Hill Press California 1978.


jpthfu> gpq;fy epfz;Lfspy; ,ir gw;wpa nra;jpfs;jpthfu> gpq;fy epfz;Lfspy; ,ir gw;wpa nra;jpfs;jpthfu> gpq;fy epfz;Lfspy; ,ir gw;wpa nra;jpfs;jpthfu> gpq;fy epfz;Lfspy; ,ir gw;wpa nra;jpfs;

*ePyNfrp.ePyNfrp.ePyNfrp.ePyNfrp.n[n[n[n[> > > > Ma;thsH> rkztpay; Jiw> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofk;> nrd;;id – 600 005.

jkpo; nkhopf;F rkzk; mspj;j ngUq;nfhil nrhy;ypy; mlq;fh. gy E}y;fs; fhy nts;sj;jpy; mope;J NghdhYk; kPjk; cs;s E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;> juKk;> mjidg; giwrhw;Wfpd;wd.

rkz KdptHfSk;> GytHfSk; jkpOf;F Mw;wpa njhz;L gd;;Kfj; jpwDilajhFk;. Kg;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;> IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs;> mwE}y;fs;> ,yf;fz E}y;fs; epfz;Lfs;> fzpj E}y;fs;> rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> N[hjpl E}y;fs; kw;Wk; mfj;jpiz> Gwj;jpiz ghly;fSk; mtw;Ws; mlq;Fk;.

jkpopy; E}y;fis ,aw;Wk; NghJ ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vDk; Kj;jkpopd; tbtq;fisg; gw;wpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. jkpopir gw;wpa nra;jpfs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp Mfpa ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fspYk;> aNrhju fhtpak;> #shkzp Mfpa rpW fhg;gpaq;fspYk;> ngUq;fij E}ypYk;> gpq;fy> jpthfu epfz;LfspYk; tputpapUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

\epfz;L| vd;w nrhy;ypw;F \mfuhjp| vd;Wk; \$l;lk;| vd;Wk; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;E}y;fs; \cupr;nrhy; gDty;| vd;Wk; toq;fg;gl;ld. ngUk;ghYk; nra;As; tbtpy; mike;jit. ,jpy; nrhw;fs; mtw;wpd; nghUs; mbg;gilapy; njhFjpfshff; nfhLf;fg; ngWfpd;wd. epfz;Lfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; gy ,Ug;gpDk; jpthfu epfz;L> gpq;fy epfz;L> #lhkzp epfz;L vd;git mtw;Ws; Kjd;ikahdit. ,e;epfz;Lfs; %d;Wk; rkz KdptHfs; ,aw;wpait. jpthfu epfz;L jpthfu KdptuhYk;> gpq;fy epfz;L> gpq;fy KdptuhYk;> #lhkzp epfz;L> kz;ly GUluhYk; ,aw;wg; ngw;wit. jpthfu epfz;L 95000 nrhw;fisAk;> gpq;fy epfz;L 14700 nrhw;fisAk;> #lhkzp epfz;L 11000 nrhw;fisAk; gjpT nra;Js;sd.

jpthfu epfz;bYk;> gpq;fy epfz;bYk; xyp gw;wpa ngaHj; njhFjpapy; ,irj; Jiwia rhHe;j gy;NtW fiyr; nrhw;fs; mjpf mstpy; fpilf;fpd;wd. vOj;jpy;yhj Xirg; ngaHfSk; gl;baypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,irapd; kWngaHfs;,irapd; kWngaHfs;,irapd; kWngaHfs;,irapd; kWngaHfs;

t.vz;.t.vz;.t.vz;.t.vz;. jpthfu epfz;Ljpthfu epfz;Ljpthfu epfz;Ljpthfu epfz;L gpq;fy epfz;Lgpq;fy epfz;Lgpq;fy epfz;Lgpq;fy epfz;L

1. ghzp Ghzp

2. tup fPjk;

3. gz; fhdk;

4. ,ir fe;jUtk;

5. fhdk; Nfak

6. nfhis Nfhis

7. ghz; Tup

8. fPjk; uhfk;

9. fe;jUtk; ehjk;


10. Nfak; ,ir

11. fhkuk; gz;

ehw;ngUk; gz;fs;:ehw;ngUk; gz;fs;:ehw;ngUk; gz;fs;:ehw;ngUk; gz;fs;:

t.vz;.t.vz;.t.vz;.t.vz;. jpthfu epfz;Ljpthfu epfz;Ljpthfu epfz;Ljpthfu epfz;L gpq;fy epfz;Lgpq;fy epfz;Lgpq;fy epfz;Lgpq;fy epfz;L

1. FwpQ;rp aho; ghiy aho;

2. Ky;iy aho; kUj aho;

3. kUj aho; nrt;top aho;

4. ghiy aho; FwpQ;rp aho;;

jpthfu jpthfu jpthfu jpthfu epfz;L:epfz;L:epfz;L:epfz;L:

,J Vohk; E}w;whz;by; ,aw;wg; ngw;wJ. ,e;E}Yf;F \Mjp jpthfuk;| \Nre;jd; jpthfuk;| vd;W ngaHfSk; cz;L.

,ir nra;jpfs; kw;nwe;j epfz;Lfisf; fhl;bYk; jpthfu epfz;by; mjpfk; fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wd. ,ir gw;wpa fiyr; nrhw;fSk; mwpa fpilf;fpd;wd.

,t;tpuz;L epfz;LfspYk; nre;Jiwg; ghl;L> ghly; gw;wpa rpwg;Gk; ntz;Jiwg; ghl;L Mly; gw;wpa rpwg;Gk; mikag; ngw;Ws;sjhfTk; mwpfpNwhk;.

,ir nrhw;fs;:,ir nrhw;fs;:,ir nrhw;fs;:,ir nrhw;fs;:

1. ty;ypir – cr;rk; (jhu ];jhap)

2. ke;j ,ir – fhFsp (ke;ju ];jhap)

3. rkd; ,ir – kj;jpakk; (kj;jpa ];jhap)

4. ,d;dpir – uhfk;

5. gz; - epiw euk;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ

6. jpwk; - Fiw euk;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ

t. t. t. t. vz;.vz;.vz;.vz;.

Vopirapd; Vopirapd; Vopirapd; Vopirapd; ngaHfs;ngaHfs;ngaHfs;ngaHfs;

jkpo; jkpo; jkpo; jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs;vOj;Jf;fs;vOj;Jf;fs;vOj;Jf;fs;

tlnkhoptlnkhoptlnkhoptlnkhop gpwg;gplk;gpwg;gplk;gpwg;gplk;gpwg;gplk; khj;jpiufs;khj;jpiufs;khj;jpiufs;khj;jpiufs;

1. Fuy; M ] – ]l;[k; kplW 4

2. Jj;jk; < up – up~gk; ehf;F 4

3. iff;fpis C f – fhe;jhuk; mz;zk; 3

4. cio V k – kj;akk; jiy 2

5. ,sp I g – gQ;rkk; new;wp 4

6. tpsup X j – ijtjk; neQ;R 3

7. jhuk; xs ep – ep~hjk; %f;F 2


gz;fs;: gz;fs;: gz;fs;: gz;fs;:

26 gz;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,e;E}ypy; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd. el;lg;ghil> nre;JUj;jp> rPfhkuk;> fhe;jhuk;> GwePHik> nfsrpfk;> ehl;il> rhjhup> Fr;rpup> gok;gQ;Ruk;> gQ;Ruk;> nfsthzk;> nfhy;ypf; nfsthzk;> kyfup> gaputp> fhk;Nghjp vDk; gz;fisg; gw;wpAk;> jpwq;fisg; gw;wpAk; jfty;fs; cs;sd.

uhfk; vd KbAk; gz;fs;:uhfk; vd KbAk; gz;fs;:uhfk; vd KbAk; gz;fs;:uhfk; vd KbAk; gz;fs;:

• jf;f uhfk;

• goe;jf;f uhfk;

• Jf;f uhfk;

• el;l uhfk;

• fpd;d uhfk;

• rq;fpd;d uhfk;

nfhy;yp vd KbAk; gz;fs;:nfhy;yp vd KbAk; gz;fs;:nfhy;yp vd KbAk; gz;fs;:nfhy;yp vd KbAk; gz;fs;:

• rha NtsH nfhy;yp

• rpj;u NtsH nfhy;yp

FwpQ;rp vd KbAk; gz;fs;:FwpQ;rp vd KbAk; gz;fs;:FwpQ;rp vd KbAk; gz;fs;:FwpQ;rp vd KbAk; gz;fs;:

• Nkf uhff; FwpQ;rp

• tpahof; FwpQ;rp

• me;jhsf; FwpQ;rp

gQ;rkk; vd KbAk; gz;fs;:gQ;rkk; vd KbAk; gz;fs;:gQ;rkk; vd KbAk; gz;fs;:gQ;rkk; vd KbAk; gz;fs;:

• fhe;jhu gQ;rkk;

• cUj;jpu gQ;rkk;

gpq;fy epfz;Lgpq;fy epfz;Lgpq;fy epfz;Lgpq;fy epfz;L

,e;E}y; fp.gp.12Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;E}ypy; ,irf;nfd;Nw xU jdpg;gpupT cs;sJ. ,ir njhlHghd nrhw;fs;> ,irf;fUtpfspd; ngaHfs; ghiyfs;> gz;fs; vd mit tpupfpd;wd. gpq;fyH ,iria \fhkug;ghl;L| vd jk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. \fhkk;| vd;w nrhy; ,d;gj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,ir ,d;gj;ijj; jUjyhy; fhkug; ghl;L vd toq;fg; ngWfpd;wJ.

ghiy ahiof; Fuy; jpupG nra;tjdhy; fpilf;fg; ngWk; Ie;J jpwq;fspd; ngaHfSk; Fwpg;gplg; ngWfpd;wd.

1. ghiy aho; - 5 jpwq;fs;

2. kUj aho; - 4 jpwq;fs;

3. nrt;top aho; - 4 jpwq;fs;

4. FwpQ;rp aho; - 8 jpwq;fs;

Nkw;$wpa midj;Jk; ngaHfSld; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

VO ghiyfs;> mit Njhd;Wk; tpjk;> ghlyhff; $wg;ngWfpd;wd. Vopirapd; ngaHfs; tlnkhopapy; toq;fg; ngWtJ NghyTk; mtw;wpd; jkpo; vOj;J tbtq;fshff; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLtijAk; fhzyhk;. VopirAk; VO capH neby; vOj;Jf;fshf tbtikf;fg;gLtijg; gw;wpa nra;jp ,e;E}ypy; cs;sJ.


gz;fs; gw;wpa tptuKk; 103 gz;fspd; Njhw;wKk;> ngaHfSk; gpd;tUkhW:

1. ngUk; gz;fs; 16

2. ghiy aho; jpwd; tiffs; 20

3. FwpQ;rp aho; jpwd; tiffs; 32

4. kUj aho; jpwd; tiffs; 16

5. nrt;top aho; jpwd; tiffs; 16

6. jdp jpwd;fs;

igAs; fhQ;rp

3 gLkiy

jhuk;

nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk; 103103103103

ahopy; vOk; ,ir \,d;dpir| vd;Wk; toq;fg; ngWtijAk; fhzyhk;.

Ngup aho;> rNfhl aho;> kfu aho;> nrq;Nfhl;L aho; vd ahopd; tiffs; gw;wpAk; Mjp aho; Mapuk; euk;Gfs; nfhz;lijg; gw;wpAk; thup> tq;fpak; vDk; Foy; tiffs; gw;wpAk;> fpd;duk;> jz;L vDk; tPiz tiffs; gw;wpAk; nra;jpfs; cs;sd. ,tw;iwj; jtpu gy;NtW ,irf;fUtpfspd; ngaHfSk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

\xyp| vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;fhd nghUs;fs; \Xir|> \ehjk;> \Gyk;gy;| \mutk;|> \fHr;rid| vd;gdthk;. \euk;G| vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F \Nfhy;|> \je;jpup| vDk; nghUs;fSk; toq;fg; ngWfpd;wd.

KbTiuKbTiuKbTiuKbTiu

,t;thwhf jpthfu> gpq;fy epfz;Lfs; ,ir MHtyHfSf;F jkpo; ,irg; gw;wpa gy nra;jpfisAk;> nghUs;fisAk;> tpsf;fq;fisAk; ms;spj; jUfpd;wd.

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!


!!!!

!!!!

kqxeib<U!Ofig<gqz<!kqxeib<U!Ofig<gqz<!kqxeib<U!Ofig<gqz<!kqxeib<U!Ofig<gqz<!....!!!!OhvisqiqbI!n/squohVlieqe<OhvisqiqbI!n/squohVlieqe<OhvisqiqbI!n/squohVlieqe<OhvisqiqbI!n/squohVlieqe<!

NsqiqbI!h{qOb!nxh<h{qNsqiqbI!h{qOb!nxh<h{qNsqiqbI!h{qOb!nxh<h{qNsqiqbI!h{qOb!nxh<h{q!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*LjeuI! Ogi/kr<jgbe<LjeuI! Ogi/kr<jgbe<LjeuI! Ogi/kr<jgbe<LjeuI! Ogi/kr<jgbe<?!?!?!?! dkuqh<OhvisqiqbI?! klqp<k<Kjx?! kqV/N/Ogiuqf<ksilq! nvS!!!!gjzg<gz<Z~iq?!kq{<cuel</!

!!!!

! -zg<gqbh<! hjmh<H! wu<utU! hpjlbieOki! nu<utU! hpjlbieK! kqxeib<Ug<!gjz! wezil</! hjmh<Hl<?! kqxeib<Ul<! kl<Lt<! ofVr<gqb! dxU! djmbjugtiGl</!‘klqpqz<! okiz<gih<hqbI! okim<Om! kqxeib<Ug<! gjz! utIf<K! djvbisqiqbIgt<! fqjzbqz<!lzIf<K?! 2:41.gtqOzOb! fe<! fqjzbqz<! utIs<sq! ohxzibqx<X’! we<El<! LjeuI! g/!hR<sir<gk<kqe<! Nb<Ujv! kqxeib<Ug<! gjzbqe<! uvzix<jx! d{Iukx<G! WKuig!njlgqxK/! )-zg<gqbLl<! kqxeib<Ug<! Ogim<hiMgTl<?! hg</24.31*! OlZl<! “-zg<gqbk<!kqxeib<U!yV!fqXuel<!we<X!osiz<Zl<!ntuqx<G!Nx<xz<!uib<f<kK!we<X!omIiq!=gqt<me<!we<x! Hgp<! ohx<x! kqxeib<uitI! nuVg<Og! diqb! Ogi{k<kqz<! gQp<g<g{<muiX! wPkqs<!osz<gqxiI/!kqxeib<U!!fqXuel<!keg<Ogbie!osiz<zimjz!ucujlk<Kg<!ogi{<M!keK!Ofig<glie! -zg<gqbl<! Gxqk<k! lkqh<hQm<cje?! fqXuek<kqx<Giqb! nkqgiv! G{k<OkiM!!gm<mjlg<g!LbZgqxK/!osiz<zimz<!we<hK!Gxqh<hqm<m!Ofig<gqz<!olipqjbg<!gm<mjlg<gqx!yV! osbz<hiMkie</! -K! nkqgivs<! osbz<him<ce<! yV! G{l</! kqxeib<U! nh<hck<kie<!-zg<gqbk<!ktk<kqz<!nkqgivlig!-br<GgqxK/!kie<!kqxeib<U!osb<Bl<!hjmh<H!Gxqk<Ks<!sqz! Gxqh<hie! uisgr<gjtk<! OkIf<okMk<Kk<! kbiiqg<gqxK/! nux<jx! ucujlg<gqxK/!okimIf<K!djvbiMuke<!&zl<!nux<jx!fqjzohx!jug<gqxK/!!

-u<uiX! nkqgiv! sg<kqbigk<! kqxeib<U! -zg<gqb! dzgqz<! -br<gqg<!ogi{<cVg<gqxK”! we! Gxqh<hiI! LjeuI! g/! hR<sir<gl</! )-zg<gqbLl<! kqxeib<Ug<!Ogim<hiMgTl<?! h/2:*/! -ke<! upq! kqxeib<Ug<! gjzbqe<! keqk<ke<jljbBl<?! nK! yV!Kjx!we<hKl<!oktquig!nxqb!LcgqxK/!kqxeib<uqe<!upqOb!hjmh<hqe<!lkqh<Hl<!Sm<mh<!ohXgqxK/! kqxeib<Ug<! gjzbqz<! wf<kh<! hjmh<H! nkqgliek<! kig<gk<kqx<G! dt<tigqxOki!nf<fqjzbqz<!sLkibk<kqz<!nK!fqjzohx<X!-Vg<Gl<!we<hKl<!d{<jlbiGl</!!

! NsqiqbI! h{q! nxh<h{q! we<hK! sie<OxiI! uig<G/! ‘yV! fit<! weg<G!NsqiqbvibqVf<kuI! uip<U! LPuKl<! we<! kf<jkbiuiI! we<hK! sQeh<! hpolipq/! ‘kf<jk!we<x!ohbVg<Gl<!gz<uq!gx<hqh<huOv!kf<jkjb!uqm!nkqg!diqjlBt<tuIgt<’ we<hK!b,kI!hpolipq/! “ohx<x!nxqjuh<!Oh{q/!HK!nxqjuh<!ohXhuOe!Nsqiqbe<”!we!djvg<gqxiI!ge<h,]qb <̂/! -ke<! upq! Nsqiqbiqe<! dbIju! d{If<K! ogit<tzil</! -u<uixie! kGkq!hjmk<k! sLkibs<! sqx<hqgtig! dt<t! NsqiqbIgtqe<! uvzix<xqje! NsqiqbI! uvzix<Xg<!gtR<sqbl<! we<El<! fqjzbqz<! okimvzil<! we<El<! fqjzbqz<! upqgim<cbigh<!hjmg<gh<hm<mOk!OhvisqiqbI!n/squohVlieqe<!NsqiqbI!h{qOb!nxh<h{q!we<El<!F~ziGl</!-ux<xqjek<!kqxeib<uOk!-g<gm<Mjvbqe<!gVKOgitiGl</!!

NsqiqbI!hvl<hjvNsqiqbI!hvl<hjvNsqiqbI!hvl<hjvNsqiqbI!hvl<hjv!!!!

! 3:/22/2:71! ne<X! NsqiqbI! hvl<hjvg<G! yV! Le<Oeicbigk<! kqgPl<! Ohx<Xg<Giqb!ncgtisqiqbI!–!sl<hf<kl<lit<!kl<hkqbVg<G!lgeigk<!Okie<xqbuI!squohVlie</!LjeuI!n/squohVlie<! 2:9:! Lkz<! HKjuh<! hz<gjzg<! gpgk<kqz<! hGkq! Ofv! uqiqUjvbitvigh<!h{qbqz<!OsIf<K?!okimIf<K!n{<{iljzh<!hz<gjzg<!gpgk<kqz<!Nvib<s<sq!dkuqbitvig!31/16/2::3!-z<!h{qjbk<!okimIf<K!kx<OhiK!Ohvisqiqbvigh<!h{qbix<xq!uVgqxiI/!-uiqe<!ljeuqBl<! nvS! okimg<gh<ht<tq! Nsqiqjbbigk<! okimIf<K! yOv! ht<tqbqz<! giz<!


F~x<xi{<Mg<Gl<!Olzigh<!h{qbix<xq!uVgqxiI/!-uiqe<!&k<k!lgt<!nvS!ht<tqbqz<!Nr<gqz!Nsqiqbvigh<!h{qbix<xq!uVgqxiI/!!

-uiqe<! -jtb! lgjtBl<! NsqiqbI! h{qg<Gk<! kGkqh<! hMk<Kl<! fqjzbqOzOb!Olz<fqjzg<! gz<uqjbk<! OkIU! osb<K! gx<Xk<! kVgqxiI/! OlZl<! -uI! uQvjsu! lvjhs<!siIf<kuI!we<hKl<!Gxqh<hqmk<kg<gK/!!

! OhvisqiqbI!n/squohVlie<!-f<F~zqje!dVuig<gl<!osb<ukx<G!nuiqe<!lvH!upqk<!okimIOh! giv{l<! weqz<! lqjgbe<X/! ke<je! LPjlbig! =MhMk<kqg<! ogi{<M! dzgl<!siIf<k!fqjzbqzie!NsqiqbI!lvjh!wMk<kqbl<h!Lcf<kqVg<gqxK/!

F~zqe<!njlh<HF~zqe<!njlh<HF~zqe<!njlh<HF~zqe<!njlh<H!!!!

! gbqzibfikI! hkqh<hgl<! upqbig! outqmh<hm<m! F~z</! -h<hkqh<hgk<kqe<! diqjlbitI!OhvisqiqbOv! NuiI/! -f<F~z<! Lgh<Hjvgt<! dt<tqm<m! 277! hg<gr<gjtg<! ogi{<mK/!-f<F~zqe<!okimg<gl<!fim<Mh<h{<?!klqp<k<kib<!uip<k<K?!hz<gjzg<!gpg!uip<k<K?!fqXueI!uip<k<K?! nvsI! Lk<jkbOut<! uip<k<K! we! lvjh! nh<hcOb! Ohix<Xl<! lvhitI!n/squohVlie<!we<hK!out<tqjmljz/!-Vhk<kqobiV!sie<xi{<jl!lqg<g!ohiqObiIgtqe<!GV! lvjh! wMk<Kjvg<gqxiI/! OlZl<! hkqjef<K! kjzh<Hgtqz<! gz<uqbqe<! Ole<jljb!NsqiqbI! lvH! upq! wMk<Kjvg<gqxiI/! NsqiqbI?! Nk<kqs<$c! we<El<! kjzh<hqz<! :7!okimIgtqz<! gz<uqbqe<! Ole<jljbs<! Sm<MuI/! OlZl<! Lh<hk<kiX! kjzh<Hgtqz<! -f<F~z<!NsqiqbIgtqe<!he<fqjzgjts<!Sm<c!djvg<gqxK/!djvbigh<!hkqe<&e<X!djvgjt!-ml<!ohxs<! osb<Kt<tiI/! -ux<xqz<! Ofig<g! Ou{<cb! %XhiMgt<! lqg! dt<te/! F~zisqiqbiqe<!djv!okimr<gq!li{uVjv!=xig!okie<jl!lvjh!h{<Ml<!Ohix<Xl<!h{<hitI!OhvisqiqbI!we<hK!lqgUl<!oktquig!nxqb!-bZgqxK/!

! nVTjvbqz<! ‘fblqG! oki{<mI! squohVlie<’! weh<! Oh'vikQe! GV! Lkz<uI!gbqjz!GVlvH!sQIutI!sQI!sif<kzqr<g!-vilsilq!ncgtiiqe<!nVTjvBl<!‘ncgtisqiqbI!kl<!w{<{l<!lixi!u{<{l<!Wx<x!lqG!gz<uqjb!fic!fe<!Ljxbqz<!gx<X’!wes<!sQIutI!sQI! lVkisz! ncgtiiqe<! NsqBjvBl<! -uiqe<! nxh<h{qg<G! nv{iGl</! ‘jubl<! ke<eqz<!uip<OuiI! hbe<ohx! olb<B{IU! Dm<cb! squeiI! uipqOb’! wEl<! HzuI! h,ju/S/!osbvileqe<!hibqv!ncgTl<!-uiqe<!sLkib!d{Iju!wMk<kqbl<Hgqe<xe/!

! ncgtisqiqbiqe<! li{ig<gI! LjeuI! -vi/gzqbohVlit<! n{qf<Kjv! fe<E~ziiqe<!NsqiqbI! $k<kqvk<kqx<G! dkiv{l<! “fx<G{r<gt<! njek<Kl<! yVr<Og! uib<g<gh<ohx<x!yVuiqe<! fe<lgeigk<! Okie<xqk<! kf<jkjbh<! OhizOu! kiEl<! Ohvisqiqbvig! lqtqVl<!yVuiqe<! jgu{<{k<kiz<! -f<F~z<! ytqIgqe<xK”! we<El<! LjeuI! -vi/! gzqbohVlitqe<!%x<X!gz<zqz<!-m<m!wPk<kiGl</!

! six<Xg<guqjbk<! kf<Kt<t! HzuI! n/juk<kqzqr<geiVl<! ‘G{iteib<?! fqjxGmlib<!lix<Xkx<Og! lisqz<zi! squohVlie<! F~Zl<! osb<kiI’! we! -f<F~zqjeh<! Ohix<XuK!d{<jlbqZl<!d{<jlbiGl</!!

F~z<!ohiVt<F~z<!ohiVt<F~z<!ohiVt<F~z<!ohiVt<!!!!

! “fil<! hck<kOhiK! wlK! ht<tq! NsqiqbIgt<! nck<k! ncjb! leqk! diqjl!Nj{bk<kqml<!Ljxbqm<cVf<kiz<…!nuIgt<!-e<El<!sqjxbqz<!-Vf<kqVh<hiIgt</!nuIgt<!nu<uiX! nck<K! wl<jlk<! kqVk<kuqz<jz! we<xiz<! fil<! -e<X! sqjxbqz<! -Vf<kqVh<Ohil<”!kqel{q! -jtRI! 6/:/3128! ne<X! gi/! uq\b<! Nef<K! Gxqh<hqm<m! osb<kqjb!\q/B/Ohih<jhbiqe<! NsqiqbI! we<El<! gm<Mjvbqz<! Le<! juk<Kt<tiI/! -u<uiX! wz<zig<!gm<MjvgTg<Gl<! NsqiqbI! h{q! Gxqk<k! Ole<jlh<! ohiVjt! d{Ik<kqb! sie<OxiIgtqe<!%x<jx! Le<! jug<gqxiI! LjeuI! n/squohVlie</! -uiqe<! -f<Ofig<gl<! NsqiqbI! we<hI!wf<fqjzbqZl<! ke<je! lxg<gziK! we<hjk! d{Ik<KuOkbiGl</! svu{h<! ohVlit<!guqvibiqe<! Nsqiqb! hg<kqjbg<! Gxqg<gg<! gVkqb! OhvisqiqbI! OsilSf<kvl<! hqt<jt!nuIgtqml<! li{uvigs<! OsVgqxivil</! “hqt<jtbuIgt<! himl<! fmk<kqb! OhiK! guqvibI!sqjzOhizqVf<K! osuq! upqbig! ofR<jsg<! gteigg<! ogi{<M! hgzqvU! hivilz<! uVf<kqh<!hck<kiI! we<hI/! -u<uiX! gz<uq! hbqe<xke<! hbeigg<! guqvibI! wkqIgizk<kqz<!‘nm<miukiel<’!osb<Bl<!Ljxbqz<!lqgs<!sqxf<k!Hzjljbh<!ohx<xiI!we<hI/!nm<miukiel<!we<hK! yOv! gizk<kqz<! wm<Muqklie! nxqUs<! osbz<gjts<! osb<kziGl</! -k<kjgb!


nxquiIf<k! osbz<gjts<! osb<Bl<! HzuIgt<! okb<uh<! HzuIgtiuI! we<hK! sie<OxiI!uig<giGl</!

! svu{h<! ohVlit<! guqvibI! “Nsqiqbjvg<! g{<g{<m! okb<ulig! u{r<gqh<! himl<!hbqe<X?! lqgh<! ohiqb! guqvibvig! dbIf<k! uvzix<jxk<! kx<giz! li{uIgt<! kr<gtK!dt<tr<gtqz<! hkqb! juk<Kg<! ogit<t! Ou{<Ml<”! we<X! OhvisqiqbI! n/squohVlie<!wMk<Kjvh<hK! nuiqe<! NsqiqbI! h{q! lQkie! fe<lkqh<hqe<! dm<gqmg<jgbiGl</! -u<uixie!Gxqh<Hjvgt<! F~z<! LPjlg<Gl<! fqvl<hg<! gi{h<hMgqxK/! -g<Gxqh<Hjvgt<! fe<G! li{uI!sLkibk<kiz<!hcg<gh<!ohXl<!weqz<!kx<gizk<kqz<!wPl<!hz<OuX!sqg<gz<gt<!wtqkqz<!fQr<g!upq!d{<M/!-kje!s&g!njlh<Hgt<!yV!-bg<glig!Le<oeMg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

OhvisqiqbI!n/squohVlieqe<!F~zig<g!Ofig<gLl<!osbz<hOhvisqiqbI!n/squohVlieqe<!F~zig<g!Ofig<gLl<!osbz<hOhvisqiqbI!n/squohVlieqe<!F~zig<g!Ofig<gLl<!osbz<hOhvisqiqbI!n/squohVlieqe<!F~zig<g!Ofig<gLl<!osbz<hiMgTl<iMgTl<iMgTl<iMgTl<!!!!

� NsqiqbI!h{qg<Gk<!kx<gizk<kqz<!uVl<!hpq!olipqgjtg<!gjtb!Ou{<Ml</!� NsqiqbI!we<OhiI!nxOuiI!� ke<ezl<!gVkikh<!ohiKfzs<!osl<lz<gtig!uqtr<g!Ou{<Ml</!� NsqiqbI!li{uI!GV!lvH!Oh{h<hm!Ou{<Ml</!� Nsqiqbjv! fzligh<! Ohix<xqbuIgt<! njeuVl<! fiM! sqxg<g! uip<f<K! gim<c!

dt<tiIgt<?!uip<gqxiIgt<!we<hK!Ohvisqiqbiqe<!K{qhiGl</!� Nsqiqbjvh<!Oh{ik!s&gl<!npqUg<G!upq!uGg<Gl</!� gz<uq!we<hK!GVuqe<!upqbigOu!ohxh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!� -f<F~zqje! -uiqe<! osif<k! oszuqz<! outqbqm<M! dt<tiI/! biiqmLl<! -f<F~zqje!

uqbihiv!Ofig<gqz<!upr<guqz<jz!we<hK!lqgUl<!Gxqh<hqmk<!kg<gK/!� F~z<!njlh<hqz<!Le<!nm<jm!)mig<mI!sIuht<tq!-vikigqV]<{e<!Hjgh<hml<*!hqe<!

nm<jmOb! )nxqRI! nh<Kz<! gzil<! Hjgh<hml<*! -u<ujlh<H! F~zisqiqbiqe<! le!-bz<hqje!-e<eK!wes<!Sm<Ml</!!

� yV! l{q! Ofvl<! uGh<hqx<G! dr<gt<! kf<jkbiI! oszuqMl<! okijgjbg<!g{g<gqMr<gt<A! nu<uiX! g{g<gqm<miz<! uGh<jhh<! Hxg<g{qg<g! lel<! uviK! we!li{uIgt<! hqe<hx<x! Ou{<cb! ofxqgtig! djvg<gqxiI/! -f<kg<! %x<X! kx<giz!li{us<!sLkibk<kqe<!lefqjzjbk<!okt<tqkqe<!d{v!WKuig!njlgqxK/!

! !!!!-f<F~z<! OlZl<! hz<OuX! kqxeib<Ug<! Ogim<him<cx<G! dm<hMl<! fqjzbqz<!OhvisqiqbI!n/squohVlieqe<!Np<f<k!d{Iuqje!nxqb!WKuig!njlBl</!


!!!!

!!!!

l{<olipqh<!OhSl<!l{<olipqh<!OhSl<!l{<olipqh<!OhSl<!l{<olipqh<!OhSl<!‘wR<Osim<Mh<!oh{<wR<Osim<Mh<!oh{<wR<Osim<Mh<!oh{<wR<Osim<Mh<!oh{<’

!!!!

*Ljeui<!Ljeui<!Ljeui<!Ljeui<! vi/vi/vi/vi/o\bzm<Slqo\bzm<Slqo\bzm<Slqo\bzm<Slq?!?!?!?! dkuqh<! Ohvisqiqbi<! lx<Xl<! klqp<k<Kjxk<! kjzui<?! hSl<ohie<!Lk<Kvilzqr<gk<Okui<!gz<Z~iq?!dsqzl<hm<c/!

!! lvHsii<! guqjkgtqe<! Le<Oeicbigh<! hivkq! hiqltqk<kii</! weqEl<! nuVjmb!guqfjmkie<! lvOh! kuqv! guqjk! lvH! sii<f<kK! nz<z/! nke<! nch<hjmbqz<! hqe<eiz<!uf<kui<gt<! lvHsii<! fjmbqzqVf<K! fuQek<kqx<G! guqjkjb! fgi<k<kqs<! ose<xqVg<gqxii<gt</!fi/hqs<s&i<k<kq! okimi<f<K?! uiel<hic! -bg<gl<?! -h<hc?! hzi<! nkqz<! nmr<Gui</! ! nf<k!uiqjsbqz<kie<!klqps<sq!kr<ghi{<cbje!fie<!n[g!uqjtgqOxe</!-uVjmb!guqjkgt<!fuQek<KulibqEl<!Hkqb!ktk<kqz<!-g<guqjkk<!okiGh<hqe<!&zl<!-br<g!Lx<hm<cVg<gqxii</!‘wR<Osim<Mh<! oh{<’! we<El<! guqjkk<! okiGh<hqz<! -ui<! okimik! hGkqgOt! -z<jz/!!-jkh<!hqe<uVl<!kjzh<Hgtqz<!dx<X!Ofig<g!uqjtgqOxe</!

GMl<h!dxUgjt!lQm<ch<!hii<k<k!klqps<sqGMl<h!dxUgjt!lQm<ch<!hii<k<k!klqps<sqGMl<h!dxUgjt!lQm<ch<!hii<k<k!klqps<sqGMl<h!dxUgjt!lQm<ch<!hii<k<k!klqps<sq!!!!

! ke<Ejmb! guqjkk<! okiGh<hqz<! ke<je! uqmUl<! ke<! GMl<h! dxUgjt! yV!uQj{bigOu!lQm<ch<!hii<k<kqVg<gqxii<!klqps<sq/!gqvilk<K!fjmbqz<!GMl<h!dxUgjt!nui<!osiz<Zl<OhiK! nK! fl<! -kbk<kqx<G! -e<El<! -kl<! Osi<h<hkib<! dt<tK/! ‘nh<hk<ki’!we<El<!guqjkbqz<?!

! ‘fqgp<Ugt<!sqjkUgt<!hzux<jxh<fqgp<Ugt<!sqjkUgt<!hzux<jxh<fqgp<Ugt<!sqjkUgt<!hzux<jxh<fqgp<Ugt<!sqjkUgt<!hzux<jxh<!!!!

!!!! hii<k<Kuqm<mhii<k<Kuqm<mhii<k<Kuqm<mhii<k<Kuqm<m!!!!

!!!! gizk<kqe<!oh{<Gzr<gtib<!de<gizk<kqe<!oh{<Gzr<gtib<!de<gizk<kqe<!oh{<Gzr<gtib<!de<gizk<kqe<!oh{<Gzr<gtib<!de<!!!!

!!!! hil<hmr<gt<hil<hmr<gt<hil<hmr<gt<hil<hmr<gt<!!!!

!!!! WPi<!gjkgjtBl<!OhSl<!de<!WPi<!gjkgjtBl<!OhSl<!de<!WPi<!gjkgjtBl<!OhSl<!de<!WPi<!gjkgjtBl<!OhSl<!de<!!!!!

!!!! -Pk<k!GvZg<G!Wx<h-Pk<k!GvZg<G!Wx<h-Pk<k!GvZg<G!Wx<h-Pk<k!GvZg<G!Wx<h!!!!

!!!! WXl<!-xr<Gl<!njuWXl<!-xr<Gl<!njuWXl<!-xr<Gl<!njuWXl<!-xr<Gl<!nju!!!!

!!!! wkqovkqi<k<!kqjsbqZl<wkqovkqi<k<!kqjsbqZl<wkqovkqi<k<!kqjsbqZl<wkqovkqi<k<!kqjsbqZl<!!!!

!!!! kqVl<Hl<kqVl<Hl<kqVl<Hl<kqVl<Hl<!!!!

!!!! osz<uE~i<g<giiq!sQjlg<Gh<!Ohib<osz<uE~i<g<giiq!sQjlg<Gh<!Ohib<osz<uE~i<g<giiq!sQjlg<Gh<!Ohib<osz<uE~i<g<giiq!sQjlg<Gh<!Ohib<!!!!

!!!! sqiqk<k!gjksqiqk<k!gjksqiqk<k!gjksqiqk<k!gjk!!!!

!!!! -tR<s&i<!l{<{qz<!de<-tR<s&i<!l{<{qz<!de<-tR<s&i<!l{<{qz<!de<-tR<s&i<!l{<{qz<!de<!!!!

!!!! -tjlh<!hVul<-tjlh<!hVul<-tjlh<!hVul<-tjlh<!hVul<!!!!

!!!! uqjtf<k!gjkuqjtf<k!gjkuqjtf<k!gjkuqjtf<k!gjk’!!!!

-f<k! yx<jx! uiqg<! guqjkbqz<?! ‘nh<hk<ki’! we<x! dxOuiM! Osi<f<K! nf<k! Di<! l{<{qe<!l{Ll<! glp<gqxkz<zui’! -Ok! guqjkbqz<! nh<hk<kiuqe<! -xh<jhg<! Gxqk<K!wPKgqxOhiKkie<! guqjRg<G! nh<hk<kiuqe<! fqjeU! LPjlBl<! guqk<Kulib<! uf<K!ogim<cVg<gqxK/!

! ‘fix<gizqbqz<!six<xq!de<jefix<gizqbqz<!six<xq!de<jefix<gizqbqz<!six<xq!de<jefix<gizqbqz<!six<xq!de<je!!!!

!!!! fM!uQm<cz<fM!uQm<cz<fM!uQm<cz<fM!uQm<cz<!!!!

!!!! juk<kqVf<k!ohiPKl<juk<kqVf<k!ohiPKl<juk<kqVf<k!ohiPKl<juk<kqVf<k!ohiPKl<!!!!

!!!! we<jeh<!hii<g<gilz<!Ohib<uqm<mwe<jeh<!hii<g<gilz<!Ohib<uqm<mwe<jeh<!hii<g<gilz<!Ohib<uqm<mwe<jeh<!hii<g<gilz<!Ohib<uqm<m!!!!


!!!! de<!Wg<gg<!gjkjbde<!Wg<gg<!gjkjbde<!Wg<gg<!gjkjbde<!Wg<gg<!gjkjb!!!!

!!!! we<!we<!we<!we<!!!!!

!!!! giOkivl<!osiz<zqegiOkivl<!osiz<zqegiOkivl<!osiz<zqegiOkivl<!osiz<zqe!!!!

!!!! Nmilz<!Nmilz<!Nmilz<!Nmilz<!!!!!

!!!! njsbilz<njsbilz<njsbilz<njsbilz<…////////’!!!!

nut<! dbqOviM! -Vf<kOhiK! nut<! fQm<c! Lpg<gqbkx<G! kGf<kix<Ohiz! Ncb! nf<k!hil<hmr<gt<! -h<OhiKl<! nut<! giOkivl<kie</! fmh<hqbz<! wkii<k<kk<jkh<! Ohigqx! Ohig<gqz<!guqjkbig<gqb! guqjRbqe<! guqutl<! Ohix<xk<kg<gK/! -e<El<! yV! hc! Olzib<! ke<!kf<’jkjbBl<! HjeUgtx<x! hm<mui<k<klie! wkii<k<kg<! guqjk! dzgqz<! dzu!juk<kqVg<gqxii</! nh<hiUg<gig?! ‘yk<kqjg’! we<gqx! kjzh<hqz<! njlbh<ohx<x! guqjkbqz<!nh<hi! we<gqx! dxuqe<! Ole<jl! njlgqxK/! osiz<zqbqVg<Gl<! guq! uiqbqz<! WOkEl<! yV!HjeU! d{<mi@! we! NviBl<OhiK?! -z<jz/! nk<KjeBl<! wkii<k<kl<kie</! ke<!-kbk<kqx<Gt<tib<?! sqzigqk<K! fqx<Gl<! osix<gt<kie<! guqjkbib<! lqtqi<gqxK/! ! K~g<gq!uti<k<k! kf<jk! -xf<k! hqe<Hl<! %m! ke<je! -f<k! dzgl<! K~g<gq! juk<kqVg<gqxK! we<X!-f<k!guqjkjb!Lcg<gqxii</!

! ‘kq{<hkx<G!-eqh<H!lqm<mib<kq{<hkx<G!-eqh<H!lqm<mib<kq{<hkx<G!-eqh<H!lqm<mib<kq{<hkx<G!-eqh<H!lqm<mib<!!!!

!!!! djmk<K!uqjtbim!ohil<jldjmk<K!uqjtbim!ohil<jldjmk<K!uqjtbim!ohil<jldjmk<K!uqjtbim!ohil<jl!!!!

!!!! dkxq!wxqbh<!hpr<gt<dkxq!wxqbh<!hpr<gt<dkxq!wxqbh<!hpr<gt<dkxq!wxqbh<!hpr<gt<!!!!

!!!! wz<ziLl<!ogiMk<k!hqe<Hl<wz<ziLl<!ogiMk<k!hqe<Hl<wz<ziLl<!ogiMk<k!hqe<Hl<wz<ziLl<!ogiMk<k!hqe<Hl<!!!!

!!!! nl<liuqx<gig!nl<liuqx<gig!nl<liuqx<gig!nl<liuqx<gig!Wr<gqWr<gqWr<gqWr<gq!!!!

!!!! nzxq!nPgqe<xnzxq!nPgqe<xnzxq!nPgqe<xnzxq!nPgqe<x!!!!

!!!! hmh<hqch<hqz<!hr<ogMh<hkx<gib<hmh<hqch<hqz<!hr<ogMh<hkx<gib<hmh<hqch<hqz<!hr<ogMh<hkx<gib<hmh<hqch<hqz<!hr<ogMh<hkx<gib<!!!!

!!!! uimjgg<G!uvujpg<gh<hm<m!uimjgg<G!uvujpg<gh<hm<m!uimjgg<G!uvujpg<gh<hm<m!uimjgg<G!uvujpg<gh<hm<m!!!!!

!!!! Wjpg<!Gpf<jkOhiz<Wjpg<!Gpf<jkOhiz<Wjpg<!Gpf<jkOhiz<Wjpg<!Gpf<jkOhiz<!!!!

!!!! kuqh<hib<!-Vg<gqxK!weg<G!kuqh<hib<!-Vg<gqxK!weg<G!kuqh<hib<!-Vg<gqxK!weg<G!kuqh<hib<!-Vg<gqxK!weg<G!–!!!!

!!!! nh<hinh<hinh<hinh<hi!!!!

!!!! dr<gjt!-pf<Kuqm<m!hqxGdr<gjt!-pf<Kuqm<m!hqxGdr<gjt!-pf<Kuqm<m!hqxGdr<gjt!-pf<Kuqm<m!hqxG!!!!

!!!! gVk<kib<g<!gueqg<Gl<!dxUgVk<kib<g<!gueqg<Gl<!dxUgVk<kib<g<!gueqg<Gl<!dxUgVk<kib<g<!gueqg<Gl<!dxU!!!!

!!!! uzqg<gik!ole<!Sjlbib<k<!kib<jluzqg<gik!ole<!Sjlbib<k<!kib<jluzqg<gik!ole<!Sjlbib<k<!kib<jluzqg<gik!ole<!Sjlbib<k<!kib<jl!!!!

!!!! nZg<gik!olz<zqjsbib<!guqjknZg<gik!olz<zqjsbib<!guqjknZg<gik!olz<zqjsbib<!guqjknZg<gik!olz<zqjsbib<!guqjk!!!!

!!!! wz<ziLl<!-Vf<wz<ziLl<!-Vf<wz<ziLl<!-Vf<wz<ziLl<!-Vf<k!OhiKl<k!OhiKl<k!OhiKl<k!OhiKl<!!!!

!!!! szqg<gilz<!we<jes<!sQvim<cs<!szqg<gilz<!we<jes<!sQvim<cs<!szqg<gilz<!we<jes<!sQvim<cs<!szqg<gilz<!we<jes<!sQvim<cs<!!!!!

!!!! sm<ome<X!lv{qk<Kh<!Ohiesm<ome<X!lv{qk<Kh<!Ohiesm<ome<X!lv{qk<Kh<!Ohiesm<ome<X!lv{qk<Kh<!Ohie!!!!

!!!! dr<gTg<gib<dr<gTg<gib<dr<gTg<gib<dr<gTg<gib<!!!!

!!!! -e<Xujv!slg<gqe<x!we<je-e<Xujv!slg<gqe<x!we<je-e<Xujv!slg<gqe<x!we<je-e<Xujv!slg<gqe<x!we<je!!!!

!!!! uqmih<hqcbib<k<!K~g<gq!juk<Kg<ogi{<M!uqmih<hqcbib<k<!K~g<gq!juk<Kg<ogi{<M!uqmih<hqcbib<k<!K~g<gq!juk<Kg<ogi{<M!uqmih<hqcbib<k<!K~g<gq!juk<Kg<ogi{<M!!!!!

!!!! yk<kqjgh<!hii<g<gqxKyk<kqjgh<!hii<g<gqxKyk<kqjgh<!hii<g<gqxKyk<kqjgh<!hii<g<gqxK!!!!

!!!! -f<k!uip<g<jg"-f<k!uip<g<jg"-f<k!uip<g<jg"-f<k!uip<g<jg"’!!!!

kf<jkg<G!ohx<x!lgt<!Sjlbqz<jz/!ohk<k!lgt<!DVg<G!Sjlbib<!Ohieit</!nPukx<G!bii<!dtOvi’!we<El<!u<iqgt<!ofR<sqz<!ofgqp<uqje!Wx<hMk<Kukib<!dt<tK/!

guqk<Kuk<kqz<!outqh<hMl<!fm<Hguqk<Kuk<kqz<!outqh<hMl<!fm<Hguqk<Kuk<kqz<!outqh<hMl<!fm<Hguqk<Kuk<kqz<!outqh<hMl<!fm<H!!!!

! guqjR! ‘wR<Osim<Mh<! oh{<’! we<El<! guqjkbqz<! ke<! dbqi<k<OkipqObiM! hjpb!fqjeUgjtobz<zil<?! hpgqb! uqkk<jkobz<zil<! Slf<K! uVgqxii</! -u<uqmk<kqz<!juvLk<Kuqe<!‘Okipqlii<!gjk’!we<El<!guqjk!yh<hqmk<kg<gK/!


! ‘Nk<Okivl<!H,k<klvl<Nk<Okivl<!H,k<klvl<Nk<Okivl<!H,k<klvl<Nk<Okivl<!H,k<klvl<!!!!

!!!! Nje!nmr<Glvl<Nje!nmr<Glvl<Nje!nmr<Glvl<Nje!nmr<Glvl<!!!!

!!!! jgjt!obz<zil<!%M!gm<cjgjt!obz<zil<!%M!gm<cjgjt!obz<zil<!%M!gm<cjgjt!obz<zil<!%M!gm<c!!!!

!!!! gqtqbjmBl<!Hr<g!lvl<gqtqbjmBl<!Hr<g!lvl<gqtqbjmBl<!Hr<g!lvl<gqtqbjmBl<!Hr<g!lvl<!!!!

!!!! Hr<g!lvk<kcbqz<Hr<g!lvk<kcbqz<Hr<g!lvk<kcbqz<Hr<g!lvk<kcbqz<!!!!

!!!! H,uqPf<k!l{z<!outqbqz<H,uqPf<k!l{z<!outqbqz<H,uqPf<k!l{z<!outqbqz<H,uqPf<k!l{z<!outqbqz<!!!!

!!!! Ohe<!hii<k<k!sqX!ubS!Ohe<!hii<k<k!sqX!ubS!Ohe<!hii<k<k!sqX!ubS!Ohe<!hii<k<k!sqX!ubS!!!!!

!!!! oh{<O{"!fqjeuqVg<gi"oh{<O{"!fqjeuqVg<gi"oh{<O{"!fqjeuqVg<gi"oh{<O{"!fqjeuqVg<gi"!!!!

-g<guq! uiqgt<! osiz<Zl<! fm<Hl<! klqps<sqbqe<! ‘wR<Osim<Mh<! oh{<’! we<El<! guqjkbqz<!osiz<zqb!fm<Hl<!gqvilk<K!fm<Hkie</!

! ‘de<eqmk<kqz<!fie<de<eqmk<kqz<!fie<de<eqmk<kqz<!fie<de<eqmk<kqz<!fie<!!!!

!!!! Dmz<!ogit<jgbqz<Dmz<!ogit<jgbqz<Dmz<!ogit<jgbqz<Dmz<!ogit<jgbqz<!!!!

!!!! DV{qg<DV{qg<DV{qg<DV{qg<’!!!!gjvbqz<!uqpqk<okMk<kgjvbqz<!uqpqk<okMk<kgjvbqz<!uqpqk<okMk<kgjvbqz<!uqpqk<okMk<k!!!!

!!!! gvl<jhbqz<gvl<jhbqz<gvl<jhbqz<gvl<jhbqz<!!!!

!!!! de<!g{<{QVl<de<!g{<{QVl<de<!g{<{QVl<de<!g{<{QVl<!!!!

!!!! Gjpk<okMk<K!fQGjpk<okMk<K!fQGjpk<okMk<K!fQGjpk<okMk<K!fQ!!!!

!!!! ogiMk<k!l{<!ohil<jlgt<ogiMk<k!l{<!ohil<jlgt<ogiMk<k!l{<!ohil<jlgt<ogiMk<k!l{<!ohil<jlgt<!!!!

!!!! we<!-tl<!hVuk<Kh<we<!-tl<!hVuk<Kh<we<!-tl<!hVuk<Kh<we<!-tl<!hVuk<Kh<!!!!

!!!! hqvlqh<Hh<!hqvlqMgt<hqvlqh<Hh<!hqvlqMgt<hqvlqh<Hh<!hqvlqMgt<hqvlqh<Hh<!hqvlqMgt<!!!!

!!!! Ogieii<!gjOgieii<!gjOgieii<!gjOgieii<!gjmObivmObivmObivmObiv!!!!

!!!! Gs<sq!JS!fQ!uir<g!Gs<sq!JS!fQ!uir<g!Gs<sq!JS!fQ!uir<g!Gs<sq!JS!fQ!uir<g!!!!!

!!!! fQ!GMg<g!fie<!kqr<gfQ!GMg<g!fie<!kqr<gfQ!GMg<g!fie<!kqr<gfQ!GMg<g!fie<!kqr<g!!!!

!!!! fie<!GMg<g!fQ!kqr<gfie<!GMg<g!fQ!kqr<gfie<!GMg<g!fQ!kqr<gfie<!GMg<g!fQ!kqr<g!!!!

!!!! gzr<gqb!Gs<sq!JSgzr<gqb!Gs<sq!JSgzr<gqb!Gs<sq!JSgzr<gqb!Gs<sq!JS!!!!

!!!! gzi<!gzvi!g{<{Qi<!uqm<mgzi<!gzvi!g{<{Qi<!uqm<mgzi<!gzvi!g{<{Qi<!uqm<mgzi<!gzvi!g{<{Qi<!uqm<m!!!!

!!!! gk!fqjeuqVg<gi@////gk!fqjeuqVg<gi@////gk!fqjeuqVg<gi@////gk!fqjeuqVg<gi@////!!!!

-u<uqv{<M! guqjkgTl<! sqX! ubK! fm<H! nkqz<! gx<x! uip<g<jgh<himl<! Hiqbik! fm<H!hgqi<f<K{<{jz! lm<Ml<! wr<gqVf<K! gx<Xg<ogi{<mOki! wEl<! hqvl<lqh<jh! Wx<hMk<KgqxK/!we<e! -Vf<kiZl<! oh{<jlbqe<! fm<H! we<hK! gizk<kqe<! wz<jzg<G! dm<hm<mkigOu!-Vg<gqxK/! nuvuVg<oge<X! uip<g<jg! uVgqxOhiK! nkqz<! hb{l<! fmk<Kukx<Gh<!hijkBl<! hqxf<K! uVgqxK/! weqEl<! dVur<gt<! ljxU! hm<miZl<! dt<tr<gt<! ljxuOk!-z<jz/!

! ‘hm<m{k<kqz<!hchhm<m{k<kqz<!hchhm<m{k<kqz<!hchhm<m{k<kqz<!hch<hqh<hutib<<hqh<hutib<<hqh<hutib<<hqh<hutib<!!!!

!!!! we<jeBl<!we<jeBl<!we<jeBl<!we<jeBl<!!!!!

!!!! hg<gk<K~i<!Ol^<kqiqhg<gk<K~i<!Ol^<kqiqhg<gk<K~i<!Ol^<kqiqhg<gk<K~i<!Ol^<kqiq!!!!

!!!! ljeuqbib<!de<jeBl<ljeuqbib<!de<jeBl<ljeuqbib<!de<jeBl<ljeuqbib<!de<jeBl<!!!!

!!!! hiGhMk<kqh<!hmvuqm!hiGhMk<kqh<!hmvuqm!hiGhMk<kqh<!hmvuqm!hiGhMk<kqh<!hmvuqm!!!!!

!!!! W{qh<!hcgtqz<W{qh<!hcgtqz<W{qh<!hcgtqz<W{qh<!hcgtqz<!!!!

!!!! uqjvuib<!fiEl<!uqjvuib<!fiEl<!uqjvuib<!fiEl<!uqjvuib<!fiEl<!!!!!

!!!! Svr<gk<K!-Vm<czSvr<gk<K!-Vm<czSvr<gk<K!-Vm<czSvr<gk<K!-Vm<cz!!!!

!!!! LPuKlib<!fQBl<LPuKlib<!fQBl<LPuKlib<!fQBl<LPuKlib<!fQBl<!!!!

!!!!


!!!! gi{ilz<!OhiOeil<gi{ilz<!OhiOeil<gi{ilz<!OhiOeil<gi{ilz<!OhiOeil<!!!!

!!!! we<xiZl<we<xiZl<we<xiZl<we<xiZl<…////’!!!!

-g<guqjk! uiqgt<! oh{<jlbqe<! fm<Hg<! giz! wz<jzg<G! dm<hm<mKkie<! we<hjk! flg<G!lQ{<Ml<!olb<h<hqg<gqxK/!

guqjR!OhSl<!oh{<{qbl<guqjR!OhSl<!oh{<{qbl<guqjR!OhSl<!oh{<{qbl<guqjR!OhSl<!oh{<{qbl<!!!!

! gizk<OkiM! Gxqh<hig! fuQe! Bgk<kqe<! n{ikqg<g! sqf<kje! yV! sqk<kif<kligOu!lixqbqVg<gqxK!we<gqx!fqjzh<him<jmg<!guqRiqe<!‘yV!OhVf<Kl<!sqz!jleig<gTl<’!we<gqx!guqjkbqz<!outqh<hMgqxK/!Gxqh<hig!h{qgTg<Gs<!osz<Zl<!oh{<gt<!biuVl<!lk<kqb!kv!ui<g<gk<kqevigOu! -Vg<gqe<xei</! ! nui<gTg<G! nvSh<! OhVf<Kgt<kie<! Nhk<K!hi{<mueig!dt<te/!-f<k!fqjzh<him<cz<kie<!guqjRbqe<!gx<hje!uqiqgqxK/!

! ‘-pg<Gl<!Lpr<jggt<!kuqi<k<K!-pg<Gl<!Lpr<jggt<!kuqi<k<K!-pg<Gl<!Lpr<jggt<!kuqi<k<K!-pg<Gl<!Lpr<jggt<!kuqi<k<K!!!!!

!!!! -Pk<K!Lf<kije-Pk<K!Lf<kije-Pk<K!Lf<kije-Pk<K!Lf<kije!!!!

!!!! osiVgq!-xr<Gjgbqz<osiVgq!-xr<Gjgbqz<osiVgq!-xr<Gjgbqz<osiVgq!-xr<Gjgbqz<!!!!

!!!! nf<k!sf<Okgl<!uf<kKnf<k!sf<Okgl<!uf<kKnf<k!sf<Okgl<!uf<kKnf<k!sf<Okgl<!uf<kK!!!!

!!!! hii<k<kju!njek<KOhii<k<kju!njek<KOhii<k<kju!njek<KOhii<k<kju!njek<KOllll!!!!

!!!! N{<!jleig<gOti@N{<!jleig<gOti@N{<!jleig<gOti@N{<!jleig<gOti@’!!!!

-bx<jgjb! Ofsqk<k! guqjR! jleig<gtqe<! -eqb! Yjsjbg<! Ogm<m! guqjR! OhVf<kqz<!-ck<Kk<! kt<tqb! Nmui<gjth<! hii<k<K! -xr<gqb! hqxGkie<’! Le<H! hii<k<k! jleig<gt</!N{<! jleig<gOti"! we! JBXgqxii</! ! silieqb! leqki<gt<! lk<kqbqz<! yV! oh{<! ke<je!kg<g! juk<Kg<! ogit<tUl<?! ke<jek<! kx<gik<Kg<ogit<tUl<! hqvl<lh<! hqvbk<kel<! osb<b!Ou{<cBt<tK!we<gqx!sqf<kjebqe<!nch<hjmbqz<!klqps<sqbqe<!-g<guqjk!dt<tK/!


! sr<g! gizl<! okim<M! -f<fit<! Lcb! oh{<hix<! guqRi<gt<! hzVl<! Okie<xq!ljxf<kqVg<gqxii<gt</! nui<gtK! w{<{r<gt<! -e<El<! fl<! Hgp<! uieqz<! guqjkgtig!lqtqi<f<Kogi{<Om! -Vg<gqe<xe/! l{<O{im! Ofsl</! leOkim! uisl<! we<X! kr<gtK! le!-Xg<gr<gjtobz<zil<!djmk<okxqf<K!uii<k<jkh<!hqvuigr<gjt!uiiq!-jvk<Kg<!ogi{<Om!uVgqxii<gt</! Neiz<! sqzviz<! lm<MOl! uip<uqbz<! wkii<k<kr<gjth<! Ohs! LcgqxK/! nf<k!sqziqz<!yVuvigk<kie<! klqp<s<sqjb!fie<!hiig<gqOxe</!-uVjmb!guqjkk<!okiGh<H!l{<!lel<! lixikK/! lQ{<Ml<! lQ{<Mlib<! flg<Gt<! Legqg<! ogit<Tl<! hcbie! wkii<k<kg<!guqjkgOt! ‘wR<Osim<Mh<! oh{<’! ucg<gh<hm<mju! nz<z?! lixig! uii<g<gh<hm<mju! we<X!osiz<ujkOb!-g<gm<Mjv!Ofig<gligg<!ogit<gqxK/!

! !


!!!!

!!!!

gizk<kqe<!Gvzig!yzqk<k!slbl<gizk<kqe<!Gvzig!yzqk<k!slbl<gizk<kqe<!Gvzig!yzqk<k!slbl<gizk<kqe<!Gvzig!yzqk<k!slbl<!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*of/Ski?!of/Ski?!of/Ski?!of/Ski?!klqp<!dkuqh<!Ohvisqiqbi<?!nvS!gjz!lx<Xl<!nxquqbz<!gz<Z~iq?!squgisq/!!

!

! NkqleqkEg<G! ke<Ejmb! dmjzg<! gik<Kg<ogit<t! yV! sg<kq! Okjuh<hm<mK/!nk<Okjubqe<ohiVm<M!dVuig<gh<!hm<mK!upqhiM/!giMgtqz<!-Vf<K!sloutqg<G!fgi<f<k!leqkeqml</! ofgqp<s<sqg<Gl<! lgqp<s<sqg<Gl<! upqhiM! we<xieK/! -V{<mgizk<kqx<Gh<hqe<!lek<jkh<hiKgig<g! slbl<! Okjuh<hm<K/! -V{<m! gizk<kqe<! -Xkqbqz<! Oux<Xlk! uVjg!nkqglieK/! nju! leqkeq! -bz<H! uip<Ug<Gl<! h{<him<Mg<Gl<! gikK~vk<! okijzuqje!djmbkig! -Vf<kK/! -keiz<?! leqke<! sqf<kjebqZl<! hg<Guk<kqZl<! GjxUjmbueie</!leqkje! lQm<omMh<hkx<gigUl<! kl<lkk<jk! lQm<omMh<hkx<gigUl<! slbl<! Okie<xqbK!-kje?! “ dzgl<! we<hK! d{i<f<Okii<! lim<Omdzgl<! we<hK! d{i<f<Okii<! lim<Omdzgl<! we<hK! d{i<f<Okii<! lim<Omdzgl<! we<hK! d{i<f<Okii<! lim<Om…” !!!! we<gqxK! okiz<g<gih<hqbl</! nxquqz<!sqxf<k! ohiqObii<gt<! kl<Ljmb! nEhuk<kiz<! Ne<l! hiqSk<kk<kiz<! g{<mxqf<kK! slbl</!slbl<! we<hK! LPjlbjmbs<! osb<kz<! nz<zK! hg<Guljmbs<osb<kz<! we<hK! ohiVt</!-k<kjgb!slbl<!hz<OuX!lkr<gtqe<!gzgg<Gvz<gtqe<!Lcuqz<!Okie<xqb!slvsk<!kQi<h<H/!

sl{Ll<!jsuLlsl{Ll<!jsuLlsl{Ll<!jsuLlsl{Ll<!jsuLl<;!

! oh{<gt<!-pquieui<gt<?!nui<gt<!Lg<kqg<G!Lm<Mg<gm<jmbieui<gt<?!wu<utUkie<!hg<kq! osZk<kqeiZl<! -jxuje! njmbLcbik! -pqf<k! hqxh<hqjeh<! ohx<xui<gt</!sLkibk<kqe<!nck<ktlig!-Vf<k!oh{<gjts<!sicei<!sl{i<gt</!!

-kje?! lix<x! Ljef<k! jsul<! ljeuqbqe<! hg<kq! lqGkqjbg<g{<m! g{ue<!nujt! u{r<gqe<xie</! nueiz<! Lg<kq! uip<uqz<! hb{qg<g! Lcbikkiz<! -z<zxuip<uqz<!-j{gqe<xie</! Neiz<?! nh<oh{<O{i! Lg<kqg<Gk<! kbii<! osb<K! ogi{<M! hb{qg<gqxit<!nutqe<! hg<kqs<! sqxh<jh! uqbf<K! jsuslbk<kqe<! LPLkx<! gmUtie! squohVliOe!nujt! nl<jlOb! we<Xl<! njpg<Gl<! u{<{l<! uip<f<k! gijvg<giz<! gijvg<giz<!nl<jlbii<?! g{ujeBl<! fim<jmBl<! lQm<omMk<K! -jxueqe<! ne<jhh<! ohx<x!lr<jgbi<gvsq?!-jxuje!Nx<Xh<hMk<kq!lgqp<uqk<k!ytjubii</!jsuk<kqe<!Lkz<!&uVt<!yVuvig! uqtr<gqb! fiUg<gvsjv! dmz<! OfibqzqVf<Kl<! leOfibqzqVf<Kl<! uqzg<gq!klqpgk<kqe<! gizfqjzg<G! sl{slb! uip<g<jg! Ljx! yk<KuviK! we<x! Hiqkjz!Le<juk<k!kqzgukqbii<!Ohie<Oxii<!uip<uqbjz!sjh!Wx<xqbK!jsul</!!

nh<Ohijkb!$pzqz<!ju{ul<!kl<jl!fqjzfqXk<kqg<!ogit<t!oh{<!fqj{k<kiz<!-jxujeOb! l{iteig! njmbLcBl<! we<hkje! d{ik<<k! N{<mijtBl</! -jxuOe!uqVl<Hl<!kib<jl!oh{<{qmOl!dt<tK!we<hkx<G!bOsijkjbBl<!oh{<jl!Ohix<x!fibgq!fibge<!hiujejbBl<!sie<xig<gqbK!ju{ul</!

leqkLl<!OkjuBl<leqkLl<!OkjuBl<leqkLl<!OkjuBl<leqkLl<!OkjuBl<!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!lzr<gtqe<!giv{lig!hqxh<ohMk<k!leqke<?!hqxh<Hs<!Spx<sqg<G!upquGg<Gl<!dzgqbz<!-e<hr<gtqz<! &p<gqk<! kqjtg<gqe<xie</! nl<leqkjeh<! hg<Guh<hMk<Kukx<G! dVuieOk!slbl</!ns<slbl<!-jxuje!upqhMukx<Giqb!ofxqgjt!uGk<Kk<!kf<Kt<tK/!!!!

“ -bx<jgbqe<!Ohig<jgBl<?!leqk!uip<g<jgjbBl<-bx<jgbqe<!Ohig<jgBl<?!leqk!uip<g<jgjbBl<-bx<jgbqe<!Ohig<jgBl<?!leqk!uip<g<jgjbBl<-bx<jgbqe<!Ohig<jgBl<?!leqk!uip<g<jgjbBl<!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!!gm<Mh<hMk<kOui!nz<zK!-bg<gh<!ohXukigOui!fl<hh<gm<Mh<hMk<kOui!nz<zK!-bg<gh<!ohXukigOui!fl<hh<gm<Mh<hMk<kOui!nz<zK!-bg<gh<!ohXukigOui!fl<hh<gm<Mh<hMk<kOui!nz<zK!-bg<gh<!ohXukigOui!fl<hh<!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!!ohXl<!leqksg<kqg<Gl<!Olzie!yV!sg<kqBme<!fz<zq{g<gl<ohXl<!leqksg<kqg<Gl<!Olzie!yV!sg<kqBme<!fz<zq{g<gl<ohXl<!leqksg<kqg<Gl<!Olzie!yV!sg<kqBme<!fz<zq{g<gl<ohXl<!leqksg<kqg<Gl<!Olzie!yV!sg<kqBme<!fz<zq{g<gl<!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!osb<K!ogit<ujkOb!osb<K!ogit<ujkOb!osb<K!ogit<ujkOb!osb<K!ogit<ujkOb!‘slbl<slbl<slbl<slbl<’!!!!we<x!osiz<!Gxqg<gqe<xKwe<x!osiz<!Gxqg<gqe<xKwe<x!osiz<!Gxqg<gqe<xKwe<x!osiz<!Gxqg<gqe<xK” !!

!!!!kqVfiUg<gvsi<!Okuivl<?!kqVui'i<!hkqgl<?hi/2:7/kqVfiUg<gvsi<!Okuivl<?!kqVui'i<!hkqgl<?hi/2:7/kqVfiUg<gvsi<!Okuivl<?!kqVui'i<!hkqgl<?hi/2:7/kqVfiUg<gvsi<!Okuivl<?!kqVui'i<!hkqgl<?hi/2:7/!!!!


sjlk<kz<! we<El<! osiz<! hg<Guh<hMk<Kkz<! we<x! ohiVtqEl<! upr<gh<hMukiz<!-jxuOeiM! okimi<H! ogit<Tl<! lel<?! dmz<?! nxqU?! Ne<li! Ngqb! -ju! biUl<!hg<Guh<hMk<kh<hMujkOb!slbl<!weh<ohiVt<!ogit<uK!ohiVk<klig!njlf<Kt<tK/!

ngupqhiMngupqhiMngupqhiMngupqhiM!!!!

! -V{<mgizl<!hqxslbr<gtqe<!F~jpUuiszib<!njlf<kK/!Niqbi<gTl<!sl{i<gTl<!ohtk<ki<gTl<!hz<OuX!ofxqgjth<!HGk<kqbK/!-K!leqkeqe<!-bz<H!uipjuh<hikqk<kK/!-kje! d{i<f<k! klqp<h<ohiqObii<gt<! kl<Ljmb! uip<uqbZg<Gl<! h{<him<Mg<Gl<! hr<gl<!uvik!slbk<jk!dVuig<gqbK/!nKOu!jsul</!jsul<!uqtg<Gl<!upqhim<M!ujgjlBt<!fqjeh<H! upqhiMl<! ye<X/! dt<tk<jkg<! Ogibqzigg<! ogi{<M! -jxuje! upqhMl<!-l<Ljxjb?!

“ dml<ohE!ljeb!gk<Kdml<ohE!ljeb!gk<Kdml<ohE!ljeb!gk<Kdml<ohE!ljeb!gk<K!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Ut<tOl!Ut<tOl!Ut<tOl!Ut<tOl!kgtq!bigkgtq!bigkgtq!bigkgtq!big!!!!

!!!!lml<hM!L{i<f<!bm<clml<hM!L{i<f<!bm<clml<hM!L{i<f<!bm<clml<hM!L{i<f<!bm<c!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!BbqovEf<!kqiql!bg<gqBbqovEf<!kqiql!bg<gqBbqovEf<!kqiql!bg<gqBbqovEf<!kqiql!bg<gq!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!-ml<hM!Riek<!kQbi-ml<hM!Riek<!kQbi-ml<hM!Riek<!kQbi-ml<hM!Riek<!kQbi!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!oziqogit!uqVf<K!Ofig<gqz<oziqogit!uqVf<K!Ofig<gqz<oziqogit!uqVf<K!Ofig<gqz<oziqogit!uqVf<K!Ofig<gqz<!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!gml<hli<!gijt!kijkgml<hli<!gijt!kijkgml<hli<!gijt!kijkgml<hli<!gijt!kijk!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!gpzc!gi{!ziOlgpzc!gi{!ziOlgpzc!gi{!ziOlgpzc!gi{!ziOl” 3333!hg<kq!-zg<gqbk<kqz<!sLkibh<!hii<ju?!h/22hg<kq!-zg<gqbk<kqz<!sLkibh<!hii<ju?!h/22hg<kq!-zg<gqbk<kqz<!sLkibh<!hii<ju?!h/22hg<kq!-zg<gqbk<kqz<!sLkibh<!hii<ju?!h/22!

we<X! ! Gxqh<hqMgqe<xii<! nh<hi</! d{<jlbie! -f<fqjeh<H! upqhim<cje! fiTl<!Olx<ogi{<mui<!kqV&zi<!we<hjk?!

! ! ! “ w{<{i!bqvk<ki{<M!Obigl<!-Vg<gqEl<w{<{i!bqvk<ki{<M!Obigl<!-Vg<gqEl<w{<{i!bqvk<ki{<M!Obigl<!-Vg<gqEl<w{<{i!bqvk<ki{<M!Obigl<!-Vg<gqEl<!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!g{<{ii<!nLkqjeg<!g{<mxq!uiiqz<jzg{<{ii<!nLkqjeg<!g{<mxq!uiiqz<jzg{<{ii<!nLkqjeg<!g{<mxq!uiiqz<jzg{<{ii<!nLkqjeg<!g{<mxq!uiiqz<jz!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!dt<fic!dt<Ot!ytqohx!Ofig<gqeix<dt<fic!dt<Ot!ytqohx!Ofig<gqeix<dt<fic!dt<Ot!ytqohx!Ofig<gqeix<dt<fic!dt<Ot!ytqohx!Ofig<gqeix<!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!g{<{ic!Ohizg<!gzf<K!fqe<!xiOeg{<{ic!Ohizg<!gzf<K!fqe<!xiOeg{<{ic!Ohizg<!gzf<K!fqe<!xiOeg{<{ic!Ohizg<!gzf<K!fqe<!xiOe” !!!!kqVlf<kqvl<<!kqVlf<kqvl<<!kqVlf<kqvl<<!kqVlf<kqvl<<!....!!!!694694694694!!!!

we<x! himz<! oktqUhMk<KgqxK/! fqjeh<H! upqhim<cz<! &p<Gl<! Ljxjljb! ut<Tui<!‘olb<B{i<U!upqhiM’!we<X!Sm<Mgqxii</!

! ! ! “ gx<xQ{<M!olb<h<ohiVt<!g{<mii<!kjzh<hMui<gx<xQ{<M!olb<h<ohiVt<!g{<mii<!kjzh<hMui<gx<xQ{<M!olb<h<ohiVt<!g{<mii<!kjzh<hMui<gx<xQ{<M!olb<h<ohiVt<!g{<mii<!kjzh<hMui<!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!lx<xQ{<M!uivi!ofxqlx<xQ{<M!uivi!ofxqlx<xQ{<M!uivi!ofxqlx<xQ{<M!uivi!ofxq” !kqVg<Gxt<?!G/467/!kqVg<Gxt<?!G/467/!kqVg<Gxt<?!G/467/!kqVg<Gxt<?!G/467/!we<gqxK!kqVg<Gxt</!

squH,jssquH,jssquH,jssquH,js!

!!!! kqV&ziqe<! fqjeh<H! upqh<him<cz! jug<gh<hMl<! Ogibqz<! dt<tl<! NGl</!kqVlf<kqvk<kqz<! Wpil<! kf<kqvk<kqe<! Lkx<himz<! squH,jsjbh<! hx<xqg<! %Xukib<!njlf<Kt<tK/!

! ! ! “ dt<tl<!ohVr<Ogibqz<!DEml<H!hizbl<dt<tl<!ohVr<Ogibqz<!DEml<H!hizbl<dt<tl<!ohVr<Ogibqz<!DEml<H!hizbl<dt<tl<!ohVr<Ogibqz<!DEml<H!hizbl<!!!!!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!ut<tx<!hqvieii<g<G!uib<Ogi!Hvuisz<ut<tx<!hqvieii<g<G!uib<Ogi!Hvuisz<ut<tx<!hqvieii<g<G!uib<Ogi!Hvuisz<ut<tx<!hqvieii<g<G!uib<Ogi!Hvuisz<!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!okt<tk<!oktqf<kii<g<G!sQue<!squzqr<gr<okt<tk<!oktqf<kii<g<G!sQue<!squzqr<gr<okt<tk<!oktqf<kii<g<G!sQue<!squzqr<gr<okt<tk<!oktqf<kii<g<G!sQue<!squzqr<gr<!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!gt<th<!Hzjef<Kr<!gt<th<!Hzjef<Kr<!gt<th<!Hzjef<Kr<!gt<th<!Hzjef<Kr<!giti!l{quqtg<Oggiti!l{quqtg<Oggiti!l{quqtg<Oggiti!l{quqtg<Og” !!!!kqVlf<kqvl<<!kqVlf<kqvl<<!kqVlf<kqvl<<!kqVlf<kqvl<<!....!!!!28:328:328:328:3!!!!

fqjeh<H! upqhim<cx<G! -h<himOz! kGf<k! sie<xiGl</! nkiuK?! nSk<kl<! nge<X! Ohie!npgqb! -ml<! dt<tl</! Ne<liOuiM! okimi<H! ogi{<m! dml<H! hiKgih<hig!-Vg<gqe<xK/Ne<li! fqjz! ogit<ukx<G! dt<tl<! giv{lig! -Vh<hkiz<! ‘dt<tl<!ohVr<Ogibqz<’!we<gqxii<!kqV&zi</!nh<hcbieiz<?!d{i<Ugjtg<!gmf<k!fqjzbqz<!Ne<li!hiqSk<klig!liXgqxK/!nu<uqmk<kqz<!-jxueqe<!kqVg<gim<sqBl<!gqjmg<gqxK!we<X!ohiVt<!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!


! nf<k! fqjzjb! njmukx<G! Ne<li! sqz! yPg<gr<gjt! Lkx<g{<! gjmhqcg<g!Ou{<cbK!nusqbliGl</!nu<ouiPg<g!ofxqgjt!!

! ! “ nf<k{i<!we<Ohii<!nxOuii<lx<!oxu<Ubqi<g<Gl<nf<k{i<!we<Ohii<!nxOuii<lx<!oxu<Ubqi<g<Gl<nf<k{i<!we<Ohii<!nxOuii<lx<!oxu<Ubqi<g<Gl<nf<k{i<!we<Ohii<!nxOuii<lx<!oxu<Ubqi<g<Gl<!!!!

!!!! !!!!osf<ke<jl!H,{<omiPg!zie<osf<ke<jl!H,{<omiPg!zie<osf<ke<jl!H,{<omiPg!zie<osf<ke<jl!H,{<omiPg!zie<” !kqVg<Gxt<?!41/kqVg<Gxt<?!41/kqVg<Gxt<?!41/kqVg<Gxt<?!41/!!!!

kqVg<Gxt<!uqtg<Ggqe<xK/!

ogiz<zijlogiz<zijlogiz<zijlogiz<zijl!!!!

Hkqkie! ye<jxg<! ogi{<Muf<K! lg<gt<! lekqz<! -ml<hqcg<Gl<! dk<kqjb!djmbui<gt<!sl{i<gt</!-ui<gt<!HGk<kqbOk!ogiz<zijl/!-keiz<!lg<gt<!sl{k<kqx<G!lixqeii<gt</! -kjeh<! ohixik! Niqbi<gt<! nKeiz<! ujv! big<gk<kqz<! hSjuh<! Ohim<M!nke<! -jxs<sqjb! d{<Muf<k! Niqbi<gt<! kl<jlk<! klqpgk<kqz<! fqjzfqXk<kqg<! ogit<t!jsul<!Neii<gt</!ogiz<ziuqkk<kqx<Gh<!hzVl<!dme<hm<mei</!!

“ nVtz<z!kqbiokeqx<!ogiz<zijl!Ogixz<nVtz<z!kqbiokeqx<!ogiz<zijl!Ogixz<nVtz<z!kqbiokeqx<!ogiz<zijl!Ogixz<nVtz<z!kqbiokeqx<!ogiz<zijl!Ogixz<!!!!

!!!!ohiVtz<z!ku<U,e<!xqez<ohiVtz<z!ku<U,e<!xqez<ohiVtz<z!ku<U,e<!xqez<ohiVtz<z!ku<U,e<!xqez<” !kqVg<Gxt<!kqVg<Gxt<!kqVg<Gxt<!kqVg<Gxt<!....!!!!365/365/365/365/!!!!

nVt<! we<hK! dbqIg<ogijz! osb<biK! -Vh<hkiGl</! -k<kjgb! ogiz<zijl! we<El<!uqvkk<jkk<!Kxuxk<kie<!Olx<ogit<t!Ou{<Ml<!we<gqe<xiI/!

ogiz<zijl! we<hK! wf<k! Ofig<gk<jkg<! ogi{<Ml<! hqx! dbqjvg<! ogie<X!OhigikqVh<hK/!-K!wz<zi!leqkIgTg<Gl<!lqgs<!sqxf<k!ohiK!nxliGl</!nkeiz<!kie<?!

“ nxuqje!biokeqx<!ogiz<zijl!Ogixz<nxuqje!biokeqx<!ogiz<zijl!Ogixz<nxuqje!biokeqx<!ogiz<zijl!Ogixz<nxuqje!biokeqx<!ogiz<zijl!Ogixz<!!!!

!!!!hqxuqje!wz<zix<!kVl<hqxuqje!wz<zix<!kVl<hqxuqje!wz<zix<!kVl<hqxuqje!wz<zix<!kVl<” !kqVg<Gxt<!kqVg<Gxt<!kqVg<Gxt<!kqVg<Gxt<!....!!!!432432432432!

nxr<gtqz<! wz<zil<! sqxf<k! nxl<! ogiz<zijl! we<gqe<xiI! kqVut<TuI/! -k<kjgb!sqxh<hie!nxk<jkk<!Kxuq!sqvOlx<ogi{<M!Ohix<x!Ou{<Ml</!nu<uiX!Ohix<Xl<!gizk<Kk<!ke<Ejmb!dbqjvg<!gig<Gl<!ohiVm<Mg<!%m!hqx!dbqjvg<!ogiz<zg<!%miK!we<gqe<xiI!nuI/!ogiz<zijlbqe<!sqxh<jhg<!%x!Lx<hm<m!giiqbisie<?!!

“ ogiz<zijl!fe<X!ogijz!kQKogiz<zijl!fe<X!ogijz!kQKogiz<zijl!fe<X!ogijz!kQKogiz<zijl!fe<X!ogijz!kQK” !sqxhR<s&zl<!hi/5:/!we<gqe<xiI/!

ogiz<zijl! leqkiqe<! lek<kqz<! wf<k! ntUg<G! -ml<ohx<Xt<tK! we<hjk! d{If<K!nkx<G!Wx<h!lg<gTg<Gg<!ogiz<zijlbqe<!sqxh<jhg<!%xqBt<tiI!fz<zikeiI/!

“ DE{<)M*!dbqIgm<)G*!nVTjmObl<!we<hiEl<DE{<)M*!dbqIgm<)G*!nVTjmObl<!we<hiEl<DE{<)M*!dbqIgm<)G*!nVTjmObl<!we<hiEl<DE{<)M*!dbqIgm<)G*!nVTjmObl<!we<hiEl<” !kqiqkqiqkqiqkqiqgMgl<!hi/47/gMgl<!hi/47/gMgl<!hi/47/gMgl<!hi/47/!!!!

“ ogijz!fqe<X!kqe<oxiPGuiEl<!ohiqbui<ogijz!fqe<X!kqe<oxiPGuiEl<!ohiqbui<ogijz!fqe<X!kqe<oxiPGuiEl<!ohiqbui<ogijz!fqe<X!kqe<oxiPGuiEl<!ohiqbui<” !!!!kqiqgMgl<!hi/85/kqiqgMgl<!hi/85/kqiqgMgl<!hi/85/kqiqgMgl<!hi/85/!!!!

we<gqe<xiI!fz<zikeiI/!

! YvxqU!okimr<gq!Jf<kxqU!ujvbqz<!dt<t!wz<zi!dbqi<gjtBl<!lxf<Kl<!ogijz!osb<bilz<!-Vh<hjkg<!Gxqg<gg<!%cbK!we<hjk!

“ dmOziM!%cb!dbqi<gt<!hjpb!uqjegjt!)hqvivk<u!uqjejb*!d{<MdmOziM!%cb!dbqi<gt<!hjpb!uqjegjt!)hqvivk<u!uqjejb*!d{<MdmOziM!%cb!dbqi<gt<!hjpb!uqjegjt!)hqvivk<u!uqjejb*!d{<MdmOziM!%cb!dbqi<gt<!hjpb!uqjegjt!)hqvivk<u!uqjejb*!d{<M!!!!gpqh<hkx<G!gpqh<hkx<G!gpqh<hkx<G!gpqh<hkx<G!Le<ei<?! ke<ezl<! hx<xqbikz<! ouGtqbqeizikiz<! nxqbijlbiekiz<! nux<jx!Le<ei<?! ke<ezl<! hx<xqbikz<! ouGtqbqeizikiz<! nxqbijlbiekiz<! nux<jx!Le<ei<?! ke<ezl<! hx<xqbikz<! ouGtqbqeizikiz<! nxqbijlbiekiz<! nux<jx!Le<ei<?! ke<ezl<! hx<xqbikz<! ouGtqbqeizikiz<! nxqbijlbiekiz<! nux<jx!dmzqe<Xl<!hqg<gijl<!-0ke<xq!uVk<kijlBlil<dmzqe<Xl<!hqg<gijl<!-0ke<xq!uVk<kijlBlil<dmzqe<Xl<!hqg<gijl<!-0ke<xq!uVk<kijlBlil<dmzqe<Xl<!hqg<gijl<!-0ke<xq!uVk<kijlBlil<” !kqVg<Gxt<?!G/3:6kqVg<Gxt<?!G/3:6kqVg<Gxt<?!G/3:6kqVg<Gxt<?!G/3:6!!!!

we<hii<! hiqOlzpgi</! weOu?! Olx<g{<m! djv! uqtg<gk<kqe<! dkuqbiz<?! ogijz! Lkzqb!upqgtqe<X! fQr<gqe! Riel<?! osiz<Zkx<giqb! Ole<jlbie! Riel<! we<hjk! d{v!-bZgqxK/!ogiz<zijl!ye<Ox!wz<zi!nxr<gtqZl<!sqxf<kK!we<hjk?!

! ! “ ogiz<ziuqvkl<!Guzbl<!wz<zil<!Yr<gogiz<ziuqvkl<!Guzbl<!wz<zil<!Yr<gogiz<ziuqvkl<!Guzbl<!wz<zil<!Yr<gogiz<ziuqvkl<!Guzbl<!wz<zil<!Yr<g!!!!

!!!! !!!! wz<zii<g<Gl<!osiz<ZuK!we<!-s<js!hvihvOlwz<zii<g<Gl<!osiz<ZuK!we<!-s<js!hvihvOlwz<zii<g<Gl<!osiz<ZuK!we<!-s<js!hvihvOlwz<zii<g<Gl<!osiz<ZuK!we<!-s<js!hvihvOl” !hvihvg<g{<{q?!hi/457hvihvg<g{<{q?!hi/457hvihvg<g{<{q?!hi/457hvihvg<g{<{q?!hi/457!!!

we<X!Gxqh<hqMgqxii<!kiBlieui</!!!! !

!!!! !!!! !!!! ‘uicb!hbqi<gjtg<!g{<mOhiokz<zil<!uicOeeuicb!hbqi<gjtg<!g{<mOhiokz<zil<!uicOeeuicb!hbqi<gjtg<!g{<mOhiokz<zil<!uicOeeuicb!hbqi<gjtg<!g{<mOhiokz<zil<!uicOee<<<<’!we<X!ut<tziVl<!ogiz<zijl!nxk<jkh<!Ohix<xqBt<tii</!


ogiz<Zl<! okipqzqz<! fqjzohx<X! YI! dbqiqje! ujkk<K?! nke<! -jxs<sqjbk<!kqe<hue<! wf<k! yV! nxk<jkBl<! dXkqbigg<! gjmhqcg<g! lim<mie<! we<gqe<xiI/! njsu!d{ju! fe<G! d{<hue<! Nm<ce<! Ke<hk<jkk<! ke<eiz<! kir<g! Lcbuqz<jz! we<X!%XuK! ‘NM! fjeBK! we<X! Yfib<! nPkkil<’! we<X! silie<b! lg<gtqe<! GvZl<!yzqg<gqe<xK/!!

ohiqbohiqb! klqp<s<! sqf<kjebiti<gTl<! silie<bi<gTl<! kr<gjt! nxqbilOz!hqxlkk<kqx<Gs<!ose<xei</!-ui<gjt!lQm<omMg<Gl<!ohiqbohiXh<hqjeg<!jgbqz<!wMk<kui<gt<!sqk<ki<gt</! sqk<ki<ki<gtqz<! yVuvie! kqV&zi<! nui<gt<! upqbqOz! ose<X! -ziuglig!fl<lui<gjt!lQm<omMk<kii</!!

squ!H,squ!H,squ!H,squ!H,jsg<gie!ngg<!gVuqgTt<!ye<X!ogiz<zijljsg<gie!ngg<!gVuqgTt<!ye<X!ogiz<zijljsg<gie!ngg<!gVuqgTt<!ye<X!ogiz<zijljsg<gie!ngg<!gVuqgTt<!ye<X!ogiz<zijl!!!!

!!!! hqxuqbigqb! ohVr<gmjz! yu<ouiVuVl<! fQf<Kukx<Giqb! hx<Xg<! Ogimigk<!N{<mueqe<!kqVucjbs<!Sm<MgqxK!kqVlf<kqvl</!nk<kjgb!kqVucs<!sqxh<jh!njmukx<G!dt<t!hz!ofxqgtqz<!squ!H,jsBl<!ye<X/!

! squH,js!we<hK!-jxujeh<!Hxg<gVuqgt<!lm<Mlqe<xq?!ngg<gVuqgjtBl<!ogi{<M!H,sqh<hjkg<!Gxqh<hkiGl</!

! Hxk<kqx<Gk<!Kj{bigg<!%xh<hMgqe<x!lzi<gt<!hzux<jxg<!Gxqh<hqm<Mt<t!kqV&zi<?!ngk<kqx<Gk<!Kj{big!Ou{<cb!lzi<gjtBl<!Sm<cBjvk<Kt<tii</!!!

!!!!“ hx<xib!fx<GV!H,jsg<Gl<!he<lzIhx<xib!fx<GV!H,jsg<Gl<!he<lzIhx<xib!fx<GV!H,jsg<Gl<!he<lzIhx<xib!fx<GV!H,jsg<Gl<!he<lzI!!!!

lx<OxiI!n[g<gjtg<!ogiz<zijl!y{<lzlx<OxiI!n[g<gjtg<!ogiz<zijl!y{<lzlx<OxiI!n[g<gjtg<!ogiz<zijl!y{<lzlx<OxiI!n[g<gjtg<!ogiz<zijl!y{<lzIIII” ! )kqVlf<kqvl<!.!34:*!

we<x! lf<kqvl<! ngg<! gVuqgTg<gie! -e<xqbjlbijljbh<! Hzh<hMk<kgqxK/!ngk<Kj{bigqb!lzi<gt<ngk<Kj{bigqb!lzi<gt<ngk<Kj{bigqb!lzi<gt<ngk<Kj{bigqb!lzi<gt<!!

-jxuEjmb!kqVucbqjeh<!hx<Xukx<G!H,js!osb<Bl<!OhiK!hz<OuX!lzIgjtg<!ogi{<M!-jxuje!nIs<sqh<hK!sqxh<H/!-u<uiX!gVKgqe<x!lg<gOt!-jxuje!lekiz<!fqjek<K! u{r<Gl<! OhiKl<! okimIf<K! fils<sqxh<Hl<! %Xl<OhiKl<! w{<{! lzIgjt!juk<K! upqhMgqxiIgt</! nh<OhiK! nuIgt<<! jug<Gl<! Ou{<Mkz<! fqjxOuXgqe<xK/! hqe<!We<!-f<kh<!Hxg<!guIs<sq/!-jkk<!kuqIk<K!uqMr<gt</!-keiz<!H,uqe<!-xh<H!kMg<gh<hMl<?!u{<ce<!uip<Ul<!utliGl</!

-jxueqe<! H,jsg<Gg<%m! lzi<gjth<! hxqg<gg<! %miK! we<X! %xh<hm<Mt<tkqz<!dbqiqer<gtqe<! lQK! ogi{<m! -vg<glig! -Vf<kiZl<! -kx<Gg<! giv{l<! Niqbi<gtqe<!uVjgBl<! nui<gt<! Olx<ogi{<m! big! LjxBOl! NGl</! ! Niqbi<gt<! Olx<ogit<Tl<!bigk<kqz<!NGkqbig!lzi<gjt!-m<mei</!lel<!ye<Xhm<Mh<!ohxOu{<cb!-jx-e<hk<jk?!ohiVm<gjt! ofVh<hqz<! Ohim<Ms<! osb<Bl<! bigk<kqeiz<! ohxLcBl<! we<X! %Xl<! Niqbs<!smr<GLjxgjt!wkqi<h<hkx<gigOu!%xh<!ohx<Xt<tK!we<hjk!nxqb!Lcgqe<xK/!!

Woeeqz<?! ogiz<zijl! we<hK! ouXl<! Hziz<Hsqh<hjh! lm<Ml<! Gxqg<gg<! %cbkz<z<!lixig?! lek<kiz<?! olipqbiz<?! osbziz<! lx<xui<gjtg<! ogiz<zik! nxouiPg<gk<jk!yu<ouiV! keqleqkEl<! gjmhqcg<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<hjkBl<?! kl<jl! ! fqjz! fqXk<kqg<!ogit<ukx<G!Niqbi<gt<!Olx<ogit<th<hMl<!smr<G!Ljxgt<!hgm<cx<gigUl<!kqviuqmi<gjtk<!kl<! hg<gl<! =i<h<hkx<gigUl<?! kl<jl! dbi<f<kui<gtigg<! gim<cg<! ogit<ukx<Gl<!kqviuqmi<gjts<! sqf<kqg<guqmilz<! kMh<hkx<gig! Olx<ogit<th<hm<mjuOb! big! Ljxgt</!-f<k! big! Ljxbqz<! lel<! ye<XhMukqz<jz! lel<! ye<Xhmik! smr<G! upqhim<miz<!biokiV! hbEl<! -z<jz! we<hjk! kqviuqmi<gt<! d{i<f<K! ogit<t! Ou{<Ml<! we<hjk!d{i<k<kqBt<tii<!kqV&zi</!

LcUjv;LcUjv;LcUjv;LcUjv;!!!!

!!!! ‘Nbqvl<! okb<ur<gt<! d{<ome<X! Okc! njzBl<! nxquqzqgit<’! ‘ye<OxGzl<!yVuOe! Okue<’! ‘ne<Oh! squl<’! ‘fm<mgz<Zl<! OhSOli! fike<! dt<tqVg<Gl<! OhiK’!gx<xqjeh<!H,m<c!gmzqz<!hib<s<sqEl<!fx<Xj{biuK!fls<squibl<’! ‘fivib{i!we<x!fx<gkq!gqm<Ml<’! ‘nz<zi! yVuOe’! ‘hvOzigk<kqe<! fibge<! -ObSOu’! nk<kj{g<Gl<! Njsh<hM’!‘NjsOb! Ke<hk<kqx<G! giv{l<’! ‘dbqi<-vg<gOl! Ohvxl<’! we<X! hg<kq<! gizk<kqe<! Gvz<gt<!yzqk<Kuf<Kt<tjljb!-g<gm<Mjvbqe<!uibqzig!nxqf<Kogit<t!Lcgqe<xK/!


!!!!

!!!!

fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbl<fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbl<fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbl<fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbl<!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*-vi/lOg^<uvq-vi/lOg^<uvq-vi/lOg^<uvq-vi/lOg^<uvq?!?!?!?! Nb<uiti<?! gf<ksilq! g{<mv<! gz<Z~vq?! hvlk<kq! OuZ~v<?! filg<gz</! Mobile No – 9486597146. E.Mail id –[email protected]

!!!!

Le<Ejv;Le<Ejv;Le<Ejv;Le<Ejv;!!!!

!!!!!!!fim<Mh<Hx! -zg<gqbl<! gm<Mh<hiM! nx<xK/! ljzbVuqbig! gim<M! lz<zqjgbigg<!gVkh<hMgqxK/njeuVl<! ohiVt<h<! Hvqf<K! ogit<Tl<! u{<{l<! wtqjlBl<! -eqjlBl<!djmbK/! fim<Mh<Hx! -zg<gqbk<kqe<! Oui<gt<! leqksLkibk<kqz<! lqg! Npligh<!hkqf<Kt<te/! fim<Mh<Hx! -zg<gqblieK! leqk! sLkibl<! wjk! nEhuqk<kOki?! wjk!gx<xOki!njk!Guqk<K!juk<kqVg<Gl<!Oslqh<H!njxbiGl</!fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbl<!l{<{qe<!l{k<jkBl<!hvh<Hl<!sqxh<hqjeg<!ogi{<mK/!fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqb<!we<x!ujgh<him<cx<Gh<!hz!ujgbqjeg<! gie! LcBl</! fim<Mh<Hxh<! himz<gt<?! fim<Mh<Hxg<! gjkgt<?! fim<Mh<Hxg<!gjkh<himz<gt<?!hpolipqgt<?!uqMgjkgt<?!Hvi{r<gt<!!

fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbk<kqe<!njlh<H!!!!fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbk<kqe<!njlh<H!!!!fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbk<kqe<!njlh<H!!!!fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbk<kqe<!njlh<H!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!fim<Mh<Hx! -zg<gqbk<kqz<! dt<tk<K! d{v<Ugjtg<! gi{zil</! ‘hjmh<hitqOb!fjmbig! njlgqxie<’! we<hK! lg<gtiz<! Ng<gh<hMuK! fim<Mh<Hx! -zg<gqbl</!Wm<czg<gqbk<kqz<! ucu! njlh<Hgt<! gi{h<hcEl<! fim<Mh<Hx! -zg<gqbl<! Ohie<X!ukqLjxbig! njlbuqz<jz/! ‘h{<O{iM! himik! himz<! -xgqz<zih<hxju! Ohie<xK/!h{<O{iM!hiMl<OhiK!hxju!-xg<jg!uqiqk<K!uq{<{qz<!hxh<hK!Ohiz!-Vg<Gl<’.!!

fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbs<!osz<uig<Gfim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbs<!osz<uig<Gfim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbs<!osz<uig<Gfim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqbs<!osz<uig<G!!!!

!!!!!!fim<Mh<Hx! -zg<gqbs<! osz<uig<jgs<! sr<g! gizl<! Lkx<ogi{<M! kx<gizl<! ujv!okiGk<Kl<!uGk<Kl<!giz!fqvz<hm!Nb<f<K!wPkqBt<tii<gt</!hiiq!lgtqi<!hiMl<! ‘nx<jxk<!kqr<gt<’!himZl<!li{<m!le<eEg<gigh<!hiMl<! ‘Lz<jzBl<!H,k<kqObi’!himZl<!yh<hiv<bqe<!sibjz! outqh<hMk<kq! fqx<gqe<xe/! Hiqhimz<! LVge<! Le<! NcBl<! hicBl<! uqpiuig!-jlg<gqe<x!nh<ohVfijth<!hx<xqb!himZl</!

!!!!!!‘yV!kqxl<?!bi{i<!bipqe<!kQr<GvozpyV!kqxl<?!bi{i<!bipqe<!kQr<GvozpyV!kqxl<?!bi{i<!bipqe<!kQr<GvozpyV!kqxl<?!bi{i<!bipqe<!kQr<Gvozp!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!yV!kqxl<?!bi{i<!u{<ce<!-lqi<!-jsobpyV!kqxl<?!bi{i<!u{<ce<!-lqi<!-jsobpyV!kqxl<?!bi{i<!u{<ce<!-lqi<!-jsobpyV!kqxl<?!bi{i<!u{<ce<!-lqi<!-jsobp!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!yV!kqxl<?!g{<{ii<!Gpzqe<!gjvH!wpyV!kqxl<?!g{<{ii<!Gpzqe<!gjvH!wpyV!kqxl<?!g{<{ii<!Gpzqe<!gjvH!wpyV!kqxl<?!g{<{ii<!Gpzqe<!gjvH!wp!!!!

…………………………………////////!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!……………………………………’!!!!)hiq!28?23?32*)hiq!28?23?32*)hiq!28?23?32*)hiq!28?23?32*!!!!

sqzl<hqz<kie<! LPg<g! LPg<g! fim<Mh<Hx! -zg<gqbs<! osz<uig<jgg<! gi{<gqOxil</!Sqzh<hkqgiv!lr<gz!uip<k<Kl<!giez!uvqBl<!Oum<Mu!uvqBl<!Nb<s<sqbh<!GvjuBl<!Ge<xig<!GjxjuBl<! uip<k<Kg<gijkBl<! ng<giz! lg<gt<! uib<olipqbig! -jsk<kh<! himz<gjt!flg<G!fqjeU,m<Mgqe<xe/!

fim<Mh<Hxh<himzgtqz<!upqhim<Mh<!himz<gt<fim<Mh<Hxh<himzgtqz<!upqhim<Mh<!himz<gt<fim<Mh<Hxh<himzgtqz<!upqhim<Mh<!himz<gt<fim<Mh<Hxh<himzgtqz<!upqhim<Mh<!himz<gt<!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!lg<gt<!njek<Ks<!osbz<gjtBl<!okb<ur<gjt!u{r<gqOb!osb<gqe<xei</! ‘-e<eK!osb<kz<! -e<eK! osb<Oue<’! we<x! Ohvk<jkBl<! upqh<him<cz<! gi{zil<! fQ! we<! Ofijbg<!G{h<hMk<kqeiz<!nz<zK!Ofib<!uvilz<!gik<kiz<!fie<!deg<G!-e<eK!hjmh<Ohe<?!we<x!nch<hjmbqz<!fim<Mh<Hx!lg<gtqe<!upqhim!njlgqxK/!!


!!!!“ fe<eiOe!fiOefe<Oe!nl<lic!wf<kiObfe<eiOe!fiOefe<Oe!nl<lic!wf<kiObfe<eiOe!fiOefe<Oe!nl<lic!wf<kiObfe<eiOe!fiOefe<Oe!nl<lic!wf<kiOb!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!fiOefe<Oe!fiOefe<Oe!gl<hfkqbiOtfiOefe<Oe!fiOefe<Oe!gl<hfkqbiOtfiOefe<Oe!fiOefe<Oe!gl<hfkqbiOtfiOefe<Oe!fiOefe<Oe!gl<hfkqbiOt!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!fie<!osiz<zh<!OhiOxe<!osiz<zh<!OhiOxe<!nl<lic!wf<kiOb!!!fie<!osiz<zh<!OhiOxe<!osiz<zh<!OhiOxe<!nl<lic!wf<kiOb!!!fie<!osiz<zh<!OhiOxe<!osiz<zh<!OhiOxe<!nl<lic!wf<kiOb!!!fie<!osiz<zh<!OhiOxe<!osiz<zh<!OhiOxe<!nl<lic!wf<kiOb!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!hg<kqbiz<df<ke<!him<m!gl<h!fkqbiOt!hg<kqbiz<df<ke<!him<m!gl<h!fkqbiOt!hg<kqbiz<df<ke<!him<m!gl<h!fkqbiOt!hg<kqbiz<df<ke<!him<m!gl<h!fkqbiOt!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!we<!fiUh<!hqvqbOu[l<!nl<lic!wf<kiObwe<!fiUh<!hqvqbOu[l<!nl<lic!wf<kiObwe<!fiUh<!hqvqbOu[l<!nl<lic!wf<kiObwe<!fiUh<!hqvqbOu[l<!nl<lic!wf<kiOb!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!fz<uig<G!osiz<z!Ou[l<!gl<h!fkqbiOtfz<uig<G!osiz<z!Ou[l<!gl<h!fkqbiOtfz<uig<G!osiz<z!Ou[l<!gl<h!fkqbiOtfz<uig<G!osiz<z!Ou[l<!gl<h!fkqbiOt” !!!!!!!!

nl<jl! Ofib<g<G! liiqbl<le<! okb<uOl! giv{l<! we<x! fl<hqg<jg! lg<gtqjmOb!gi{h<hMgqxK/!!!!

ogi{<mim<mh<himz<gt<ogi{<mim<mh<himz<gt<ogi{<mim<mh<himz<gt<ogi{<mim<mh<himz<gt<!!!!

!!!!lgqp<s<sq! Wx<hMk<Kl<! njek<K! fqgp<s<sqgjtBl<! ogi{<mim<ml<’! wezil</! GMl<hk<kqt<!ogi{<mim<mr<gtie! gik{quqpi?! lR<sz<! fQvim<Muqpi! ?! l{uqpi?! Ohie<xh<! himzgt<!himh<hMgqe<xe/!

Gl<lqGl<lqGl<lqGl<lq!!!!

!!!klqpgk<kqz<! umlium<mr<gtqz<! ohiPK! Ohig<gqx<gig! -vU! Ofvr<gtqz<! fqzig<!gizr<gtqz<!lgtqi<!Gl<lqbck<K!lgqp<ui</!H,h<Hs<!smr<gqe<!OhiKl<!Gl<lqbck<Kh<hiMui</!

!!!!!!!Gl<lqbc!oh{<gt<!Gl<lbc!fz<zGl<lqbc!oh{<gt<!Gl<lbc!fz<zGl<lqbc!oh{<gt<!Gl<lbc!fz<zGl<lqbc!oh{<gt<!Gl<lbc!fz<z!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!GMh<hl<!uipOu!Gl<lqbcGMh<hl<!uipOu!Gl<lqbcGMh<hl<!uipOu!Gl<lqbcGMh<hl<!uipOu!Gl<lqbc!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!OgTr<gc!oh{<gt<!OgTr<gc!fz<zOgTr<gc!oh{<gt<!OgTr<gc!fz<zOgTr<gc!oh{<gt<!OgTr<gc!fz<zOgTr<gc!oh{<gt<!OgTr<gc!fz<z!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!kqm<mr<gt<!%XOue<!OgTr<gc!!!kqm<mr<gt<!%XOue<!OgTr<gc!!!kqm<mr<gt<!%XOue<!OgTr<gc!!!kqm<mr<gt<!%XOue<!OgTr<gc!!!!!!!

l{uqpih<!himz<gt<l{uqpih<!himz<gt<l{uqpih<!himz<gt<l{uqpih<!himz<gt<!

!!!GMl<hk<kqz<! fjmh<ohXl<! ogi{<mim<mr<gt<! kqVl{uqpi! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ohXgqxK!ohXgqxK/! kqVl{k<kqz<! hz<OuX! smr<Ggtqz<! himz<! hiMl<! hpg<gl<! hvuzigg<!gi{h<hMgqxK/!l{lge<?!lelgt<!uQm<mii<gt<!Ogzqs<!osb<Bl<!himz</!

!!!!!!nvqsq!kqVc!lunvqsq!kqVc!lunvqsq!kqVc!lunvqsq!kqVc!lu!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!N{Ob!Ogizl<!uvN{Ob!Ogizl<!uvN{Ob!Ogizl<!uvN{Ob!Ogizl<!uv!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!nvqs<sf<kqve<!ohk<k!kl<hq!nvqs<sf<kqve<!ohk<k!kl<hq!nvqs<sf<kqve<!ohk<k!kl<hq!nvqs<sf<kqve<!ohk<k!kl<hq!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!giz<!fjmbi!uive<!giz<!fjmbi!uive<!giz<!fjmbi!uive<!giz<!fjmbi!uive<!!!!!

fim<Mh<Hx! -zg<gqbk<kqe<! Oui<gt<! leqk! sLkibk<kqz<! lqg! Npligh<! hkqf<Kt<te/!fim<Mh<Hx!-zg<gqblieK!leqk!sLkibl<!wjk!nEhuqk<kOki!wjkg<!gx<xOki!njkg<!Guqk<K! juk<kqVg<Gl<! Oslqh<H! njxbiGl</! fim<Mh<Hx! -zg<gqbz<! l{<{qe<! l{k<jkh<!hvh<Hl<!sqxh<hqjeg<!ogi{<mK/!!!!!

kizim<Mh<!himz<gt<!;kizim<Mh<!himz<gt<!;kizim<Mh<!himz<gt<!;kizim<Mh<!himz<gt<!;!!!!

kizim<M! we<x! osiz<! kiz<+Nm<M! we<X! hqvqg<gzil</! kiz<! we<hkx<G! fig<G! we<X!ohiVt</! kizim<Mh<! himz<gtqz<! dxULjxgjth<! hx<xqBl<! smr<G! Ljxgjth<! hx<xqBl<!nxqb!LcgqxK/!

“ g{<O{!g{<[xr<G!g{<O{!g{<[xr<G!g{<O{!g{<[xr<G!g{<O{!g{<[xr<G!....!!!!wewewewe!!!!

G{<l{qOb!fQBxr<GG{<l{qOb!fQBxr<GG{<l{qOb!fQBxr<GG{<l{qOb!fQBxr<G” !!!!

…………………/!we<x!himz</!we<x!himz</!we<x!himz</!we<x!himz<!!!!

okipqz<!himz<gt<okipqz<!himz<gt<okipqz<!himz<gt<okipqz<!himz<gt<!!!! ;;;;!!!!

hz<OuX! okipqz<! HvqOuii<! okipqzqe<! SjlBl<?gjth<Hl<! okiqbilz<! -Vg<gh<hiMl<!himz<gOt! okipqz<! himz<gt</! himz<! Oujzh<hTjug<! Gjxg<gqxK/! Ke<hk<jk! lxg<gs<!


osb<gqxK/! wk<okipqz<! fim<Mh<Hxk<kii<! ost<kiZl<! nui<gtqe<! uib<! L[L[g<gilz<!-viK/

“ Osuz<%UK!ls<sie<!Osuz<%UK!ls<sie<!Osuz<%UK!ls<sie<!Osuz<%UK!ls<sie<!....!!!!ls<sie<ls<sie<ls<sie<ls<sie<!!!!

siZOgiZ!wM!ls<sie<siZOgiZ!wM!ls<sie<siZOgiZ!wM!ls<sie<siZOgiZ!wM!ls<sie<” !!!!

Wx<xh<him<M;Wx<xh<him<M;Wx<xh<him<M;Wx<xh<him<M;!!!!

gq{x<xqzqVf<K! fQI! -jxg<Gl<! ohiPK! himh<hMl<! himz<! Wx<xh<him<M! NGl</!-h<him<cz<! osiz<zMg<G?! okimv<! nMg<G?uqvqk<Kh<! hiMkz<?! uqtqk<Kh<hiMkz<?! wKjg!Olije?gx<hje?!uv<{j{?-bx<jg!Lv{<?!njbH!Ngqb!%Xgjtg<ogi{<mK/!

“ ohm<mzqOz!gq{X!oum<ch<ohm<mzqOz!gq{X!oum<ch<ohm<mzqOz!gq{X!oum<ch<ohm<mzqOz!gq{X!oum<ch<!!!!

Ohii<gijt!ov{<Ml<!H,m<cg<Ohii<gijt!ov{<Ml<!H,m<cg<Ohii<gijt!ov{<Ml<!H,m<cg<Ohii<gijt!ov{<Ml<!H,m<cg<!!!!

Gih<Hh<Ohim<m!gVk<k!ls<sie<Gih<Hh<Ohim<m!gVk<k!ls<sie<Gih<Hh<Ohim<m!gVk<k!ls<sie<Gih<Hh<Ohim<m!gVk<k!ls<sie<!!!!

Gljzgm<mk<!okiqbjzObGljzgm<mk<!okiqbjzObGljzgm<mk<!okiqbjzObGljzgm<mk<!okiqbjzOb” !

gikz<!himz<gt;<gikz<!himz<gt;<gikz<!himz<gt;<gikz<!himz<gt;<!!!!

njek<K!dbqv<gTg<Gl<!dt<t!nch<hjm!d{i<U!gikz</!klqpv<gt<!gikjzBl<?!uQvk<jkBl<! -V! g{gtigh<! Ohix<xqev</! Gikz<him<Mgtqz<! gtUh<himzgTl<! d{<M/!gtuqx<Gh<hqe<!uVl<!gx<H!ofxqh<!ihmz<gTl<!d{<M/!

“ !!!!fjmbpgq!ftqes<fjmbpgq!ftqes<fjmbpgq!ftqes<fjmbpgq!ftqes<!!!!

Sqk<kv!uibpgqSqk<kv!uibpgqSqk<kv!uibpgqSqk<kv!uibpgq!!!!

-jmbpgq!-jmbpgq!-jmbpgq!-jmbpgq!–!!!!yVyVyVyV!!!!

-e<h!lf<kf<!kigqtqOb-e<h!lf<kf<!kigqtqOb-e<h!lf<kf<!kigqtqOb-e<h!lf<kf<!kigqtqOb…………////”

Yh<hivqh<!himz<gt<!;Yh<hivqh<!himz<gt<!;Yh<hivqh<!himz<gt<!;Yh<hivqh<!himz<gt<!;!!!!

himOziM! okimr<Gl<! leqkeqe<! uip<jg?! himOziM! kie<! LcgqxK/! “Nvl<hliuK!l{<[g<Gt<Ot! nue<! Nc! ! nmr<GuKl<! l{<[g<Gt<Ot”! Nvl<hliuKl<! him<cOzkie<!nue<! Nc! nmr<GuKl<! him<cOzkie</! -xf<kuv<gjt! fqjek<K! -xf<kuv<gtqe<!dxuqei<gTl<! ljeuqBl<! hqxVl<! hiMl<! himz<gt<! yh<hivqh<! himz<gt<! NGl</! Yh<H!osiz<zqh<! himh<hMl<! himz<gt<! -xf<kuvqe<! ohVjljbBl<?! h{<H! fze<gjtBl<!outqh<hMk<KgqxK/!

“ kizq!hq{<{k<kizqkizq!hq{<{k<kizqkizq!hq{<{k<kizqkizq!hq{<{k<kizq....fie<fie<fie<fie<!!!!

kr<gk<kiz<!ohie<!kizqkr<gk<kiz<!ohie<!kizqkr<gk<kiz<!ohie<!kizqkr<gk<kiz<!ohie<!kizq!!!!

kizq!Spx<xqm!wf<ke<kizq!Spx<xqm!wf<ke<kizq!Spx<xqm!wf<ke<kizq!Spx<xqm!wf<ke<!!!!

kV!lVg<Og!sl<lkOlikV!lVg<Og!sl<lkOlikV!lVg<Og!sl<lkOlikV!lVg<Og!sl<lkOli” !!!!

-h<himz<gtqz<!wKjg!uf<Kt<tK/-h<himz<gtqz<!wKjg!uf<Kt<tK/-h<himz<gtqz<!wKjg!uf<Kt<tK/-h<himz<gtqz<!wKjg!uf<Kt<tK/!!!!

LcUjv;LcUjv;LcUjv;LcUjv;....!!!!

!!!!fim<Mh<Hxh<! himz<! -zg<gqb! osiz<! uzqjlh<! ohx<xK/! fim<Mh<Hx! lg<gtqe<!uip<jgObiM!okimv<Hjmbe/!kizim<cz<!okimr<gq!-xh<H!ujvbqzie!-e<h!Ke<hr<gjth<!hqvkqhzqg<Gl<! himz<gt<! fim<MHxh<himz<gt<! dt<te/Nm<mh<himz<gt<?Gl<lqh<himz<gt<?!fiOmich<! himz<gt<! Ohie<x! himz<gt<! &zl<! fim<MHx! -zg<gqbk<kqe<! &zl<! =MhiMg<!ogi{<Mt<tei</!!!!!


mfjp epiyapd; typfs; : mfjp epiyapd; typfs; : mfjp epiyapd; typfs; : mfjp epiyapd; typfs; : ‘vy;iy jhz;lh mfjpfs;vy;iy jhz;lh mfjpfs;vy;iy jhz;lh mfjpfs;vy;iy jhz;lh mfjpfs;’ rpWfij Clhd tiuTrpWfij Clhd tiuTrpWfij Clhd tiuTrpWfij Clhd tiuT

*K.K.K.K.fpwp];Nlhgu;>fpwp];Nlhgu;>fpwp];Nlhgu;>fpwp];Nlhgu;> Kidtu;gl;l Ma;thsu;> fhe;jpfpuhk fpuhkpa epfu;epiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

Nghu; cs;spl;l R+oy; fhuzkhf jha;ehl;bypUe;J gpw ehl;Lf;Fg; Gyk;ngau;e;J

tho;Nthupd; tho;epiyia ‘mfjpepiy’ vdyhk;. Mdhy;> ,dthjk; cs;spl;l xLf;FKiwahy; nrhe;j ehl;bw;Fs;NsNa ‘mfjpfshf’ tho;Nthupd; mty epiyia - mfjpepiyia - khj;jis NrhKtpd; “ vy;iy jhz;lh mfjpfs;” Gidfijfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. jhd; Kjypy; ehtyhf (vy;iy jhz;lh mfjpfs;) vOjpaij tPuNfrup - kiyaf vOj;jhsu; kd;wk; elj;jpa rpWfijg; Nghl;bf;fhfr; RUf;fp mNj jiyg;gpy; rpWfijahf khw;wpAs;shu; khj;jis NrhK. mg;Nghl;bapy; ,f;fij Kjy; guprpid ntd;wJ. Kjd;Kjypy; ‘nfhOe;J’ ,jopy; gpuRukhfpa ,f;fij mjidj; njhlu;e;J ‘Njly;’ > ‘jhafk;’ Mfpa ,jo;fspy; kWgpuRukhfpaJ. jkpofg; gj;jpupifahd ‘fizahop’apy; 1991 – gpg;utupapy; kWgpuRuk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. vjhu;j;jthjg; Nghf;fpy; ,r;rpWfij mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,dthjKk; mfjpepiyAk;,dthjKk; mfjpepiyAk;,dthjKk; mfjpepiyAk;,dthjKk; mfjpepiyAk;

,yq;ifj; Njapiyj; Njhl;lq;fspy; gzpnra;Ak; ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fs; Njhl;lq;fis xl;ba tupirahd tPLfspy; (Line Houses) Fbaku;j;jg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l mt;tPLfNs yak; - yaq;fs; (yad; tPLfs;) vd miof;fg;gl;ld. ngUe;Njhl;l Kjyhspfspd; ,yhg Nehf;fpw;fhf mj;Njhl;lq;fspd; mUfpNyNa Fiwthd trjpfSld; ,e;j yaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L njhopyhsu; Fbitf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,j;jifa yaq;fisAk; mjpy; thOk; Njhl;lj;njhopyhsupd; rpf;fyhd tho;f;ifiaAk; ,r;rpWfij rpj;jpupf;fpd;wJ.

,f;fijapy; ,lk;ngWk; Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fs; mjpfhu ikaq;fshy; xLf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. jkJ tho;thjhuj;ij ,of;fpd;wdu;. ,f;fijapy; tUk; ‘al;ltj;ij Njhl;lj;J ya’j;ij rpq;fstu;fs; mbj;J nehWf;fp> neUg;G itj;J> njhopyhsu;fsJ nghUl;fisAk; nfhs;isabj;Jr; nrd;WtpLfpd;wdu;. ,t;thW ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fstu; x jkpou; vd;w ,dthjk; NkNyhq;fpa R+oiy ,r;rpWfij tpsf;FfpwJ. ,dntwp nfhz;l rpq;fstu;fshy; jkpou;fs; kw;Wk; jkpoiuj; jpUkzk; nra;j rpq;fstu;fSk; ngUksT ghjpf;fg;gl;L jkJ cilikfisAk; cwtpdu;fisAk; ,oe;J gaj;Jld; Xbnahope;J tho Ml;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;. Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fSf;F cjtNtz;ba nghWg;gpy; ,Ug;NghUk; (Njhl;lj;J Jiu> fq;fhzpfs;) cjthky; njhopyhsu;fs; miyf;fopf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. rpq;fsu;fs; jkpouJ tho;thjhukhf ,Uf;fpd;w Njhl;lq;fis ,dthjj;jhy; jPitj;J vupf;fpd;wdu;. muRk; vt;tpj eltbf;iffisAk; vLg;gjpy;iy.

,e;jpahtpypUe;J gpiog;gpw;fhf Njapiy> ug;gu; cs;spl;l Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiynra;a ,yq;if nrd;Nwhu; mq;F xLf;fg;gl;L xJf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,yq;if efuq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wkila jkpou;fs; clYiog;NghL mtu;fsJ capUk; cwpQ;rg;gLfpd;wJ. rpyrkaq;fspy; FbAupikAk; kWf;fg;gl;L jhafk; mDg;gpitf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. KO FLk;gkhf my;y; FLk;gj;jpy; xUrpyu; tho mDkjp> rpyUf;F mDkjp ,y;iy vd;fpw epiyapy;> tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhf FLk;gj;jpy; rpyu; ,yq;ifapy; tho;fpd;wdu;. rpyu; tYf;fl;lhakhf ntspNaw;wg;gLfpd;wdu;.

,r;rpWfijapYk; xU fytuj;jpd;NghJ> jhafk; jpUk;g xUtu; tpUg;gk; njuptpf;fpwhu;. Mdhy; kw;nwhUtu; mij kWf;fpwhu;. jkpoUf;Fk; xUkpj;j fUj;J ,y;yhj epiy ,q;F Gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.


“ml eP xz;Z…jhr;Rk; fytuk;dJk; ,e;jpahTf;Fg; NghapUNthk;D nrhy;YtPq;f> fytuk; KbQ;Nrhd;d mij kwe;jpLtPq;f.. xU neiyahd Ngr;R ek;k MSfSf;F ,y;y.. mjdhyjhd; mb tpOJ” (khj;jis NrhK> vy;iy jhz;lh mfjpfs;> g. 190)

,yq;ifapNyNa gpwe;J tsu;e;j mLj;j jiyKiwj; jkpou;fSf;F jhk; thOk; kz;zpd; kPjhd gw;Wzu;T fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. me;ehl;ilNa jkJ jha;ehL Nghyf; fUJfpd;wdu;. ,j;Njrg;gw;iw gpd;tUk; tupfs; ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

“,e;j ehl;Lyjhd; vq;f ghl;ld;> G+l;ld; xior;rhd;!.. Njapiyj; jhSf;F mbapyjhd; mtq;fsg; nghijr;Nrhk;! ehq;f Vd; ,e;j ehl;il tpl;L NghNtDk;?... xUj;jUk; Nghff; $lhJ…” (khj;jis NrhK> K.E}.> g. 190)

,d JNtr / Ntw;Wik czu;Tfs; fytu Neuq;fspy; ntspg;gLfpd;wd. rpq;fsiuj; jkpou; jpUkzk; nra;jhNyh my;yJ jkpou; rpq;fstiuj; jpUkzk; nra;jhNyh ,Ujug;G ,dj;jhUk; ngUk;ghYk; fyg;Gj; jpUkzq;fis vjpu;f;Fk; epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fztd; - kidtp ,j;jifa fytu Neuq;fspy; jq;fSf;Fs;NsNa xUtiunahUtu; vjpu; ,dj;jtuhf vz;Zk; kd NtWghLk; ,f;fijapy; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ

,dk; fle;j kdpjNeak;,dk; fle;j kdpjNeak;,dk; fle;j kdpjNeak;,dk; fle;j kdpjNeak;

,dthjkhdJ nrhe;jf; FLk;gj;ijNa ( fztd; - kidtpiaf; $l) me;epag;gLj;Jtij ,r;rpWfij EZf;fkhf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,f;fijapy; tUk; ‘rpq;fhuk;’ vd;w jkpod; rpq;fsg; ngz;zhd ‘khypdp’iaf; fhjy; jpUkzk; nra;fpwhd;. ,df;fytu Neuq;fspy; jd;idr; Rw;wpAs;s rpyu; mtis me;epag; ngz;zhf (rpq;fsj;jp) ghtpf;Fk;NghJ ehsiltpy; ,tdJ kdjpYk; ,dNtw;WikAzu;T Vw;gLfpd;wJ. fhjypj;Jj; jpUkzk; nra;j mtis ntWf;fj; Jtq;Ffpwhd;. fztd; - kidtp cwTf;F ,ilNa tpupry; tpOfpwJ. khj;jis NrhK ,t;tplj;Nj ,dthjj;ijf; fle;j kdpjNeaj;ijg; gw;wp EZf;fkhfr; rpj;jpupf;fpd;whu;. Mz;bf; fpotdpd; Fuyhf mJ xypf;fpwJ.

“ rpq;fhuk; mtisf; fl;bf;fpl;L xU tU~khr;rp! ,d;idf;F mt rpq;fsj;jp khjpupah ,Uf;fh? me;jf; fijnay;yhk; ,g;g vJf;F?” (khj;jis NrhK> K.E}.> g.90) vd khypdpf;F vjpuhfg; Ngrpatdplk; thjpl;lhu;.

kidtpf;F vjpuhf kdNtw;Wik nfhz;l rpq;fhuj;jpd; kdepiyapy; ey;khw;wk; xU rpq;fstdhy; epfo;fpwJ. jkpo;g;ngz;izj; jpUkzk; nra;j rpq;fstd; ,df;fytuj;jpd; NghJk;> ,Wjptiu kidtpiaf; iftplkhl;Nld; vd cWjp $Wfpwhd;. ,jidf; Nfl;l rpq;fhuk; kdjpy; R+Lz;L kdkhw;wk; milfpwhd;. ‘gpajhr’ vDk; Ngu;nfhz;l mr;rpq;fstd; jkpor;rpiaj; jpUkzk; nra;j xNu fhuzj;jpw;fhfj; jhf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. mfjp Kfhkpw;F te;j mtdJ ngaiug; gjpTnra;Ak;NghJ mtdJ fijia rpq;fhuk; mwpe;J kdkhw;wk; milfpwhd;.

jkpoUf;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba xw;WikAzu;T tw;GWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mJNt> fytuq;fspd; NghJ / fytuk; elf;fhky;$l jkpoiug; ghJfhf;Fk;. xw;WikNahL ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ,yq;if Mq;fpNyauplkpUe;J tpLjiy ngw;wNghNj jkpoUf;fhd jdpr;rYiffis> rl;lq;fis Mq;fpNyauplkpUe;J ngw;wpUf;fyhk; vDk; fUj;Jk; ,jpy; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ.

“ vd;idf;fp nts;sf;fhuid ek;gp ,e;jpahtpy ,Ue;J te;NjhNkh… md;idy ,Ue;Jjhd; ,e;jg; gpur;rid! nts;sf;fhud; ekf;F xU KbTk; fhl;lhk rPikf;Fg; Nghapl;lhd; me;j NeuNk ehk xU Kbit nts;sf;fhuDf;fpl;l Nfl;bUe;jh ,d;idf;fp ehk epk;kjpah thoKbAk;. (khj;jis NrhK> K.E}.> g.191)

,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,yq;if nrd;w jkpou;fs; me;ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;Fj; jq;fsJ clYiog;gpd; %yk; ngUk;gq;fhw;wpaijAk;; me;ehl;ilj; jkJ jha;ehL Nghyf; fUjp gw;Wld; cioj;J capiu <e;jijAk; gpd;tUk; tupfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

“ ehq;f ,e;jpahtpy ,Ue;J te;jhYk;> ,e;j CiuNa jha;ehlh nedr;Nrhk;. rpNyhd; G+uh g];> nuapy; NuhL Nghl;lJ ek;k MSfjhd;.. mjpy vj;jidNah NgU nrj;Jg; Nghapl;lhq;f…” (khj;jis NrhK> K.E}.> g.191)

,dthjf; fytuq;fshy; cilikfis kl;Lky;y; capiuAk;> fw;igAk; jkpou; ,oe;j mtyepiyfSk; ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ngUk;ghd;ikthjj;jpd;


Nfhuj;jhz;ltj;jhy; rpWghd;ikapdu; nfhy;yg;gLtijf; fz;l gilg;ghrpupaupd; Ntjidf; Fuyhfg; gpd;tUk; tupfs; mikfpd;wd.

“ X… ehl;Lf;F vd;d ele;Jtpl;lJ?... ngUk;ghd;ik vd;w xNunahU kkij rpWghd;ik kf;fis mopf;fj;J}z;LfpwNjh! ,tu;fs; vd;djhd; nra;jhu;fs;! ,e;j kz;Zf;fhf cioj;jijj; jtpu NtW vJTk; njupahjtu;fs;! ciog;Gf;Nfw;w $ypf;fhf kl;LNk Nghuhbatu;fs;! ,tu;fSf;F mfpk;irjhd; MAjk;! ,tu;fis Vd; mbf;f Ntz;Lk;? X... kz; khjhNt! cdf;F rhjp> rka> epw NgjNk njupahjhk… mg;gbahdhy; ,e;j ciof;Fk; kf;fspd; uj;jf; fiw cd;kPJ gl;Ls;sNj… ,jid vg;gb mDkjpj;jha;?.. X… eP fz;fis %btpl;lhah?...” (khj;jis NrhK> K.E}.> g.195)


vjhu;j;jthjg; Nghf;fpy; ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsupd; tho;tpaiy khj;jis NrhK gjpTnra;Js;shu;. mtu;fsJ thoplk;> ,Uj;jYf;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; - ,dthjj; jhf;Fjy;fis vjpu;nfhs;sy;; thoplj;ij> gpw mbg;gil cupikfis ,oj;jy;> capiuAk; fw;igAk; ,oj;jy;> nrhe;j ehl;bw;Fs;NsNa mfjpepiyf;F Ml;gly;> nrhe;jf; FLk;gj;jpw;Fs;NsNa ,dNtw;Wik - kd NtWghL nfhs;sy;> jkpoUf;Fs;shd xw;WikAzu;tpd;ik Mfpatw;iw kpf vjhu;j;jkhfr; rpj;jpupj;Js;shu;. ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j kjthj rpq;fsu;fNs ‘ikak;’ . jkpoUk; K];ypk;fSk; ‘tpspk;Gfs;’ . jkpoUs; kiyafj; jkpou; tpspk;Gfs;. NkYk; ,tu;fs; cs; ehl;Lf;Fs;NsNa mfjpfs; NghYs;sdu;. ,tu;fSs; jypj;Jfs; NkYk; tpspk;GfshfTk;> mtu;fspYk; ghu;f;f ngz;fSk; Foe;ijfSk; tpspk;gpDk; tpspk;Gfshf mikfpd;wdu;. kiyaff; Foe;ijfSk; clYiog;Gr; Ruz;lYf;F Ml;gLfpd;wdu;. ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapy; ngUk;gq;F tfpg;gJ Njapiy> fhgp cs;spl;l gzg;gapu; cw;gj;jp. mjpy; mbj;jskhNdhu; mj;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;. MapDk; mtu;fs; rKjhaj;jpd; tpspk;gpYk;> yaq;fspy; ngUe;Njhl;l tpspk;gpYk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,yq;if tpLjiyaile;j gpd;dUk; KOikahd murpay;> nghUshjhu> rKjha tpLjiy mw;wtu;fshf kiyafj; jkpo; kf;fs; cs;sdu;. khj;jis NrhK jd; r%fTzu;T fhuzkhf kiyafj; jkpoupd; r%f Kd;Ndw;wk; fUjp ,r;rpWfijiag; gilj;Js;shu;. ,lJrhup ,af;fq;fNshL nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G fhuzkhf r%f khw;wj;Jf;fhd ghu;itapy; jd; gilg;Gfisg; gilj;Js;shu;.cjT E}y;fscjT E}y;fscjT E}y;fscjT E}y;fs;

1. khj;jis NrhK> vy;iy jhz;lh mfjpfs;> jkpo;f;Fuy; gjpg;gfk;> jpUr;rp - 02> 1994.

2. fbfhryk;. e. & rptfhkp.r (g.M.) - mayfj; jkpo;f;fiy ,yf;fpak; rkfhy nry;newpfs;> cyfj;jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> nrd;id – 13.


/gpuha;ba thrpg;gpy;/gpuha;ba thrpg;gpy;/gpuha;ba thrpg;gpy;/gpuha;ba thrpg;gpy;

GwehD}w;W tpwypahw;Wg; gil ghly;fs;GwehD}w;W tpwypahw;Wg; gil ghly;fs;GwehD}w;W tpwypahw;Wg; gil ghly;fs;GwehD}w;W tpwypahw;Wg; gil ghly;fs;

*m.,yq;Nf];tud;m.,yq;Nf];tud;m.,yq;Nf];tud;m.,yq;Nf];tud;> > > > Kidtu; gl;l Ma;thsu;> Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu; jkpo;nkhop & ,yf;fpag; Gyk;> GJitg; gy;fiyf; fofk;. ifNgrp: 9488521759.

Gw ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Kjd;ikahd ,lk; ngWk; GwehD}w;wpy; mjpf msT

ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;w jpiz ghlhz; jpizahFk;. mj; jpizapd; Jiwfspy; kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fj; Jiwahf tpsq;FtJ Mw;Wg;gil JiwfshFk;. Vida Jiwfs; kd;didg; Gfo;e;J ghLtJk; mjw;fhd guprpiyg; ngWtJk; njhlu;Gila ghly;fshf mike;Js;sd. Mdhy; Mw;Wg;gil Jiwfshtd ts;sy;fsplk; jkJ tWikiag; Nghf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd nghUl;fisg; ngw;W tUk; xUtd; nry;Yk; topapilNa jk;ikg;Nghd;w tupatidf; fz;L mtidAk; jd; tWikiag; Nghf;fpa ts;syplj;Nj mDg;gp itg;gNj Mw;Wg;gilahFk;.

,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpakhdJ>

“$j;jUk; ghzUk; nghUeUk; tpwypAk;$j;jUk; ghzUk; nghUeUk; tpwypAk;$j;jUk; ghzUk; nghUeUk; tpwypAk;$j;jUk; ghzUk; nghUeUk; tpwypAk;

Mw;wpilf; fhl;rp cwoj; Njhd;wpg;Mw;wpilf; fhl;rp cwoj; Njhd;wpg;Mw;wpilf; fhl;rp cwoj; Njhd;wpg;Mw;wpilf; fhl;rp cwoj; Njhd;wpg;

ngw;w ngUtsk; ngwhmu;f;F mwpTwP,r;ngw;w ngUtsk; ngwhmu;f;F mwpTwP,r;ngw;w ngUtsk; ngwhmu;f;F mwpTwP,r;ngw;w ngUtsk; ngwhmu;f;F mwpTwP,r;

nrd;W gad; vjpur; nrhd;d gf;fKk;nrd;W gad; vjpur; nrhd;d gf;fKk;nrd;W gad; vjpur; nrhd;d gf;fKk;nrd;W gad; vjpur; nrhd;d gf;fKk;” (njhy;(njhy;(njhy;(njhy;.Gwk;.1037) .Gwk;.1037) .Gwk;.1037) .Gwk;.1037)

vd;W Mw;Wg;gil ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpwypau;> ghzu;> $j;ju;> nghUeu; vd;Nghu; jkJ tWikiag; Nghf;f ts;sy;fsplk; nry;tJ tof;fk;. mt;thW gupR ngwr; nry;Yk; Nkw;$wpa tifg; gpuptpdUs; xUtd; tWikAw;w kw;nwhUtidg; gupR ngw topg;gLj;Jk; Kiwapy; miktNj Mw;Wg;gil MFk;. ,g;ghly;fs; jiytdpd; tPuk;> Gfo;> nfhil> nfhw;wk;> Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp mwptpg;gjhf mikfpwJ.

ghlhz; jpizapy; ,lk; ngWk; Mw;Wg;gilj; Jiwfspy; xd;whd tpwypahw;Wg;gil vd;Dk; Jiwapy; ehd;F ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd. mjDs; %d;W ghly;fs; Mz;ghw;Gytu;fs; tpwypia Mw;Wg;gLj;JtjhfTk; xU ghly; kl;Lk; ngz;ghw;Gytuhd xsitahu; tpwypia Mw;Wg;gLj;JtjhfTk; mike;Js;sJ.

tpwypau; vd;gJ $j;ju; vd;w nrhy;ypd; ngz;ghy;. kiyg;gLflhk; vd;Dk; $j;juhw;Wg;gilapy; tpwypau; vd;gtu;fs; $j;ju; ,dj;jpd; ngz;ghyu;fshf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mjpy; tpwypau; njhd;W njhl;L tUk; kuGg;gb Kjypy; flTis tho;j;jpg; ghb MLtu; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tpwyp vd;gts; ghz;kfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLtij ’nry;yhNkh jpy; ghz;kfs;’ vdf; fhf;ifg; ghbdpahu; $Wtjd; %yk; czuyhk;. tpwypau; ,irf; fUtpfSld; nry;tij ‘ey;aho; MFsp gjiynahL RUf;fpr; nry;yhNkh jpy; rpy;tis tpwyp’ vd neLk;gy;ypaj;jhu; GwehD}w;Wg; ghlypy; $Wfpwhu;.

ghliyg; ghb MLgtu; tpwypahthu;. ghl;bd; nghUis cly; cWg;Gfspd; topf;fhl;Ltu;fs;. ,tu;fs; ,t;thW fhl;Ltjw;F ’tpwy;’ vd;W ngau;. tpwyp vd;gts; cs;sf; Fwpg;Gg; Gwj;J ntspg;gl MLgts;> ghzu;Fyg; ngz;> gjpdhW mfitg; ngz; vd;W mfuhjpfs; nghUs; jUfpd;wd. ,jdbg;gilapy; Mz;ghy; Gytd; jd; ,dkhd ghzidNah $j;jhidNah GytidNah Mw;Wg;gLj;jhky; ngz;zhd tpwypia murdplk; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtw;fhd fhuzj;ij mwpa Ntz;bAs;sJ.


‘ey;aho; MFsp> gjiynahL RUf;fpr;>ey;aho; MFsp> gjiynahL RUf;fpr;>ey;aho; MFsp> gjiynahL RUf;fpr;>ey;aho; MFsp> gjiynahL RUf;fpr;>

nry;yh Nkhjpy;> rpy;tis tpwyp!nry;yh Nkhjpy;> rpy;tis tpwyp!nry;yh Nkhjpy;> rpy;tis tpwyp!nry;yh Nkhjpy;> rpy;tis tpwyp!

fspw;Wf; fzk; nghUj fz;zfd; gwe;jiy>fspw;Wf; fzk; nghUj fz;zfd; gwe;jiy>fspw;Wf; fzk; nghUj fz;zfd; gwe;jiy>fspw;Wf; fzk; nghUj fz;zfd; gwe;jiy>

tpRk;GML vUit gRe;jb jLg;gg;>tpRk;GML vUit gRe;jb jLg;gg;>tpRk;GML vUit gRe;jb jLg;gg;>tpRk;GML vUit gRe;jb jLg;gg;>

gifg;Gyk; kuP,a jifg;ngUQ; rpwg;gpd;gifg;Gyk; kuP,a jifg;ngUQ; rpwg;gpd;gifg;Gyk; kuP,a jifg;ngUQ; rpwg;gpd;gifg;Gyk; kuP,a jifg;ngUQ; rpwg;gpd;

FLkpf; Nfhkhw; fz;L> FLkpf; Nfhkhw; fz;L> FLkpf; Nfhkhw; fz;L> FLkpf; Nfhkhw; fz;L>

neLePu;g; Gw;if ePj;jdk; neLePu;g; Gw;if ePj;jdk; neLePu;g; Gw;if ePj;jdk; neLePu;g; Gw;if ePj;jdk; tuw;Nf!tuw;Nf!tuw;Nf!tuw;Nf!’ (Gwk;.64)(Gwk;.64)(Gwk;.64)(Gwk;.64)

,g;ghlypd; gb> xU rpy tisfNs mzpe;j tpwypNa! jk;ik vjpu;j;j muru;fspd; gilia tPo;j;jp mtu;fsplkpUe;J ngw;w ngUQ;nry;tKilatd; KJFLkp mtdpld; nrd;why; ckJ epiykhWk; vd;W Gytu; tpwypia Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. nry;tk; cilatid Nehf;fpg; nghUs; ,y;yhjtu; nry;Yk; epiy GwehD}w;wpy; ,lk;ngWtijg; gy ,lq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. mt;thW nry;tJ gilg;ghsdpd; edtpyp kdj;jpy; mKf;fg;gl;l Kjy; %d;W gUt ,r;irfNs MFk; vd /gpuha;ba mZFKiwapd; topf; fUj ,lKs;sJ. mjd;gb Kjw;gUtkhd tha;g;gUtj;jpy; (Oral Stage) Foe;ijf;F ypgpNlh (Libido) vd;Dk; ,r;ir czu;r;rpahdJ thapy; Ftpe;jpUf;Fk;. vdNt thapd; top gUFk; ghiyf; Fbf;Fk; Foe;ijahdJ mjidf; Fbj;j gpd;G kdepiwT (Fullfillment) ngWfpwJ. vdNt jdJ grpiag; Nghf;fpa khu;igj; jdJ fhjw;nghUshff; (Love Object) fUJfpwJ. ghy; tuhj NghJ mk;khu;igf; fbg;gJ> gpirtJ> mKf;FtJ Nghd;w tijg;Gr; (Sadistic) nray;fspy; <LgLfpwJ Foe;ij. ,jid tha; tijg;G Nkhfk; (Oral Sadistic Stage) vd;fpwhu; /gpuha;L. ghy; kwf;fbg;G gapw;rpapd; NghJ jhapd; khu;Gld; jhd; itj;jpUe;j njhlu;igAk; mjd; kPJs;s fhjiyAk; jkJ edtpyp kdjpy; mKf;fp itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ Foe;ij. ,e;j mKf;fg;gl;l (Repression) czu;r;rpahdJ gpw;fhyg; gUtkhd ,sikg;gUtj;jpy; gilg;ghf;fj;jpd; top ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,jid>

‘FLkpf; Nfhkhw; fz;L> FLkpf; Nfhkhw; fz;L> FLkpf; Nfhkhw; fz;L> FLkpf; Nfhkhw; fz;L>

neLePu;g; Gw;if ePj;jdk; tuw;Nf!neLePu;g; Gw;if ePj;jdk; tuw;Nf!neLePu;g; Gw;if ePj;jdk; tuw;Nf!neLePu;g; Gw;if ePj;jdk; tuw;Nf!’

vd;W $Wtjpd; %yk; je;ijf;F epfuhd kd;ddplk; jk; tha;g; gUt mKf;fg;gl;l ,r;irfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;s epidf;fpwJ vdyhk;. ,t;tplj;jpy; Foe;ij jhaplk; jhNd ghy; mUe;JfpwJ. mt;thiriaj;jhNd edtpyp kdjpy; mKf;fp itf;fpwJ. Mdhy; ,q;F je;ijapd; gjpypaplk; vt;thW kdepiwT milAk;? vd;w tpdh vo tha;g;Gs;sJ. mjhtJ Foe;ijapd; MSikiaf; fl;likg;gjpy; Rw;Wr;R+oy; kw;Wk; gz;ghlhdJ xU Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ vd;gJ ehk; mwpe;j xd;Nw. Kd; ,bg;g]; gUtj;jpy; (Pre-Oedipus Stage) jhaplk; ghyUe;jp grpahWk; Foe;ij gpd; ,bg;g]; (Oedipus Stage) gUtj;jpy; jdf;Fk; jha;f;Fk; ,ilNa je;ijapd; ,ilaPL mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gLtij czu;fpwJ. jd;id mutizj;J tsu;g;gJ jhnadTk; jdf;F Ntz;batw;iwr; nra;J Kbg;gJ je;ijapd; Kjd;ikf; fliknadTk; gz;ghl;bd; top czu;e;j Foe;ij fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jkJ grpia Mw;WtJ je;ijapd; Kf;fpaf; flik vdf; fUJfpwJ. ,d;Wk; ekJ gz;ghl;by; Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;W nghUs; <l;b tPl;bd; Njitiag; G+u;j;jp nra;tJ je;ijNa vd;Dk; R+oNy epyTtJ ehk; mwpe;j xd;Nw. vdNtjhd; je;ijapd; gjpypahd kd;ddplk; tpwypia Mw;Wg;gLj;JfpwJ Gytdpd; edtpyp kdk;.

kd;ddplk; my;yJ ts;sy;fsplk; tupatu; nry;tjw;fhd fhuzk; mtu;fsplk; nghUs; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ rKjhaj;jpy; epyTk; NkNyhl;lkhd nghUz;ikNa. me;jg; nghUshdJ vijf;Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ vd;gij mwpaNtz;bAs;sJ.

nghUs; vd;gJ gzk;> clik> nry;tk; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ vd;gij jkpowpQu; gyUk; $wf; Nfl;bUf;fpNwhk;. /gpuha;L jkJ ’FjNkhfKk; fhabg;Gr; rpf;fYk;> vd;Dk; fl;Liuapy; nry;tk; vt;thW kdpjdpd; tho;tpy; Kf;fpa mq;fk; tfpf;fpwJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

Foe;ijapd; ,uz;lhk; gUtkhd Fj ,d;gg; gUtj;jpNy (Anal Stage) Fjg; gFjpapy; (Anus) ypgpNlh FtpfpwJ. mjd; gb thapd; topahf cl;nfhz;L Gwg;nghUshd ghiy mftag;gLj;jpa Foe;ij> mijj; jdJ nry;tkhff; fUjp mjid ntsptplhky; Njf;fpitf;f (Retention) epidf;fpwJ. fhuzk; me;jg; nghUis mf;Foe;ij jdJ kjpg;G kpf;fg; nghUshff; fUJfpwJ. gz;ghlhdJ mg;nghUis kyk; (Feces) vdf;fUjp


ntspj;js;StijNa fl;likf;fpwJ. vdNt Fjg; G+e;jirfspy; mjpf;fg;gbahd typ Vw;gLk;NghNjh my;yJ ngw;Nwhupd; tw;GWj;jyhNyh mjid ntsptpl;L tpLfpwJ Foe;ij. vdpDk; kyj;ijj; Njf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;ij edtyp kdjpy; mKf;fpitj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ Foe;ij. ,JNt gpw;fhyj;jpy; kyk; njhlu;Gila nghUl;fisr; Nrfupg;gjd; %yk; mt;thiria epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;fpwJ. kyk;=gzk;= Mz;Fwp=gupR vd ,it xd;Wf; nfhd;W njhlu;Gnfhz;L edtpyp kdjpy; ciwe;J fplg;gjhf jkJ ‘Fj NkhfKk; fhabg;Gr; rpf;fYk;’ vd;Dk; fl;Liuapy; tptupf;fpwhu; /gpuha;L $Wfpwhu;. ,t;tifapy; Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; jkJ ngw;Nwhuhy; ntspapl;l nry;tj;ij mg;ngw;NwhuplkpUe;Nj ngwNtz;Lk; vd;Dk; ,r;irapd; fhuzkhf jkJ je;ijapd; gjpypahd kd;ddplkpUe;J ngwj;Jbf;fpwJ edtpypkdk;. NkYk; ,e;j tpwypahw;Wgil Jiwapy; mike;j ghlypy; vt;thW Xupdf;fhkk; nray;gLfpwJ vd;gijf; fhz;Nghk;.

kd;ddplk; Gytd; nry;yhky; tpwypia Mw;Wg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; ,r;ir czu;r;rpia (Instinctual Drives) ntsptpl tplhky; jLf;Fk; gz;ghl;Lzu;r;rpapd; ,ilaPL (Interference of Super Ego) jhd;. %d;whk; gUtkhd FwpAzu; gUtj;jpy; jd; vjpu; ghypdkhd ngz;Foe;ijia cw;W Nehf;Fk; Mz;Foe;ij> mg;ngz;Foe;ijf;F Mz;Fwp ,y;yhjij mwpfpwJ. mt;thW ,y;yhky; Nghdjw;Ff; fhuzk; jd; je;ijjhd; vdf; fUJfpwJ Mz;Foe;ij. ngz;Foe;ij jdJ md;idapd; mutizg;gpNyNa ,Uf;fpwJ. mt;tpUtupd; njhlu;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj je;ijahdtu; mf;Foe;ijapd; Fwpiaj; Jz;bj;Jtpl;lhu; (Castrated). jhDk; jhAld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhs;Nthkhdhy; jkJ FwpAk; Jz;bf;fg;gLk; vdf; fUJk; Mz;Foe;ij jd; jhapd; NkYs;s fhjiyj; jpUk;gg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ. mf;fhjiy edtpypkdjpy; mKf;fpf; nfhs;fpwJ. jd;idAk; jhiaAk; gpupj;j je;ijapd; kPJ gif nfhs;fpwJ Mz;Foe;ij. vdNt gpw;fhy elj;ijapy; jha; kPJ mjpfg; gbahd gupT ghrj;JlDk; je;ij kPJ gif Nfhgk; ntWg;G Mfpait nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,jid ,bg;g]; rpf;fy; (Oedipus Complex) vd;fpwhu; /gpuha;L. ,J xU Gwk; ,Uf;f> je;ijapd; tpUg;gg; nghUshd jhapd; milahsj;ijg; ngw;W jhahf khwpj; je;ijiaj; jd; gf;fk; ,Of;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <LgLk; nraypy; Njf;fk; (Fixation) epfo;fpwJ. ,JNt gpw;fhyj;jpy; Xupdf; fhkk; (Homo Sexual Desire) Vw;gl mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf mikfpwJ. kw;nwhU gf;fk; jhAld; mjpf;fg;gbahd xd;Wjy; Vw;gLk; NghJ ngz;ikj; jd;ikAk; (Feminine) je;ijAld; mjpf;fg;gbahd xd;Wjy; Vw;gLk; NghJ Mz;ikj; jd;ikAk; (Masculine) Foe;ijf;F mike;JtpLfpwJ. mjhtJ je;ijiaj; jd;gf;fk; ,Of;fj; mtUf;F mbgzpe;J elf;f Kaw;rp nra;Ak; Mz;Foe;ij> jhAld; mjpfg;gbahd Neuk; nrytopf;f Neu;tjhy; mjpfg;gbahd ngz;ikiag; ngw;Wj; je;ij kPjhd Xupdf; fhkj;jpw;Fj; jd;idawpahky; jd;id mw;gzpj;J tpLfpwJ. ,JNt gpw;fhyj;jpy; vjpu;ghypdj;jhupd; kPJ fhjy; vohky; jd; ghypdj;jpd; kPNj fhjy; vOtjhf mikfpwJ. ,jid Xupdf; fhk ehl;lk; (Homo Sexual Desire) vd;fpwhu; /gpuha;L. Xupdf; fhkj;ij r%fg; gz;ghL Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj fhuzj;jpdhy; jd;dplk; cs;s ngz;ikia gilg;ghf;fj;jpy; ngz;ghj;jpuj;jpd; %ykhf ntspapl;Lj; jd; Xupdf;fhk ,r;iriaj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ Mz; gilg;ghsdpd; edtpyp kdk; vd;fpwhu; /gpuha;L.

Xupdf;fhkj;ij ek; gz;ghl;by; Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj fhuzj;jhy; mjid ntspg;gilahf ntsptpl gz;ghl;Lzu;r;rp mDkjpg;gjpy;iy. vdNt jd;Kidg;Gzu;r;rpahdJ (Ego) ,r;ir czu;r;rp kw;Wk; gz;ghl;Lzu;r;rp ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa rkurk; nra;J gz;ghl;bw;F Vw;w Clfkhd gilg;gpd; top ,r;ir czu;r;rpiag; gz;ghl;L Nghu;itapy; ntsptpLfpwJ. nghJthf Xupdf; fhkj;jpy; ,Utifahd epiy cs;sJ. mit nra;tpid (Active) gLtpid (Passive). nra;tpid vd;gJ MZf;Fupa gz;ghfTk; gLtpid vd;gJ ngz;Zf;Fupa gz;ghfTk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhu; /gpuha;L. nra;tpidg; gz;Ng ,aq;fty;yJ. gLtpidg; gz;ghdJ nrayw;w jd;ikAilajhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mt;thnwdpy; ngz;ikj; jd;ik kpFe;j Mzplk; gLtpidj; jd;ikNa kpFe;J ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij /gpuha;bd; Ma;tpd; top mwpayhk;. vdNt jdJ edtpyp kdjpy; cs;s Xupdf;fhkg; gLtpdj; jd;ikia (Passive) tpwyp vd;Dk; ghj;jpuj;jpd; top ntsptpl;Lj; je;ijkPjhd Xupdf; fhk ,r;iriaj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ edtpyp kdk; vdyhk;. ,t;thW tpwypahw;Wg;gil vd;Dk; Jiwapd; %yk; gilg;ghsdpd; edtpyp kdjpy; mKf;fp itf;fg;gl;l %d;W gUtq;fspd; mKf;fg;gl;l ,r;ir czu;r;rpfs; ntspg;gLfpwJ vdyhk;. vdpDk; Xupdf; fhk ,r;ir ,q;F kpFe;jpUg;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.


,t; murd; je;ijapd; gjpypjhd; vd;gjw;fhd juTfisf; fhz;Nghk;. je;ij typik kpf;ftu;. jhia clikahf;fpf; nfhs;sj; jFjp gilj;jtu;. mjpfhuk; epiwe;jtu;. je;ijiaj; jhk; vjpu;g;Nghkhdhy; ehk; fhabf;fg;gLNthk; Nghd;w czu;Tfs; Foe;ijapd; edtpyp kdjpy; ciwe;J fplf;Fk; fUj;jhf;fq;fshFk;. mjd; gb je;ijapd; gjpypahf kd;didf; fUJtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,g;ghlypy; cs;sd.

‘fspw;Wf; fzk; nghUj fz;zfd; gwe;jiy>fspw;Wf; fzk; nghUj fz;zfd; gwe;jiy>fspw;Wf; fzk; nghUj fz;zfd; gwe;jiy>fspw;Wf; fzk; nghUj fz;zfd; gwe;jiy>

tpRk;GML vUit gRe;jb jLg;gg;>tpRk;GML vUit gRe;jb jLg;gg;>tpRk;GML vUit gRe;jb jLg;gg;>tpRk;GML vUit gRe;jb jLg;gg;>

gifg;Gyk; gifg;Gyk; gifg;Gyk; gifg;Gyk; kuP,a jifg;ngUQ; rpwg;gpd;kuP,a jifg;ngUQ; rpwg;gpd;kuP,a jifg;ngUQ; rpwg;gpd;kuP,a jifg;ngUQ; rpwg;gpd;

FLkpf; Nfhkhw;FLkpf; Nfhkhw;FLkpf; Nfhkhw;FLkpf; Nfhkhw;……’

vd;gjpy; mr;RWj;Jk; je;jq;fisf; nfhz;l Mz; ahidfs; Nghupy; <Lgl epWj;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,q;Nf ahid vd;gJ je;ijapd; gjpypahf te;J kfdpd; gjpypahd Gytid mr;RWj;jp epw;fpwJ. Nghu; elf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F NkNy gwf;Fk; gwitfs; Nkw;nfhz;L nry;ytpayhj gb gpzq;fis nfhd;W Ftpj;J ,Uf;fpwhd; murd;. mjhtJ mr;RWj;JtJk; fhag;gLj;Jk; je;ijapd; Fzq;fshff; Foe;ijapd; edtpyp kdjpy; ciwe;jpUg;gjhf /gpuha;L tptupf;fpwhu;. je;ijia vjpu;g;gtu;fs; jz;bf;fg;gLthu;fs;> Jd;GWj;jg;gLthu;fs;> fhag;gLj;jg;gLthu;fs; vd;gjpd; FwpaPNl kd;dd; vjpu; ehl;Lg; Nghu; tPuu;fisf; nfhd;W Ftpg;gjhf ghlypy; ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;. mt;thW nfhd;W mtu;fspd; nry;tj;ijg; ngw;wnjd;gJ Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; jd;Dila nrytkhd kyj;ijj; je;ij jk;ik tUj;jpg; ngw;wijf; Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ. ,t;thW je;ijia vjpu;j;Jf; fhabf;fg;gl;l epfo;Tk; jk; nry;tj;ijj; je;ij jd;id tWj;jpg; ngw;wijAk; epidT $Wk; Gytdpd; edtpyp kdkhdJ je;ijiag; gzpe;J mtupd; %yNk tpl;lijg; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w vz;zNk tpwypahw;Wg;gil vd;Dk; Jiwapd; top ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;.

NkYk;>

‘Nrapio ngWFit> ths;Ejy; tpwypNrapio ngWFit> ths;Ejy; tpwypNrapio ngWFit> ths;Ejy; tpwypNrapio ngWFit> ths;Ejy; tpwyp

………………………………………………………………

khy;Gcil neLtiuf; NfhLNjhW ,opjUk;khy;Gcil neLtiuf; NfhLNjhW ,opjUk;khy;Gcil neLtiuf; NfhLNjhW ,opjUk;khy;Gcil neLtiuf; NfhLNjhW ,opjUk;

eeeePupDk; ,dpa rhay;PupDk; ,dpa rhay;PupDk; ,dpa rhay;PupDk; ,dpa rhay;

ghup Nts;ghy; ghbid nrypNd.ghup Nts;ghy; ghbid nrypNd.ghup Nts;ghy; ghbid nrypNd.ghup Nts;ghy; ghbid nrypNd.’ (Gwk;.105) (Gwk;.105) (Gwk;.105) (Gwk;.105)

vd;W fgpyu; jhk; el;G G+z;l Nts;ghupaplk; tpwypia Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjd; topAk;>

‘nky;ypay; tpwyp! eP ey;ypir nrtpapw;nky;ypay; tpwyp! eP ey;ypir nrtpapw;nky;ypay; tpwyp! eP ey;ypir nrtpapw;nky;ypay; tpwyp! eP ey;ypir nrtpapw;

Nfl;gpd; my;yJ> fhz;gwpayNaNfl;gpd; my;yJ> fhz;gwpayNaNfl;gpd; my;yJ> fhz;gwpayNaNfl;gpd; my;yJ> fhz;gwpayNa !!!!

………………………………………………………

khupad;d tz;ikjkhupad;d tz;ikjkhupad;d tz;ikjkhupad;d tz;ikj; ; ; ;

Nju;Nts; Miaf; fhzpa nrd;Nk!Nju;Nts; Miaf; fhzpa nrd;Nk!Nju;Nts; Miaf; fhzpa nrd;Nk!Nju;Nts; Miaf; fhzpa nrd;Nk!’ (Gwk;.133) (Gwk;.133) (Gwk;.133) (Gwk;.133)

vd;W ciwA+u; Vzpr;Nrup KlNkhrpahu; Ma; mz;budplk; tpwypia Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjd; topAk; ,jid mwpayhk;. ,g;ghly;fspy; tha; ,d;gg; gUt mKf;fkhd grpnad;gJk; Fj ,d;gg; gUtkhd kyj;ijr; Nrfupf;Fk; Mir kd;ddplkpUe;J nghUisg; ngw Kay;tJk; %d;whk; gUkhd ,bg;g]; gUtj;jpy; cz;lhd fhabg;Gr; rpf;fYk; (Castration Complex) mjdhy; cUthd Xupdf;fhk ehl;lj;ijAk; epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; JiwahfNt tpwypahw;Wg; gil mike;Js;sJ vdyhk;.

!!!!!!!!


!!!!!!!!

yh<hqbz<!Ofig<gqz<!yh<hqbz<!Ofig<gqz<!yh<hqbz<!Ofig<gqz<!yh<hqbz<!Ofig<gqz<!....!gikish<kskq?!gikish<kskq?!gikish<kskq?!gikish<kskq?! hkqoe{<!gQp<g<g{g<Ghkqoe{<!gQp<g<g{g<Ghkqoe{<!gQp<g<g{g<Ghkqoe{<!gQp<g<g{g<G!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*Ljeui</oh/Slkq?Ljeui</oh/Slkq?Ljeui</oh/Slkq?Ljeui</oh/Slkq?!!!!!!!! dkuqh<Ohvisqbiqi<?!yh<hqzg<gqbk<Kjx?!klqpqbx<Hzl<?!lKjv!gilvisi<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<?!lKjv!–!32/!

!Le<EjvLe<EjvLe<EjvLe<Ejv!!!!

osu<uqbz<! uiqjsbqz<! juk<K! sqxh<hqg<gh<hMl<! sr<g! -zg<gqbl<! -v{<mibqvl<!N{<MgTg<G! Lx<hm<m! lg<gtqe<! nguip<g<jgjbs<! sqxh<high<! hkqU! osb<kqVg<gqe<xK/!okiz<gih<hqbi<?! “lg<gt<!Fkzqb!nge<Jf<kqj{Bl<?!Sm<c!yVui<!ohbi<!ogith<!ohxini<” we<X!%Xgqe<xii</!sr<g!-zg<gqb!ngk<kqj{!lif<ki<gt<!sqxh<H!ohbviz<!njpg<gh<hmilz<!ohiKh<! ohbviz<! njpg<gh<hMuK! sr<g! ! -zg<gqbk<kqx<Giqb! keqs<sqxh<hiGl</! sr<g!-zg<gqbl<! Ohie<Ox! -v{<mibqvl<! N{<MgTg<G! Le<! uip<f<k! lg<gtqe<! gikz<!uip<jgjbg<!giki!sh<kskq!hkqU!osb<Kt<tK/!sr<g!-zg<gqbk<kqz<!gi{h<hMuK!Ohie<X!kqj{k<!Kjxh<!hiGhiM!giki!sh<kskqbqz<!gi{h<hmuqz<jz/!Neiz<! ‘Sm<c!yVui<!ohbi<!ogith<!ohxini<’!we<x!gm<mjlh<Hme<!sikuige!le<eeiz<!wPkh<hm<Ml<!okiGg<gh<hm<Ml<!dt<tK/! sr<g! -zg<gqbl<?! giki! sh<kskq! -v{<M! -zg<gqbr<gtqZl<! gikz<! uip<g<jgh<!ohbi<! Gxqh<hqmh<! ohxilz<! hkqU! osb<bh<hm<cVh<hK! oktqU/! sr<g! lVuqb! giz!-zg<gqbr<gt<! we<xjpg<gh<hMl<! hkqoe{<! gQp<g<g{g<G! ngF~z<gt<?! sr<g! -zg<gqbl<!Ohie<X! Neiz<! SVr<gqb! ucuqz<! ngk<kqj{! lif<ki<gtqe<! uip<g<jgjbh<! hkqU!osb<gqe<xe/! \gf<fikvi\i?L/G/?! olipqohbi<h<hie! giki! sh<kskqBl<?!fmvi\hqt<jt/n)d/N! kqj{lijz! F~x<jxl<hK?! kqVofz<Ouzq! oke<eqf<kqb! jsu!sqk<kif<k! jsu! sqk<kif<k! F~x<hkqh<Hg<! gpgl<?! Ngqbe! Lke<jl! F~z<gtig! wMk<Kg<!ogit<th<hm<M! gikish<kskqbqz<! Gxqbqml<! gim<mz<! Ohie<X! hkqoe{<! gQp<g<g{g<G! ng!F~z<gtqz<! Gxqbqml<! gim<mz<! -ml<! ohXgqxki! we<hjk! Nvib<ukig! -g<gm<Mjv!njlgqe<xK/!gikish<k!skqbqz<!Gxqbqml<!gim<mz<!gikish<k!skqbqz<!Gxqbqml<!gim<mz<!gikish<k!skqbqz<!Gxqbqml<!gim<mz<!gikish<k!skqbqz<!Gxqbqml<!gim<mz<!!kiljvh<! ohib<jg;!kiljvh<! ohib<jg;!kiljvh<! ohib<jg;!kiljvh<! ohib<jg;! kiljvh<! ohib<jgbqz<! dt<t! ogig<Ggt<! Nmilz<! njsbilz<!-Vh<hkiz<!kjzuq?!!!!

! ! “ Nmi!kjsbi!kOkihii<!kiljvNmi!kjsbi!kOkihii<!kiljvNmi!kjsbi!kOkihii<!kiljvNmi!kjsbi!kOkihii<!kiljv!!!!

!!!! !!!! -jzOlz<!nli<f<Ok!-Vg<Gl<!ogig<Ggt<-jzOlz<!nli<f<Ok!-Vg<Gl<!ogig<Ggt<-jzOlz<!nli<f<Ok!-Vg<Gl<!ogig<Ggt<-jzOlz<!nli<f<Ok!-Vg<Gl<!ogig<Ggt<!!!!

!!!! !!!! lvgkk<!km<cz<!le<eqb!lvgkk<!km<cz<!le<eqb!lvgkk<!km<cz<!le<eqb!lvgkk<!km<cz<!le<eqb!ou{<sr<ou{<sr<ou{<sr<ou{<sr<!!!!

!!!! !!!! gqh<hq!Ohiz!-zr<G!le<Ox"gqh<hq!Ohiz!-zr<G!le<Ox"gqh<hq!Ohiz!-zr<G!le<Ox"gqh<hq!Ohiz!-zr<G!le<Ox"” !!!!)giki;2)giki;2)giki;2)giki;2....5*5*5*5*!!!!

-KOu!siqbie!Gxqbqml<!we<X!%Xgqe<xit</!ogig<Ggt<!Nmilz<!njsbilz<!-Vh<hkiz<!biVl<! -r<G! uvuqz<jz! we<hjk! -ju! gim<Mgqe<xe! we<X! kjzuq! Gxqh<hig!d{i<k<Kgqe<xit</! kjzuEl<?! kjzuqBl<! sf<kqh<hkx<G! Wx<x! Gxqbqml<! we<hK! LcU!osb<bh<hMgqxK/!

wt<tqe<!Hzl<wt<tqe<!Hzl<wt<tqe<!Hzl<wt<tqe<!Hzl<!!!!

! kjzuq?! kjzujes<! sf<kqg<Gl<! -ml<! wt<tqe<! Hzlig! -Vg<gqxK/! Neiz<! nf<k!-ml<!fqvf<kvl<!-z<jz!we<hjkk<!kjzuq!d{i<k<Kgqxit</!giv{l<?!

! ! “ flK!fgi<g<ogiV!fzl<hM!osz<ulib<g<flK!fgi<g<ogiV!fzl<hM!osz<ulib<g<flK!fgi<g<ogiV!fzl<hM!osz<ulib<g<flK!fgi<g<ogiV!fzl<hM!osz<ulib<g<!!!!

!!!! !!!! g{<uqVf<!ktqk<k!glz!uef<kie<g{<uqVf<!ktqk<k!glz!uef<kie<g{<uqVf<!ktqk<k!glz!uef<kie<g{<uqVf<!ktqk<k!glz!uef<kie<!!!!

!!!! !!!! nXujm!osb<k!wm<Hz!olih<hnXujm!osb<k!wm<Hz!olih<hnXujm!osb<k!wm<Hz!olih<hnXujm!osb<k!wm<Hz!olih<h!!!!

!!!! !!!! heqhheqhheqhheqhm<!mpqf<k!hir<gqjeg<!gi{ib<"m<!mpqf<k!hir<gqjeg<!gi{ib<"m<!mpqf<k!hir<gqjeg<!gi{ib<"m<!mpqf<k!hir<gqjeg<!gi{ib<"!)giki;2.9*!


wt<!Lx<xq!nXujm!osb<bh<hMgqxK/!nkeiz<!wm<Hzl<!gig<Gl<!sig<gqz<!nr<G!osz<ukx<G!uib<h<hqz<jz! we<hjk! nxqf<k! kjzuq?! kiljvh<! ohib<jgjbg<! Gxqbqmligk<!Oki<f<okMg<gqxit</! Woee<xiz<! heqg<gizk<kqz<! kiljvlzi<gt<! npqUXgqxK/! nkeiz<!kiljvlzi<gt<!hxqh<hkx<G!biVl<!uvlim<mii<gt</!weOu!sf<kqh<hkx<Gs<!siqbie!-ml<!-f<k!kiljv!lzi<gt<!-z<zikh<!ohib<jg!kie<!we<X!kjzuq!Gxqbqml<!gim<Mgqe<xit</!

ofz<!ubz<ofz<!ubz<ofz<!ubz<ofz<!ubz<!!!!

! Okipq! kjzuqbqml<! ofz<?! nXujmbigq! uqm<mK?! we<e! osb<uK! we<X!uVk<kh<hmiOk?!kjzuje!s{z<!Okim<mk<kqz<!sf<kqg<gzil<!we<hjk?!

! ! “ Lx<xq!uqjtf<k!ofz<ubz<!g{<OmLx<xq!uqjtf<k!ofz<ubz<!g{<OmLx<xq!uqjtf<k!ofz<ubz<!g{<OmLx<xq!uqjtf<k!ofz<ubz<!g{<Om!!!!

!!!! !!!! Lgk<jkg<!guqp<k<Ok!ngk<kPr<!GuOke<@Lgk<jkg<!guqp<k<Ok!ngk<kPr<!GuOke<@Lgk<jkg<!guqp<k<Ok!ngk<kPr<!GuOke<@Lgk<jkg<!guqp<k<Ok!ngk<kPr<!GuOke<@!!!!

!!!! !!!! s{z<Okim<mf<kie<!u{Lme<!H,k<Ks{z<Okim<mf<kie<!u{Lme<!H,k<Ks{z<Okim<mf<kie<!u{Lme<!H,k<Ks{z<Okim<mf<kie<!u{Lme<!H,k<K!!!!

!!!! !!!! lR<st<!H,sqb!lr<jg!LgolelR<st<!H,sqb!lr<jg!LgolelR<st<!H,sqb!lr<jg!LgolelR<st<!H,sqb!lr<jg!Lgole!!!!

!!!! !!!! wpqZme<!lqtqi<kz<!-Oki"!gi{<!gqjzObi@wpqZme<!lqtqi<kz<!-Oki"!gi{<!gqjzObi@wpqZme<!lqtqi<kz<!-Oki"!gi{<!gqjzObi@wpqZme<!lqtqi<kz<!-Oki"!gi{<!gqjzObi@” !)giki;2.:*!

we<X!%Xgqe<xit</!kjzuq?!kjzuje!sf<kqg<Gl<!-ml<!ofz<ubzig!-Vg<gqe<xK/!ofz<!ubz<! Lx<xq! nXujmg<Gk<! kbivigg<! gi{h<hMgqe<xK/! -jkh<! hii<k<k! kjzuq!kjjzuje! -eq! -r<G! sf<kqg<g! LcbiK! we<X! uVk<kh<hMgqe<xit</! Neiz<! Okipq?!kjzuqbqml<! ofz<! nXujmbigq! uqm<miz<! we<e! nVgqz<! s{z<! Okim<ml<! -Vg<gqe<xK/!nK!lR<st<!fqx!H,g<gOtiM!uqxzqbi<!niqkivl<!H,sqbK!Ohie<X!npgigg<!gi{h<hMgqxK/!nkeiz<!de<!nPjgjbg<!jg!uqm<M!lgqp<s<sqbig!-Vh<hibig!we<X!Okipq!kjzuqbqml<!kjzuje!sf<kqh<hkx<gie!Gxqbqmk<jkg<!gim<Mgqe<xit</!

kqj{lijz!F~x<jxl<hkqz<!Gxqbqml<!gim<mz<!kqj{lijz!F~x<jxl<hkqz<!Gxqbqml<!gim<mz<!kqj{lijz!F~x<jxl<hkqz<!Gxqbqml<!gim<mz<!kqj{lijz!F~x<jxl<hkqz<!Gxqbqml<!gim<mz<!!!!!

Osijz?!Osijz?!Osijz?!Osijz?!Okipq?!kjzuje!hgx<Gxqbqz<!sf<kqg<GliX!%Xgqe<xit<!!!!

! ! “ gMl<Hziz<!He<je!gcBl<!Kjxu"gMl<Hziz<!He<je!gcBl<!Kjxu"gMl<Hziz<!He<je!gcBl<!Kjxu"gMl<Hziz<!He<je!gcBl<!Kjxu"!!!!

!!!! !!!! hMl<Hzix<!Hm<gcuie<!Hg<ghMl<Hzix<!Hm<gcuie<!Hg<ghMl<Hzix<!Hm<gcuie<!Hg<ghMl<Hzix<!Hm<gcuie<!Hg<g - kml<Hzif<kml<Hzif<kml<Hzif<kml<Hzif<!!!!

!!!! !!!! kijpli!Ripx<!xjkf<Kbi<f<k!kib<ohipqz<kijpli!Ripx<!xjkf<Kbi<f<k!kib<ohipqz<kijpli!Ripx<!xjkf<Kbi<f<k!kib<ohipqz<kijpli!Ripx<!xjkf<Kbi<f<k!kib<ohipqz<!!!!

!!!! !!!! Wjpli!Oeig<gq!bqml<Wjpli!Oeig<gq!bqml<Wjpli!Oeig<gq!bqml<Wjpli!Oeig<gq!bqml<” !)kqj{/F~x<;55*!

gmz<! Kjxbqe<! kjzuOe"! gmz<gjv! H,R<Osijz! l{z<! hvh<hqz<! lQe<gjt! dzi<k<Kl<!OhiK! njkg<! gui<kx<gig! uVl<! hxjugjt! uqvm<Mukx<gig! lie<! Ohie<x!g{<gjtBjmb! kjzuq! uVuit</! nKOu! nut<! uqjtbiMl<! -ml<! we<X! Okipq!kjzuEg<G?!kjzuqjbs<!sf<kqh<hkx<gie!Gxqbqmk<jkg<!gim<Mgqe<xe/!

Okipq?!kjzuqjbs<!sf<kqh<hkx<gie!Gxqbqmk<jkk<!kjzueqml<!Gxqh<hqMgqe<xit</!

“ gMl<Hziz<!ou{<l{x<!gieZX!lQe<gm<gMl<Hziz<!ou{<l{x<!gieZX!lQe<gm<gMl<Hziz<!ou{<l{x<!gieZX!lQe<gm<gMl<Hziz<!ou{<l{x<!gieZX!lQe<gm<!!!!

!!!! !!!! hMl<Hziz<!hii<k<Kl<!hgi<K!hMl<Hziz<!hii<k<Kl<!hgi<K!hMl<Hziz<!hii<k<Kl<!hgi<K!hMl<Hziz<!hii<k<Kl<!hgi<K!....!!!!lMl<ohziR<lMl<ohziR<lMl<ohziR<lMl<ohziR<!!!!

!!!! !!!! sizqjg!Ohiz<ujz!sizh<!hzU{r<Gl<sizqjg!Ohiz<ujz!sizh<!hzU{r<Gl<sizqjg!Ohiz<ujz!sizh<!hzU{r<Gl<sizqjg!Ohiz<ujz!sizh<!hzU{r<Gl<!!!!

hizqjg!H,g<Gl<!hbqe<Xhizqjg!H,g<Gl<!hbqe<Xhizqjg!H,g<Gl<!hbqe<Xhizqjg!H,g<Gl<!hbqe<X” !)kqj{/F~x<;62*!

gmx<gjv!l{z<!hvh<hqz<!dzi<f<k!lQe<gjth<!hxjugt<!gui<f<K!osz<zikuiX!hiKgih<H!gusl<! jug<gh<hm<cVg<Gl<?! nf<k! -mk<kqz<! kjzuqjbs<! sf<kqg<gzil<! we<X! Okipq!%Xgqe<xit</! kjzuq! kr<gq! uqjtbiMgqe<x! H,R<Osijzkie<! siqbie! Gxqbqml<! we<hjk!Okipq!%Xgqe<xit</!!

“ hziouPf<k!hiz<uVg<jgh<!hik<kq!bkOei<hziouPf<k!hiz<uVg<jgh<!hik<kq!bkOei<hziouPf<k!hiz<uVg<jgh<!hik<kq!bkOei<hziouPf<k!hiz<uVg<jgh<!hik<kq!bkOei<!!!!

!!!! !!!! fqziouPf<k!uii<l{!eQcs<!fqziouPf<k!uii<l{!eQcs<!fqziouPf<k!uii<l{!eQcs<!fqziouPf<k!uii<l{!eQcs<!....!!!!SziouPf<KSziouPf<KSziouPf<KSziouPf<K!!!!

!!!! !!!! gie<biX!giz<sQk<k!gif<ktl<H,f<!k{<ohiKl<hi<gie<biX!giz<sQk<k!gif<ktl<H,f<!k{<ohiKl<hi<gie<biX!giz<sQk<k!gif<ktl<H,f<!k{<ohiKl<hi<gie<biX!giz<sQk<k!gif<ktl<H,f<!k{<ohiKl<hi<!!!!

!!!! !!!! kieixk<!kip<f<k!uqml<kieixk<!kip<f<k!uqml<kieixk<!kip<f<k!uqml<kieixk<!kip<f<k!uqml<” !!!!)kqj{/F~x<;3:*!


dbi<f<k! hzi! lvr<gtqjmOb! gi{h<hMl<! uVg<jgh<! hzilvr<gtqz<! -Vg<Gl<! Okih<hqe<!-jmOb!fqzouitq!uqPl<!l{z<!hvh<jh!djmbK/!nf<k!l{z<!hvh<hqe<!nVOg!gim<miX!ohVgq! uVl<! fXl{l<! glPl<! Osijzgt<! dt<tK/! nr<Og! kjzuqjbs<! sf<kqh<hkx<G!!hgx<Gxqbqz<!uVliX!kjzueqml<!Okipq!%Xgqe<xit</!

! gikish<kskqbqz<! kjzuq?! Okipq?! kjzueqml<! Gxqbqml<! gim<Mgqe<xei</! Neiz<!kqj{lijz! F~x<jxl<hkqz<! Okipq! kjzueqml<?! kjzuqBl<?! kjzuEl<! sf<kqh<hkx<gie!Gxqbqml<! gim<Mgqe<xit</! Gxqbqml<! gim<mz<! we<hK! -v{<M! -zg<gqbr<gtqZl<! yOv!likqiqbigh<!hkqU!osb<bh<hm<cVg<gqe<xe/!Gxqbqml<!gim<Ml<!%x<X!Ljxbqz<!lm<Ml<!lix<xl<!d{<M! we<hK! Gxqh<hqmk<kg<gK/! -v{<M! -zg<gqbr<gtqZl<! Osijz?! Gtl<?! l{z<! hvh<H?!ubz<!Ohie<x!Gxqbqmr<gt<!kjzue<?!kjzuq!sf<kqh<hkx<gigk<!Oki<f<okMg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!!

gikish<kskq!gikish<kskq!gikish<kskq!gikish<kskq!lvr<gt<!Gxqbqmligg<!gim<mh<hMkz<lvr<gt<!Gxqbqmligg<!gim<mh<hMkz<lvr<gt<!Gxqbqmligg<!gim<mh<hMkz<lvr<gt<!Gxqbqmligg<!gim<mh<hMkz<!!!!

! Ogikiuiq!fkqg<gjvbqz<!dt<t!He<je!lvk<kcbqz<!kjzuq?!kjzujes<!sf<kqg<g!Gxqbqml<!gim<Mgqe<xit</!

! ! “ Ogiki!uiqbqe<!Ogikqz<!kmk<kli<Ogiki!uiqbqe<!Ogikqz<!kmk<kli<Ogiki!uiqbqe<!Ogikqz<!kmk<kli<Ogiki!uiqbqe<!Ogikqz<!kmk<kli<!!!!

!!!! !!!! he<lzi<s<!Sjlbqe<!fe<G!ujtf<khe<lzi<s<!Sjlbqe<!fe<G!ujtf<khe<lzi<s<!Sjlbqe<!fe<G!ujtf<khe<lzi<s<!Sjlbqe<!fe<G!ujtf<k!!!!

!!!! !!!! gqjtBjmh<!He<je!lvOe"!Ogt<fQ"gqjtBjmh<!He<je!lvOe"!Ogt<fQ"gqjtBjmh<!He<je!lvOe"!Ogt<fQ"gqjtBjmh<!He<je!lvOe"!Ogt<fQ"!!!!

!!!! !!!! ole<olz!dkqi<h<hib<!fe<lzi<g<ole<olz!dkqi<h<hib<!fe<lzi<g<ole<olz!dkqi<h<hib<!fe<lzi<g<ole<olz!dkqi<h<hib<!fe<lzi<g<!!!!GjuOb"GjuOb"GjuOb"GjuOb"” !!!!)giki;3.4*!

siqbie!Ofvk<kqz<!kjzue<!Gxqbqmk<kqx<G!uvuqz<jz/!nkeiz<!kjzuq!He<je!lvk<kqml<?!He<jelvOl"!H,g<gt<!LPujkBl<!yOvbcbig!dkqi<k<kqm!Ou{<mil</!Woee<xiz<!dkqi<f<k!H,g<gt<! LPuKl<! Osi<f<K! lc! fqjxf<K! uqm<miz<! lQ{<Ml<! -r<Og! gik<kqVh<hK! kuX/!nkeiz<! kjzue<! uVl<! ujv! ogiR<sl<! ogiR<sligh<! H,g<gjt! dkqi<h<hibig! we<X!kjzuq! He<je! lvk<kqml<! OhSgqe<xit</! -h<himzqz<! kjzuq?! kjzujes<! sf<kqh<hkx<gig!He<je!lvk<kqjeg<!Gxqbqmligk<!Oki<f<okMg<gqxit</!!

! kjzuq?!kjzujes<!sf<kqg<Gl<!-ml<!Nzlvlig!-Vg<gqe<xK/!Neiz<!nr<G!Yi<!nhibl<!Wx<hMgqe<xK/!

! ! “ hijkbqx<!osz<Ouii<!hxqh<hove<!xR<sqhijkbqx<!osz<Ouii<!hxqh<hove<!xR<sqhijkbqx<!osz<Ouii<!hxqh<hove<!xR<sqhijkbqx<!osz<Ouii<!hxqh<hove<!xR<sq!!!!

!!!! !!!! -Vt<lqgz<!Ou{<ck<!okVTX!oh{<ci<-Vt<lqgz<!Ou{<ck<!okVTX!oh{<ci<-Vt<lqgz<!Ou{<ck<!okVTX!oh{<ci<-Vt<lqgz<!Ou{<ck<!okVTX!oh{<ci<!!!!

!!!! !!!! liuqjeg<!gzf<k!fQi<!hiuqb!gqjtOsi<liuqjeg<!gzf<k!fQi<!hiuqb!gqjtOsi<liuqjeg<!gzf<k!fQi<!hiuqb!gqjtOsi<liuqjeg<!gzf<k!fQi<!hiuqb!gqjtOsi<!!!!

!!!! !!!! Nz!lvk<kqjz!njek<Kl<!oktqk<kii<Nz!lvk<kqjz!njek<Kl<!oktqk<kii<Nz!lvk<kqjz!njek<Kl<!oktqk<kii<Nz!lvk<kqjz!njek<Kl<!oktqk<kii<” !)giki;3.77*!

Nzlv! -jzjb! hgzqz<! osz<Ouii<! fqpZg<gig! -jth<hiVl<! ohiPK! hxqk<K! uqm<miz<!-Vt<! GjxBl<?! ljxuqmlig! njlbiK/! nkeiz<! we<eosb<uK@! nkx<G! Yi<! dhibl<!osb<gqe<xii<gt</! oh{<gt<! niqsqliU! gzf<k! fQjv! -jzgt<! njek<kqZl<! oktqg<gqe<xei</!giv{l<! gigl<?! GVuqgtqe<! ws<sl<! Ohizk<! Okie<Xl</! njkh<! hii<k<K! -jzgt<!K~b<jlbqz<jz! we<X! hxqg<g! lim<mii<gt<! we<X! %xh<hMgqe<xK/! -u<uiX! Okipq?!kjzuqbqml<!kjzujes<!sf<kqh<hkx<gie!Gxqbqmk<jkg<!Gxqh<hqMgqe<xit</!!

! kjzueqe<!osbz<!kjzuqjbg<!Gxqbqmk<kqx<G!njph<hkigg<!gi{h<hMgqxK/!

! ! “ osuqg<g{q!fiux<!osf<kosuqg<g{q!fiux<!osf<kosuqg<g{q!fiux<!osf<kosuqg<g{q!fiux<!osf<ktqi<!osVgqtqi<!osVgqtqi<!osVgqtqi<!osVgq!!!!

!!!! !!!! dpue<!lge<osz!y{<omic!fr<jgdpue<!lge<osz!y{<omic!fr<jgdpue<!lge<osz!y{<omic!fr<jgdpue<!lge<osz!y{<omic!fr<jg!!!!

!!!! !!!! gjmg<g{qx<!g{<M!guqe<lkq!Lgk<okpqz<gjmg<g{qx<!g{<M!guqe<lkq!Lgk<okpqz<gjmg<g{qx<!g{<M!guqe<lkq!Lgk<okpqz<gjmg<g{qx<!g{<M!guqe<lkq!Lgk<okpqz<!!!!

!!!! !!!! gXk<kqmg<!gzr<Gl<!gim<sq!gi{ib<"gXk<kqmg<!gzr<Gl<!gim<sq!gi{ib<"gXk<kqmg<!gzr<Gl<!gim<sq!gi{ib<"gXk<kqmg<!gzr<Gl<!gim<sq!gi{ib<"” !)giki;3.91*!

dpue<!lgeigqb!kjzue<!gikqz<!fiuz<!lvs<!osf<ktqi<!osVgqg<!ogi{<M!osz<gqe<xie</!nujeg<!gjmg<!g{<{iz<!g{<m!fr<jgbqe<!Lg!wpqz<!%Xgqe<xK/!giv{l<!kjzuEl<?!kjzuqBl<! fiuz<! lvk<kcbqz<! sf<kqk<kii<gt</! lQ{<Ml<! nu<uqmk<kqx<G! uVliX! kjzuqjb!Ofiqz<! njpg<g! Lcbikkiz<! gikqz<! fiuz<! osf<ktqjv! osVgq! osz<gqe<xie</! -jkh<!hii<k<k! kjzuqbqe<! Lgl<! OuXhMgqe<xK/! giv{l<! nuTjmb! nf<kvr<gl<! we<X!fqjeg<gqe<xit</!fiuz<!lvl<?!kjzue<?!kjzuq!sf<kqg<Gl<!Gxqbqmligg<!gim<mh<hMgqe<xK/!


kqj{lijz!F~x<jxl<hkqzkqj{lijz!F~x<jxl<hkqzkqj{lijz!F~x<jxl<hkqzkqj{lijz!F~x<jxl<hkqz<!lvr<gt<!Gxqbqmligg<!gim<mh<hMkz<lvr<gt<!Gxqbqmligg<!gim<mh<hMkz<lvr<gt<!Gxqbqmligg<!gim<mh<hMkz<lvr<gt<!Gxqbqmligg<!gim<mh<hMkz<!!!!

Okipq!kjzueqml<?!

! ! “ gmx<giex<!Osi<h<h"!gpqBzinb<!fQ{<mgmx<giex<!Osi<h<h"!gpqBzinb<!fQ{<mgmx<giex<!Osi<h<h"!gpqBzinb<!fQ{<mgmx<giex<!Osi<h<h"!gpqBzinb<!fQ{<m!!!!

!!!! !!!! umx<giex<!He<jekip<f<!kix<x!umx<giex<!He<jekip<f<!kix<x!umx<giex<!He<jekip<f<!kix<x!umx<giex<!He<jekip<f<!kix<x!- lmx<gielmx<gielmx<gielmx<gie!!!!

!!!! !!!! ze<xq!jgU!l{qofMl<!oh{<j{k<okl<ze<xq!jgU!l{qofMl<!oh{<j{k<okl<ze<xq!jgU!l{qofMl<!oh{<j{k<okl<ze<xq!jgU!l{qofMl<!oh{<j{k<okl<!!!!

!!!! !!!! Le<xq!Le<xq!Le<xq!Le<xq!zqtl{z<Ole<!olib<k<Kzqtl{z<Ole<!olib<k<Kzqtl{z<Ole<!olib<k<Kzqtl{z<Ole<!olib<k<K” !)kqj{/F~x<;67*!

He<je! lvk<kcbqz<! kjzuqjbs<! sf<kqg<GliX! Gxqbqml<! gim<Mgqe<xit</! dh<hr<gpqgtiz<!S,ph<hm<m! wl<! uQm<ce<! Le<Oe! He<je! lvr<gt<! H,k<Kg<! GZr<Gl<! gmx<gjvs<! Osijzbqz<!ne<xqz<!hxjugt<!Osi<f<kqVg<Gl<!hjelvk<OkiM!dt<t!-ml<!fir<gt<!uqjtbiMl<!-ml<!we<X!Okipq!kjzuEg<G!-vUg<Gxqjbg<!gim<Mgqe<xit</!

! Okipq!kjzuEg<G!hgx<!Gxqgim<Ml<!ohiPK?!

! ! “ libuEf<!kl<LEl<!OhiOz!lxqgmZr<libuEf<!kl<LEl<!OhiOz!lxqgmZr<libuEf<!kl<LEl<!OhiOz!lxqgmZr<libuEf<!kl<LEl<!OhiOz!lxqgmZr<!!!!

!!!! !!!! gieZR<Osi<!ou{<l{Zr<!gi{iObi!gieZR<Osi<!ou{<l{Zr<!gi{iObi!gieZR<Osi<!ou{<l{Zr<!gi{iObi!gieZR<Osi<!ou{<l{Zr<!gi{iObi!- giez<giez<giez<giez<!!!!

!!!! !!!! -jmobzi!RipZf<!kijpB!lii<f<k-jmobzi!RipZf<!kijpB!lii<f<k-jmobzi!RipZf<!kijpB!lii<f<k-jmobzi!RipZf<!kijpB!lii<f<k!!!!

!!!! !!!! Hjmobzil<!He<je!Hge<XHjmobzil<!He<je!Hge<XHjmobzil<!He<je!Hge<XHjmobzil<!He<je!Hge<X” !)kqj{/F~x<;69*!

we<X! %Xgqe<xit</! gmz<! Ohie<x! fqxLjmb! kqVliZl<! ou{<l{jz! yk<k! hzvilEl<!Ohiz! gmx<gjvs<! Osijzbqz<! Ogir<G! lvr<gTl<?! He<jelvr<gTl<! fqjxf<Kt<t! -mk<jk!gi{<hibig! we<X! Okipq! kjzueqml<?! kjzuqjbs<! sf<kqh<hkx<gie! Gxqbqmk<jkg<!Gxqh<hqMgqe<xit<!


! gikish<kskq?!kqj{lijz!F~x<jxl<hK!Ngqb!-v{<M!-zg<gqbr<gtqZl<!Gxqbqml<!gim<mz<! we<hK! oktquigh<! hkqU! osb<bh<hm<cVg<gqe<xK/! gikish<kskqbqz<?! kiljvh<H,!-z<zik! Gtl<?! wm<Hzl<?! Hki<! nmi<f<k! -ml<?! s{z<! Okim<ml<! Ohie<xju! Gxqbqmligk<!Oki<f<okMg<gh<Mgqe<xe/! kqj{liz! F~x<jxl<hkqz<! Nx<xr<gjvs<! Osijz?! gmx<gjvs<!Osijz?! lvk<kc! Ohie<xju! Gxqbqmligk<! Oki<f<okMg<gh<hMgqe<xe/! -ml<! Okif<okMh<hkqz<!sqxqK! OuXhm<miZl<! Ofig<gl<! ye<xigOu! dt<tK/! gikish<k! skqbqz<! kjzuq?! Okipq!kjzue<! Ngqb! &uVl<! Gxqbqml<! gim<Mgqe<xei</! kqj{lijz! F~x<jxl<hkqz<! Okipq!lm<MOl! Gxqbqml<! Oki<f<okMh<hkigh<! hkqU! osb<bh<hMgqe<xK/! Gxqbqml<! Oki<f<okMg<Gl<!%x<Xgtqz<! -v{<M! -zg<gqbr<gtqZl<! lix<xl<! d{<M/! wk<kjgb! lix<xl<! -Vf<kiZl<!Gxqbqml<! Oki<f<okMk<kz<! we<hK! kjzuEl<?! kjzuqBl<! sf<kqh<hkx<Gk<! kie<! we<hjk!-v{<M!-zg<gqbr<gTl<!oktqUhMk<Kgqe<xe/

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


xsitahh; ghly;fspy; Md;kPfr; rpe;jidfs;xsitahh; ghly;fspy; Md;kPfr; rpe;jidfs;xsitahh; ghly;fspy; Md;kPfr; rpe;jidfs;xsitahh; ghly;fspy; Md;kPfr; rpe;jidfs;

*Kidth; gh.fPjh>Kidth; gh.fPjh>Kidth; gh.fPjh>Kidth; gh.fPjh> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> nghpahh; muR fiyf;fy;Y}hp> flY}h;-607001. miyNgrp : 9486683380.

nrk;nkhopahfpa jkpo;nkhopapy; vz;zw;w ePjpE}y;fs; cs;sd. ,e;E}y;fs;

midtUk; ey;tho;T ngw top $Wfpd;wd. midtUk; ey;tho;T ngw ,iwek;gpf;if toptFfpd;wJ. ,jid>

vOj;Jf;fnsy;yhk; mfuj;ij Kjyhf cilaJ. mJNghy cyfk; flTis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ vd;gij>

“mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjpmfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjpmfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjpmfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp

gftd; Kjw;Nw cyFgftd; Kjw;Nw cyFgftd; Kjw;Nw cyFgftd; Kjw;Nw cyF”

vd;W jpUts;StUk; $Wfpd;whh;.

xsitahh; jkJ ePjpE}y;fshd Mj;jpr;R+b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;> %Jiu> ey;top Mfpa E}y;fspy; Md;kPfk;; Fwpj;Jf; $wpAs;shh;. ,jid Ma;T nra;tNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

rptd;> tpehafh;rptd;> tpehafh;rptd;> tpehafh;rptd;> tpehafh;

,e;Jf;fs; midtUk; vr;nraiyAk;> tpehafg; ngUkhid topgl;Nl njhlq;Ffpd;wdh;. vOJk; NghJk; gps;isah; Rop Nghl;Nlj; njhlq;Ffpd;wdh;. ,t;thW nra;jhy; nra;Ak; nray;fs; ey;ytpjkhfTk; ntw;wpfukhfTk; mikAk; vd;w cWjpahd ek;gpf;ifia kf;fs; nfhz;Ls;sdh;. ,e;ek;gpifAld; xsitahUk; tpehafiu topgl;Nl jd; nraiyj; njhlq;fpAs;shh;. nghJthf kdpjh;fSf;F jd; tho;f;ifapd; ve;j xU $Wk; ey;ytpjkhf mika xU Neh;kiwahd vz;zKk;> ek;gpf;ifAk;> ce;JjYk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;F tpehafh; topghL Jiz nra;fpd;wJ.

Mj;jp kyh; khiy mzpe;j rptngUkhd; tpUk;Gfpd;w tpehafg; ngUkhidg; Nghw;wp Nghw;wp tzq;FNthk; vd;gjid>

“Mj;jpR+b mkh;e;j NjtidMj;jpR+b mkh;e;j NjtidMj;jpR+b mkh;e;j NjtidMj;jpR+b mkh;e;j Njtid

Vj;jp Vj;jpj;Vj;jp Vj;jpj;Vj;jp Vj;jpj;Vj;jp Vj;jpj; njhONthk; ahNknjhONthk; ahNknjhONthk; ahNknjhONthk; ahNk”

vd;w Mj;jpr;R+b mbfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. nghJthf tpehafg; ngUkhd; KOKjw; flTs; vd;Wk;> vt;nthU fhhpaKk; mtiu topgl;Nl njhlq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; eilKiwapy; cs;sJ. ,jid nka;g;gpf;Fk; tifapy;> ,e;Jkjj;jpy; cr;rf;flTfshff; fUjg;gLk; rptngUkhNd tpUk;Gfpd;w flTshf tpehafh; jpfo;fpd;whh;.

nfhd;iw kyh;fisr; R+ba rptngUkhdpd; Gjy;tdhfpa tpehafg; ngUkhdpd; jpUtbia ehk; vg;nghOJk; Nghw;wp tzq;FNthk;. vd;gjid>

“nfhd;iw Nte;jd; nry;td; mbapidnfhd;iw Nte;jd; nry;td; mbapidnfhd;iw Nte;jd; nry;td; mbapidnfhd;iw Nte;jd; nry;td; mbapid

vd;Wk; Vj;jpj; njhONthk; ehNkvd;Wk; Vj;jpj; njhONthk; ehNkvd;Wk; Vj;jpj; njhONthk; ehNkvd;Wk; Vj;jpj; njhONthk; ehNk”

vd;w nfhd;iw Nte;jdpd; mbfs; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

jpdKk; kyh;nfhz;L> Jk;gpf;ifia cila tpehafg; ngUkhdpd; jpUtbfis tzq;Fgth;f;F> nrhy;td;ik kw;Wk; ew;rpe;jidNahL nre;jhkiu kyhpy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; jpUkfspd; mUl;ghh;it cz;lhFk;. NkYk;> tpehafiu topgLgthpd; cliy Neha; mz;lhJ vd;gjid>


“thf;Fz;lhthf;Fz;lhthf;Fz;lhthf;Fz;lhk; ey;y kdk; cz;lhk; khkyuhs; k; ey;y kdk; cz;lhk; khkyuhs; k; ey;y kdk; cz;lhk; khkyuhs; k; ey;y kdk; cz;lhk; khkyuhs;

Nehf;Fz;lhk; NkdpElq;fhJ Nehf;Fz;lhk; NkdpElq;fhJ Nehf;Fz;lhk; NkdpElq;fhJ Nehf;Fz;lhk; NkdpElq;fhJ ---- g+f;nfhz;L g+f;nfhz;L g+f;nfhz;L g+f;nfhz;L

Jg;GMh; jpUNkdp Jk;gpf;if ahd;ghjk; Jg;GMh; jpUNkdp Jk;gpf;if ahd;ghjk; Jg;GMh; jpUNkdp Jk;gpf;if ahd;ghjk; Jg;GMh; jpUNkdp Jk;gpf;if ahd;ghjk;

jg;ghky; rhh;thh; jkf;Fjg;ghky; rhh;thh; jkf;Fjg;ghky; rhh;thh; jkf;Fjg;ghky; rhh;thh; jkf;F”

%Jiu> flTs; tho;j;J

vd;w thpfs; vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd. ,it tpehafh; topghl;bdhy; cz;lhFk; ed;ikia ciug;gNjhL> kf;fspd; kdjpy; ,iw ek;gpf;ifiaAk; tpistpf;fpd;wJ.

mofpa ahidKfj;jpidf; nfhz;ltDk;> J}akhzpf;fj;ijg; Nghd;wtDkhfpa tpehafg; ngUkhNd> ghYk;> Rj;jkhd NjDk;> nty;yg;ghFk;> gUg;Gk; fye;J ehd; cdf;F gilf;fpd;Nwd;. mtw;iw Vw;Wf;nfhz;L rq;fj;jkpohfpa ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;w %d;W jkpioAk; vdf;Fj; je;J mUs;thahf vd;gij>

“ ghYk; njspNjDk; ghFk; gUg;Gk; kpit ghYk; njspNjDk; ghFk; gUg;Gk; kpit ghYk; njspNjDk; ghFk; gUg;Gk; kpit ghYk; njspNjDk; ghFk; gUg;Gk; kpit

ehYk; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd; ehYk; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd; ehYk; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd; ehYk; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd; ---- Nfhyk;nra; Nfhyk;nra; Nfhyk;nra; Nfhyk;nra;

Jq;ff; fhpKfj;Jj; J}kzpNa ePnadf;Fr; Jq;ff; fhpKfj;Jj; J}kzpNa ePnadf;Fr; Jq;ff; fhpKfj;Jj; J}kzpNa ePnadf;Fr; Jq;ff; fhpKfj;Jj; J}kzpNa ePnadf;Fr;

rq;fj; jkpo; %d;Wk; jhrq;fj; jkpo; %d;Wk; jhrq;fj; jkpo; %d;Wk; jhrq;fj; jkpo; %d;Wk; jh”

ey;top> flTs; tho;j;J

vd;w thpfspy; jdJ tpUg;gj;jpid xsitahh; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.

xsitahh;> flTsplj;jpy; nghUl;nry;tj;ij gpujpgydhf vjph;ghh;;f;fhky;> Qhdnry;tj;ij vjph;ghh;g;gJ kpfTk; rpwg;ghdjhFk;. midtUk; rptj;ijg; Nghw;WtJ jttho;f;iff;F mofhFk; vd;gij>

“ rptj;ijg; Ngzpd; jtj;jpw;F moFrptj;ijg; Ngzpd; jtj;jpw;F moFrptj;ijg; Ngzpd; jtj;jpw;F moFrptj;ijg; Ngzpd; jtj;jpw;F moF”

vd;W $WtJ rpt topghl;bid kpfTk; typAWj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sJ. ‘rptid tho;j;jpl rPtd; thOk;’ vd;gh;. rpt topghl;il xsitahh; Nkd;ikahff; fUJfpd;whh; vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.

‘rptha ek’ vd;w Ie;njOj;J ke;jpuj;ij kdjpy; epidj;J ,Ug;NghUf;F xU ehSk; Jd;gk; ,Uf;fhJ. ,Jnt rhpahd> mwpthd nraYkhFk;. Vida mwpnty;yhk; tpjpapd;gbNa nrayhw;Wk; mwpthFk; vd;W $Wtij>

“ rpthaek vd;W rpe;jpj;J ,Ug;Nghh;f;F rpthaek vd;W rpe;jpj;J ,Ug;Nghh;f;F rpthaek vd;W rpe;jpj;J ,Ug;Nghh;f;F rpthaek vd;W rpe;jpj;J ,Ug;Nghh;f;F

mghak; xU ehSk; ,y;iy cghak; mghak; xU ehSk; ,y;iy cghak; mghak; xU ehSk; ,y;iy cghak; mghak; xU ehSk; ,y;iy cghak;

,JNt kjpahFk; my;yhj vy;yhk; ,JNt kjpahFk; my;yhj vy;yhk; ,JNt kjpahFk; my;yhj vy;yhk; ,JNt kjpahFk; my;yhj vy;yhk;

tpjpNa kjpaha; tpLk;tpjpNa kjpaha; tpLk;tpjpNa kjpaha; tpLk;tpjpNa kjpaha; tpLk;”

ey;top> gh.15

vd;w thpfs; ciuf;fpd;wd. ,it rptehkj;jpd; cd;djj;ij ciuf;fpd;wd.

fhf;Fk; flTshd jpUkhYf;F mbikg;Nghy njhz;L nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij>

“jpUkhYf;F mbik nra;jpUkhYf;F mbik nra;jpUkhYf;F mbik nra;jpUkhYf;F mbik nra;”

Mj;jpr;R+b (57)

vd;w thpapdhy; mwpayhk;. nghJthf ,iwg;gzp vd;gJ mbgzpe;J njhz;L nra;tNjahFk;. mtw;iw Nkw;fz;l thp nka;g;gpf;fpd;wJ.

jpUkfs;jpUkfs;jpUkfs;jpUkfs;

kdjpy; tQ;rk; ,y;yhjth;f;F nre;jhkiu kyhpy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; jpUkfs; ePh;tsKk;> ey;ytPl;bd; epoiyAk;> epyj;ij %bkiwf;Fk; new;fl;Lf;fSk;> ngUikAk;> GfOk; rpwe;j tho;f;ifiaAk;> ey;y ChpidAk;> tsh;fpd;w nry;tj;ijAk;> ePz;l MAisAk; vg;NghJk; nfhLg;ghs; vd;gij>


“ ePUk; epoYk; epyKk; nghjpAk; nea;fl;Lk; ePUk; epoYk; epyKk; nghjpAk; nea;fl;Lk; ePUk; epoYk; epyKk; nghjpAk; nea;fl;Lk; ePUk; epoYk; epyKk; nghjpAk; nea;fl;Lk;

NgUk; GfOk;> ngUtho;Tk; NgUk; GfOk;> ngUtho;Tk; NgUk; GfOk;> ngUtho;Tk; NgUk; GfOk;> ngUtho;Tk; ---- CUk; CUk; CUk; CUk;

tUk; jpUTk; tho;ehSk; tQ;rk; ,y;yhh;f;F vd;Wk; tUk; jpUTk; tho;ehSk; tQ;rk; ,y;yhh;f;F vd;Wk; tUk; jpUTk; tho;ehSk; tQ;rk; ,y;yhh;f;F vd;Wk; tUk; jpUTk; tho;ehSk; tQ;rk; ,y;yhh;f;F vd;Wk;

jUk; rpte;j jhkiuahs; jhs;jUk; rpte;j jhkiuahs; jhs;jUk; rpte;j jhkiuahs; jhs;jUk; rpte;j jhkiuahs; jhs;”

ey;top> gh.21

vd;w mbfs; vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd. kdNk Nfhapy;. mjpy; ey;y vz;zq;fisAk;> nray;fisAk; nja;tk; vd;ghh;fs;. ,jidNa “ey;ykdk; thOk;” vd;Wk; $Wthh;fs;. vdNt ey;tho;f;iff;F tQ;rk; ,y;yhj ey;y vz;zq;fs; mtrpak; vd;gjid Nkw;fz;l thpfs; cWjpahf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

Myak;Myak;Myak;Myak;

NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtid tzq;FtJ kpFe;j ed;ikiaj; jUk; vd;gij>

“Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;WMyak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;WMyak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;WMyak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W”

nfhd;iw Nte;jd; (2)

vd;w thpfs; thapyhf mwpayhk;. ,jpy;> ,iwtidf; NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W tzq;FtJ vd;gJ> Xhplk; nrd;W mq;F $Lk; kf;fs;> mq;F epyTk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; Mfpatw;iw fhz;gjpdhYk;> czh;tjpdhYk; milAk; kd kfpo;r;rp kw;Wk; njspT ek;ik ,af;Ftjw;fhd Xh; mw;Gjkhd ce;J rf;jpahFk;. ,J epjh;rdkhd cz;ikahFk;.

nja;tk;nja;tk;nja;tk;nja;tk;

flTis ,opthfg; NgrhNj vd;gjid>

“nja;tk; ,fNoy;nja;tk; ,fNoy;nja;tk; ,fNoy;nja;tk; ,fNoy;”

Mj;jpR+b (61)

vd;w thp mOj;jkhf gjpT nra;fpd;wJ. ahiuAk; ,fohky; ,Uj;jy; vd;gJ Xh; cahpa kdpjg; gz;ghFk;. mg;gz;ig gpd;gw;w ,t;tbfs; topnra;fpd;wd.

ehs;NjhWk; nja;tj;ij tzq;F vd;gij>

“itfy; NjhWk; nja;tk; njhOitfy; NjhWk; nja;tk; njhOitfy; NjhWk; nja;tk; njhOitfy; NjhWk; nja;tk; njhO”

nfhd;iw Nte;jd; (89)

vd;w mb ciuf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ> kdpjh;fspd; md;whl tho;T rpwf;f nrk;ikgl mth;fis newpg;gLj;Jk; topKiwaha; nja;ttopghL mikfpd;wJ. vdNt md;whl nja;ttopghL typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

nja;tk; Nfhgk; nfhz;lhy; ,Jtiu Nrh;j;J itj;j jtj;jpd; Gz;zpak; mopAk; vd;gjid>

“nja;tk; rPwpd; ifjtk; khSk;nja;tk; rPwpd; ifjtk; khSk;nja;tk; rPwpd; ifjtk; khSk;nja;tk; rPwpd; ifjtk; khSk;”

nfhd;iwNte;jd; (43)

vd;w thp vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ jtNkahDYk;> nja;tj;jpd; mUs; ekf;F ,Ue;jhyd;wp vg;gaDk; ekf;F tpisahJ vd;gJ jPh;f;fkhfpd;wJ. vdNt ehk; mjw;Nfw;wthW ekJ tho;it nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

Kw;gpwtpapy; nra;j ghtk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> ,g;gpwtpay; flTsplk; Ntjidg;gl;Lf; nfhz;lhy; nry;tk; fpilj;J tpLNkh? cyfpy; jUkk; nra;tNj ghtj;ijg; Nghf;Fk; top vd;gij mwpe;Jk; jUkk; nra;ahJ ,Ue;jth;fSf;F ,d;W Gz;zpak; vg;gbf; fpilf;Fk;? ntWk; ghidia mLg;gpy; itj;jhy; mg;ghid nghq;fpg; ngUFNkh? vdNt jUkr;nray; nra;ahjth;fSf;F Gz;zpak; fpilf;fhJ vd;gij>

“nra;jP tpidapUf;fj; nja;tj;ij nehe;jf;fhy; nra;jP tpidapUf;fj; nja;tj;ij nehe;jf;fhy; nra;jP tpidapUf;fj; nja;tj;ij nehe;jf;fhy; nra;jP tpidapUf;fj; nja;tj;ij nehe;jf;fhy;

va;j tUnkh ,Uepjpak; va;j tUnkh ,Uepjpak; va;j tUnkh ,Uepjpak; va;j tUnkh ,Uepjpak; ---- itafj;J itafj;J itafj;J itafj;J


mWk;gtk; vd;d mwpe;jd;D ,lhh;f;fpd;W mWk;gtk; vd;d mwpe;jd;D ,lhh;f;fpd;W mWk;gtk; vd;d mwpe;jd;D ,lhh;f;fpd;W mWk;gtk; vd;d mwpe;jd;D ,lhh;f;fpd;W

ntWk;ghid nghq;Fnkh Nky;ntWk;ghid nghq;Fnkh Nky;ntWk;ghid nghq;Fnkh Nky;ntWk;ghid nghq;Fnkh Nky;”

ey;top gh.17

vd;w thpfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

nghJthf cyfpy; xt;nthU nraYk; mjw;;Fhpa gpujpgyd;fisNa milfpd;wd. tpijj;ijNa mWf;f ,aYk;. vdNt. jhd; nra;tJ nfLjy;> Mdhy; jdf;F tpisa Ntz;baJ ed;ik vd;why; mJ epfohj xd;W. vdNt> ehk; midtUk; ek;ikNa nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w tho;tpay; epiyg;ghl;bid mOj;jkhf Nkw;fz;l thpfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

jpUePWjpUePWjpUePWjpUePW

jpUePW mzpahj new;wp tPz; vd;gij>

“ ePwpy;yh new;wpgho;ePwpy;yh new;wpgho;ePwpy;yh new;wpgho;ePwpy;yh new;wpgho;”

ey;top gh.24 (1)

vd;w thp ,ak;Gfpd;wJ. ,jpy; kUj;JtKk;> cstpaYk; mlq;fpAs;sd. jiyg;gFjpapYs;s ePiu cwpQ;Rk; nghUshf (Absorbent) jpUePW jpfo;fpwJ. NkYk; xUtuJ ftdk; Kfj;jpd; gpw gFjpfspy; gbahky;> ghh;itahf jpfOk; jpUePW gbtjhy;> xUtpjkhd Neh;kiwahd vz;zj;ijAk; xUth;Nky; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. vdNt> jpUePW mzptJ ntWk; Md;kPfk; kl;Lky;y mwptpaYk; $l.


,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liuapd; thapyhf fPo;fz;l KbTfis vl;l ,aYfpd;wJ. tpehafh; KOKjw; flTs;> tpehafh; midj;J flhr;rq;fSf;Fk; chpath;> rptd;> tpehafh;> jpUkhy;> jpUkfs; topghLfs; Fwpj;Jk;> guk;nghUs; jj;Jtj;ijAk; xsitahh; $wpAs;shh;. Myak; nry;tJ> nja;tq;fis topgLtJ> jpUePW mzptJ Mfpa nray;ghLfspYs;s Md;kPfk;> mwptpay; kw;Wk; cstpay; $Wfis mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

ey;y vz;zq;fSk;> nray;ghLfSNk nja;tq;fs; vd;w cahpa jj;Jtk; mOj;jkhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.


!!!!

!!!!

-vilfikHvl<!lium<mk<kqz<<!-f<K!L^<zql<!dxUgt<!-vilfikHvl<!lium<mk<kqz<<!-f<K!L^<zql<!dxUgt<!-vilfikHvl<!lium<mk<kqz<<!-f<K!L^<zql<!dxUgt<!-vilfikHvl<!lium<mk<kqz<<!-f<K!L^<zql<!dxUgt<!!!!!

sr<g!gizk<kqzqVf<Oksr<g!gizk<kqzqVf<Oksr<g!gizk<kqzqVf<Oksr<g!gizk<kqzqVf<Ok…

!!!!

*klqp<s<osl<lz<klqp<s<osl<lz<klqp<s<osl<lz<klqp<s<osl<lz<!!!! guqRIguqRIguqRIguqRI!!!! k^<zql<gi\ik^<zql<gi\ik^<zql<gi\ik^<zql<gi\i?!?!?!?! s&gs<sqf<kje! wPk<kitI?! HvuzI?! klqp<s<sr<gl<?!-vilfikHvl</!osz</!::51:!18899/!

!!!!

! klqpgk<kqe<! fQ{<m! ofcb! gmx<gjvh<hGkqgjts<! siIf<k! -vilfikHvl<! lium<ml<!-e<jxbgizs<! $pzqz<! nvS! Nb<Ugtqe<hc! -KyV! k{<{QI! -z<zi! lium<mole<Xl<?!uxm<sq! lqGf<k! hGkqobe<Xl<! -kx<Gh<! ohbI! $m<mh<hm<M! nvS! hz! kqm<mr<gjtBl<!sZjggjtBl<! upr<gquVgqxK?! -kx<G! Lkz<giv{lig! -r<G! uqusibOl! gqjmbiK/!uiel<hiIk<k! H,lqobe<hkiz<?! sqXsqX! ljp! ohb<kiz<! %m! nK!ospqh<hie! uqusibk<kqx<G!OhiKliekig!-Vh<hkqz<jz?!fijzf<K!N{<MgTg<G!yVLjx!ohVl<ljp!ohb<kiz<!%m!nKUl<! uqusibk<jk! Lx<xqZl<! npqg<gg<! %cbkigOu! njlf<KuqMl<?! -KOhig! -f<k!lium<mk<kqz<! hz<zibqvl<OhI! h{q! osb<bg<%cb! ohiqbokipqx<sijzgOti?! sqxqb! okipqx<!sijzgOti! w{<{qg<g{g<gqMl<! ntuqx<G! wKUl<! gqjmbiK! nkeiz<! okimIf<K!-l<lium<ml<! uxm<sqfqjxf<k! lium<ml<! we<x! fqvf<kvh<ohbjvs<! Slf<K! ogi{<Om!-Vg<gqe<xK?! -KOu! klqpglg<gtqe<! hziqe<! ler<gtqz<! -vilfikHvl<! lium<ml<!sl<hf<klie!w{<{r<gtig!dt<tK/!

! -vilfikHvl<! lium<mk<kqe<! d{<jlfqjzjb! Nvib<f<Okilieiz<! OlOz! osie<e!nk<kje! fqjzgjtBl<! lix<xq! -l<lium<m! lg<gtqe<! ke<el<hqg<jgbqe<! hzeigUl<!gMl<djph<hqe<! giv{ligUl<! ospqh<hig! dt<tjk! dt<tr<gt<! nxqf<Klgqp<f<kqMl<! SliI!Jl<hkXhK! N{<MgTg<G! Le<H! lKjv! jujg! fQIk<Okg<g! nj{gm<Mukx<G! Le<H!-vilfikHvl<! lium<ml<! kqVuimijeh<! hGkqgtqz<-Vf<K?! -e<jxb! klqpgk<kqe<!ofx<gtR<sqbl<! we<X! osiz<zg<%cb! kR<js! lium<mk<kqx<G! okimIf<K! ofz<fix<Xgt<!nEh<hqb! uvziXgTl<! fqjxbd{<M?! nOkOhiz<! -vilfikHvl<! lium<ml<!gmx<gjvh<hGkqgtie!gQpg<gjv!–!ohiqbhm<cel<?!Okuqhm<cel<?!oki{<c!Ohie<x!KjxLg!fgvr<gtqz<! gq/hq! Wpil<! F~x<xi{<czqVf<Ok! he<eim<M! u{qgIgTl<! Gxqh<hig! nvHfim<M!L^<zql<gTl<! u{qgiQkqbqzig! uf<K! -f<kh<! Heqkl{<{qOz! hikr<gjth<! hkqk<kjk!uvziXgt<<!uqtl<Hgqe<xK?!gqOvg<gliZlq!kizlq?!Gxqh<hqMgqe<x! “nIvgiI”!we<x!gmx<gjv!sf<jkBl<! ‘hisi”! we<X! -zr<jg! uvziX! Gxqh<hqMgqe<x! hm<m{Ll<! dzgh<hb{q!-HEhK~ki! “hk<ke<”! we<X! Gxqh<hqMgqe<x! “hvig<gqvl! hm<m{Ll<”! osz<uutjl! %Xl<!sie<Xgtig! uqtr<gqe/! -f<k! gmz<! ui{qhk<kqz<?! gqOvg<gIgTl<?! OvilieqbIgTl<!nOvhqbIgTl<! =vibqvl<! N{<MgTg<G! Le<Oh?! lvg<gzr<gt<! &zlig! -r<Oguf<K!u{qgl<osb<kjk!sr<g!-zg<gqbr<gtqz<!gi{LcgqxK/!

! klqp<!-zg<gqbr<gt<!-f<k!nvH!fim<Mu{qgIgjt!Lkzqz<!“bueI”!we<Xl<!hqe<eI!“OsiegI”“ KVg<gI”“ lvg<gzvibI”! we<Xl<! okimi<f<K! Gxqh<hqm<M! uf<Kt<teI! -uIgtK!u{qgs<sik<Kg<gt<!“nR<Su{<{l<”!we<Xl<!Gxqh<hqm<Mt<te?-uIgt<!Oljzg<!gmx<gjvjbg<!gmf<K! gqpg<Gg<! gmx<gjvbqz<! gibz<hm<cel<?! gQpg<gjv! ohiqbhm<cel<?! oki{<c?! Ngqb!KjxLg! fgvr<gTme<! u{qgl<! Olx<ogi{<mjkh<! hz! gz<oum<Ms<osb<kqgt<!Gxqh<hqMgqe<xe/!

! gq/hq/23?! 24Nl<! F~x<xi{<Mgtqz<! nvH! fim<czqVf<K! gqpg<Gg<gmx<gjv! Kjx!Lgr<gTg<G!nOvhqbIgt<!lvg<gzr<gtqz<!uf<kqxr<gq!nvH!fim<Mg<Gkqjvgjt!Wx<xq!uf<k!lvg<gzk<jk! )Oki{qjb*! Gxqg<Gl<! Yuqbl<! ofz<jzs<sQjlbqe<! kqVh<HjmbiI! Ogiuqzqe<!OgiHv!Yuqblig!-e<Xl<!o\izqh<hjkg<!gi{zil</!


! -h<hc! hz! F~x<xi{<MgTg<G! Le<Oh! klqpgl<! sijzh<! Ohig<Guvk<K! -vbqz<!Ohig<Guvk<K?!NgibliIg<gh<!Ohig<Guvk<Kg<gt<!uVukx<GLe<Oh!gmz<ui{qhk<kqz<!sqxf<K!uqtr<gqbK/! Gxqh<hig! gibz<hm<cel<?! gQpg<gjv?! oki{<c?! ohiqbh<hm<cel<?! Okuqhm<cel<!-f<kh<hGkqgtqz<! Lk<Kg<Gtqg<Gl<! okipqz<! lqg! hqvhzlig! -Vf<kfqjzbqz<! -r<G!dx<hk<kqbiGl</! Lk<Kg<gt<! sr<Ggt<! lqg! dbIkvlie! kvk<kqz<-Vf<kkiz<! -r<Gt<t!Lk<Kg<gt<?! sr<Ggt<! lx<Xl<! -zr<jgbqz<! -Vf<K! -xg<Glkq! osb<bh<hm<m! uisjek<!kqvuqbh<ohiVm<gjt! uir<gqs<ose<xqm! he<eim<miIgTl<! -r<G! uf<K! Guqbk<okimr<gqeI/!-kx<G! lix<xig! nf<k! he<eim<miIgTl<! nuIgt<! fiMgtqz<! kbivie! \Utq! dm<hm! hz!nk<kqbiusqbh<ohiVm<gjt! -r<Og! ogi{<Muf<KOsIk<K! u{qgl<osb<ukqz<! ohVl<! NIul<!gim<cei</! -kqz<! gibz<hm<cel<?! gQpg<gjv?! oki{<cjbs<! siIf<k! -^<zilqbIgt<! LPg<g!LPg<g!u{qgk<kqz<!ogicgm<ch<!hxf<keI!-f<kh<hGkqjbs<!siIf<k!-^<zilqbIgt<!-f<kqbi!LPukqZl<! Lk<K?! juvg<gx<gt<! u{qgk<kqz<! -e<Xl<! okimIf<K! osbz<hMuke<!oux<xqg<Gg<giv{l<! h{<jmb! gizr<gtqzqVf<Ok! u{qgl<osb<kqm<m! nEhur<gtqe<!okimIs<sqOb! -keiOzOb! -f<kh<hGkq! wh<ohiPKOl! nvsqe<! fzk<kqm<mr<gjtwkqIhivik!ke<Sblie! dmz<! djph<hqZl<?! okijzOfig<gie! sqf<kjegtqZl<?! lqgh<ohiqb! fl<hqg<jg!ogi{<Mt<t!lg<gt<!uiPl<!hGkqbig!-l<lium<ml<!uqtr<Ggqe<xK/!

! klqpgntuqz<!lx<x!lium<mr<gOtiM!yh<hqMl<OhiK!Gxqh<hqMl<hcbie?!okipqz<gOti?!uqusib!uqjtohiVm<gtqe<!ke<eqjxOui?!-bx<jg!utr<gtqe<!sqxh<Ohi?!geqlutr<gtqe<!dbIOui! -z<zilz<dt<t! yOv! lium<mLl<! Lkz<! lium<mLl<! -f<k! -vilfikHvl<!lium<ml<kie<?!nkeiOzOb!-l<lium<mk<jk!nvS!wh<ohiPKOl!uxm<sqbie!lium<mr<gtqe<!hm<cbzqz<! fqvf<kvligOu! juk<kqVg<Gl<! we<hOkfmh<H! Neiz<! -l<lium<m! lg<gtqe<!d{<jlfqjz!we<eoue<xiz<?!ohVl<hizielg<gt<!lqgs<sqxf<k!ohiVtikivk<OkiM!dbIf<k!fqjzbqz<kie<! dt<tiIgt<! -uIgtqe<! uVliek<jkBl<! uip<g<jgk<kvk<jkBl<!yh<hqm<Omilieiz<! utIf<kfgVg<G! )olm<Ovisqm<c*! =migOudt<tK! -r<Gt<tlg<gt<! lqg!Shqm<sOliMl<?! uXjlbx<x! fqjzbqZl<! utligOu! uip<gqxiIgt<?! klqpg! ntuqz<uQm<M!dhObigh<! ohiVm<gTl<?! d{Uh<ohiVt<gTl<! fqjxbuqx<Gl<! sf<jkbigUl<?! sx<X!%Mkzie! uqjzuisqBjmb! sf<jklkqh<H! -Vf<kiZl<?! -jkobz<zil<! Yvr<gm<cuqm<M!uir<Gl<sg<kq! fqjxf<k! lg<gtigOu! -r<G! wz<OziVl<! dt<tiIgt<! we<hOk! fmh<H!d{<jlbie!uq]bl</!

! -kx<Gg<giv{l<! -h<hGkqjbs<! siIf<k! ohVl<hizie! lg<gt<! outqfiMgtqz<!usqh<hkiz<! -h<hGkqbqz<! nf<fqbs<osziu{q! ohiVtikivl<! fqjxb! uf<K! Guqukiz<!-l<lium<m! lg<gt<! wh<ohiPKl<! Shqm<sligUl<?Sbdjph<hqe<! Olzie! uVlie! utk<OkiM!ke<!uip<g<jgjb!njlk<Kg<!ogi{<miIgt</!

! hz<zi{<MgTg<G! Le<Oh! -h<hGkqjbs<! siIf<k! -^<zilqbIgt<?! fhqgtiI!wl<ohVlieiiqe<uip<g<jg! fjmLjxgtqz<! ye<xie?! -^<zilqbIgtqe<! Gzk<okipqzig!u{qgk<jk! nxqLgh<hMk<kqeiIgt<)fhqgtiOv! \Utqk<okipqZl<?! NM?! ym<mgl<?! Ohie<x!u{qgl<osb<kqm<m! uvziXgt<dt<tK*! fhqgtiI! wl<ohVlieiI! ^z<zz<zia|! njzaq!u^z<zl<! nuIgt<! SliI! 2611! N{<MgTg<G! Le<Oe! lg<gtqjmOb! u{qgk<jk!nxqLgh<hMk<kqeiIgt<?! u{qgiQkqbig! lg<gTg<Gk<! Okjubie! ohiVm<gjt! nxqf<K! nK!wr<Og! dx<hk<kqbigqe<xOki?! nr<Ogose<X! ogit<Lkz<! osb<K?! hqx! hGkqgTg<G!wMk<Ks<ose<X! nr<Gt<t! lg<gtqe<! OkjugTg<Ogx<h! nf<kh<ohiVjtg<ogi{<M! OsIh<hOk!nuIgt<osb<ku{qgl<?! -kqz<! ohVl<hiZl<! h{<mlix<Xkz<! LjxgOtiM?! hqe<! h{!lkqh<OhiM! -f<ku{qgl<! fjmohx<xkigh<! hzuvziXgt<! %Xgqe<XK! -vilfikHvl<!lium<mk<jks<! siIf<k! Gxqh<hig! fQ{<mgizlig! gmx<gjv! u{qgk<okimIhqz<! -Vf<k?!KjxLg! fgvr<gtie! gQpg<gjv?! ohiqbhm<cel<?! oki{<c! Ohie<x! hGkqgjts<siIf<k!-^<zilqbIgt<! ke<! u{qg! iQkqbqzie! dkuqgTg<Gh<! hz! hqiqUgjts<! siIf<k!-f<Klg<gOtiM! fQ{<m! ofVg<glie! okimIhqz<-Vf<K! ke<u{qg! fqjzgjt!dbIk<kqg<ogi{<cm!OhVkuqbig!-Vf<kfqjzBl<!hz!-mr<gtqz<gi{zil</!

! -Vhkil<! F~x<xi{<M! Kug<gk<kqzqVf<Ok! sijzh<! Ohig<Guvk<Kl<! -vbqz<!Ohig<Guvk<Kl<! ogiR<sl<! ogiR<slig! dbIf<Kogi{<Om! uf<kfqjzbqz<?! -vilfikHvl<!lium<mk<jks<!siIf<kuIgtqe<!gmz<&zligs<osb<k!u{qgl<!sqXgs<!sqXg!Gjxf<Kogi{<Om!ose<xfqjzbqz<?! gQpg<gjvjbs<siIf<k! ohVl<! )Lk<K?! sr<G?! hutl<?! juvg<gz<! uqbihivl<*!u{qgIgotz<zil<! outqfiMgtqz<! ke<! uqbihiv! fqXuer<gjt! fqvf<kvlig! okimr<gq!oux<xqg{<miIgt<! -uIgt<! hIliuqz<! okimr<gq! -zr<jg! lOzsqbi?! sqr<gh<H,I?! HVj{?!


-f<OkiOesqbi! lizk<kQU?! o\Il{q?! hqvie<̂ <?! gemi?! dm<hm! hzfiMgtqz<! ke<okipqz<!fqXuer<gjt! dVuig<gqbOkiM! nkx<Gdkuqbig! hz! kV{r<gtqz<! keK!hGkqjbs<siIf<k! ohVl<hizie! -f<Klg<gjtBl<! njpk<Kg<ogi{<M! ke<! fqXuer<gtqz<!h{qblIk<kqBt<tiIgt</!

! -kx<G!nMk<kgm<mlig!-f<kfiMgtqz<!okipqz<osb<k!jgObiM!klqpgk<jks<!Osi<f<k!h{qbim<gjt! -r<gqVf<K! njpk<Ks<! ose<X! h{qblIk<Kukqz<! Wo\{<mig! hz!-^<zilqbIgt<! =Mhm<miIgt<! nh<hcs<ose<x! klqpIgt<kie<! -e<jxb! kqel<?! -zr<jg?!lOzsqbi?!sqr<gh<H,I!dm<hm!hzoutqfiMgtqz<!ohiqbokipqz<!nkqhIgtiUl<?!nf<fim<Mjmb!ogtvulqg<g! leqkIgtigUl<! uzl<! uVgqxiIgt</! -h<hc! w{<{x<x! -^<zilqbIgt<!-Vhkil<F~x<xi{<M! Kug<gk<kqzqVf<Ok! h{qiQkqbigUl<?! okipqz<! iQkqbigUl<!n{<jmfiMgTg<Gs<! ose<X! )kqjvgmz<! ycBl<! kqvuqbl<! OkM! we<hkx<Gs<! sie<xig*! ke<!ohiVtikivk<jk! dbIk<kqg<! ogi{<mOkiM?! nr<Og! slhikqk<k! njek<K!ohiVtikivk<jkBl<! -r<Og! ogi{<Muf<K! OsIk<kkqe<! hbeig! -vilfikHvl<! lium<ml<!wh<ohiPKl<! osz<us<ospqh<hie! H,lqbigOu! -Vf<kK! Gxqh<hig! -h<hGkqbqz<! njlf<Kt<t!gQpg<gjvjbs<! siIf<k! -^<zilqbIgt<! giz<hkqg<gik! fiOm! -z<jzobe! osiz<Zltuqx<G!-l<lium<ml<! sqxf<K! uqtr<gqbK! outqfiMgtqz<! usqg<Gl<! -uIgtqe<! Okim<ml<! lx<Xl<!okipqz<siIf<k! hqx! ^<kiher<gjtBl<! fl<hqg<jgObiM! hviliqk<Kuf<kK! ohVl<hie<jlbie!-f<K!sOgikvlg<gOt!-f<kdxU!fQ{<m!ofMr<gizlig!okimVl<!hivl<hiqbOl/!

! -ke<! nMk<kgm<mlig! 2:86.g<Ghqe<! okipqz<iQkqbig! -vilfikHvl<! lium<mk<jks<!OsIf<k! ohVl<hizie! lg<gt<! outqfiMgTg<Gs<! ose<X! h{qosb<kqm! NIul<ogi{<m!fqjzbqz<?! outqfiMgTg<G! Gxqh<hig! nvHfiMgtie?! Khib<! sUkqnOvhqbi?! gk<kiI?!n\<lie<?Gjuk<?=vie<?=vig<?! Yle<! Ohie<x! hz! nvH! fiMgTg<Gl<! h{qbitIgjt!njpk<Ks<ose<xqMl<! Lglig! sqz! outqfim<M! Oujzuib<h<H! Wo\{<sq! gl<oheqgt<!dVuigqe! nh<hc! dVuieujgbqz<! Lke<! Lkzig?! nvhq! Osg<Ggtqe<! yh<hf<kk<OkiM!gQpg<gjvjbs<! siIf<k! B.S! nh<Kz<! vGlie<! nuIgt<! Lke<Lkzig! nliei! G'h<!we<xohbiqz<kie<! Kur<gh<hm<mK! -f<k! gm<cm! gi{<m<vig<m<! gl<oheq&zlig! hz!okipqzitIgjt! wMk<k! fqjzbqz<?! hqe<H! Khibqe<! hzh{qgTg<Gl<! -vilfikHvl<!lium<mk<kqz<!-Vf<K!h{qbitIgjt!njpk<Ks<!osz<Zl<!fqXueligOu!hz!fqIuigr<gt<!osbz<hm<me/! )ETA! ou^<m<! Nsqbi/ <̂mii<G'h<*! we! hch<hcbig! dbIf<K! hz! nvH!fiMgTg<Gl<! h{qbitIgjt! njpk<Ks<osz<Zl<! fqXuer<gt<! dVuigqe! -f<k! ujgbqz<!-vilfikHvl<! lium<mk<jks<siIf<k! hz! -zm<sg<g{g<gie! h{qbitIgt<! gqtQeqr<! Lkz<!gqtQeqg<! kjzjl! lVk<KuI! ujv! njek<K! h{qgTg<Gl<! Nm<gjt! njpk<Ks<!ose<xiIgt</! -f<k! fqjzbqz<! sqzN{<Mgt<! gpqk<K! -uIgtqml<! h{qbix<xqb! dxUg<giv!OlzitIgt<?! -uIgtqmlqVf<K! hqiqf<Kose<X! hqe<! nuIgTl<! keqbig! outqfim<Mg<G!Nt<wMg<Gl<!gl<oheqgt<!dVuigq!kqxl<hm!fmk<kqeiIgt<!njkk<okimIf<K!hz!outqfim<M!Oujzuib<h<H! gl<oheqgt<! -Vf<kiZl<! -r<Gt<t! njek<Kk<! kvh<H! lg<gjtBl<! wu<uqk!hiGhice<xq! wMk<Ks<! ose<xiIgt<! -l<lium<mk<jks<! Osi<f<k! nXhKuqPg<giM! lg<gt<!outqfiMgtqz<!uip<ukiz<!nuIgtqe<!LPuVlieLl<!-l<lium<mk<jk!uf<K!njmukiz<!-l<lium<ml<! ohiVtikivk<kqz<! we<Xl<! osz<us<ospqh<higOu! uzl<! uVgqe<xoke<hOk!d{<jl/! -f<k! outqfim<M! Oujzuib<h<H! sl<hf<klig! nliei! GVh<! okimr<gq!ETAole<huI! <̂mii<! G'h<?M.B.A?! ou^<m<Nsqbi?= <̂m<! Ogi^<m<?M N R, MELCO, NC Nkl<gl<oheq/! huIGVh<?! nz<hiqki! GVh<! -KOhiz<! hz! nbz<! fim<M! Oujzuib<h<H!gl<oheqgt<! &zligh<! hz<zibqvg<g{g<giOeiI! ose<X! hbejmf<Kt<teI! we<hK!fl<lium<mk<kqe<!ohVjlOb!!

! -bx<jg!lx<Xl<okipqz<siIf<k!Le<Oex<xl<!-z<zik!fqjzbqeqZl<!-f<k!outqfim<M!h{qg<Gs<ose<x! -l<lium<m! lg<gtqe<! gMl<! djph<hqeiOzBl<! -f<KL^<zql<! yx<Xjlbiz<!-l<lium<ml<!uxm<sqbx<x!ospqh<hie!lium<mlig!dt<tK!we<hOk!fqkIsel</!

! nMk<K! klqpgntuqz<! -^<zilqbIgt<! ohVl<hGkqbig! uiPl<! lium<mr<gtqz<!-vilfikHvl<! lium<ml<! -v{<mil<-mk<kqz<! -Vf<kiZl<?! -r<G! h{<jmbgizl<! okim<Om!njek<K! lg<gtqmLl<?! dxULjxgTl<! lx<Xl<! Nplie! fm<OhiMl<?! ofVg<glie!ne<OhiMl<! -j{f<K! uip<f<KuVgqxiIgt<! -r<G! L^<zql<gt<! -f<Klg<gtqe<! njek<K!s&gk<kiiqmLl<! hiGhiMe<xq! okimIH! Wx<hMk<kqg<! ogi{<M! )nuvuI! okipqz<siIf<k!fmHg<gOtiM*! -j{f<K! uip<gqxiIgt<! we<hOkd{<jl! -f<k! dkiv{r<gTg<G!hzuvzix<X!Nu{r<gTl<!d{<M/!


! -l<lium<mk<kqe<! hz! -mr<gtqz<! Ogiuqz<gTl<?! kqVl{l{<mhr<gTl<!gm<cg<ogiMk<k!- <̂zilqbIgtqe<!uvziXl<!Ohsh<hMgqe<xK/!weK!outqh<hm<cel<!hGkqbqe<!nVgqz<dt<t! Htqg<givk<okVuqe<! uVmuVml<! Nclikk<kqz<! fmg<Gl<! nVt<lqG!>Lk<Kliiqbl<le<! Ogiuqz<kqVuqpiuqe<OhiK?! -^<zilqbIgTg<G! liqbijkosb<uKl<?!nOkOhiz<! ng<Ogiuqzqe<! Ljth<hiiq! DIuzl<! wr<gt<! hGkqjb! )sqe<eg<gjm*! gmf<K!osz<Zl<OhiK! nf<k! DIuzk<kqz<! uVl<! Lg<gqb! hqvLgIgTg<G! siz<ju! n{quqk<K!ogtvul<ogiMh<hKl<! okie<Xokim<M! hz! N{<MgtigOu! fmf<KuVl<! yx<Xjlbqe<!outqh<hiM! -h<hc! hz! yx<Xjl! dkiv{r<gTg<G! ohbI! OhieOk! fl<! -vilfikHvl<!lium<ml</!

! -vilfikHvl<! fgiqe<! Lg<gqb! GcbqVh<Hh<hGkqbigUl<! LPg<g! LPg<g!-^<zilqbIgt<! usqg<Gl<! hGkqbigUl<! dt<t! sqe<eg<gjm! we<x! hGkqg<Gm<hm<m!u{qgh<hGkqbqz<! nkqgijzbqz<! okimr<gq! hqx<hgz<! ujv! fjmohXl<! kqesiq! liIg<ogm<!)njek<K! sjlbz<ohiVm<gt<gib<gxqgt<! hpr<gt<! sf<jk*F~x<Xg<g{g<gie! N{<Mgtig!fjmohx<Xg<! ogi{<cVg<gqe<xK! -f<k! liIg<ogm<cz<! ohiVm<gt<! uir<GhuIgtqz<!ohVl<hiOziIgt<! -^<zilqbIgtigUl<! ohiVm<gjt! ogi{<Muf<K! uqx<hje! osb<huIgt<!N{<?! oh{<! njeuIgTl<! -f<Kg<gtigUl<! dt<teI! .! -uIgtqe<! yx<Xjlobe<hK!fQ{<mfim<gtigOu!hivl<hiqblig!okimIgqe<xK/!-f<k!u{qgIgTg<G!wf<kg<gizk<kqZl<!yV!hikqh<Ohi?!hbOli!-Vf<kK!gqjmbiK!-h<hc!hz!dkiv{r<gjtg<gi{LcBl<!)yVhije!Osix<Xg<G!yVOsiX!hkl<Ohiz<*-f<K!L^<zql<!yx<Xjlg<G!dkiv{ligk<!kqgPl<!uvzix<X!sqxh<H! lqGf<k! -f<k! -vilfikHvl<! lium<mk<kqe<N{<mlg<gTl<! uip<f<k! lg<gTl<?uiPl<!lg<gTl<!lqgh<ohiqb!Ohix<XkZg<Gt<tieuIgOt/!

! !!!!!

!


!!!!

!!!!

Bue<!sf<kqvOsgi<!hjmh<Hgtqz<!GMl<h!dxUgt<Bue<!sf<kqvOsgi<!hjmh<Hgtqz<!GMl<h!dxUgt<Bue<!sf<kqvOsgi<!hjmh<Hgtqz<!GMl<h!dxUgt<Bue<!sf<kqvOsgi<!hjmh<Hgtqz<!GMl<h!dxUgt<!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*n/o\bgqiQm<n/o\bgqiQm<n/o\bgqiQm<n/o\bgqiQm<?!?!?!?!Ljeui<!hm<m!Nb<uiti<?!klqpqbx<Hzl<?!lKjv!gilvisi<! hz<gjzg<gpgl<?!lKjv—32/!::54183818/!

!


sLkib!fqXuer<gTt<!ye<X!GMl<hl<!NGl</!s&g!uip<g<jgbqz<!GMl<hl<!Lg<gqb!hr<G! ugqg<gqe<xK/! leqke<! Okie<xqbOhiK! GMl<hl<! Okix<xl<! ohx<Xuqm<mK! we<hi</! leqk!sLkibk<kqe<! Nvl<hgizk<kqzqVf<K! -e<Xujv! GMl<h! dxUgt<! ye<jxobie<X! kPuq!fqx<gqe<xe/! -kje! leqk! sLkibk<kqe<! okie<jlbie! fqXueligk<! kqgp<uK!GMl<hOlbiGl</! -ju! wz<zi! sLkibr<gjtBl<?! wz<zig<! gizr<gtqZl<! fqzuq! uVgqxK.!we<gqxii<! hg<kuk<sz!hivkq/!lg<gt<!-el<!Okix<xqb!gizl<!Lkz<!leqke<?!kie<!keqbig!uipuqVl<hilz<! ke<Ejmb! gVk<jk! hqxiqml<! hiqlixqg<! ogit<Tukx<gigUl<! keg<oge!dxUgjtBl<!GMl<hr<gjtBl<!Wx<hMk<kqg<!ogi{<mie</!!

GMl<hl<!ujvGMl<hl<!ujvGMl<hl<!ujvGMl<hl<!ujvbjxbjxbjxbjx!

“sLkibk<kqe<! uti<s<sqg<Gl<?! lzi<s<sqg<Gl<! nch<hjmbig! -Vh<hK! GMl<hOlbiGl</!fz<z!GMl<hl<!hz<gjzg<gpgl<?! we<gqxK!ohiqObii<!gVk<K/!GMl<h!uip<uqe<!sqg<gz<gjt!uqtg<gq! nux<jxg<! gjtukx<Giqb! upqjb! gi{! wPk<kiti<gt<! hz! fiuz<gtqz<!hjmk<Kt<tei<”! we<X! li/! -vilzqr<gl<! Gxqh<hqMgqxii</! GMl<hl<! we<hK! lvH! upqh<hm<mKA!Yi<! njlh<HA! N[l<! oh{<[l<! yOv! uQm<czqVf<K! kil<hk<kqb! uip<g<jgjb! Olx<ogi{<M!sf<kkqbjvh<!ohx<X!uti<h<hkx<G!fqXuelig!kqgp<uK!GMl<hl<!NGl</!!

g{ue<!ljeuq!dxU;g{ue<!ljeuq!dxU;g{ue<!ljeuq!dxU;g{ue<!ljeuq!dxU;!

hpr<gizk<kqz<!g{ue<!.!ljeuq!dxU!Heqkliekig!gVkh<hm<mK/!!g{ue<!uQM!uXjl!dx<xOhikqZl<?! osz<ug<! GMl<hk<kqz<! hqxf<k! oh{<! ke<kf<jkbqe<! osz<uk<jkh<! hx<xq!w{<{ilz<! yV! Oujt! uqm<M! yV! Oujt! d{<[l<! le! uzqjlBjmbutib<!uqtr<Gujk?!

!!!! “ ogi{<m!ogiPfe<!Gcuxe<!dx<oxeg<ogi{<m!ogiPfe<!Gcuxe<!dx<oxeg<ogi{<m!ogiPfe<!Gcuxe<!dx<oxeg<ogi{<m!ogiPfe<!Gcuxe<!dx<oxeg<!!!!

!!!! !!!!ogiMk<k!kf<jk!ogiPR<OsiX!d{<{ie<ogiMk<k!kf<jk!ogiPR<OsiX!d{<{ie<ogiMk<k!kf<jk!ogiPR<OsiX!d{<{ie<ogiMk<k!kf<jk!ogiPR<OsiX!d{<{ie<” !!!!)fx<!221*)fx<!221*)fx<!221*)fx<!221*!!!!

we<x!himzc!GMl<h!dxUfqjz!hiKgih<hqx<giekig!njlf<Kt<tK/!!

‘Gt<ts<sqk<k<e! siqk<kqvl<’! fiuzqz<! g{ue<! ljeuqg<G! NXkz<! %Xhuvig!-Vh<hjkg<! gi{Lcgqe<xK/! “siq! npiOk! -f<kh<! hqxuqOzOb! g]<ml<! lm<Ml<!nEhuqg<g[l<E! ! kQi<h<hibqVg<G! Ohiz! uqM! Ohie! o\e<lk<kqOz! vi\i! uQm<cOz!hqxf<kqVOkOei!we<eOli?nh<ohig<!%m!fQ!kie<!uqsizl<!we<!vi{qbib<!-Vf<kqVh<Oh”!wEl<!OhiK!dxUgTg<Gt<tie!Ofvl<!okiqgqe<xK!

kf<jk!lgt<!dxUkf<jk!lgt<!dxUkf<jk!lgt<!dxUkf<jk!lgt<!dxU!!!!

sLkibk<kqz<! ne<Hl<! hisLl<! fqjxf<k! fz<z! f{<hi<gtigk<! kqgPl<! kf<jkbi<!gi{h<hMgqe<xei</! s&gk<kqz<! Gpf<jkgTg<G! fz<z! uip<g<jgjb! Wx<hMk<kqg<! ogiMh<hK!kf<jkbqe<! gmjlbiGl</! ‘l{x<Og{q’! GXr<gjkbqz<! g{ue<! osb<Bl<! ogiMjlgjtk<!ke<! kgh<heqml<! %xq! nPgqe<x! lgTg<G! NXkz<! %Xgqx! fqjzjbg<! gi{Lcgqe<xK/!“ng<gi! g{ujv! uqm<Mh<! hqiqf<K! wr<gTme<! uip! uf<K! Osi<f<kit</! kjzuqiq! Ogizlig!vbqz<! nZh<Hl<! nPg<Gl<! KbvLl<! gXh<hig! nh<hqbqVf<k! Lgk<Kme<! -v{<M!


Gpf<jkgTme<! mig<̂ qbqz<! uf<K! -xr<gqeit</! K~r<Gl<OhiK! -Vf<k! kizqg<! ogicjb!uqcR<S! wf<kqVf<K! hii<k<kig<! gi{il</! -eqOl! nr<Og! uiph<Ohi! lim<Ome<hi! gm<ce!ohi{<mim<cgqm<mOb!kqVmx!NOtim!wok!fl<hqg<!GMk<kel<!fmk<kxK!we<X!ohir<gqeit<!nh<hi?!nujth<!hiqOuiM!nj{k<Kg<ogi{<M!NXkz<!%xqeii</” !

kib<kib<kib<kib<....lgt<!dxUlgt<!dxUlgt<!dxUlgt<!dxU!!!!

kib<g<G!lgjt!hiKgih<hie!$pzqz<!uti<k<K!nujt!fz<z!fqjzjlg<G!ogi{<M!uVgqx! gmjlk<! kib<g<G! d{<M/! s&gk<kqz<! kjzfqlqi<f<K! -Vh<hkx<G! lgtqe<!osbz<hiMgt<! fl<hqg<jg! ogiMh<hjubig! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! kuxig! fmf<K! ogi{<miz<!-f<k! s&gl<! wz<OzijvBl<! -pquig! OhSl</! nkx<gigOu! yu<ouiV! kiBl<! ke<! lgjt!g{<[l<! gVk<Klib<! hii<k<Kg<ogit<ui<</! ‘Gt<ts<sqk<ke<! siqk<kqvl<’! fiuzqz<! kibivl<lit<!Le<o\e<l! hiuk<kiz<! nuTjmb! lgt<! ge<eqh<! oh{<! gVUx<xqVg<gqxit</! -keiz<!lelouf<k!-VuVl<!kx<ogijzs<!osb<b!fqjeg<gqe<x!$pjzBl<!kib<!lgTg<G!NXkz<!%Xhutig! -Vg<gqe<x! fqgp<jug<! gi{Lcgqe<x! “uqMl<li! Olisl<! Ohibqm<Ome<! we<!g{<j{Bl<! kiOe! ljxs<sqVs<S! kh<hqkl<! we<! Olz! kie<! nvtquqjkjb! njvs<Sg<ogiM!sk<klqz<zilh<!Ohibqi<Oxe</!

we<! g{<O{! -Kg<gi! ! nVl<hiMhm<M! uti<k<Oke</! Ohieih<! OhiGK! Ohi/! Oux!DVg<Gh<!Ohibqvzil<!-r<OgOb!-Vf<K!Gh<jh!ogim<MxKg<G!flg<oge<e!JOui\q!hitih<!OhiGK/! wr<Og! OhieiZl<! yml<Hz! -Vg<gqx! ls<sk<jk! npqg<gLcBli! nl<li/! nh<h!yr<jgbiz! nvtqjb! njv! ov{<M! OhVlis<! siOuil</! wr<g{<{ie! Nk<ki/! we<jeh<!Ohibq!ohk<OkOb!nmr<gqe!Gvzqz<!yh<hiiq!juk<kii<gt<!-VuVl</”!kuX!osb<Bl<!lgjt!kqVk<kq!lXuip<Ug<G!upq!osb<gqe<x!fqjz!gim<sqh<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/!‘hb{g<!gjk’!fiuzqz<!hizqbz<! okipqz<! osb<Bl<! lgjtk<! kib<! wu<uiX! uip! Ou{<Mole! we<! nxqUjv!%Xukig! njlf<Kt<t! hGkqjbg<! gi{zil</! “Neiz<! uqk<jk! lm<Ml<! kie<! we<jxg<Gl<!gih<hix<Xl<!wf<k!yV!lE]El<!-z<jz/!fQBl<kie<!yOv!lE]Eg<G!uqSuislig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml<!we<X!Obisje!%ms<!osb<biOk!lgOt!nui<gt<!Ohig<gqOzkie<!fiLl<!Obisqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!-f<k!Nt<!-z<ziuqm<miz<!-e<oeiVk<ke<!we<X!fijzf<K!OhjvbiuK!jgg<Gt<!juk<Kg<! ogit<t! Ou{<Ml</! wkx<Gs<! osiz<gqOxoee<xiz<! N{<! hqt<jtgtqe<! Suisl<!nh<hch<hm<<mK/! wf<k! Ofvk<kqz<! bii<! Lxqk<Kg<! ogi{<M! Ohiuii<! we<X! nf<k!Oul<hukqg<Gk<kie<! outqs<sl<” /! wEl<! OhiK! kib<lgt<! dxU! kip<f<k! fqjzbqz<!gi{h<hMgqe<xK!

kib<kib<kib<kib<....lge<!dxUlge<!dxUlge<!dxUlge<!dxU!!!!

kibqe<! ne<hqx<Giqb! =M! -j{! OuoxKUl<! -z<jz! wezil</! jgliX! gVkilz<!dkuq! osb<hutigk<! kib<! kqgp<gqe<xit</! ‘WliXl<! gjz’! ‘kib<jl! biokeqz<’! we<gqx!sqXgjkgtqz<! kib<! ke<! lgEg<G! ubqx<X! Ohig<gqeiz<! nukqh<hMgqe<x! OhiK! dmOe!uf<K! dkUgqe<x! G{k<jkh<! hkqU! osb<gqe<xii</! “nl<li! uf<K! we<! Okijth<! hqck<Kg<!ogi{<mit</! fie<! sleh<hm<Muqm<Ome<! we<X! okiqf<Kl<?! Gtqbzjxg<Gh<! Ohib<! hqti <̂cg<!uitq!fqjxbk<!k{<{QVl<!GujtBl<!ogi{<M!uf<kit</!Okitqz<!szjuk<!K{<M!gqmf<kK/!

fi!Ou{i!nzl<hquqmm<Mli@!Ou{il</!Ou{il</!

we<X! %xqOee</! K{<jm! -Mh<hqz<! gm<cg<ogi{<M! Oh{<jmBl<! dt<tijmBl<! gpx<xq!nl<liuqml<! ogiMk<Oke</! nut<! SVm<c! wMk<Kg<ogi{<M! ogiz<jzh<Hxl<! Ohieit</! fie<!gpqujxg<Gh<! OhiOee/! Sk<kl<! osb<K! ogi{<M! kqVl<Hl<OhiK! djxk<kK! wk<kjeObi!uVml<!gpqk<K!nl<li!we<je!mi!Ohim<Ms<!Ohsqeiot!we<X/!sibr<gizl<!ovil<h!Ougli!uf<kqOb! l{q! we<e! h<vih<tl<! we<X! Ogm<m! \Leiuqml<! \l<eiuqe<! LPg<gjkBl<!osie<Oee</!ohiXjlbigg<!Ogm<Mg<!ogi{<cVf<K!uqm<M?!-Vhk<K!&[!ubKh<!hqt<jtg<G!hQbt<tq! nzl<hquqmxir<gtz<zqbi@! nKkie<! nl<li! dr<gl<li! likqiqh<! hqiqblie! kibivi!we<eouz<zil<!-Vg<g!LcBlie<E!okiqbOz!l{q”!we<xit</!wk<kje!ubK!ki{<ceiZl<!kib<g<Gh<!hqt<jt!yV!Gpf<jk!Ohie<xKkie<!we<hjk!-ke<upq!nxqbLcgqxK/!!

OlZl<! ‘l{x<Og{q’! GXr<gjkbqz<! kib<g<Gl<! lgEg<Gl<! dt<t! dxju!!“fijzf<K! fix<gpqk<K! =^q\q! wMh<hkx<gig! yV! osuqzq! uf<kit</! nl<liuqe<! lii<Hs<!sjkbqz<! hjs! kmuq! fiZ! wzg<m<OviMgjth<! ohiVk<kq! nux<jx! fgvilz<! hqck<kuiX!gVuqjb! -bg<g! nutiz<! -bzuqz<jz/! fie<! dkum<Mli! we<X! Ogm<Ome<! uir<gOte<!


we<xit</! wzg<m<OviMgjtg<! jgg<ogie<xig! nl<liuqe<! liOviM! nPk<kqh<! hqck<Kg<!ogi{<Ome</! nl<liuqe<! Lgl<! squf<K! ge<xqbK/! osuqzq! outqObxqb! hqe<! Ogm<Ome<!we<el<li! We<! g{<j{! &cg<ogi{<Om@! %s<slib<! -Vf<kki?! -Vg<giki! hqe<Oe! we<e!-Vf<kiZl<!fQ!uti<f<k!Nl<hqjtbqz<jzbi!we<xit</!sqiqk<Kg<!ogi{<Om!osie<Oee</!fie<!hiz<! Gcs<sKkiOel<li/! nl<liuqe<! Lgk<kqz<! nh<OhiK! lzi<f<k! h,ju! Ouoxr<Gl<! fie<!g{<mkqz<jz/”!-kqzqVf<K!kib<!lgeqe<!dxU!fqjz!wz<jz!gmf<k!fqjzbig!dt<tK/!!

lilqbii<!lVlgt<!dxUlilqbii<!lVlgt<!dxUlilqbii<!lVlgt<!dxUlilqbii<!lVlgt<!dxU!!!!

hqxf<k!uQm<cz<!oh{<!utVl<OhiK!kib<!kf<jkbiqe<!hiqh,v{!ne<Hme<!uip<gqxit</!l{lie! hqe<H! HGf<k! uQm<cz<! nOk! ne<jh! wkqi<hii<g<gqxit</! nf<k! ne<H! nuTg<Gg<!gqjmg<Gl<OhiK!hqxf<k!uQm<cx<Gl<!HGf<k!uQm<cx<Gl<!sqxqKl<!OuXhice<xq!fmg<g!-bZgqxK/!nut<! wkqi<hii<g<Gl<! ne<H! GjxBl<OhiK! kie<! dxuqz<! sqg<gz<! Wx<hMgqe<xK/! hqxf<k!uQm<cz<! Skf<kqv! d{i<Ume<! uti<g<gh<hMl<! oh{<! l{lieUme<! nuTjmb! yu<ouiV!osbZg<Gl<! yu<ouiVuiqmLl<! nElkq! ohx<X! nuTjmb! Njsgjth<! h,i<k<kq! osb<K!ogit<t!Ou{<cb!fqjzg<G!Ntigqe<xit</!

Jbi! deg<G! H{<{qblih<! Ohigm<Ml<! we<je! we<e! Ou{iZl<<! osb<Kg<Ogi?! we<!fjggjt! lm<Ml<! Ogm<MxiOk! we<! lilqbii<! we<jeg<! ogie<E! OhiMui/! nuEl<!fi{br<gke<! OhizqVg<G! we<e! Ou[Oli! njk! Di<! wz<jz! ujv! ogi{<M! uf<K!uqm<Mm<M!OhibqVg<gie</!lilqbiVl<!uf<kUme<!Ogm<<mitil</!-f<k!-Vm<Mzbi!uVOuc!yV!ohil<ht! fjgobz<zil<! hk<kqvilbqVg<gi! we<xit<”! -u<uiX! Bue<! sf<kqvOsgi<!Hjegjkgtqz<! Lv{<hm<m! oh{<oee<x! lkqbik! lilqbii<! .! lVlgt<! dxU! Ljxjbh<!hkqU!osb<gqe<xii</!


! -f<kqbg<! gzis<sivr<gt<! sqxf<K! uqtr<Gukx<Gg<! giv{l<! leqk! sLkibk<kqZt<t!GMl<hl<! we<El<! gm<mjlh<hqx<Gt<! -Vg<Gl<! dxULjxgt<! we<xiz<! nK! lqjgbz<z/!nux<xqZl<!klqp<s<s&gl<!-f<kh<!h{<him<Mg<!gzis<sivr<gtqz<!Gxqh<hqmk<kGf<k!sqxh<Hg<Giqb!ye<xig! uqtr<Ggqe<xK/! Woeeqz<! GMl<h! dxULjxgtqeiz<kie<! fl<Ljmb! gzis<sivg<!%Xgt<! ohVGujk! fil<! g{<%migg<! gi{Lcgqe<xK/! Bue<! sf<kqvOsgiqe<!HjegjkgtqZl<! GMl<h! dxULjxgTg<G! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<tjk!Olx<%xqb!gm<Mjvbqe<!&zlig!nxqf<K!ogit<t!Lcgqe<xK/!nkiuK!g{ue<! .!ljeuq!dxUfqjz?! kf<jk! –! lgt<! dxUfqjz?! kib<! .! lgt<! dxUfqjz?! lilqbii<! .! lVlgt<!dxUfqjz! we<X! -e<jxb! klqp<s<$pzqz<! yu<ouiV! dxUfqjzg<Gt<Tl<! -Vg<gqe<x!sqg<gz<gjt!hml<hqck<Kg<gim<Mgqe<xii</!

!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


!!!!

!!!!

nxqUlkqbqe<!guqjkh<Ohig<GnxqUlkqbqe<!guqjkh<Ohig<GnxqUlkqbqe<!guqjkh<Ohig<GnxqUlkqbqe<!guqjkh<Ohig<G!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*Ljeui<! -vi/-viO\^<uiq?Ljeui<! -vi/-viO\^<uiq?Ljeui<! -vi/-viO\^<uiq?Ljeui<! -vi/-viO\^<uiq?!!!! dkuqh<! Ohvisqiqbi<?! klqp<k<Kjx?! lKjv! gilvisi<!hz<gjzg<gpg!dXh<Hg<!gz<Z~iq?!kqVlr<gzl<?!lKjv!–!19/

!

Le<EjvLe<EjvLe<EjvLe<Ejv!!!!

! HKg<guqjk!we<x!ohbi<!giz!Ougk<kqe<!giv{lig!guqjkk<!Kjxbqz<!-bz<hig!Wx<hm<m! yV! hiq{il! uti<s<sqbiGl</! -zg<gqb! dzgqz<! guqjk! ucul<! keg<gie! Yi<!-mk<jkk<! kg<g! juk<Kt<tK/! ! -zg<gqbk<kqe<! uibqzigOu! yV! olipqbqe<! kqxje!Oll<hMk<k!LcBl</!!nu<uiX!Oll<hm<m!-zg<gqbk<kiOzOb!nr<G!uiPl<!lg<gtqe<!hpg<g!upg<gk<jkBl<?! uip<g<jg! LjxjbBl<! hjxsix<x! LcBl</! ! weOu?! leqk! Gzk<kqe<!lix<xr<gt<! yu<ouie<Xl<! s&g! lix<xr<gtig! dVuig<gh<hMgqe<xe/! -r<g! guqRi<!nxqUlkqbqe<! guqjkh<! Ohig<G! wu<uiX! s&g! lix<xk<jk! Wx<hMk<KgqxK! we<hjk!jlbligg<!ogi{<M!-g<gm<Mjv!njlf<Kt<tK/!

guqRiqe<!olipqbig<gk<kqxe<guqRiqe<!olipqbig<gk<kqxe<guqRiqe<!olipqbig<gk<kqxe<guqRiqe<!olipqbig<gk<kqxe<!!!!

! yV!guqRi<!Ohix<xh<hMgqxii<!we<xiz<!nr<G!nuiqe<!olipq!fjmBl<?!osiz<zig<gk<!kqxEl<! OlOzir<gq! fqx<Gl</! ! guqRiqe<! olipqkie<! hch<Ohijvg<! gm<cbqPg<Gl</! ! lgiguq!hivkqbii<! hiR<sizq! shkk<kqe<! Le<Ejvbqz<! “wtqb! hkr<gt<! uqVl<Hl<! olm<M?!wtqb! hkr<gt<! uqVl<Hl<! olm<M?!wtqb! hkr<gt<! uqVl<Hl<! olm<M?!wtqb! hkr<gt<! uqVl<Hl<! olm<M?!-ux<jxBjmb! giuqbolie<X! kx<gizk<kqOz! osb<K! kVOuie<! flK! kib<olipqg<G! Hkqb!-ux<jxBjmb! giuqbolie<X! kx<gizk<kqOz! osb<K! kVOuie<! flK! kib<olipqg<G! Hkqb!-ux<jxBjmb! giuqbolie<X! kx<gizk<kqOz! osb<K! kVOuie<! flK! kib<olipqg<G! Hkqb!-ux<jxBjmb! giuqbolie<X! kx<gizk<kqOz! osb<K! kVOuie<! flK! kib<olipqg<G! Hkqb!dbqi<! kVOuieigqe<xie<dbqi<! kVOuieigqe<xie<dbqi<! kVOuieigqe<xie<dbqi<! kVOuieigqe<xie<” 2! weg<! %xqBt<tii</! ! -g<%x<X! guqjk! hjmh<OhiVg<Gh<!ohiVk<kLjmbkig!njlgqxK/!

! ‘n[k<kqlqi<! nmg<G’! we<El<! guqjkk<! okiGh<H! guqjk! uti<s<sqbqz<! HkqbOkii<!hiqli{k<jk! fqjzfm<cs<! osz<gqxK! we<hjkh<! hqe<uVl<! guqjk! uiqgt<! ogi{<M!uqtg<gzil<!

! yu<ouiV! guqjkBl<! nf<kf<kg<! gizs<$pzqx<Gk<! kGf<kix<Ohiz<! ke<je!fqjzfqXk<kqg<! ogit<gqxK/! ! nu<uiX! fqjzohx<x! guqjkgt<! ljxohiVtig! npG!ohXgqxK/!!guqRi<!guqjk!dVuiGl<!fqjzjb?!

! “ni<k<kl<ni<k<kl<ni<k<kl<ni<k<kl<!!!!

!!!! -z<jz-z<jz-z<jz-z<jz!!!!

!!!! osiz<zqz<osiz<zqz<osiz<zqz<osiz<zqz<!!!!

!!!! ni<k<kl<ni<k<kl<ni<k<kl<ni<k<kl<!!!!


!!!! bih<hqz<bih<hqz<bih<hqz<bih<hqz<!!!!

!!!! ni<k<kl<ni<k<kl<ni<k<kl<ni<k<kl<!!!!



!!!! guqjkbqZl<guqjkbqZl<guqjkbqZl<guqjkbqZl<!!!!

!!!! g{<Mg{<Mg{<Mg{<M!!!!

!!!! oktqoktqoktqoktq!!!!

!!!! ogis<jsBt<ogis<jsBt<ogis<jsBt<ogis<jsBt<” 3!

we<X! guqjk! dVuiGl<! $pjz! wMk<Kjvg<gqxii</! ! -uiqe<! guqjk! dVuig<gk<kqz<!nxquqbz<!kig<gl<?!sikqb!fqjz?!h{<him<Ms<!$pz<!Ngqbux<jx!outqh<hMk<KgqxK/!

!!!!


Okmh<hMl<!h{<hiMOkmh<hMl<!h{<hiMOkmh<hMl<!h{<hiMOkmh<hMl<!h{<hiM!!!!

! Klqpi<gtqe<! uip<uqz<! ljxf<K! gqmg<Gl<! h{<him<jm! -e<X! ujv! g{<ommh<hkqz<!lqGf<k! nui! ogi{<m! Nb<U! Nb<uiti<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jg! w{<{qzmr<gikju/!!h{<hiMgt<! Hjkf<K! gqmg<Gl<! yV! gtR<sqbl<kie<! fl<! fiM/! uip<uqe<! dbqi<h<hie!gjzgTl<?!-zg<gqbr<gTl<!npqUh<hijkjb!Ofig<gqs<!osz<Zl<!nuz!fqjzjbg<!guqRi<!kl<!guqjkbqz<!hkqU!osb<Kt<tii</!!h{<him<ce<!-lblig!uqtr<Gl<!fim<Mh<Hxg<!gjzgt<!fzqujmf<K!uVl<!nuzk<jk?!

! “gqtxqs<gqtxqs<gqtxqs<gqtxqs<!!!!

!!!! OsgiqOsgiqOsgiqOsgiq!!!!

!!!! gqvilqbg<gqvilqbg<gqvilqbg<gqvilqbg<!!!!

!!!! gjzgt<gjzgt<gjzgt<gjzgt<” 4!

we<X!keK!guqjkbqz<!hkqU!osb<Kt<tii<!guqRi</!

! klqpqe! uvzix<xqz<! gm<cmg<gjzbqe<! li{<Hl<?! Yuqbg<gjzbqe<! yPr<Gl<?!sqx<hg<gjzbqe<! sqxh<Hl<! -e<X! ujv! fl<! g{<! Le<eiz<! dbqVme<! gim<sqbtqg<gqe<xe/!-e<jxb! gizgm<mk<kqz<! yu<ouiV! gjzBl<! leqki<gtqe<! uip<uqbz<! osbz<hiMgjth<!hml<hqck<Kg<! gim<Ml<! giuqblig! uqtr<GgqxK/! ! flK! uvziX! hqx! fim<mui<gtqe<!hjmobMh<Hg<gtiZl<?! fl<! fim<cz<! Wx<hm<m! -bx<jgs<! sQx<xr<gtiZl<! hz<OuX! Hvike!sqe<er<gt<! sqjkB{<M! Ohibqe! we<hjk! wMk<Kg<%xq! njk! lQm<hkx<gie! upqgjtBl<!guqjk!uiqbqz<!ucuk<Ks<!osz<gqxii<!guqRi</!

! “gmz<kjvgmz<kjvgmz<kjvgmz<kjv!!!!

!!!! Nb<uqZl<Nb<uqZl<Nb<uqZl<Nb<uqZl<!!!!

!!!! g{<omMg{<omMg{<omMg{<omM!!!!

!!!! uip<g<jguip<g<jguip<g<jguip<g<jg!!!!

!!!! sVGgt<sVGgt<sVGgt<sVGgt<!!!!

!!!! OkiXl<OkiXl<OkiXl<OkiXl<!!!!

!!!! siqk<kqvl<siqk<kqvl<siqk<kqvl<siqk<kqvl<!!!!

!!!! OkMOkMOkMOkM”4!

weg<! %Xl<! guqRi<! klqpi<gtqe<! uip<uqz<! Hjkf<K! gqmg<gl<! siqk<kqvs<! SuMgjtk<! Okm!gm<mjtbqMgqxii<!

ke<el<hqg<jg!d{i<Uke<el<hqg<jg!d{i<Uke<el<hqg<jg!d{i<Uke<el<hqg<jg!d{i<U!!!!

! -h<Huqbqz<! Okix<xl<! ohx<x! yu<ouiV! leqkVl<! ke<! uip<ju! osKg<gq!keqouiVueib<! njmbitl<! ogit<t! lqg! Lg<gqblieK! ke<el<hqg<jgbiGl</!ke<el<hqg<jg!-z<zik!wf<k!yV!osbZl<!oux<xqjbk<!kviK/!Yu<ouiV!dbqi<gTl<!kie<!wMk<kg<ogi{<m!osbzqz<!LPjlbjmb!ke<el<hqg<jgkie<!dXKj{big!fqx<gqxK/!keK!diqjljbh<!hqxVg<gig!-pf<Kuqmg<!%miK!we<hjk?!

! “sZjgsZjgsZjgsZjg!!!!

!!!! ouXouXouXouX!!!!

!!!! kq{qk<kjzkq{qk<kjzkq{qk<kjzkq{qk<kjz!!!!

!!!! wkqi<wkqi<wkqi<wkqi<!!!!

!!!! lqvm<mjzs<lqvm<mjzs<lqvm<mjzs<lqvm<mjzs<!!!!

!!!! sf<ksf<ksf<ksf<kqqqq!!!!

!!!! nmr<gnmr<gnmr<gnmr<g!!!!

!!!! lXlXlXlX!!!!

!!!! kqlqxkqlqxkqlqxkqlqx!!!!

!!!! kqlqXkqlqXkqlqXkqlqX!!!!

!!!! &s<S&s<S&s<S&s<S!!!!

!!!! We<hKWe<hKWe<hKWe<hK!!!!


!!!! diqjlg<Gh<diqjlg<Gh<diqjlg<Gh<diqjlg<Gh<!!!!

!!!! hqxGhqxGhqxGhqxG” 6!

OlOz!osiz<zh<hm<m!guqjkbqe<!upq!leqkeqe<!ke<el<hqg<jg!d{i<U!wu<uiX!Gjxf<K!uVgqxK! we<hjk! wMk<Kg<%Xl<! guqRi<?! nkjeh<! Ohig<g! leqki<gt<! wMk<Kg<ogit<t!Ou{<cb!Lbx<sqgjtBl<!Sm<cg<gim<cBt<tii</!!OlZl<?!

! “wiqBl<wiqBl<wiqBl<wiqBl<!!!!

!!!! sqjkgt<sqjkgt<sqjkgt<sqjkgt<!!!!

!!!! wk<kjewk<kjewk<kjewk<kje!!!!

!!!! deg<Gt<deg<Gt<deg<Gt<deg<Gt<!!!!

!!!! ouXouXouXouX!!!!

!!!! sil<hz<sil<hz<sil<hz<sil<hz<!!!!

!!!! HjkHjkHjkHjk!!!!

!!!! fl<hqg<jgBt<fl<hqg<jgBt<fl<hqg<jgBt<fl<hqg<jgBt<!!!!

!!!! LjtLjtLjtLjt!!!!

!!!! Hkqkib<Hkqkib<Hkqkib<Hkqkib<!!!!

!!!! wtqKwtqKwtqKwtqK” 7!

weg<%Xl<! -g<guqjkbig<gk<kqe<! &zl<! guqRi<! outqh<hMk<Kl<! dt<tii<f<k! ohiVt<!‘hQeqg<̂ <’! hxju! yu<ouiV! Ljxbl<! ke<el<hqg<jgBme<! sil<hzqz<! -Vf<K! dbqi<h<hqk<K!wPuKOhiz<! Okiz<uqjbg<! g{<M! leqke<! ktvilz<! fl<hqg<jgbme<! yu<ouiV! Ljxbl<!oux<xq!ohx!ke<el<hqg<jgbme<!osbz<Hiqb!Ou{<Ml<!we<hjk!wMk<Kjvg<gqxii</!

sikqb!fqjzsikqb!fqjzsikqb!fqjzsikqb!fqjz!!!!

! guqRiqe<! guqjkbig<gk<kqz<! sikqb! fqjzBl<! ye<xiGl</! ! fiomr<Gl<! sikqh<!hqvs<sqje! we<hK! ohVl<! kig<gk<jk! Wx<hMk<Kujkg<! gi{LcgqxK/! ! hilv! lg<gt<!wqi<ogit<Tl<! sikqbk<kqe<! Ogiv! fqjzjb! wMk<kg<gim<m! lxg<guqz<jz! guqRi</! ! sikqbiz<!OuXhm<M! hz! Olikz<gjt! fqgp<k<kq! s&g! sQi<GjzUg<Gg<! giv{lie! sikqbg<!ogiMjlgjt! fQg<Gukx<gie! upqLjxgjt! guqRi<! gQp<g<gi[l<! uiqgtqz<! uqtg<Ggqxii</!!nju?!

! “sqjzsqjzsqjzsqjz!!!!

!!!! DjmDjmDjmDjm!!!!

!!!! Lgl<Lgl<Lgl<Lgl<!!!!

!!!! okijzokijzokijzokijz!!!!

!!!! ohbi<ohbi<ohbi<ohbi<!!!!

!!!! lxlxlxlx!!!!

!!!! Hgp<Hgp<Hgp<Hgp<!!!!

!!!! Sl<liSl<liSl<liSl<li” 8!

-g<guqjkbqz<! sikqb! fqjzjb! kqjvbqm<Mg<! gim<Mgqxii</! ! OlZl<?! sikqjb! juk<K! Hgp<!OkMl<!gbui<gtqe<!fqjzjb!uqtg<gqs<!osz<gqxii</!

nxquqbZl<!nxquqbZl<!nxquqbZl<!nxquqbZl<!leqkLl<leqkLl<leqkLl<leqkLl<!!!!

! dzg! lg<gtqe<! uip<ju! ns<SXk<Kukqz<! -f<k! Nb<kg<! gzis<sivLl<! ye<xiGl</!!leqke<! nMk<k! Oujt! d{uqx<Gg<! %m! g]<mh<hMl<! nuz! fqjzjbk<! kQi<g<g!Lcbuqz<jz/! ! Neiz<?! nvsir<gl<! NBkl<! uir<g! lm<Ml<! ohVl<! okijgjbs<! oszU!osb<gqxK/! ! leqkeiz<! g{<Mhqcg<gh<hm<m! NBkk<kiz<! lg<gTg<G! hz<OuX! -e<ez<gTl<?!-ph<Hgtl<! nkqgiqk<Kg<! ogi{<Om! osz<gqxK/! ! -u<uiX! npqUh<hijkbqz<! osz<Zl<!leqkjeg<!gig<g!leqkOe!uv!Ou{<Ml<!we<hjk?!

! “hsqhsqhsqhsq!!!!

!!!! hsqhsqhsqhsq!!!!

!!!! fm<sk<kqvBk<kl<fm<sk<kqvBk<kl<fm<sk<kqvBk<kl<fm<sk<kqvBk<kl<!!!!


!!!! n[djzg<n[djzg<n[djzg<n[djzg<!!!!

!!!! gsqUgsqUgsqUgsqU!!!!

!!!! ns<sl<ns<sl<ns<sl<ns<sl<!!!!

!!!! Ou{<mil<Ou{<mil<Ou{<mil<Ou{<mil<!!!!

!!!! leqkl<leqkl<leqkl<leqkl<!!!!

!!!! gig<ggig<ggig<ggig<g!!!!

!!!! leqkOvleqkOvleqkOvleqkOv!!!!

!!!! uVuii<uVuii<uVuii<uVuii<” 9!

we<x! guqjkbqe<! &zl<! leqkOfbs<! sqf<kjejbh<! hiKgig<g! fz<z! leqkOfbl<! ogi{<m!leqki<! Ou{<Ml<! we<x! hkqb! hiq{ilk<jkg<! gim<Mgqe<xii</! ! fm<sk<kqvh<! OhijvBl<?! n[!NBkh<! OhijvBl<! kuqi<k<K! lg<gtqe<! hsqk<Ke<hk<jk! fQg<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<x! dbbiqb!h{<jhg<!guqRi<!uqtg<gqs<!osz<gqe<xii</!

! OlZl<?! -e<X! uti<f<k! utVl<! fiMgt<! nxquqbzqe<! Ng<g! sg<kqgtiz<! nkqgl<!hbe<ohx<xiZl<?! nkeiz<! Wx<hMl<! npquqjegTl<! nkqgiqk<Kg<! ogi{<Om! uVgqe<xK/!uti<f<k! fiMgtqz<! nxquqbz<! g{<Mhqch<hie! n[NBkl<! npqh<hijkbqz<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqe<xe!we<hjkg<!guqRi<!hqe<uVliX!uqtg<Ggqe<xii</!

! “outoutoutoutqgtqOzqgtqOzqgtqOzqgtqOz!!!!

!!!! gx<hpqh<Hgx<hpqh<Hgx<hpqh<Hgx<hpqh<H!!!!

!!!! ns<SXk<Kl<ns<SXk<Kl<ns<SXk<Kl<ns<SXk<Kl<!!!!

!!!! ohiKohiKohiKohiK!!!!

!!!! lv{l<lv{l<lv{l<lv{l<!!!!

!!!! lVtiOklVtiOklVtiOklVtiOk!!!!

!!!! n[k<n[k<n[k<n[k<!!!!

!!!! kqlqi<kqlqi<kqlqi<kqlqi<!!!!

!!!! nmg<Gnmg<Gnmg<Gnmg<G” :!

we<Xl<?!

! “nxquqbz<nxquqbz<nxquqbz<nxquqbz<!!!!

!!!! Uqvz<gtqz<Uqvz<gtqz<Uqvz<gtqz<Uqvz<gtqz<!!!!

!!!! fs<Sfs<Sfs<Sfs<S!!!!

!!!! fgl<fgl<fgl<fgl<!!!!

!!!! utVl<utVl<utVl<utVl<” 21!

we! OlOz! %xh<hm<m! guqjk! uiqgtqz<! Sm<cg<gim<Mgqe<xii</! ! n[NBkg<! Guqh<Hgtiz<!dzg! fiMgtqz<! Wx<hMl<! -ph<Hgjtbl<?! hikqh<HgjtBl<! g{<m! guqRi<! lel<! Oukje!njmujkg<! gi{LcgqxK/! ! OlZl</! guqRi<! dzg! fiMgtqe<! njlkqjbOb! ohiqKl<!uqVl<Hgqe<xei</!


! -u<uixig! guqRiqe<! guqjk! uiqgtqz<! Hjkf<Kt<t! gVuieK! osix<gtqe<!hqvkqhzqh<higUl<?!ns<osix<gt<!d{i<uqe<!ds<sl<!okiMl<!fqjzjbBl<!hkqU!osb<Kt<tii</!!‘n[k<kqlqi<! nmg<G’! we<El<! guqjkk<! okiGkq! dzgqz<! Ng<gl<! kVl<! n[! ouch<hig!gim<sqbtqg<gqe<xK/! ! guqRiqe<! guqjkgtqz<! njlf<Kt<t! keqk<Kulie! guqjkoipqbqe<!kig<gl<?! lqGf<k! ue<jl! fqjxf<k! uiqgtig! dVh<ohVgqe<xK/! ! guqRi<! s&gk<kqe<!ne<xims<! sqg<gz<gjtg<! guqjkg<! gVuig! njlk<Kh<! hicBt<tii</! ! OlZl<?! s&gs<!sqg<gz<gTg<Giqb! kQi<UgjtBl<! guqjk! uiqgtqz<! Sm<cg<! gim<cbqVg<gqxii<! we<hjk!nxqbLcgqxK/!

!

! !

! !


!!!!

!!!!

GlvGVhvi<!Yi<!Nzbg<!gzsl<GlvGVhvi<!Yi<!Nzbg<!gzsl<GlvGVhvi<!Yi<!Nzbg<!gzsl<GlvGVhvi<!Yi<!Nzbg<!gzsl<!!!!

!!!!

!

*Ljeui<!Ljeui<!Ljeui<!Ljeui<! -vi/uq\bhivkq-vi/uq\bhivkq-vi/uq\bhivkq-vi/uq\bhivkq????! wl</W/?wl<0hqz</?hq/ws</c/?! hivkqkise<! hz<gjzg<gpg! dXh<Hg<!gjz!lx<Xl<!nxquqbz<!gz<Z~iq?!GLt,i<!.!732823?!-ziz<Gc/!

!Le<Ejv;Le<Ejv;Le<Ejv;Le<Ejv;....!!!!

! -f<kqb!H,lq!H{<{qb!H,lq/!umg<Og!Hk<kVl<!okx<Og!Nkq!sr<gvVl<!nukiqk<k!H,lq/!gq/L/-v{<mil<! F~x<xi{<czqVf<K! gq/hq/28.Nl<! F~x<xi{<M! ujv! dzgqz<! ohiVtikiv!uz<zvsigk<!kqgp<f<kK!-f<kqb!H,lq/!ohiVtikivl<!lm<Mle<X!Ne<lqgk<kqZl<!ngqzk<kqx<Gl<!Le<Oeicbigk<!kqgp<f<Kl<!-f<kqb!l{<kie</!uijpbc!uijpbig!Ne<lqgk<jk!dzgqxG!nt<tqk<kf<k! Heqk! l{<{qz<! okx<Og! hz! Ne<lqg! ne<hiti<gt<! Okie<xq! ospqg<gs<!osb<kqVg<gqe<xei</! nui<gtqz<! yVuvigk<! kqgp<f<kui<kie<! GlvGVhvi</! -uvK! Ne<lqgk<!oki{<cje!njeuVl<!nxqb!Ou{<Ml<!we<hOk!-g<gm<Mjvbqe<<!Ofig<gliGl</!

Le<Oeicgt<;Le<Oeicgt<;Le<Oeicgt<;Le<Oeicgt<;....!!!!!!!!

“klqpgk<kqz<! hg<kq! fqjzg<Gh<! hijk! uGk<kui<gt<! hzV{<M/! gijvg<gizl<jlbii<?!kqV&zi<!okimr<gq!jsu!ncbii<gt<?!ju{u!Np<uii<gt<!dt<tqm<m!w{<{x<x!lgie<gt<!gizole<El<! l{zqz<! Ne<lqg! ncs<SuMgjth<! hkqk<Ks<! ose<xqVg<gqe<xei</! nui<gtqz<!hijxbqz<! hkqf<k! gz<oum<mig! hiks<SuMgjt! hkqk<Ks<! ose<xui<! GlvGVhvi<! nui<gt</!nuvK! hjmh<HgjtBl<?! njugtiz<! Wx<hm<m! Ne<lqgk<! kig<gk<jkBl<! uVl<! hGkqgtqz<!gi{zil</!

-ue<!hqxg<g!Ou{<Ml<;-ue<!hqxg<g!Ou{<Ml<;-ue<!hqxg<g!Ou{<Ml<;-ue<!hqxg<g!Ou{<Ml<;....!!

S,p<fqjz!-bzii<gt<!wf<k!leqkjeBl<!S,p<fqjzbiz<!dVuig<g!LcBl<!we<hii<gt</!nui<gtiZl<! dVuig<<g! Lcbikue<! guqRe</! nue<! hz! hqxuqgtqz<! -bx<jgk<! kibqe<!lcbqz<!kizim<<mh<hm<M?!nutK!-eqb!-jsjbg<!Ogm<M!nui<gt<!guqhiMuOkiM!gizk<jk!oue<Xl<! uip<gqxii<gt</! weOu! wf<k! Lbx<sqBl<! hbqx<sqBl<! guqRje! dVuig<Gukqz<jz/!nue<!hqxg<Gl<!OhiOk!nueK!kjzbqz<!‘guq’!we!Lk<kqjvbqm<Om!hqvl<le<!nEh<Hgqxie</!!

GlvGVhvi<!Okie<xqeii<;GlvGVhvi<!Okie<xqeii<;GlvGVhvi<!Okie<xqeii<;GlvGVhvi<!Okie<xqeii<;....!!!!!!!!

oke<! klqpgk<kqz<! kqVjuG{<mk<kqz<! s{<Lg! sqgil{qg<! guqvibVg<Gl<?!squgilqbl<jlbiVg<Gl<!lgeigk<!Okie<xqb!GlvGVhvi<!Jf<K!ubK!ujv!OhsikqVg<gOu?!kqVs<osf<K~i<! LVgeVtiz<! ‘gf<ki<! gzq! ou{<hi’! we<El<! F~jzh<! hicbVtqeii</! hg<kq!juvig<gqbl<! uib<g<gh<! ohx<x! GVhvi<! hz! kqVk<kzr<gTg<Gl<! ose<X! squ! ohVlije!upqhm<M! uf<kii</! lKjvbqz<! kr<gq! lQeim<sqbl<jlh<! hqt<jtk<klqp<! hiceii</! -f<F~jz!nvr<Ogx<xl<! osb<k! OhiK! Nm<sqbqzqVf<k! kqVljz! fibg<gi<! gPk<kqzqVf<k!Lk<Klijzjbg<! gpx<xqg<! Gpf<jk! ucuqz<! uf<k! lQeim<sqbl<jlOb! GlvGVhvi<g<G!S,m<cbkigg<!%Xui</!

hqe<ei<!‘lKjvg<gzl<hgl<’!we<x!F~jzh<!hiceii</!kqVui'i<!uf<K!kr<gqb!OhiK!‘kqVui'i<!fie<l{qlijz’! we<x! F~jz! -bx<xqeii</! squRie! dhOksl<! ohx! uqjpf<k! GVhvi<?!kVlHv!NkQel<!lisqzil{q!Oksqgjv!ficeii</!nuOvi!kzbik<kqjv!ose<X!uvh<h{qk<kii</!nke<hc! juk<kQSuve<! Ogibqz<! ose<X! nr<G?! ‘Lk<Kg<GlivSuilq! hqt<jtk<klqjp’!LVge<! lQK! hiceii</! sqkl<hvl<<! ose<xOhiK! ‘sqkl<hvl<l{qg<Ogiju’! ‘sqkl<hv! osb<Bm<!Ogiju’!we<x!F~z<gjtBl<!-bx<xqeii</!hqe<ei<!hzVl<!hcg<g!uqVl<Hl<!‘fQkqofxq!uqtg<gl<”!we<x!F~jzBl<!-bx<xqeii</!


! -ke<!hqe<ei<!kl<!Rie!GVuie!lisqzil{q!Oksqgiqml<!ose<xii</!GVhvi<!hg<Gul<!njmf<kqVh<hjk!d{i<f<K!Kxuijmjbk<!kf<kVtqeii</!nui<!GVlQK!ogi{<m!hk<kqbiz<!‘h{<mivLl<! l{qg<Ogiju’! jbh<! hiceii</! ke<! GVuqe<! nVtisqBme<! gisqg<Gs<! ose<xii<!GVhvi</! nr<G! Nm<sq! osb<k! kqz<zq! hiK]iUme<! dxuim! -f<K^<kieq! olipqbxqU!Okjuh<hm<mK/! dmOe! gjzlgt<! ‘sgzgziuz<zq’jb! Ou{<ch<! hk<Kh<! himz<gjth<!hiceii</! nutK! nVtisqbiz<! hiK]iUme<! -f<K^<kieqbqz<! djvbiceii</! nkeiz<!hiK]iUl<! gisqbqz<<! gm<Mukx<Gg<! Ogkiv! -mk<kqz<! lml<! gm<cg<ogit<t! dkuq! osb<kii</!Lglkqbi<gtqe<! osbziz<! ljxg<gh<hm<cVf<k! -zqr<gk<jk! outqh<hMk<kqg<! Ogibqz<!njlk<kii</! nr<G! klqpqZl<! -f<K^<kieqbqZl<! osix<ohipqUgt<! Nx<xqeii</! -uvK!osix<ohipqjug<! Ogm<mui<gTt<! ‘Ktsqkisi<’! we<huVl<<! yVui</! GVhvi<! &zl<!gl<hvilib{l<!Ogm<mxqf<K!‘Ktsqvilib{l<’!-bx<xqeii<!we<hi</!

! gq/hq/2831.-z<! kqVh<hef<kitqz<! yVlml<! dVuig<gh<hm<M! ‘gisq! lml<’! fqjeuig!-r<Gl<!‘gisqlml<’!weh<!ohbi<!jug<gh<hm<mK/!

GlvGVhvi<!F~z<gtqz<!sqz!sie<Xgt<GlvGVhvi<!F~z<gtqz<!sqz!sie<Xgt<GlvGVhvi<!F~z<gtqz<!sqz!sie<Xgt<GlvGVhvi<!F~z<gtqz<!sqz!sie<Xgt<!!!!

Djl!fQr<gqh<!OhSl<!kqxl<ohx<x!GlvGVhvi<!hicb!‘gf<ki<!gzq!ou{<hi’!F~zqz<!LVgeqe<!NXLgr<gjth<!hx<xqg<!%Xl<!hGkq<!lqgUl<!-eqjlbieK/!

53/53/53/53/!!!! “ ouu<uvsi<!Ohix<xqjsg<Gl<!ouR<S,vjek<!kcf<Kouu<uvsi<!Ohix<xqjsg<Gl<!ouR<S,vjek<!kcf<Kouu<uvsi<!Ohix<xqjsg<Gl<!ouR<S,vjek<!kcf<Kouu<uvsi<!Ohix<xqjsg<Gl<!ouR<S,vjek<!kcf<K!!!!!!!! oku<ui<!dbqi<sqf<Kl<!kqVLgLl<!oku<ui<!dbqi<sqf<Kl<!kqVLgLl<!oku<ui<!dbqi<sqf<Kl<!kqVLgLl<!oku<ui<!dbqi<sqf<Kl<!kqVLgLl<!....!!!!wu<Ubqi<g<Gl<wu<Ubqi<g<Gl<wu<Ubqi<g<Gl<wu<Ubqi<g<Gl<!!!!54/54/54/54/!!!! Dp<uqjejb!lix<xq!dzuik!Ohiqe<hDp<uqjejb!lix<xq!dzuik!Ohiqe<hDp<uqjejb!lix<xq!dzuik!Ohiqe<hDp<uqjejb!lix<xq!dzuik!Ohiqe<h!!!!!!!! uip<UkVl<!osb<b!lzi<LgLl<!uip<UkVl<!osb<b!lzi<LgLl<!uip<UkVl<!osb<b!lzi<LgLl<!uip<UkVl<!osb<b!lzi<LgLl<!....!!!!S,p<Ouii<S,p<Ouii<S,p<Ouii<S,p<Ouii<!!!!55/55/55/55/!!!! ucg<Gl<!hpljxgt<!Nglr<gt<!biUl<!ucg<Gl<!hpljxgt<!Nglr<gt<!biUl<!ucg<Gl<!hpljxgt<!Nglr<gt<!biUl<!ucg<Gl<!hpljxgt<!Nglr<gt<!biUl<!!!!!!!!! Lcg<Gl<!glz!LgLl<!Lcg<Gl<!glz!LgLl<!Lcg<Gl<!glz!LgLl<!Lcg<Gl<!glz!LgLl<!....!!!!OfsLme<OfsLme<OfsLme<OfsLme<!!!!56/56/56/56/!!!! his!uqVMvf<K!hz<gkqiqx<!OsikquqMl<his!uqVMvf<K!hz<gkqiqx<!OsikquqMl<his!uqVMvf<K!hz<gkqiqx<!OsikquqMl<his!uqVMvf<K!hz<gkqiqx<!OsikquqMl<!!!!!!!! uis!lzi<uke!l{<mzLl<!uis!lzi<uke!l{<mzLl<!uis!lzi<uke!l{<mzLl<!uis!lzi<uke!l{<mzLl<!....!!!!OfsLme<OfsLme<OfsLme<OfsLme<!!!!57/57/57/57/!!!! OhigLXl<!ut<tqg<Gl<!Hk<Oktqi<!H,r<ogicg<Gl<OhigLXl<!ut<tqg<Gl<!Hk<Oktqi<!H,r<ogicg<Gl<OhigLXl<!ut<tqg<Gl<!Hk<Oktqi<!H,r<ogicg<Gl<OhigLXl<!ut<tqg<Gl<!Hk<Oktqi<!H,r<ogicg<Gl<!!!!!!!! Olig!ltqg<Gl<!LglkqBl<!Olig!ltqg<Gl<!LglkqBl<!Olig!ltqg<Gl<!LglkqBl<!Olig!ltqg<Gl<!LglkqBl<!....kigLme<kigLme<kigLme<kigLme<!!!!58/58/58/58/!!!! uf<kcbqz<!Osi<f<Okii<!lgqp!uvl<hzUl<!uf<kcbqz<!Osi<f<Okii<!lgqp!uvl<hzUl<!uf<kcbqz<!Osi<f<Okii<!lgqp!uvl<hzUl<!uf<kcbqz<!Osi<f<Okii<!lgqp!uvl<hzUl<!!!!!!!!! kf<kVTl<!okb<uLgk<!kiljvBl<kf<kVTl<!okb<uLgk<!kiljvBl<kf<kVTl<!okb<uLgk<!kiljvBl<kf<kVTl<!okb<uLgk<!kiljvBl<” !!!!!!!! !!!! !!!! 2!

S,vhe<ljeg<! ogie<X! nuEme<! uf<k! hjguiqe<! dbqjvBl<! Ohig<gqb! kqVLgLl<A!dbqi<gtqe<! hpuqjejb! fQg<gqh<! ohVuip<juk<! kVl<! kqVLgLl<A! N{u! -Vjt! Ym<c!ytquQSl<! kiljvh<! Ohie<x! LgLl<A! his! nVt<! fQg<Gl<! kiljvlzi<! Ohie<x! LgLl<A!ut<tqg<Gl<!okb<uijeg<Gl<!Ni<uk<jk!d{<mig<Gl<!kqVLgLl<A!ncbui<gt<!lel<!lgqp?!nui<gTg<G!uvr<gt<!upr<Ggqe<x!NXkqVLgr<gTl</!

! lQeim<sqbl<jlh<!hqt<jtk<klqpqz<!uVjgh<hVuk<kqz<!uVl<!73.uK!himz<?!!

! ‘okiMg<Gl<!gmUt<!hpl<himz<!okijmbqe<!hbOe…/!wei<!okimr<Gl<!himzqz<!hpl<!himzqe<! SjubigUl<A! N{ug<! gqpr<jg! fQg<Gl<! ncbuiqe<! dt<tk<kqz<! Wx<xh<hMl<!uqtg<gigUl<A! squeqe<! dt<tk<kqz<! dbqOviuqbligk<! kqgp<huOtA! Gpx<gim<jm! Wf<Kl<!uR<sqg<!ogicOb!uVg!we<X!hiMgqxii</!

! lKjvg<! gzl<hgk<kqz<! 225.uK! himzig! uVl<! osuqzqg<! %x<xig! uVl<!-vr<gx<himzqz<!

! “ d{<{Lkl<!fR<sigqz<!y{<lKjvs<!osig<gVg<oge<d{<{Lkl<!fR<sigqz<!y{<lKjvs<!osig<gVg<oge<d{<{Lkl<!fR<sigqz<!y{<lKjvs<!osig<gVg<oge<d{<{Lkl<!fR<sigqz<!y{<lKjvs<!osig<gVg<oge<!!!!!!!! oh{<{Lk!fR<OsObi!OhjklQi<!oh{<{Lk!fR<OsObi!OhjklQi<!oh{<{Lk!fR<OsObi!OhjklQi<!oh{<{Lk!fR<OsObi!OhjklQi<!....!!!!k{<{qkpqk{<{qkpqk{<{qkpqk{<{qkpq!!!!!!!! -f<ki!fqzOl!wes<osizii<!we<osb<uit<-f<ki!fqzOl!wes<osizii<!we<osb<uit<-f<ki!fqzOl!wes<osizii<!we<osb<uit<-f<ki!fqzOl!wes<osizii<!we<osb<uit<!!!!!!!! lf<ki!fqzOl!uiqe</lf<ki!fqzOl!uiqe</lf<ki!fqzOl!uiqe</lf<ki!fqzOl!uiqe</” !!!!!!!! !!!! ! ! 3!osig<gzqr<gh<! ohVliEg<G! nLkOl! Le<! fR<sig! Nbqx<X/! -h<OhiK! we<! oh{<{ie!nLkLl<! fR<SkiOei"! ogie<jx! lijzjbk<! kvh<ohx<X! fqzuqz<! -e<hljmf<kqM! weg<!%xqbVtqeii</!-eqk<oke<xz<!uf<kiz<!-ut<!we<e!osb<uit<@!

! lKjvg<!gzl<hgk<kqz<!gii<gizl<!g{<M!uVf<kqb!kjzue<!Oki<h<higeqml<!%xqbkig!njlf<k!himzqz<!

!


! “ lqg<gii<!Lgk<kVt<!%mz<hqvie<uqm!fi{<Kug<lqg<gii<!Lgk<kVt<!%mz<hqvie<uqm!fi{<Kug<lqg<gii<!Lgk<kVt<!%mz<hqvie<uqm!fi{<Kug<lqg<gii<!Lgk<kVt<!%mz<hqvie<uqm!fi{<Kug<gig<gig<gig<gig<!!!!!!!! jgg<gii<!Lgk<ke<e!Oki<uz!uijg!hvf<KosZl<jgg<gii<!Lgk<ke<e!Oki<uz!uijg!hvf<KosZl<jgg<gii<!Lgk<ke<e!Oki<uz!uijg!hvf<KosZl<jgg<gii<!Lgk<ke<e!Oki<uz!uijg!hvf<KosZl<!!!!!!!! -g<gii<!Lgg<g!ouPf<kogiz<zi!ollkiuqobe<ek<!-g<gii<!Lgg<g!ouPf<kogiz<zi!ollkiuqobe<ek<!-g<gii<!Lgg<g!ouPf<kogiz<zi!ollkiuqobe<ek<!-g<gii<!Lgg<g!ouPf<kogiz<zi!ollkiuqobe<ek<!!!!!!!!! kg<gii<!Lgk<kmr<!g{<{QVgif<k!szkqjbObkg<gii<!Lgk<kmr<!g{<{QVgif<k!szkqjbObkg<gii<!Lgk<kmr<!g{<{QVgif<k!szkqjbObkg<gii<!Lgk<kmr<!g{<{QVgif<k!szkqjbOb” !!!!!312.uK!himz<!!!!4!Okjvs<! osZk<Kukqz<! uz<z! Oki<h<higOe"! uieqz<! osz<Zl<! -l<Olgr<gt<! we<! dbqi<!Ohie<x! kjzuqbqe<! g{<gtqz<! ucBl<! g{<{Qvigqb! gmjz! oli{<M! ogit<t! wPf<ke!OhiZl<"!

! fQkq!ofxquqtg<gh<!himz<gtqz<!ye<X!&ujgs<!osz<ur<gjth<!hx<xqg<!%XgqxK?!77.uK!himz<!

!!!! “ ohiKlgOt!Ohiz<u!kjzbibii<!osz<ul<ohiKlgOt!Ohiz<u!kjzbibii<!osz<ul<ohiKlgOt!Ohiz<u!kjzbibii<!osz<ul<ohiKlgOt!Ohiz<u!kjzbibii<!osz<ul<!!!!!!!! GzlgOt?!WjeObii<!osz<ul<!GzlgOt?!WjeObii<!osz<ul<!GzlgOt?!WjeObii<!osz<ul<!GzlgOt?!WjeObii<!osz<ul<!....!!!!gzepqf<k!gzepqf<k!gzepqf<k!gzepqf<k!!!!!!!!! jgl<jlbii<!oh{<jl!fzl<Ohiz<!gjmbibi<jgl<jlbii<!oh{<jl!fzl<Ohiz<!gjmbibi<jgl<jlbii<!oh{<jl!fzl<Ohiz<!gjmbibi<jgl<jlbii<!oh{<jl!fzl<Ohiz<!gjmbibi<!!!!!!!! osz<ul<!hbe<hMosz<ul<!hbe<hMosz<ul<!hbe<hMosz<ul<!hbe<hMu!kqz<u!kqz<u!kqz<u!kqz<” !!!!!!!! !!!! !!!! ! ! 5!kjzlg<gtqe<! osz<ul<! ohiK! lgtqjvh<Ohiz<! wz<OziVg<Gl<! hbe<hMl</! -jmh<hm<muiqe<!osz<ul<!gx<Hjmlgtqjvh<Ohiz<!ke<je!djmbui<g<Og!hbe<hMl</!gjmh<hm<muiqe<!osz<ul<!!kizqjb!-pf<k!jgl<oh{<{qe<!npjgh<Ohiz<!wui<g<Gl<!hbe<hmi/!

! sgzgziuz<zq! we<El<! F~zqz<! -v{<miukig! uVl<! himz<! hiMl<h{qjb! weg<Gk<!kVg!we!Ou{<Mgqxii</!

! “ fiMl<!ohiVm<Sju!osix<Sju!Okib<kv!fix<guqBl<!fiMl<!ohiVm<Sju!osix<Sju!Okib<kv!fix<guqBl<!fiMl<!ohiVm<Sju!osix<Sju!Okib<kv!fix<guqBl<!fiMl<!ohiVm<Sju!osix<Sju!Okib<kv!fix<guqBl<!!!!!!!!! hiMl<!h{qbqz<!h{qk<kVt<!uib<hr<g!bisek<kqz<hiMl<!h{qbqz<!h{qk<kVt<!uib<hr<g!bisek<kqz<hiMl<!h{qbqz<!h{qk<kVt<!uib<hr<g!bisek<kqz<hiMl<!h{qbqz<!h{qk<kVt<!uib<hr<g!bisek<kqz<!!!!!!!! %Ml<!hSl<hie<!ogicOb!gekeg<!Ge<Xl<!Jl<hiz<%Ml<!hSl<hie<!ogicOb!gekeg<!Ge<Xl<!Jl<hiz<%Ml<!hSl<hie<!ogicOb!gekeg<!Ge<Xl<!Jl<hiz<%Ml<!hSl<hie<!ogicOb!gekeg<!Ge<Xl<!Jl<hiz<!!!!!!!! giMl<!Slg<Gl<!gVl<Oh!sgzgzi!uz<zqObgiMl<!Slg<Gl<!gVl<Oh!sgzgzi!uz<zqObgiMl<!Slg<Gl<!gVl<Oh!sgzgzi!uz<zqObgiMl<!Slg<Gl<!gVl<Oh!sgzgzi!uz<zqOb” !!!!!!!! ! ! 6!ou{<hi!Lkzqb!fiz<ujgh<!himjzBl<!hiMl<!Nx<xjzk<!kvOu{<Ml<!we<X!gjzlgtqml<!Ou{<Mgqe<xii</!

LcUjv;LcUjv;LcUjv;LcUjv;....!!!!!!!!

hkqeie<gil<!F~x<xi{<cz<!Okix<xl<!g{<m!uqsb!fgvh<!OhvvS!gqVm<ce!Okuvibi<!gizk<kqz<!oke<kqjsbqz<! nvsjlk<kK/! lKjvbqz<! njlf<k! fibg<gi<gtqe<! gizk<kqz<! uip<f<kui<!GlvGVhvi</!nuVg<G!Le<Oh!hg<kqh<!hijk!osh<heqmh<hm<M!ospqk<kqVf<kiZl<!ke<!hr<gig!hz! F~z<gjt! bik<K! OlZl<! osl<jlBxs<! osb<kii<! GVhvi</! yu<ouiV! leqkEl<! ke<!uip<g<jgjb! lm<Ml<! siqbig! uip<f<K! uqm<Mh<! Ohieiz<! lm<Ml<! OhikiK?! ke<!sLkibk<kqx<Gl<! WOkEl<! osb<kig! Ou{<Ml</! nf<k! ujgbqz<! GlvGVhvi<! leqk!dt<tr<gjts<!osl<jlohxs<!osb<k!sqxf<k!Ne<lqguikqbig!uip<f<kui<!we<hkqz<!Jblqe<X/!Ne<lqgk<kqe<! N{qOuvig! uqtr<Gl<! GlvGVhvi<! Yi<! de<ekh<! hqxuq?! d{i<s<sqh<! hqxuq!-r<rel<!uip<f<K!upqgim<cbui<gtiz<!kie<!hg<kqh<!hqvuigl<!hib<f<K!ospqg<Gl<!H,lqbigk<!klqpgl<!uqtr<GgqxK/!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


ts;syhH je;j jpUtUl;gh ts;syhH je;j jpUtUl;gh ts;syhH je;j jpUtUl;gh ts;syhH je;j jpUtUl;gh ---- jpUtUl;gh Rl;Lk; jpUtUl;gh Rl;Lk; jpUtUl;gh Rl;Lk; jpUtUl;gh Rl;Lk;

,irmk;rqfs;,irmk;rqfs;,irmk;rqfs;,irmk;rqfs;

*fyhepjp jpUkjp Rfd;ah mutpe;jd;>fyhepjp jpUkjp Rfd;ah mutpe;jd;>fyhepjp jpUkjp Rfd;ah mutpe;jd;>fyhepjp jpUkjp Rfd;ah mutpe;jd;> tpupTiuahsH> ,irj;Jiw> aho; gy;fiyf;fofk;. [email protected] , +94 773 166 799.

Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu

ts;syhH mtHfs; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis kf;fSf;F ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,ir xU fUtpahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ts;syhH mtHfSila ghly;fs; midj;JNk ,ir $l;bg;ghlty;yit. ,tUf;fpUe;j ,irg;Gyikapd; ntspg;ghL ,tuJ gilg;Gf;fspd; NeHj;jpapd; thapyhfg; Gupe;J nfhs;sKbfpd;wJ.

ts;syhH mtHfs; gs;spf;fy;tpia rpW tajpNyNa tpLj;J ,aw;ifia czHe;J kw;wtHfSf;Fk; ,aw;ifapd; Nguz;ikiag;Gyg;gLj;j tpise;j kfhd;. ‘ghl;Ltpj;jhy; ghLfpd;Nwd; gzptpj;jhy; gzpfpd;Nwd;’ vd;w ,tuJ $w;W ,tH ghly;fis kpFe;j MHtj;Jld; ghbdhH vd;W nfhs;sKbfpd;wJ.

,g;Gyikf;Ff;fhuzk; mUl;ngUk; xspNa vd;W jd;dlf;fj;Jld; ts;syhH ,tHfs; Fwpg;gpl;L epw;gJk; ,q;F $ww;ghyJ.

ghl;bd; jd;ik.ghl;bd; jd;ik.ghl;bd; jd;ik.ghl;bd; jd;ik.

ts;syhH ghlypd; jd;ikapid ,UgpupTfshff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

1. mUl;gh 2. kUl;gh

kdpjdplj;jpy; vy;yh capHfSf;fhfTk; ed;ik nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; tho;fpd;w mUs; tho;f;ifia> thOk; ,ay;ig cUthf;Fk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; mUs; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.

,it jtpu kdpjFyk; gw;wp khj;jpuk; NgRtJ kUs; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh.; Mdhy; kUs; ,yf;fpa tiffis ts;syhH mtHfs; tuNtw;ghuy;yh;. khdplHf;fhf khj;jpuk; ghltJ KiwahfhJ vd;Wk; khdpliu ,iw ghy; Mw;Wg;glj;jg;ghlg;gLtNj Kiw vd;Wk; ts;s;yhH ,tHfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.

ts;syhupd; ,irg;Gyikts;syhupd; ,irg;Gyikts;syhupd; ,irg;Gyikts;syhupd; ,irg;Gyik

ts;syhH ghly;fs; gy ,Ug;gpDk; ,irj;jsk; rhHe;J ,Uf;ff;$ba fz;zpfs; > fPHj;jidfs;> ehkhtspfs; Nghd;w ghly; tbtq;fs; khj;jpuk; ,t;tha;Tf;fl;LiuapNy vLj;J Nehf;Ftjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

ts;syhH mtHfs; Vwj;jho Kg;gJ ,uhfq;fisf;nfhz;L ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shH. ,e;j ,uhfq;fs; midj;Jk; fHehlf,ir kugpNy gad;gLj;jg;gLgit. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf fy;ahzp> Njhb> Nkhfdk;> rq;fuhguzk;> mlhdh> fhk;Nghjp> Mde;jigutp> igutp> fkh];> rpe;Jigutp> jHghH> jd;ahrp> vJFyfhk;Nghjp> ge;Jtuhsp> ePyhk;gup> Gd;dhftuhsp> nrQ;RUl;b> jPurq;fuhguzk;> gpahfil> fhgp> ehjehkf;fpupia> cNrdp> r`hdh> fUlj;tdp> tre;jh Kjypa ,uhfq;fisf; Fwpg;gplKbAk;. ,itjtpu vz;tifj;jhsq;fisAk; ,tH jd;Dila ghly;fisNy gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;whH.

fz;zpfs;fz;zpfs;fz;zpfs;fz;zpfs;

rpw;wpyf;fpa cWg;Gf;fSf;Fs; mb ,uz;lhfj; njhFf;fg;gLtJ fz;zpfshFk;. ,uz;L ,uz;L kyHfisf; nfhz;L khiynjhLg;gJNghy miktJ fz;zpahFk;. ,g;ghly;fspNy kFlkhf tUfpd;w nrhy;iy itj;J ,e;j fz;zpfs; ngaH R+l;lg;gLk;.


,t;thW gjpndl;Lj; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; ts;syhH mtHfs; fz;zpfisg; ghbapUf;fpd;whh;. ,e;jf; fz;zpfspy; gjpdhd;F ,uhfq;fSk;> MW jhsq;fSk; tputp te;Js;sd. ,tuJ fz;zpfspy; xU nrhy;iy ,U Kiw ciuj;Jg; ghbAs;sik me;jg;ghlyfspy; jhk; ,iwtidg; Nghw;WKfkhf jd; czHr;rp NkyPl;lhy; te;jitahapDk; ,ireak; kpfr;rpwg;Gw tpsq;Ftdthf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

‘rptrpt rptrpt N[hjp rptrpt rptrpt N[hjp rptrpt rptrpt N[hjp rptrpt rptrpt N[hjp – rptrptrptrpt

rptrpt rptrpt rptrpt N[hjprptrpt rptrpt rptrpt N[hjprptrpt rptrpt rptrpt N[hjprptrpt rptrpt rptrpt N[hjp

rptrpt rptrpt N[hjprptrpt rptrpt N[hjprptrpt rptrpt N[hjprptrpt rptrpt N[hjp’

vd;fpd;w ‘rpt rpt N[hjp’ apd; gy;ytpiaf; $wyhk;. ,t;thNw tUiff;fz;zpapy; fhk;Nghjp ,uhfj;jpy;> ,Wjpr;rPH ‘thuPH’ vd;Wk;> Ntl;iff; fz;zpapy; Mde;jigutp ,uhfj;jpy; ‘miza thuPH’ vd;Wk;> MlyKjf;fz;zpapy; Nkhfd ,uhfj;jpy; ‘MlthupH’ vd;Wk; mikfpd;wthW ts;syhH mtHfs; ghbapUg;gJ rpwg;Gf;FupaJ.

tUiff;fz;zpapy; mfhuk; Kjy; Xsfhuk; tiu gd;dpU vOj;Jf;fisAk; nfhz;L fz;zpfis mikj;jik ts;syhH mtHfspd; ,irg;Gyikf;F khj;jpuky;yhky; jkpo;g;Gyikf;Fk; rpwr;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mikfpd;wJ.

ntz;zpyhf;fz;zpapNy>

‘jd;idawpe;jpd;gKw ntz;zpyhNt jd;idawpe;jpd;gKw ntz;zpyhNt jd;idawpe;jpd;gKw ntz;zpyhNt jd;idawpe;jpd;gKw ntz;zpyhNt – xUxUxUxU

je;jpueP nrhy;yNtz;Lje;jpueP nrhy;yNtz;Lje;jpueP nrhy;yNtz;Lje;jpueP nrhy;yNtz;Lk; ntz;zpyhNtk; ntz;zpyhNtk; ntz;zpyhNtk; ntz;zpyhNt’

vd;W ghbapUg;gJ ,ireak; kpf;fghlyhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;thW gy fz;zpg;ghly;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

fPHj;jidfs;fPHj;jidfs;fPHj;jidfs;fPHj;jidfs;

,irg;ghly;fshfpa fPHj;jidfisf; fzf;fpLtjpNy rpy rpf;fy;fs; cz;L. fPHj;jidfs; ehd;F tifahf tFf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

1.gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; Mfpa %d;iwAk; NrHj;J xNu ghlyhff; nfhs;tJ.

2. gy;ytpia ePf;fp mDgy;ytpiaAk; ruzq;fisAk; jdpj;jdp g;ghly;fshff; nfhs;tJ.

3. gy;ytpiaAk; mDgy;ytpiaAk; ePf;fp ruzq;fis jdpj;jdp g;ghly;fshff; nfhs;tJ

4. gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; jdpj;jdp g;ghly;fshff; nfhs;tJ.

,Ue;jNghjpYk; ts;syhH mtHfs; fHehlf ,ir kugpidg;gpd;gw;wp gy;ytp> mDgy;ytp> ruzk; vd;fpd;w tifg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapNy gy fPh;j;jiffis ahj;jpUf;fpd;whH.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Njhb ,uhfj;jpyike;j eNlrH fPHj;jidiaf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

‘njz;ldpl;Nl ndd;W nrhy;yb njz;ldpl;Nl ndd;W nrhy;yb njz;ldpl;Nl ndd;W nrhy;yb njz;ldpl;Nl ndd;W nrhy;yb – Rthkpf;fp ehd;Rthkpf;fp ehd;Rthkpf;fp ehd;Rthkpf;fp ehd;

njz;ldpl;Nl ndd;W nrhy;ybnjz;ldpl;Nl ndd;W nrhy;ybnjz;ldpl;Nl ndd;W nrhy;ybnjz;ldpl;Nl ndd;W nrhy;yb’ ....

,it jtpu fy;ahzp ,uhfj;jpNy mikf;fg;ngw;w ‘,J ey;y jUzk; mUs;nra;a’ > cNrdp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j’ vd;d Gz;zpak; nra;NjNdh’ > gpahfil ,uhfj;jpyike;j ‘tUthH mioj;J thb’ >Nghd;w fPHj;jidfia Kf;fpakhff; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. ,f;fPH;j;jidfs; mNdf ,irf;fr;Nrupfspy; fiyQHfshy; ,d;Wk; tpUk;gpg; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wik ,tuJ ,irg;Gyikf;fhd rhd;whf mikAk;.

,J jtpu gy;ytp kw;Wk; ruzq;fs; khj;jpuk; mikf;fg;gl;l fPHj;jid tiffSk; ,tuhy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. eNlrH fPHj;jidahfpa ‘ vd;dTe;jaT ,y;iyah’ ? vd;fpd;w fhk;Nghjp ,uhff; fPHj;jid> ‘Mbaghjk;’ jd;ahrp ,uhfj;jpyike;j fPHj;jid> ‘mgak; mgak;’ Njhb ,uhfj;jpyike;j fPHj;jid Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fshff; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.


Mlw;ghly;fs;.Mlw;ghly;fs;.Mlw;ghly;fs;.Mlw;ghly;fs;.

fPHj;jidg;gFjpapYs;s rpy ghly;fs; ghb MLtjw;F Vw;w ehl;lg;Gwg;ghly; Nghd;w mikg;gpYs;s Fk;kpg;ghlyhf mike;Js;sd. rz;KfH Fk;kp cNrdp ,uhfj;jpy; cs;sJ. ‘eNlrH Fk;kpapy; Mde;jigutp tputpf;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghk;ikNghy; iffisf; Ftpj;J MLjy; Fk;kp MFk;. ngJk;igg; gUt kfspH nghk;ik Nghy; iffisf;Ftpj;J gyUk; tl;lkha; epd;W iffisj; jl;bAk;> Ftpj;Jk;> thahw; ghbf; nfhz;L Rod;whLk; Fk;kp ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy; tpohf;fhyq;fspy; epyT tpsq;Fk; Kd;dputpy; kfspH Fk;kpia MLjiy ,e;ehspYk; fhzyhk;. ,J Mde;jigutp ,uhfj;jpy; ghb Mb mikj;jpUe;jdH. ‘thdj;jpd; kPJ kapyhlf;fz;Nld;’ vd;w ghly; vspa kf;fisf;ftUk; tifapNy vOjg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd fUj;Jg;nghypthd ghlybfs; ts;syhupd; jdpj;Jtj;jpw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fshfj; jpfo;fpdwd.

ehkhtspfs;ehkhtspfs;ehkhtspfs;ehkhtspfs;

,iwtd; ngaupidg; gyKiw cr;rupj;jy; ehkhtsp vd;fpNwhk;. ehkhtspfis 14 jiyg;Gf;fspy; gjpndhU ,uhfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ghbAs;shH. ,jpy; fHehlf,ir kugpNy ifahsg;gLfpd;w ,uhfq;fisAk; Mq;fpy nkl;Lld; rq;fuhguz ,uhfj;ijAk; itj;Jg;ghbAs;shH. mg;ghly;fs; ‘NghfKk; RfNghfKk;’ > ‘R+J kd;Dkpe;ijNa’ vd;gdthFk;.

fHehlf ,ir> Mq;fpy nkl;Lj;jtpuTk; `pe;J];jhdp ,irkugpNy ifahsg;gLfpd;w ,uhfq;fshd `pe;J];jhdp gpahf; ,uhfj;jpNy nghJ epiyaUs;tJ vd;fpd;w ghly; gFjpiaAk;> `pe;J];jhdp Njhb ,uhfj;jpNy NtjrpfhkzpNa vd;fpd;w ghly; gFjpiaAk; ghbAs;shH. ehkhtspapy; rpwg;ghf 72 Nksuhfq;fSs; xd;whd jPurq;fuhguzk; vd;fpd;w ,uhfj;jpNy ‘tpiuNrH rilahal ‘ vd;w ghliyg;ghbAs;shH vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.


ts;syhH mtHfsJ ghly;fs; cyfg; nghJ ed;ikf;fhf vOjg;gl;lhYk; fHehlf ,irkuG jOtpadthfg; ngUk;ghYk; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,tH ifahz;bUf;fpd;w ghly; mikg;GKiwfs;> jhs mikg;G Kiwfs;> ,uhf mikg;g Kiwfs; vd;gdtw;wpdbahf Nehf;fpd; fHehlf ,irkugpd; nrOikf;F mzpNrHg;gdthfNt ,tuJ ghly;fs; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;fpd;w KbTf;F tuKbAk;. ,J jtpu ,tuJ ghly;fspy; fHehlf ,irkuG jtpHe;j Nkiyj;Nja ,irkuG kw;Wk; `pe;J];jhdp ,ir kuG Mfpa ,it kiGfspd; rhay;fSk; Mq;fhq;Nf njuptJ ,tuJ gilg;Gf;fSf;F NkYk; ,ir rhH rpwg;igr; NrHf;fpd;wJ.

crhj;Jiz:crhj;Jiz:crhj;Jiz:crhj;Jiz:

1. ,sq;Nfh : ts;syhupd; fPH;j;jidg;gFjp : nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; :1990 2. Cudbfs; : jpU mUl;gh ,irg;ghly;fs; : xU rpw;whuhr;rp> jpUtUl;gh ,irtpoh

kyH> jpUtUl;gh ,irr;rq;fk; : tlY}H: 1985 3. khzpf;fthrfH : jpUtUl;gh kzpfs; : tptfhde;j rig : nfhOk;G 1995

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!


!!!!

!!!!

uqg<gqvlikqk<beqe<!guqjk!outq;!sibz<!weh<hMuKuqg<gqvlikqk<beqe<!guqjk!outq;!sibz<!weh<hMuKuqg<gqvlikqk<beqe<!guqjk!outq;!sibz<!weh<hMuKuqg<gqvlikqk<beqe<!guqjk!outq;!sibz<!weh<hMuK!!!!

biokeqe<!okiGh<jh!Le<juk<Kbiokeqe<!okiGh<jh!Le<juk<Kbiokeqe<!okiGh<jh!Le<juk<Kbiokeqe<!okiGh<jh!Le<juk<K!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*Ljeui<!n/gi/npgi<silqLjeui<!n/gi/npgi<silqLjeui<!n/gi/npgi<silqLjeui<!n/gi/npgi<silq, !!!!ogtvu! uqiqUjvbiti<, lKjv! gilvisi<! hz<gjzg<gpg!dXh<Hg<!gz<Z~iq, N{<chm<c/!osz<!:862759874/!

!!!!

!!!! klqpqz<! slgizk<kqz<! wPkq! uVl<! fuQe! guqRi<gTt<! Gxqh<hqmk<kg<gui<!uqg<gqvlikqk<be</! Ngisl<! fQz! fqxl<! DVl<! gizl<! Lkzqb! hz! guqjkk<! okiGh<Hgjt!outqbqm<Mk<! okimi<f<K! guq! outqbqz! -br<gq! uVhui</! guqjkbqe<! lQK! lqG! Oligl<!ogi{<m! -ujvg<! guqjkk<! sqk<ki<! we<X! %mg<! Gxqh<hqmzil</! -uVjmb! guqjkgtqe<!okiGh<hie!sibz<!weh<hMuK!biokeqe<!we<gqx!guqjkk<!okiGh<jh!Le<juk<K!nuvK!guq!outqbqje!outqh<hMk<k!Lx<hMgqxK!-g<gm<Mjv/!

! guqRi<!uqg<gqvlikqk<beqe<!slQh!gizk<!okiGh<hie!-f<F~zqz<,!F~x<xqx<Gl<!Olx<hm<m!guqjkgt<! dt<te/! -ju! -bx<jgs<! sQvpqUgt<,! slgiz! nvsqbz<! sQvpqUgt<,! guqRiqe<!ngle! outqh<hiMgt<! we<X! hzux<jxk<! klK! hiMohiVtigg<! ogi{<Mt<te/!-k<okiGh<hqZt<t! guqjkgt<! hzUl<! -bx<jg! npqUg<gig! uVf<Kgqe<xe/! klqpgl<!LPg<gh<! hb{l<! osb<ukqZl<,! -bx<jgjb! Ofsqh<hkqZl<! ohVuqVh<Hg<! ogi{<Mt<tui<!guqRi<! uqg<gqvlikqk<kbe</! weOu! -bx<jgbqe<! npqjuk<! klK! guqjkgtqz<! lel<!uVf<kqh<! hkqU! osb<Kt<tii</! -bx<jgbqe<! hqiqg<g! Lcbik! nr<glie! uqzr<GgTl<,!hxjugTl<!$pzqz<!-Vf<K!nx<Xh<!Ohib<g<!ogi{<cVh<hjk,!

hs<<<<jsg<!gqtqgt<hs<<<<jsg<!gqtqgt<hs<<<<jsg<!gqtqgt<hs<<<<jsg<!gqtqgt<!!!!

hii<g<g!uib<h<hK!nH,i<ul<hii<g<g!uib<h<hK!nH,i<ul<hii<g<g!uib<h<hK!nH,i<ul<hii<g<g!uib<h<hK!nH,i<ul<!!!!

gVr<Gbqz<gt<!gVr<Gbqz<gt<!gVr<Gbqz<gt<!gVr<Gbqz<gt<!!!!!

gi{g<gqjmh<hK!nH,i<uk<kqZl<!nH,i<ul<gi{g<gqjmh<hK!nH,i<uk<kqZl<!nH,i<ul<gi{g<gqjmh<hK!nH,i<uk<kqZl<!nH,i<ul<gi{g<gqjmh<hK!nH,i<uk<kqZl<!nH,i<ul<!!!!

gQiqh<hqt<jtgjtg<!g{<Mkie<!gQiqh<hqt<jtgjtg<!g{<Mkie<!gQiqh<hqt<jtgjtg<!g{<Mkie<!gQiqh<hqt<jtgjtg<!g{<Mkie<!!!!!

wk<kje!uVwk<kje!uVwk<kje!uVwk<kje!uV]]]]l<l<l<l<!!!!

figh<!hil<Hgjth<!hii<k<Kkie<!!figh<!hil<Hgjth<!hii<k<Kkie<!!figh<!hil<Hgjth<!hii<k<Kkie<!!figh<!hil<Hgjth<!hii<k<Kkie<!!!!!!

wu<utOui!gizl<wu<utOui!gizl<wu<utOui!gizl<wu<utOui!gizl<!!!!

lie<gt<!Lt<tl<!he<xqgotz<<<<<<<zil<!lie<gt<!Lt<tl<!he<xqgotz<<<<<<<zil<!lie<gt<!Lt<tl<!he<xqgotz<<<<<<<zil<!lie<gt<!Lt<tl<!he<xqgotz<<<<<<<zil<!!!!!

Le<oeiV!Le<oeiV!Le<oeiV!Le<oeiV!slbk<kqz<slbk<kqz<slbk<kqz<slbk<kqz<!!!!

Lkjzgt<!kqlqr<gzr<gotz<zil<Lkjzgt<!kqlqr<gzr<gotz<zil<Lkjzgt<!kqlqr<gzr<gotz<zil<Lkjzgt<!kqlqr<gzr<gotz<zil<!!!!

wh<ohiPOkiwh<ohiPOkiwh<ohiPOkiwh<ohiPOki!!!!

fz<z!Oujtbig!fz<z!Oujtbig!fz<z!Oujtbig!fz<z!Oujtbig!!!!!

fib<gTl<!liMgTl<!g{<{qz<!hMgqe<xefib<gTl<!liMgTl<!g{<{qz<!hMgqe<xefib<gTl<!liMgTl<!g{<{qz<!hMgqe<xefib<gTl<!liMgTl<!g{<{qz<!hMgqe<xe!!!! !!!! !!!! )sibz</h/57/*)sibz</h/57/*)sibz</h/57/*)sibz</h/57/*!!!!

we<X! guqjkbig<gqBt<tii<! uqg<gqvlikqk<be</! hs<jsg<! gqtqgTl<,! gVr<Gbqz<gTl<,!!gQiqh<hqt<jtgTl<,! LkjzgTl<,! kqlqr<gzr<gTl<! gi{ilz<! Ohib<uqmh<hm<me/! fz<z!Oujtbig! fib<gTl<,! liMgTl<! lm<MOl! dt<te! we<gqxii<! guqRi</! -ke<! uibqzig!uqzr<GgjtBl<!hxjugjtBl<!keK!guqoutqgTg<Gt<!ogi{<M!uVgqxii<!guqRi</!


lx<XoliV! guqjkbqz<! gimpqh<hqeiz<! uqzr<Gggt<<<<<<<<<<<! klK! uipqmr<gjt! -pf<K!DVg<Gt<!HGkjz!guqjkbig<gq!dt<tii</!-kje,!

uip<uqmk<jkuqm<M!We<!uip<uqmk<jkuqm<M!We<!uip<uqmk<jkuqm<M!We<!uip<uqmk<jkuqm<M!We<!/ uVgqe<xe!bijegt<uVgqe<xe!bijegt<uVgqe<xe!bijegt<uVgqe<xe!bijegt<!!!!

DVg<Gt<!We<!DVg<Gt<!We<!DVg<Gt<!We<!DVg<Gt<!We<!/ HGf<K!kqiqgqe<xe!Gvr<Ggt<HGf<K!kqiqgqe<xe!Gvr<Ggt<HGf<K!kqiqgqe<xe!Gvr<Ggt<HGf<K!kqiqgqe<xe!Gvr<Ggt<!!!!

We<!We<!We<!We<!/ nVgqh<!Ohibqe!Hzqgt<nVgqh<!Ohibqe!Hzqgt<nVgqh<!Ohibqe!Hzqgt<nVgqh<!Ohibqe!Hzqgt<!!!!

gimpqk<k!hihl<!gimpqk<k!hihl<!gimpqk<k!hihl<!gimpqk<k!hihl<!/ bijvs<!OsVl<!n{<{ibijvs<!OsVl<!n{<{ibijvs<!OsVl<!n{<{ibijvs<!OsVl<!n{<{i!!!! !!!! )sibz</h/211/*)sibz</h/211/*)sibz</h/211/*)sibz</h/211/*!!!!

we<X! outqh<hMk<Kgqxii</! giMgjt! leqki<gt<! npqk<kkiz<! uqzr<Ggt<! klK! uipqmk<jk!-pf<K! Di<! HGgqe<xe/! -u<uiX! leqki<gtqe<! -bx<jg! npqh<H! fmucg<jggtiz<!hikqg<gh<hm<M,! DVg<Gt<! HGl<! uqzr<Ggjt! Ng<gqvlqh<hiti<gt<! Ohiz<! fil<! hii<g<gqOxil</!d{<jlbqz<!uqzr<Ggtqe<!uipqmk<jk!Ng<gqvlkqk<k!fil<kie<!Ng<gqvlqh<hiti<gt<!we<gqxii<!guqRi</! -u<uiX! uqzr<Ggjt! uipqmk<jk! uqm<Mk<! Kvk<kqb! hiul<! leqki<gjtOb! OsVl<!we<gqxii<!guqRi</!

! Jl<hki{<MgTg<Gt<tig! njek<K! -bx<jggTl<! g{<! Le<Oe! npqf<K! fqx<hjk!‘Neiz<!-e<X@’!we<gqx!guqjkbqz<!hkqU!osb<gqxii<!guqRi</!-g<guqjkbqz<,!

! hVuljp!hVuljp!hVuljp!hVuljp!/ ohib<g<gilz<!ohib<g<gilz<!ohib<g<gilz<!ohib<g<gilz<!/ ohb<K!ohb<K!ohb<K!ohb<K!ogi{<cVf<kKogi{<cVf<kKogi{<cVf<kKogi{<cVf<kK!!!!

Nx<xqz<!Nx<xqz<!Nx<xqz<!Nx<xqz<!/ uVuVuVuV]]]]l<!H,viUl<!l<!H,viUl<!l<!H,viUl<!l<!H,viUl<!/ k{<{Qi<!Ycg<ogi{<cVf<kKk{<{Qi<!Ycg<ogi{<cVf<kKk{<{Qi<!Ycg<ogi{<cVf<kKk{<{Qi<!Ycg<ogi{<cVf<kK!!!!

Gtl<<!Gtl<<!Gtl<<!Gtl<<!/ fqvl<hq!upqf<kKfqvl<hq!upqf<kKfqvl<hq!upqf<kKfqvl<hq!upqf<kK!!!!

giM!giM!giM!giM!/ nmi<k<kqbig!uqtr<gqbKnmi<k<kqbig!uqtr<gqbKnmi<k<kqbig!uqtr<gqbKnmi<k<kqbig!uqtr<gqbK

ljz!ljz!ljz!ljz!/ LPsigOu!fqe<xKLPsigOu!fqe<xKLPsigOu!fqe<xKLPsigOu!fqe<xK!!!!

GVuqgt<!GVuqgt<!GVuqgt<!GVuqgt<!/ wh<OhiKl<!g{<{qz<!hm<mewh<OhiKl<!g{<{qz<!hm<mewh<OhiKl<!g{<{qz<!hm<mewh<OhiKl<!g{<{qz<!hm<me

uQMgt<!uQMgt<!uQMgt<!uQMgt<!/ uqVf<kitqgTg<G!-mltqk<keuqVf<kitqgTg<G!-mltqk<keuqVf<kitqgTg<G!-mltqk<keuqVf<kitqgTg<G!-mltqk<ke!!!!

utlie!GMl<hr<gt<!utlie!GMl<hr<gt<!utlie!GMl<hr<gt<!utlie!GMl<hr<gt<!/ uip<f<K!ogm<mui<gjtk<!uip<f<K!ogm<mui<gjtk<!uip<f<K!ogm<mui<gjtk<!uip<f<K!ogm<mui<gjtk<!!!!!

kir<gqh<!kir<gqh<!kir<gqh<!kir<gqh<!hqck<Kg<!ogi{<mehqck<Kg<!ogi{<mehqck<Kg<!ogi{<mehqck<Kg<!ogi{<me!!!!

leqki<gt<!leqki<gt<!leqki<gt<!leqki<gt<!/ hblqe<xq!uip<f<kii<gt<hblqe<xq!uip<f<kii<gt<hblqe<xq!uip<f<kii<gt<hblqe<xq!uip<f<kii<gt<!!!!

dzgl<!dzgl<!dzgl<!dzgl<!/ vl<bligk<!kqgp<f<kKvl<bligk<!kqgp<f<kKvl<bligk<!kqgp<f<kKvl<bligk<!kqgp<f<kK

fqvl<h!gizolz<zil<!fqvl<h!gizolz<zil<!fqvl<h!gizolz<zil<!fqvl<h!gizolz<zil<!/ -z<jz-z<jz-z<jz-z<jz!!!!

Jl<hki{<Mgt<!Jl<hki{<Mgt<!Jl<hki{<Mgt<!Jl<hki{<Mgt<!/ kil<kil<kil<kil<!!!!!!!! )sibz</hg</61)sibz</hg</61)sibz</hg</61)sibz</hg</61....62/*62/*62/*62/*!!!! !!!!

we<X! -bx<jgbqe<! npqjuh<! OhSgqxii<! guqRi</! Le<H! hVu! ljz! kuxilz<! ohb<kK. NXgtqz<! fQi<! uVml<! OkiXl<! ose<X! ogi{<cVf<kK/! GVuqgt<! g{<{qz<! hm<me/!!ljzgTl<! sz<zqg<! gx<gtig! lix<xh<hmilz<! fqe<xe/! Gtr<gt<! fqvl<hq! upqf<ke/! giMgt<!nmi<k<kqbig! -Vf<ke/! lg<gt<! hblqe<xq! uip<f<kei</! uQMgt<! uqVf<kqei<gtiz<! fqvl<hq!upqf<ke/! Neiz<! -f<k! Jl<hki{<MgTg<Gt<! wz<zil<! npqg<gh<hm<M! fiM! hijz!fqzligquqm<mOk!we<X!uVf<Kgqxii<!uqg<gqvlikqk<be</!ose<x!kjzLjxbqei<!flg<G!uqm<Ms<!ose<x! -bx<jgjb! fil<! Jl<hki{<MgTg<Gt<tig! npqk<K! uqm<Omil</! nkje! lQm<hK!-e<jxb!kjzLjxbqeiqe<!nusqbk<!Okju!we<gqxii<!guqRi</!

! ‘Di<! uti<f<K! uqm<mK’! we<x! guqjk! gqvilr<gTl<,! sx<X! ohiqbKlie!GXfgvr<gTl<! uqjvuig! uti<f<K! uVgqe<xe! we<gqxK/! Neiz<! nf<k! uti<s<sq!-bx<jgjbBl<,! s&g! lkqh<hQMgjtBl<! npqk<Kg<! ogi{<M! utVl<! uti<s<sqbig! dt<tK!we<gqxii<!guqRi</!

! nf<k!Diqz<!nf<k!Diqz<!nf<k!Diqz<!nf<k!Diqz<!/!!!!fqjxb!OkfQi<!uqMkqfqjxb!OkfQi<!uqMkqfqjxb!OkfQi<!uqMkqfqjxb!OkfQi<!uqMkq!!!!

!!!! wz<ziux<xqZl<!wz<ziux<xqZl<!wz<ziux<xqZl<!wz<ziux<xqZl<!/!!!!%m<m%m<m%m<m%m<ml<<kie<l<<kie<l<<kie<l<<kie<!!!!

!!!! nOfgl<!nOfgl<!nOfgl<!nOfgl<!/!!!!d{ugl<d{ugl<d{ugl<d{ugl<!!!!


!!!! dm<giv!dm<giv!dm<giv!dm<giv!/!!!!-mlqVg<giK-mlqVg<giK-mlqVg<giK-mlqVg<giK!!!!

wopm<M!ur<gqgt<!wopm<M!ur<gqgt<!wopm<M!ur<gqgt<!wopm<M!ur<gqgt<!/!!!!!!!! dt<Ot!Fjpb!LcbiKdt<Ot!Fjpb!LcbiKdt<Ot!Fjpb!LcbiKdt<Ot!Fjpb!LcbiK!!!!

w{<{x<x!w{<{x<x!w{<{x<x!w{<{x<x!/!!!!\Utqg<!gjmgt<!fjgg<gjmgt<\Utqg<!gjmgt<!fjgg<gjmgt<\Utqg<!gjmgt<!fjgg<gjmgt<\Utqg<!gjmgt<!fjgg<gjmgt<!!!!

wu<utOui!wu<utOui!wu<utOui!wu<utOui!/!!!!^<uQm<!^<miz<!0Ohe<̂ q!^<Omii<̂ <^<uQm<!^<miz<!0Ohe<̂ q!^<Omii<̂ <^<uQm<!^<miz<!0Ohe<̂ q!^<Omii<̂ <^<uQm<!^<miz<!0Ohe<̂ q!^<Omii<̂ <!!!!

hik<kqvg<!gjmgt<!hik<kqvg<!gjmgt<!hik<kqvg<!gjmgt<!hik<kqvg<!gjmgt<!/ ltltltltqjgg<!gjmgt<qjgg<!gjmgt<qjgg<!gjmgt<qjgg<!gjmgt<!!!! !!!!

lvg<gjmgt<!lvg<gjmgt<!lvg<gjmgt<!lvg<gjmgt<!/!!!!jmz<̂ <!gjmgt<jmz<̂ <!gjmgt<jmz<̂ <!gjmgt<jmz<̂ <!gjmgt<!!!!

w{<{qk<!okijzBOli!w{<{qk<!okijzBOli!w{<{qk<!okijzBOli!w{<{qk<!okijzBOli! /!!!!-V!sg<gv!uiger<gt<-V!sg<gv!uiger<gt<-V!sg<gv!uiger<gt<-V!sg<gv!uiger<gt<!!!!

-u<utU!!-u<utU!!-u<utU!!-u<utU!!/ h{h<Hpg<gli!!h{h<Hpg<gli!!h{h<Hpg<gli!!h{h<Hpg<gli!!!!!!

uQMgotz<zil<uQMgotz<zil<uQMgotz<zil<uQMgotz<zil<!!!!

gjmgt<!ur<gqgt<!lVk<Kuljegotegjmgt<!ur<gqgt<!lVk<Kuljegotegjmgt<!ur<gqgt<!lVk<Kuljegotegjmgt<!ur<gqgt<!lVk<Kuljegote!!!!

liXgqe<xeliXgqe<xeliXgqe<xeliXgqe<xe!!!!

fqjek<Kh<!hii<g<g!Lcbikhcfqjek<Kh<!hii<g<g!Lcbikhcfqjek<Kh<!hii<g<g!Lcbikhcfqjek<Kh<!hii<g<g!Lcbikhc!!!!

Di<!uti<f<Kuqm<mK/Di<!uti<f<Kuqm<mK/Di<!uti<f<Kuqm<mK/Di<!uti<f<Kuqm<mK/!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! )sibz</h/58)sibz</h/58)sibz</h/58)sibz</h/58....59/*59/*59/*59/*!!!!

we<X!Diqe<!uti<s<sqjbh<!OhSgqxii<!guqRi</!nf<k!Di<!uQr<gqh<!ohVk<Kuqm<mK/!yV!hg<gl<!ur<gqgt<,!d{ugr<gt<,!gjmgt<!ohVk<Kuqm<me/!lXhg<gl<!uQMgt<!njek<Kl<!lVk<Ku!ljegtitg! lixqg<! ogi{<mcVg<gqe<xe/! lg<gtqe<! uip<uqbz<! Ljxgt<! lixquqm<mK/!Ohg<giq!gjmgt<!ohVgquqm<me/!K{qg<!gjmgTl<!ohVgquqm<me/!uigeh<!ohVg<gk<kqx<Gl<!ntuqz<jz/!-bz<kjh!lQxqb!-f<kh<!ohVg<gl<!uQg<gl<kie<!we<gqxii<!guqRi</!

!! lg<gjtg<!gig<g!Ou{<cb!nvsqbz<!lg<gjt!-zusr<gt<!upq!Wlix<Xukig!lixqh<!OhiBt<tK/!-zusr<gtqe<!upq!lg<gt<!Wlix<xh<hMkjz,!

! wr<gqVf<K!uVgqe<xe!wr<gqVf<K!uVgqe<xe!wr<gqVf<K!uVgqe<xe!wr<gqVf<K!uVgqe<xe!/ -zusr<gt<-zusr<gt<-zusr<gt<-zusr<gt<!!!!

wkx<gig!wkx<gig!wkx<gig!wkx<gig!/ upr<gh<hMgqe<xeupr<gh<hMgqe<xeupr<gh<hMgqe<xeupr<gh<hMgqe<xe!!!!

fzk<kqm<m!dkuqgt<!fzk<kqm<m!dkuqgt<!fzk<kqm<m!dkuqgt<!fzk<kqm<m!dkuqgt<!/ We<!osb<bh<hMgqe<xeWe<!osb<bh<hMgqe<xeWe<!osb<bh<hMgqe<xeWe<!osb<bh<hMgqe<xe!!!!

wz<zil<!uiwz<zil<!uiwz<zil<!uiwz<zil<!uig<Gur<gqjbg<!Gxqjuk<K!g<Gur<gqjbg<!Gxqjuk<K!g<Gur<gqjbg<!Gxqjuk<K!g<Gur<gqjbg<!Gxqjuk<K!!!!!

nz<zilzi!n{<{inz<zilzi!n{<{inz<zilzi!n{<{inz<zilzi!n{<{i!!!! !!!! !!!! )sibz</h/212/*)sibz</h/212/*)sibz</h/212/*)sibz</h/212/*!!!!

we<X! Gxqh<hqMgqxii<! uqg<gqvlikqk<be</! nvsqbz<! we<hK! ouXl<! uig<G! ur<gq! nvsqbzib<g<!GXgqh<!Ohib<!lg<gjt!Wlix<Xkjz!-g<guqjkbqz<!g{<cg<gqxii<!guqRi</!

! slgizk<kqz<! gVk<Kiqjl! we<hK! gMjlbie! yMg<GLjxg<G! dt<tig<gh<hMgqxK/!sefibgl<! flg<gtqg<Gl<! diqjl! gVk<Kiqjl! NGl</! Neiz<! -e<X! -f<kqbs<! $pzqz<!gVk<Kiqjlg<G! lqgh<! ohiqb! Nhk<K! Wx<hm<Mt<tK/! weOu! gVk<Ks<! Skf<kqvk<jk!uzqBXk<Kl<!ujgbqz<,!

! hbf<K!hbf<Kkie<!hbf<K!hbf<Kkie<!hbf<K!hbf<Kkie<!hbf<K!hbf<Kkie<!/ wPKgqxie<wPKgqxie<wPKgqxie<wPKgqxie<!!!!

hbf<K!hbf<Ok!hbf<K!hbf<Ok!hbf<K!hbf<Ok!hbf<K!hbf<Ok!/ k{qg<jg!osb<gqxie<k{qg<jg!osb<gqxie<k{qg<jg!osb<gqxie<k{qg<jg!osb<gqxie<!!!!

hbf<K!hbf<Okkie<!hbf<K!hbf<Okkie<!hbf<K!hbf<Okkie<!hbf<K!hbf<Okkie<!/ hqvSvk<Kg<G!nEh<Hgqxie<hqvSvk<Kg<G!nEh<Hgqxie<hqvSvk<Kg<G!nEh<Hgqxie<hqvSvk<Kg<G!nEh<Hgqxie<!!!!

hbf<K!hbf<Kkie<!hbf<K!hbf<Kkie<!hbf<K!hbf<Kkie<!hbf<K!hbf<Kkie<!/ H^<kgligh<!OhiMgqxie<H^<kgligh<!OhiMgqxie<H^<kgligh<!OhiMgqxie<H^<kgligh<!OhiMgqxie<!!!!

hbf<K!hbf<Ok!hbf<K!hbf<Ok!hbf<K!hbf<Ok!hbf<K!hbf<Ok!/ uqli<sek<Kg<Gg<!ogiMg<gqxie<uqli<sek<Kg<Gg<!ogiMg<gqxie<uqli<sek<Kg<Gg<!ogiMg<gqxie<uqli<sek<Kg<Gg<!ogiMg<gqxie<!!!!

hbf<K!hbf<Okkie<hbf<K!hbf<Okkie<hbf<K!hbf<Okkie<hbf<K!hbf<Okkie<!!!!

wKUl<!osb<b!Ou{<cbqVg<gqxK!klqp<%X!wKUl<!osb<b!Ou{<cbqVg<gqxK!klqp<%X!wKUl<!osb<b!Ou{<cbqVg<gqxK!klqp<%X!wKUl<!osb<b!Ou{<cbqVg<gqxK!klqp<%X!!!!!

fz<Zzgqz<fz<Zzgqz<fz<Zzgqz<fz<Zzgqz<!!!! !!!! !!!! )sibz</h/243/*)sibz</h/243/*)sibz</h/243/*)sibz</h/243/*!!!!

we<X!guqjk!Hjef<Kt<tii</!!


! hqx!guqRi<gjth<!Ohix<Xl<!hir<G!uqg<gqvlikqbeqml<!dt<tK/!ohiKuig!slgizg<!guqRi<gjth<!hx<xqb!guq!wPKl<!fqjzguqRi<gtqml<!gi{h<hMuK!-z<jz/!Neiz<!-ui<!g{<{kise<,! hm<Mg<Ogim<jm! gz<bi{Sf<kvl<,! HKjlh<hqk<ke<,! fGze<! NgqObii<gjth<!Hgp<f<K!guqjk!wPkqBt<tii</!

! guqReigOu!uip<f<kue<!guqReigOu!uip<f<kue<!guqReigOu!uip<f<kue<!guqReigOu!uip<f<kue<!/ !!!! g{<{kg{<{kg{<{kg{<{kise<ise<ise<ise<!!!!

!!!! hqxuqh<!hbjeh<!ohx<x!hqxuqh<!hbjeh<!ohx<x!hqxuqh<!hbjeh<!ohx<x!hqxuqh<!hbjeh<!ohx<x!/ !!!! guqRe<kie<!nue<guqRe<kie<!nue<guqRe<kie<!nue<guqRe<kie<!nue<!!!! !!!! !!!! )sibz</h/71/*)sibz</h/71/*)sibz</h/71/*)sibz</h/71/*!!!!

we<X! guqRi<! g{<{kisjeh<! Hgp<f<K! hiMgqxii</! uqg<gqvlikqk<be<! guqjkgjth<! hx<xqg<!Gxqh<hqMl<! ohiPK,“! we<jeh<! ohiVk<kujv! guqjk! wPKuK! wtqjbieK! nz<z/! nK!yVujgbie! uijk/” 2! we<gqxii</! s&g! ng<gjxjb! ogi{<m! guqjkgjt! wPKuke<!uibqzigg<! guqjk! wPKl<! uijkjbs<! sqxh<higOu! osb<Kt<tii<! guqRi</! -u<uiX!!-bx<jgs<! sQpqjuh<! OhSkz<,! nvsqbjzh<! OhSkz<! we<X! hz<OuX! ujgbie! guq!outqg<Gt<!hb{qg<gqe<xe!guqRi<!uqg<gqvlikqk<beqe<!guqjkgt</!

ncg<Gxqh<Hncg<Gxqh<Hncg<Gxqh<Hncg<Gxqh<H!!!!

2/ uqgme<!kml<,!\`e<3128,!h/:/!

hii<ju!F~z<hii<ju!F~z<hii<ju!F~z<hii<ju!F~z<!!!!

!!!! uqg<vlikqk<be<,!sibz<!weh<hMuK!biokeqe<,!hcgl<,!uqz<Zg<Gxq!.3128/!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


!!!!

!!!!

klqp<!-zg<gqbr<gtqz<!LVge<!Gxqk<k!Nb<Ugt<klqp<!-zg<gqbr<gtqz<!LVge<!Gxqk<k!Nb<Ugt<klqp<!-zg<gqbr<gtqz<!LVge<!Gxqk<k!Nb<Ugt<klqp<!-zg<gqbr<gtqz<!LVge<!Gxqk<k!Nb<Ugt<!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*li/li/li/li/ohix<ogic?ohix<ogic?ohix<ogic?ohix<ogic?!!!! LjeuI! hm<m! ! Nb<uitI?! nb<b! fimiI! \iegq! nl<lit<! gz<Z~iq!)ke<eim<sq*?!squgisq/!

!

Nb<Ug<gte<!;Nb<Ug<gte<!;Nb<Ug<gte<!;Nb<Ug<gte<!;!!!!

!!!! hpf<klqpiqe<! upqhim<M! lvHgtqz<! LVge<! upqhiM! lqgk<! okie<jlbieK/! sr<g!-zg<gqbr<gtqZl<! nkx<G! Lx<hm<m! -zg<g{! F~zie! okiz<gih<hqbk<kqZl<! LVge<!Gxqk<Kl<! nu<upqhiM! Gxqk<Kl<! hkqUgt<! dt<te/! -k<kjgb! hkqUgjt! Le<juk<K!djvbisqiqbIgtqe<! gizk<kqOz! Nb<Ugt<! okimr<gquqm<me! wezil</! klqpib<Uzgqz<!-Vhkil<! F~x<xi{<cz<! ! klqpI! slbr<gt<?! upqhiMgt<?! fl<hqg<jggt<! Gxqk<k! Nb<Ugt<!utIs<sqbjmbk<! ! okimr<gqe/! nk<kjgb! Nb<Ugtqe<! yV! hGkqbig! ! LVge<! Gxqk<k!Nb<UgTl<!okimIf<ke/!

h{<jmb!-zg<gqb?!-zg<g{r<gtqz<!LVge<!hkqUgt<;h{<jmb!-zg<gqb?!-zg<g{r<gtqz<!LVge<!hkqUgt<;h{<jmb!-zg<gqb?!-zg<g{r<gtqz<!LVge<!hkqUgt<;h{<jmb!-zg<gqb?!-zg<g{r<gtqz<!LVge<!hkqUgt<;!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!klqpqz<!gqjmg<gh<ohXl<!lqgh<hpjl!uib<f<k!-zg<g{!F~zie!okiz<gih<hqbk<kqz<!ngh<ohiVt<!-zg<g{!lvhqz<!LVge<!GxqR<sqk<kqj{g<Giqb!gmUtig!Gxqg<gh<hm<Mt<tie</!!

“ OsObie<!Olb!jlujv!dzGOsObie<!Olb!jlujv!dzGOsObie<!Olb!jlujv!dzGOsObie<!Olb!jlujv!dzG” ( okiz</ohiVt</F~/6okiz</ohiVt</F~/6okiz</ohiVt</F~/6okiz</ohiVt</F~/6).

Olgl<! $p<f<k! ljz! fqzk<kqje! )GxqR<sqk<! kqj{*! uqVl<hqb! OsObieigqb! LVge</!nkeiOz! kqVLVgix<Xh<hjm! dt<tqm<m! sr<g! -zg<gqbr<gtqz<! ! ljz! gqpOuie<?!ljzfqzk<kjzue<?!GxqR<sqg<gqpue<?!GxqR<sqg<gmUt<!we!njpg<gh<hm<mie</!-kqz<!LVge<<!OsObie<! weg<! Gxqh<hqmh<hMgqe<xie</! OsObie<! we<hkje! fs<sqeiIg<gqeqbI?! “ osr<Ogp<!osr<Ogp<!osr<Ogp<!osr<Ogp<!LVge<LVge<LVge<LVge<” !!!!weg<!Gxqh<hqMgqxiI/!OsObie<?!osu<Out<!we<hK!squf<k!Oleqbe<?!osf<fqxLjmb!Ouf<ke<!we<Ox!ohiVt<hMl</!kqVLVgix<Xh<hjmbqZl<!fg<gQvI?!!

“ osb<be<! squf<k! Njmbe<osb<be<! squf<k! Njmbe<osb<be<! squf<k! Njmbe<osb<be<! squf<k! Njmbe<” !!!! )kqVLVgix<Xh<hjm;317! *)kqVLVgix<Xh<hjm;317! *)kqVLVgix<Xh<hjm;317! *)kqVLVgix<Xh<hjm;317! *we<Ox! Gxqh<hqMgqxiI/! nh<himzqz<!LVgeqe<!Okix<xh<!ohizquqje!dulqg<Gl<!ohiPK?!

“dzgl<!duh<h!uzOeIH!kqiqkVdzgl<!duh<h!uzOeIH!kqiqkVdzgl<!duh<h!uzOeIH!kqiqkVdzgl<!duh<h!uzOeIH!kqiqkV!!!!

!!!!!!!!hzIHgp<!RibqX!gmx<g{<mir<G!hzIHgp<!RibqX!gmx<g{<mir<G!hzIHgp<!RibqX!gmx<g{<mir<G!hzIHgp<!RibqX!gmx<g{<mir<G!” !!!!)kqVLVgix<Xh<hjm;!2)kqVLVgix<Xh<hjm;!2)kqVLVgix<Xh<hjm;!2)kqVLVgix<Xh<hjm;!2....3!*3!*3!*3!*!

gmzqzqVf<K! OlozPl<! $iqbeqe<! squf<k! fqxk<jkBl<! ytqjbBl<! ohiVf<kqbue<! LVge<!!wes<! osR<Ribqx<Xme<! dulqg<gh<hMgqe<xie</! fx<xqj{! Lkzie! hqx! sr<g!-zg<gqbr<gtqZl<! squf<k! Oleqbe<! we<Ox! Gxqh<hqmh<hMgqe<xie</! “ hupk<kehupk<kehupk<kehupk<ke<e!<e!<e!<e!Oleqbe<Oleqbe<Oleqbe<Oleqbe<”( fx<xqj{fx<xqj{fx<xqj{fx<xqj{). -u<uiX! hupl<?! RibqX! Ohie<xux<Xme<! dulqg<gh<hm<M! squf<k!fqxLjmbue<! LVge<! we<Xl<! ohiVt<! uqtr<Ggqe<xK/!!!! -k<kjgb! LVgEg<Gh<!hpf<klqpgk<kqz<!ouxqbim<M?!ouxqbimz<!fqgp<k<kqbkjes<!sr<g!-zg<gqbr<gt<!hgIgqe<xe/!

LVgEl<!Nb<Ul<!;LVgEl<!Nb<Ul<!;LVgEl<!Nb<Ul<!;LVgEl<!Nb<Ul<!;!!!!

!!!! hpf<klqp<! -zg<gqbr<gtqz<! gi{ziGl<! Gxqh<Hg<gjtg<! ogi{<M! klqpxqRIgt<!fqgp<k<kqb!Nb<Ugt<;!!!

kqV/uq/g/!–!LVge<!nz<zK!npG?!gq/ui/\/!–!ohVl<ohbI!LVge<?!hq/wz</!silq!–!sr<g!F~z<gtqz<!LVge<?!outqfim<mxqRI!glqz<!Souzhqz<! .!LVgeqe<!sqiqh<H!)The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India*?!fi/uieliljz!– LVg!^<gf<k!-j{h<H!)F~z<! ;!klqpI!h{<hiMl<!kk<KuLl<*?!hiui{I!lx<Xl<!ljxljzbcgtiiqe<!klqpI!lkl<!Gxqk<k!Nb<U!F~z<gTl<?!li/!-visli{qg<geiiqe<!hk<Kh<him<M!Nvib<s<sq!F~Zl<?!LjeuI!


sq/hizSh<hqvl{qbeqe<! LVge<! gim<sq! Lkzieju! LVge<! Gxqk<Kh<! hvf<Khm<m!Nb<Ugtk<kqje!Wx<hMk<kqe/!!

npGl<!LVgEl<!;npGl<!LVgEl<!;npGl<!LVgEl<!;npGl<!LVgEl<!;!!!!

! kqV/uq/g/! LVge<! we<El<! osiz<zqe<! ncbig! ! dt<t! ‘LVG’! we<El<! osiz<!l{l<?! -tjl?! gmUm<me<jl?! npG! weg<Gxqk<K! uf<Kt<tjkg<! %xqBt<tiI/!-f<fix<ohiVt<hMl<hc!LPLkx<!gmUjth<!hpr<gizk<kqz<!lg<gt<!u{r<gq!uf<keI/!LVG!–! npG! .! nu<upG! -bx<jgbqz<! GcohXgqxK/! -bx<jgjb! upqhMkOz! .!-bx<jgbqZt<t! npjg! u{r<gOz! LVg! upqhim<ce<! ds<sl<! we<hK! kqV/uq/g/uqe<!gVk<K/! klqpiqe<! kjzsqxf<k! dbiqb! uqPlqb! sqf<kjegjt! wMk<Kjvk<Kl<?! -bx<jg!upqhim<M!fqjzjb!Le<eqXk<KuKlig!kqV/uq/g/uqe<!LVge<!nz<zK!npG!we<El<!F~z<!lqtqIgqe<xK/!

ohVl<ohbI!LVge<!;ohVl<ohbI!LVge<!;ohVl<ohbI!LVge<!;ohVl<ohbI!LVge<!;!!!!

!!!! gjzuiiqkq! gq/ui/\gf<fike<! nuIgt<! klqpqzg<gqbr<gjt! njeuVl<! nxqf<K!ogit<Tl<!ohiVm<M?!wtqjlh<hMk<kq!upr<gquf<Kt<tiI/!nf<fqjzbqz<!klqp<!-zg<gqbr<gtqz<!LVge<! hkqUgtqje! wtqjlh<hMk<kq?! nh<himz<gtqz<! dt<t! dbiqb! sqf<kjegjt!wMk<Kjvk<Kl<?! kx<gizk<kqx<Gk<! Okjubie! Ole<<jlbie! gVk<Kg<gt<! lqtqIukjeBl<!ncg<Ogicm<Ml<! gim<Mgqe<xiI/! nuI! hiqhimzqz<! dt<t! gMue<! -toubqeeiI! himzqjes<!Sm<cg<gim<c?! -jxueqml<! Ou{<MuK! ohie<El<! ohiVTl<! nz<z/! nueqml<! Ou{<mh<hm!Ou{<cbK!nVt<?!ne<H?!nxl<!we<hkje!nPk<kligs<!Sm<cg<gim<cBt<tii</!

hpjlBl<!Hvi{Ll<!;hpjlBl<!Hvi{Ll<!;hpjlBl<!Hvi{Ll<!;hpjlBl<!Hvi{Ll<!;!!!!

!!!! LVge<! upqhiM! lqgk<! okie<jl! uib<f<kK! we<hkje! fq'hqg<Gl<! ujgbqz<!Nkqs<sfz<Z~I! ngpib<uqz<! LVgEg<Giqb! Ouz<?! Osuz<! dVur<gt<!gqjmg<gh<ohx<Xt<tjljbs<! Sm<cg<gim<c?! li/! -visli{qg<geiI! umfiM! lx<Xl<!oke<eim<cz<! upr<gq! uf<k! LVg! upqhim<M! fqjzgjt! wMk<Kg<gim<cBt<tiI/! -kx<G!Le<eOv! 2:51.! gtqz<! klqpi<! lkl<! Gxqk<kib<f<k! olipqRibqX! OkuOfb! hiui{I!nuIgTl<! -g<gVk<kqjeg<! Gxqh<hqm<Ml<! klqpiiqbk<! okb<u! -j{h<H! Ljxgt<!fqgp<f<kjljbBl<?! klqpiqe<! okb<u! u{g<gr<gt<! Niqb! jlbh<hMukig! hiui{i<!Nb<f<Kt<tiI/!2:84!.!-z<!-Ok!gVk<jk!ncobix<xq?!fi/uieliljz!ohiVt<!Lkz<uikg<!gVk<Kg<gt<!)dOzigibkl<*!nch<hjmbqz<!LVg!.!^<gf<k!-j{h<H!Nb<Ug<gm<Mjvbqje!upr<gqBt<tiI/! sq/hizSh<hqvl{qbe<! Ohie<OxiI! fg<gQvI! gizf<okim<M! hiqhimz<?! -tr<Ogi!gizl<?! gs<sqbh<hI! nV{gqiq! fikI?! GlvGVhvI?! ut<tziI! we! LVge<! gim<sqgt<!uqiqUhMk<kh<hm<Mt<te/! OlZl<! klqp<! lx<Xl<! klqpi<gjt! nxqLgh<hMk<Kl<! ujgbqz<!outqfim<mxqRI! glqz<! Suozhqzqe<! LVge<! sqiqh<H! )The Smile of Murugn)! we<El<! F~z<!njlf<Kt<tK/!

LcUjv;LcUjv;LcUjv;LcUjv;!

!!!! klqpiqe<!ofxqgjtBl<!lvHgjtBl<!lQm<omMg<Gl<!Ljeh<H!Wx<hm<m!ohiPK?!slbl<!upqhim<M!fqjzgt<!Gxqk<k!Nb<UgTl<!wpzibqe/!nux<Xt<!LVge<!Gxqk<k!Nb<UgTl<!Gxqh<hqmk<kg<ge/! -k<kjgb! Nb<Ugt<! djvbisqiqbIgt<! gizk<kqZl<! d/Ou/si/!LkziOeiiqe<! hkqh<Hh<h{q! gizk<kqZl<! okimr<gq! hqe<eI! uf<k! Nb<uitIgtiz<! hz<OuX!fqjzgtqz<!utIs<sq!ohx<xe/!

!LVg! upqhiM! klqp<fim<cz<! lm<Mlz<ziK! -f<kqbiuqZl<! Gxqh<hig!dzgljek<kqZl<!hz<OuX!ohbIgtqz<?!hz<OuX!fqjzh<hiMgtqz<!-mk<kqx<Ogx<<x!ujgbqz<!lix<xl<! ohx<X! uf<Kt<t! yV! upqhim<M! fqjzbiGl</! -l<LVg! upqhiM! dzgk<kiI!njeuiqmLl<!hz<OuXhm<m!fqjzgtqz<!-Vg<gqe<xK/!

!!!!!!-f<kqb! fqzh<hvh<hqz<! h{<hiM?! hpg<g! upg<gr<gt<?! figiqgr<gt<! njek<Kl<!ye<xqmlqVf<K! lx<oxie<X! gme<! uir<gqg<! ogi{<me/! h{<him<Mfqjzgtqz<! -ju!ye<jxobie<X! hqiqk<K! nxqb! ! Lcbik! ntuqx<G! gzf<Kl<! yVlqk<Kl<! gi{h<hm<me/!-g<gzh<H! Wx<hm<mK! OhizOu?! slbr<gtqZl<! gmUtIgtqZl<! gzh<H! fqjz! d{<migqbK/!!!!!!h{<jms<s&gk<kqz<! kqj{! nch<hjmbqz<! -Vf<k! LVgupqhiM! gizh<Ohig<gqz<! hz<OuX!gjkgTmEl<! slbr<gTmEl<! ye<Xukx<G! WKuigqe/! -f<kqbh<h{<him<M! jlbk<kqz<!klqpg! LVg! upqhiM! %m<cj{h<jh! Wx<hMk<kqbK! wezil</! LVge<! Gxqk<K! hg<kq!


fqjzbqZl<?! klqpiqe<! fl<hqg<jg! lQm<omMh<H! ! fqjzbqZl<?! s&g! uvzix<X! ! fqjzgtqZl<!Nb<Ugt<!uqiqf<kjljb!-g<gm<Mjv!uqtg<gqBt<tK/!

Kj{fqe<xju!;Kj{fqe<xju!;Kj{fqe<xju!;Kj{fqe<xju!;!!!!

!!!!Lke<jlLke<jlLke<jlLke<jl;!okiz<gih<hqbl<)ohiVtkqgivl<*?!fs<sqeiIg<gqeqbI!djv/;!okiz<gih<hqbl<)ohiVtkqgivl<*?!fs<sqeiIg<gqeqbI!djv/;!okiz<gih<hqbl<)ohiVtkqgivl<*?!fs<sqeiIg<gqeqbI!djv/;!okiz<gih<hqbl<)ohiVtkqgivl<*?!fs<sqeiIg<gqeqbI!djv/!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Kj{jl!;!Kj{jl!;!Kj{jl!;!Kj{jl!;!!!!!

2/ -visli{qg<geiI! li?! hk<Kh<him<M! Nvib<s<sq?sigqk<kqb! ngioklq! outqbQM?!HKkqz<zq?!3127/!

3/ gzqbi{! Sf<kveiI! kqV/uq?! LVge<! nz<zK! npG?! l{quisgI! hkqh<hgl<?!ose<je?!3118/!

4/ OkuOfb!hiui{I!Ri?!klqpI!lkl<?!klqp<l{<!nxg<gm<mjt?!ose<je?!311:/!5/ uieliljz! fi?! klqpI! h{<hiMl<! kk<KuLl<?! njzgt<! outqbQm<mgl<?! ose<je?!

3119/!6/ \gf<fike<!gq/ui?!ohVl<ohbI!LVge<?!gzi!fqjzbl<?!lbqzih<H,I?!ose<je?3118/!

!


ALAGARKOVIL AS GLEANED FROM THE LITERATURE

With Special Reference to Paripatal, Silappadikaram and

Nalayira Divya Prabandam

*P. KAYALVIZHI, Ph.D, Research Scholar, School of Historical Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University.

Alagarkovil temple located at a distance of 20 km from Madurai, on foot of Alagarmalai,

surrounded by the natural splendor of the forest. Alagarkovil is a Vaishnavite centre having distinct characteristic of its own. This paper is an attempt to trace out the Lord Alagar and his abode Tirumalirunjolai from literature. In ancient Tamil literature the sacred shrine of Alagarkovil is referred to by the name Tirumalirunjolai, Tirumalirunkunram, Irunkunram, Solaimalai and Tiruvarai. From the earliest days of Tamil literature up to the present day Alagarkovil and its lord occupy a prominent place in Tamil literary works and his praises are sung. In the classic period of Tamil literature when the Sangam work like Paripatal and the great epic like Silappadikaram were composed us find mention of Tirumalirunjolai in the epic Silappadikaram. From the classic period we pass on the hymnal period of Tamil literature when hymns like Nalayira Divya Prabandam were sung by the Vaishnavite Alvars.

Paripatal

Sangam poem Paripatal celebrates in verse the glory of Tirumal and describes vividly Tirumalirunjolai.

nzr<Gl<!nVuq!Ni<k<kqlqp<H!-pqbs<nzr<Gl<!nVuq!Ni<k<kqlqp<H!-pqbs<nzr<Gl<!nVuq!Ni<k<kqlqp<H!-pqbs<nzr<Gl<!nVuq!Ni<k<kqlqp<H!-pqbs<!!!!

!!!! sqzl<hiX!n{qf<k!sQi<ogP!kqVuqe<sqzl<hiX!n{qf<k!sQi<ogP!kqVuqe<sqzl<hiX!n{qf<k!sQi<ogP!kqVuqe<sqzl<hiX!n{qf<k!sQi<ogP!kqVuqe<!!!!

!!!! OsijzobiM!okimi<!olipq!lizqVr<Ge<xlOsijzobiM!okimi<!olipq!lizqVr<Ge<xlOsijzobiM!okimi<!olipq!lizqVr<Ge<xlOsijzobiM!okimi<!olipq!lizqVr<Ge<xl<!(Paripatal 15: 21-23)

The poet says that in Malirunkunram Mountain and Silambaru, whose greatness it is impossible to recount in verse.

! Sjeobzil<!fQzl<!lzvs<Sjeobzil<!fQzl<!lzvs<Sjeobzil<!fQzl<!lzvs<Sjeobzil<!fQzl<!lzvs<, Sje!$p<Sje!$p<Sje!$p<Sje!$p<!!!!

!!!! sqjeobzil<!osbjz!lzvg<?sqjeobzil<!osbjz!lzvg<?sqjeobzil<!osbjz!lzvg<?sqjeobzil<!osbjz!lzvg<? gib<geqgib<geqgib<geqgib<geq!!!!

!!!! dxpdxpdxpdxp, fjeOur<jg!yt<tqei<lzv?fjeOur<jg!yt<tqei<lzv?fjeOur<jg!yt<tqei<lzv?fjeOur<jg!yt<tqei<lzv?!!!!

!!!! liObie<!yk<kuqe<!eqjzk<kAliObie<!yk<kuqe<!eqjzk<kAliObie<!yk<kuqe<!eqjzk<kAliObie<!yk<kuqe<!eqjzk<kA!!!!

!!!! ose<X!okiPgz<zQi<"!g{<M!h{q!lqe<Olose<X!okiPgz<zQi<"!g{<M!h{q!lqe<Olose<X!okiPgz<zQi<"!g{<M!h{q!lqe<Olose<X!okiPgz<zQi<"!g{<M!h{q!lqe<Ol!!!!

!!!! -Vr<Ge<!oxe<El<!hvf<k!kKOu!-Vr<Ge<!oxe<El<!hvf<k!kKOu!-Vr<Ge<!oxe<El<!hvf<k!kKOu!-Vr<Ge<!oxe<El<!hvf<k!kKOu!!!!! ! ! (Paripatal 15: 30-35)

Among these mountains and hills those which help men to get food with which to relive hunger are very few. Again few are the mountains with cloud-capped tops and few are the ponds with flowers sacred to Tirumal.


gmZl<!gieZl<!OhizUl<gmZl<!gieZl<!OhizUl<gmZl<!gieZl<!OhizUl<gmZl<!gieZl<!OhizUl<!!!!

!!!! Hz<zqb!oHz<zqb!oHz<zqb!oHz<zqb!osiz<Zl<!ohiVTl<!OhizUl<!siz<Zl<!ohiVTl<!OhizUl<!siz<Zl<!ohiVTl<!OhizUl<!siz<Zl<!ohiVTl<!OhizUl<!!!!!

!!!! wz<zil<!OuXOu!XVuqe<!yVokipqz<!-Vui<k<wz<zil<!OuXOu!XVuqe<!yVokipqz<!-Vui<k<wz<zil<!OuXOu!XVuqe<!yVokipqz<!-Vui<k<wz<zil<!OuXOu!XVuqe<!yVokipqz<!-Vui<k<!!!!

!!!! kir<G!fQt<fqjz!Yr<gqVr<!Ge<xl<Akir<G!fQt<fqjz!Yr<gqVr<!Ge<xl<Akir<G!fQt<fqjz!Yr<gqVr<!Ge<xl<Akir<G!fQt<fqjz!Yr<gqVr<!Ge<xl<A!!! ! (Paripatal 15: 11-14)

Of these few the most outstanding is Tirumalirunjolaimalai in which Kannan and Paladevan reside. This ode gives us an interesting idea that at the time of Paripatal, the almighty was worshipped here as Kannan and Paladevan. Their complexion is compared to sea and mirage, and even as the word and its meaning are inseparable their divine dispensations to humanity were the same.

fiX!-{Ik<!KpiObie<!fz<gqe<!nz<zjkfiX!-{Ik<!KpiObie<!fz<gqe<!nz<zjkfiX!-{Ik<!KpiObie<!fz<gqe<!nz<zjkfiX!-{Ik<!KpiObie<!fz<gqe<!nz<zjk!!!!

WXkz<!wtqOkiWXkz<!wtqOkiWXkz<!wtqOkiWXkz<!wtqOki, uQXohXKxg<gl<@uQXohXKxg<gl<@uQXohXKxg<gl<@uQXohXKxg<gl<@!!!!

niqkqeniqkqeniqkqeniqkqe <!ohXKXg<gl<!lizqVr<Ge<xl<<!ohXKXg<gl<!lizqVr<Ge<xl<<!ohXKXg<gl<!lizqVr<Ge<xl<<!ohXKXg<gl<!lizqVr<Ge<xl<!!!!

wtqkqe<!ohxz<!diqjl!Wk<Kgl<wtqkqe<!ohxz<!diqjl!Wk<Kgl<wtqkqe<!ohxz<!diqjl!Wk<Kgl<wtqkqe<!ohxz<!diqjl!Wk<Kgl<, sqzl<hsqzl<hsqzl<hsqzl<h////!!!!(Paripatal 15: 15-18)!

He stresses in this verse that without the grace of god, who wears the garland of basil (tulai), no one can get the bliss of heaven. If we want to attain that bliss easily, the best way is to praise and adore the Tirumalirunkunram. Tirumalirunjolaimalai is portrayed as well as its tarn in graceful phraseology.1

Silappadikaram

gml<hz!gqmf<k!giMme<!gpqf<Kgml<hz!gqmf<k!giMme<!gpqf<Kgml<hz!gqmf<k!giMme<!gpqf<Kgml<hz!gqmf<k!giMme<!gpqf<K!!!!

!!!! kqVliz<!Ge<xk<Ks<!osz<GuQvibqe<!kqVliz<!Ge<xk<Ks<!osz<GuQvibqe<!kqVliz<!Ge<xk<Ks<!osz<GuQvibqe<!kqVliz<!Ge<xk<Ks<!osz<GuQvibqe<!!!!!! (Silappadikaram 11-90, 91)

The epic Silappadikaram is said to be belonging the second century CE.2 In the part of Kadukan Kathai, which was says that about Tirumalkunram3

fqzl<hg!uQp<f<k!sqzl<hix<xge<xjz!fqzl<hg!uQp<f<k!sqzl<hix<xge<xjz!fqzl<hg!uQp<f<k!sqzl<hix<xge<xjz!fqzl<hg!uQp<f<k!sqzl<hix<xge<xjz!!!!!! (Silappadikaram 11-108)!

This stanza says that about Silambaru which is flowing on the Tirumalirunjolai Mountain.

lx<xju!fqjebiK!ljzlqjlx<xju!fqjebiK!ljzlqjlx<xju!fqjebiK!ljzlqjlx<xju!fqjebiK!ljzlqjs!fqe<Oxie<s!fqe<Oxie<s!fqe<Oxie<s!fqe<Oxie<!!!!

!!!! ohix<xiljvk<kit<!dt<tl<!ohiVf<Klqe<!ohix<xiljvk<kit<!dt<tl<!ohiVf<Klqe<!ohix<xiljvk<kit<!dt<tl<!ohiVf<Klqe<!ohix<xiljvk<kit<!dt<tl<!ohiVf<Klqe<!!!!! !!!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! (Silappadikaram 11-133,134)

Deity Alagar of soft feet look like lotus is in living at Tirumalirunjolai.

Nalayira Divya Prabandam

The ‘Nalayira Divya Prabandam’, the ancient Vaishnava piece of literature, is a collection of 4000 stanzas of Tamil poetry celebrating the 108 places of worship sacred to lord Vishnu. These poems are attributed by tradition to a certain numbers of devotees, generally counted as twelve and called as Alvars.4 The Alvars, who lived during the 7th and the 9th centuries, sang in praise of Vishnu and claimed him as divinity of the highest rank. Their poems constitute the anthology, known as Nalayira Divya Prabandam (the four thousand).5 Present Alagarkovil was mentions as Tirumalirunjolai and its lord find numerous references in the work of Nalayira Divya Prabandam Of the twelve Alvars six Alvars have not sung Tirumalirunjolai. The hymns of the

1 . R. Sarangapani, A Critical Study of Paripatal, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, 1984, p.55. 2. Indra Parthasarathy, Op.cit, p.27. 3 . Silappadikaram, verses,91. 4 . N.Ramesan, The Tirumala Temple, Tirupati, 2009, p.50. 5. Indra Parthasarathy, Vaisnavisam in the Tamil Literature Between the 7th and the 9th Centuries, Chennai, International Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai, 2002, p.1.


remaining six Alvars have reference to Tirumalirunjolai and its deity. They are Periya Alvar, Andal, Tirumangai, Alvar, Nammalvar, Putattu Alvar and Pey Alvar. This literature throws considerable light on the early history of Alagarkovil, Vishnu as the supreme god of Alagarkovil, Srirangam and Thiruppathi hills.

-Vh<hqml<!juGf<kl<!Our<gml<!-Vh<hqml<!juGf<kl<!Our<gml<!-Vh<hqml<!juGf<kl<!Our<gml<!-Vh<hqml<!juGf<kl<!Our<gml<!lizqVR<Osijz!we<El<!lizqVR<Osijz!we<El<!lizqVR<Osijz!we<El<!lizqVR<Osijz!we<El<!!!!!

ohiVh<hqml<!libEg<G!we<Ohii<!fz<Ozii<ohiVh<hqml<!libEg<G!we<Ohii<!fz<Ozii<ohiVh<hqml<!libEg<G!we<Ohii<!fz<Ozii<ohiVh<hqml<!libEg<G!we<Ohii<!fz<Ozii<!!!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! (Nalayira Divya Prabandam 2896)

Periya Alvar

Periya Alvar, a native of Srivilliputtur, in the Virudhunagar district southern Tamil Nadu. He refers to lord Alagar as Then Tirumalirunjolai Peruman6 in eight times. Periyalvar composed 34 Pasurams on about Tirumalirunjolai; he had a special affection for this temple. Among the 34 Pasurams he composed a full set of verses on the Alagarmalai itself stress its importance in the moonram Tirumoli.7 He also says that about the auspicious Thirtham Silambaru (presently called as Nupura Gangai).8 Periyalvar spent his last few years of his life at Tirumalirunjolai and also died here.

Andal

Andal, the foster child of Periyalvar has composed two works Tiruppavai and Nachiyar Tirumoli, which are immensely popular. Andal had always had a special liking to deity Alagar stationed in Tirumalirunjolai. From her early childhood, she had heard her father's devotional Pasurams expressing his love of this Perumal. She composed 10 Pasurams about lord Alagar. This Pasurams explain about Andal affection to the lord Alagar, beauty of Tirumalirunjolai’s mountain, forest and birds.9

Nammalvar

Nammalvar is the champion philosopher among the Alvars. He is the author of Tiruviruttam, Tiruvasiriyam, Periya Tiruvandathi and Tiruvaymoli. He has contributed the 46 numbers of hymns about lord Alagar and Tirumalirunjolai. In Tiruvaymoli, Nammalvar has delved deep into the several layers of consciousness for a mystic experience of god. Irandam pathu, Patham Tiruvaymoli having 11 songs composed about mountain Tirumalirunjolai, people would go to Tirumalirunjolai, they worship Malirunjolai Mayon.10 Munram pathu, Mudalam Tiruvaymoli having 11 songs composed about handsome of Tirumalirunjolai lord Alagar.11 Munram pathu, Irandam Tiruvaymoli having 11 songs composed about deity Alagar courageous activities.12 Patham pathu, ealam Tiruvaymoli13 having 11 songs and Patham pathu, ettam Tiruvaymoli14 having 2 songs praising Tirumalirunjolai lord Alagar affection on Nammalvar.

Tirumangai Alvar

Tirumangai Alvar was a great campaigner. He visited as many as 85 pilgrim centers and was responsible for the building of many Vaishnavite temples. His experiments with the Tamil prosody, not hesitating to use even the folk song motifs, reveal his maturity, and establish him as one of the greatest poets in Tamils. Tirumangai Alvar, one of the most learned of the Alvars, is 6 . Nalayira Divya Prabandam, verses: 71, 258, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461 and 462. 7 . Ibid, verses: 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358 and 359. 8 . Ibid, verses: 338. 9 . Ibid, verses: 587, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595 and 596. 10 . Ibid, verses: 3110, 3111, 3112, 3113, 3114, 3115, 3116, 3117, 3118, 3119 and 3120. 11 . Ibid, verses: 3121, 3122, 3123, 3124, 3125, 3126, 3127, 3128, 3129, 3130 and 3131. 12 . Ibid, verses: 3132, 3233, 3234, 3235, 3236, 3237, 3238, 3239, 3240, 3241 and 3242. 13 . Ibid, verses: 3957, 3958, 3959, 3960, 3961, 3962, 3963, 3964, 3965, 3966 and 3967. 14 . Ibid, verses: 3968 and 3973.


one who has contributed the 40 number of Pasurams in the Periya Tirumoli about lord Alagar and Tirumalirunjolai. Onpatham pathu, ettam Tirumoli15 and onpatham Tirumoli16 mention about Tirumalirunjolai.17 Rest of the 20 Pasurams says about deity Alagar and Tirumalirunjolai.18

Putattu Alavar

Putattu Alvar has composed three Pasurams in the second Tiruvandathi, about on the Tirumalirunjolai. The Alavar says that the Tirumalirunjolai mountain beauty and flowers.19

Pey Alvar

Pey Alvar’s had composed only one Pasuram in his 3rd Tiruvandathi about Tirumalirunjolai.20 This Alvar says that the sanctity of Alagarkoyil.

The above discussion is the interpretation of the Sangam literature Paripatal, post Sangam literature Silappadikaram and early period of Pallavas and Pandyas Bhakti literature Nalayira Divya Prabandam. From these literatures we find Lord Alagar was called as Tirumal, Mal, his abode Tirumalirunjolai Mountain, Silambaru, forest and flowers were discussed.

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

15 . Ibid, verses: 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826 and 1827. 16 . Ibid, verses: 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836 and 1837. 17 . Ibid, verses: 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1824, 1825, 1826 and 1827. 18 . Ibid, verses: 1022, 1114, 1329, 1573, 1634, 1760, 1765, 1855, 1969, 2020, 2034, 2707, 2708, 2778, 2227, 2229, 2235 and 2342. 19 . Ibid, verses: 2227, 2229 and 2235. 20 . Ibid, verses: 2342.


!!!!

!!!!

hiuqk<kiz<!OhiKl<!hvlfqjz!wb<Kukx<Og"hiuqk<kiz<!OhiKl<!hvlfqjz!wb<Kukx<Og"hiuqk<kiz<!OhiKl<!hvlfqjz!wb<Kukx<Og"hiuqk<kiz<!OhiKl<!hvlfqjz!wb<Kukx<Og"!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*Ljeui<!S/Ljeui<!S/Ljeui<!S/Ljeui<!S/gif<kqKjv?!gif<kqKjv?!gif<kqKjv?!gif<kqKjv?!-j{h<Ohvisqiqbi<?!klqp<k<Kjx?!kqbigvisi<!gz<Z~iq?!lKjv!–!:/[email protected]

! sLkibk<kqe<! nch<hjmk<! Okjubie! d{U?! djm?! djxBt<! okipqz<?! gz<uq?!d{<jl?! -e<hl<?! Fgv<U! -ju! wm<Ml<! leqk! Okjubig! Le<fqx<gqe<xe/! ! -jugt<!leqke<! uipk<! OkjubiejugtiGl</! ! hivkqbqe<! sqk<kif<kl<! wz<zik<kvh<hqeVg<Glie!fqjzbqz<! -Vf<kiZl<?! djpg<Gl<! lg<gt<! uip<uqz<! db<kq! ohx! Ou{<Ml<! we<X!uqVl<hqbue</! ! ! gizk<kqe<! Okju! d{v<f<K! Obisqh<hie<</! ! hivkq! Ne<l! Oum<jg! Okcg<!g{<miz<!sqk<kvigg<!gi{Lcgqe<xK/!!s&g!uqOlisek<kqx<giek<!Okjugt<!we<e!!we<e!we<hjk! d{v<f<K! outqh<hMk<kqbue</! ! hivkqbqe<! sqk<kif<kl<! we<hK! n0Okiv<!w{<{g<Guqbz<?! nPk<klie! fl<hqg<jg?! hvl<ohiVtqml<! Ou{<Mgqe<xOhiK! sg<kqjbh<!ohVgqxie</! ! -s<s&gk<kqx<gie! Ne<li! uqMkjz! Ou{<Ml<! we<x! w{<{l<! d{<migqxK/!!nf<k!w{<{l<!oktqUhm!oktqUhm!nkqz<!uqjmjbs<!osiz<zquqMgqxie</!

! okiz<gih<hqbv<!gizk<K!uip<f<k!sqk<kv<gt<!ÄÄnxquv<}}!weh<!Ohix<xh<ohx<xev</!!Ne<li!Obig! ofxqgtiz<! ohx<xk<! kqxl<! kie<! ÄÄnxque<}}! weh<! Hxk<kqj{bqz<! uijgg<G! upr<gh<!ohx<xjk?! ÄÄlXuqz<! osb<kq!&ujgg<! gizLl<ÄÄlXuqz<! osb<kq!&ujgg<! gizLl<ÄÄlXuqz<! osb<kq!&ujgg<! gizLl<ÄÄlXuqz<! osb<kq!&ujgg<! gizLl<! ofxqbqe<!Nx<xqb!nxque<! Okbl<}}! )okiz</!ofxqbqe<!Nx<xqb!nxque<! Okbl<}}! )okiz</!ofxqbqe<!Nx<xqb!nxque<! Okbl<}}! )okiz</!ofxqbqe<!Nx<xqb!nxque<! Okbl<}}! )okiz</!Hxl</*Hxl</*Hxl</*Hxl</*!weg<!gill<?!ouGtq?!lbg<gl<?!-z<zik!yPg<gk<jkBjmb!-xh<H?!fqgp<U?!wkqv<U!&ujgg<! gizk<kqZl<! ofxqbi{<! njlf<k! LPK{v<Ujmbue<<! ÄÄnxqque<! Okbl<}}! weg<!Gxqh<hqmzil</!!lg<gt<!fzl<!Oh{qbh<!hjmh<hitqgjts<!sqf<keiuikqgjt!Äuqk<kgv<!sqk<kv<!g{l<}!weh<!Ohix<xzil<!wek<!kiBli{uv<!Le<jug<gqxiv</!

! n]<mir<g! Obigl<! jguvh<ohx<xuv<! lm<Ml<! sqk<kv<! nz<zv<?! s&g! fzEg<gieg<!gVk<jks<! osiz<ZuKlm<Mlz<z?! keqleqke<! uip<uqz<! fqgp<g%cb! -e<hl<?! Ke<hr<gjt!uqtg<gqBjvh<hKl<?! Ne<l! uqMkjz! ohXukx<gie! upqgjts<! osiz<huv<gt<! njeuvOl!sqk<kv<gt<! kil</! ! hivkqbqe<! guqjkgjt! Nb<U! wz<jzbigh<! hVf<Kh<! hiv<jubqz<!-g<gm<Mjvh<! hb{qg<gqxK/! ! hivkq! s&g! uqMkjzg<! gi{uv</! ! oh{<! uqMkjz! ohvqKl<!uqVl<hqeiv</! ! -juobz<zil<! -Vg<gm<Ml<! leqke<! uip<gqe<x! gizk<kqz<! Ne<l! uqMkjz!ohx!Ou{<Ml<!we<x!w{<{k<jkBl<!nkx<gie!upqgjts<!osiz<zqs<!ose<Xt<tiv<!we<hjk!fqXUuOk!Ofig<gligg<!-g<gm<Mjv!njlgqxK/!

! hivkq! leqkeqe<! sgzuqklie! ! Ke<hr<gTg<G! nch<hjmg<! giv{l<! gujzkie</!!We<!gujzh<hMgqxie</!!gujzg<gi{!giv{l<!we<e!wek<!OkMgqxiv</!!ÄÄofR<sqz<!gujz!ÄÄofR<sqz<!gujz!ÄÄofR<sqz<!gujz!ÄÄofR<sqz<!gujz!fqkLl<!hbqvig<gq!nR<sq!dbqv<!uip<kz<!Änxqbijl}!}}fqkLl<!hbqvig<gq!nR<sq!dbqv<!uip<kz<!Änxqbijl}!}}fqkLl<!hbqvig<gq!nR<sq!dbqv<!uip<kz<!Änxqbijl}!}}fqkLl<!hbqvig<gq!nR<sq!dbqv<!uip<kz<!Änxqbijl}!}}!wek<!oktqUhMk<Kgqxiv</!!hqvqOkiv<!-mk<kqz<! ÄÄWjes<!Smv<lqGl<!nxqUme<ÄÄWjes<!Smv<lqGl<!nxqUme<ÄÄWjes<!Smv<lqGl<!nxqUme<ÄÄWjes<!Smv<lqGl<!nxqUme<! hjmk<Kuqm<mib<?! uz<zjl! kiviObi! -f<k! lifqzl<!hbEx! uip<ukx<Og@! squsg<kq! we<je! fz<z! nxqUme<! hjmk<Kuqm<mib<! Neiz<! fiOe!ns<slikqgtiz<! hbf<K! ogi{<M! -Vg<gqOxe</! ! wr<gTg<G! nxqU! lm<MOl! OhiKli@!ofR<sqz<! dvlqz<zilz<! -Vg<gLcBli@/! ! ke<el<hqg<jgbqz<zik! fqjzbqz<! -Vh<hkiz<!wr<gTg<G! uz<zjl! kvOu{<Ml</! ! -u<uz<zjl! lek<kqz<! dXkq! hqxf<Kuqm<miz<!uig<gqeqOz! oktqU! hqxg<Gl</! ! uig<gqz<! oktqU! hqxf<K! osbz<! oktqujmBl<?! -ju!wz<zil<! lifqzl<! hbe<ohXuK?! lifqzl<! hbe<! ohx<Xuqm<miz<! weg<giek<! Okmz<!g{<mjmf<kkigg<!gVKgqxiv</!

! ÄÄnxqOu!okb<ulig}}!uzqBxk<kqbuv<!kiBli{uv</!!nf<k!ncs<Sum<cOz!hivkqbqe<!Ne<l! uqMkjzg<gi{! OkmZg<G! upqgim<cbig! osiz<Zg<Gl<! osbZg<Gl<! okimv<hx<X!uiPl<Ohizq!Ne<lQguikqgjtg<!g{<M!ouXh<Hx<xuv</!!hivkqbiv<!kl<Ljmbg<!gm<Mjvbqz<!


kiBlieuvqe<! ncgjth<! hqe<hx<Xgqxiv</! ! ÄÄsf<kkP! Okuolipq! biokie<X! hx<xqeK! kie<!ÄÄsf<kkP! Okuolipq! biokie<X! hx<xqeK! kie<!ÄÄsf<kkP! Okuolipq! biokie<X! hx<xqeK! kie<!ÄÄsf<kkP! Okuolipq! biokie<X! hx<xqeK! kie<!uf<K!lx<Xl<}}uf<K!lx<Xl<}}uf<K!lx<Xl<}}uf<K!lx<Xl<}}!weg<!Gxqh<hqMgqxiv</!

! nPg{<{qs<! sqk<kv<?! ÄÄDk<jks<! smzl<! we<X! w{<{iOkA! -jk?! dh<hqm<m! h{<ml<!ÄÄDk<jks<! smzl<! we<X! w{<{iOkA! -jk?! dh<hqm<m! h{<ml<!ÄÄDk<jks<! smzl<! we<X! w{<{iOkA! -jk?! dh<hqm<m! h{<ml<!ÄÄDk<jks<! smzl<! we<X! w{<{iOkA! -jk?! dh<hqm<m! h{<ml<!we<X! w{<{iOkA! hiv<k<k! OhVg<G! Dk<jk! -z<jzA! -jkh<! hiv<k<Kg<! ogit<! dk<kle<!we<X! w{<{iOkA! hiv<k<k! OhVg<G! Dk<jk! -z<jzA! -jkh<! hiv<k<Kg<! ogit<! dk<kle<!we<X! w{<{iOkA! hiv<k<k! OhVg<G! Dk<jk! -z<jzA! -jkh<! hiv<k<Kg<! ogit<! dk<kle<!we<X! w{<{iOkA! hiv<k<k! OhVg<G! Dk<jk! -z<jzA! -jkh<! hiv<k<Kg<! ogit<! dk<kle<!dmZg<Gt<Ot}}dmZg<Gt<Ot}}dmZg<Gt<Ot}}dmZg<Gt<Ot}}! we! wz<zi! de<! dMl<Hg<Gt<Ot! -Vh<hjk! uqm<M! outqbqz<! Okm!Ou{<mil<!weg<!%xqeiv</!!de<!lejsh<!hiv<k<Kg<g?!nr<Og!dk<kle<!Gcogi{<Mt<tie</!kqV&zl<!ÄÄdmz<!utv<k<Oke<!dbqv<!utv<k<OkOe"}}ÄÄdmz<!utv<k<Oke<!dbqv<!utv<k<OkOe"}}ÄÄdmz<!utv<k<Oke<!dbqv<!utv<k<OkOe"}}ÄÄdmz<!utv<k<Oke<!dbqv<!utv<k<OkOe"}}!weg<!Gxqh<hqMgqxiv</!

! hivkq! g{<{e<! him<M! LPuKOl! Ohvqe<h! fqjzjbg<! gi{<hkx<gig! -jxujek<!kf<jkbig?! kibig?! GVuig?! sQmeig?! gikzqbig?! ncjlbig?! Gpf<jkbig?! dx<x!Okipeig?!fz<zisqvqbElig?!h{<hqOz!okb<ulig!we<Egqxie<</! Äh{<hqOz!sqxf<kK!wKOu!Äh{<hqOz!sqxf<kK!wKOu!Äh{<hqOz!sqxf<kK!wKOu!Äh{<hqOz!sqxf<kK!wKOu!nKOu!okb<ul<}nKOu!okb<ul<}nKOu!okb<ul<}nKOu!okb<ul<}!wz<zilig!-Vf<kue<!lek<kqOz!wz<zih<!hvqlie!fqjzbqZl<?!ne<hqZl<!hisk<kqZl<?! dkuq! osb<ukqZl<?! g{<ch<hqZl<?! sg! fqjzbqZl<! lpjzh<Ohs<sqOz!dt<tk<jkg<! ogit<jtg<! ogi{<M?! ogiR<sl<! ogiR<slig! lel<! uqsizl<! njmgqxie</!!-u<uqsizk<kqz<! ds<sl<! kie<! h{<hqOz! okb<uligg<! gim<sqbtqg<gqxie</! ! ÄÄg{<Ome<! nuv<!ÄÄg{<Ome<! nuv<!ÄÄg{<Ome<! nuv<!ÄÄg{<Ome<! nuv<!kqVh<hikl<! g{<mxqbike! g{<Ome<}}kqVh<hikl<! g{<mxqbike! g{<Ome<}}kqVh<hikl<! g{<mxqbike! g{<Ome<}}kqVh<hikl<! g{<mxqbike! g{<Ome<}}! nh<hv<! %XuK! fqjeU! ogit<tk<kg<gK/! ! leqkje!uVk<Kl<! kVl<?! Ofib<g<G! lVf<K! kVukig! ÄÄDje! uVk<kqMl<! Ofib<! uVl<! Ohikqeqz<?!ÄÄDje! uVk<kqMl<! Ofib<! uVl<! Ohikqeqz<?!ÄÄDje! uVk<kqMl<! Ofib<! uVl<! Ohikqeqz<?!ÄÄDje! uVk<kqMl<! Ofib<! uVl<! Ohikqeqz<?!dx<x! lVf<K! osiz<uie</! ! ofR<sl</! =eg<! gujzgt<! wb<kqMl<! Ohikqz<?! -kR<osiz<zq!dx<x! lVf<K! osiz<uie</! ! ofR<sl</! =eg<! gujzgt<! wb<kqMl<! Ohikqz<?! -kR<osiz<zq!dx<x! lVf<K! osiz<uie</! ! ofR<sl</! =eg<! gujzgt<! wb<kqMl<! Ohikqz<?! -kR<osiz<zq!dx<x! lVf<K! osiz<uie</! ! ofR<sl</! =eg<! gujzgt<! wb<kqMl<! Ohikqz<?! -kR<osiz<zq!lixqMuie<}}lixqMuie<}}lixqMuie<}}lixqMuie<}}! .! lel<! =eg<! gujz! ogit<Tl<! OhiK! -klig! Ohsq! gujzjb! lxg<gs<!osb<uie</!!-e<X!leqk!Gzl<!=eg<!gujzbiz<!dpe<X!ogi{<M!lVg<gqxiv<gt<!!=eg<!gujzjb! ngx<x! g{<{e<him<M! sR<sQuqbig! -Vh<hjk! uisqh<hue<! d{vzil</! ! Ofib<!dmjz!uVk<Kl</!!gujz!lejs!uVk<Kl</!! ÄÄne<hqx!sqxf<k!kulqz<jzA!ne<Hjmbiv<!ÄÄne<hqx!sqxf<k!kulqz<jzA!ne<Hjmbiv<!ÄÄne<hqx!sqxf<k!kulqz<jzA!ne<Hjmbiv<!ÄÄne<hqx!sqxf<k!kulqz<jzA!ne<Hjmbiv<!-e<Hx<X! uip<kz<! -bz<H/}}-e<Hx<X! uip<kz<! -bz<H/}}-e<Hx<X! uip<kz<! -bz<H/}}-e<Hx<X! uip<kz<! -bz<H/}}! gujzh<hMkOz! gVfvG! nl<li?! gujzbx<xqVk<kOz! Lg<kq!weg<! %Xgqxiv</! ! ÄÄOujzh<! h{qf<kiz<! uqMkjzbil<A! Ouz<! LVge<! gijzh<! h{qf<kiz<!ÄÄOujzh<! h{qf<kiz<! uqMkjzbil<A! Ouz<! LVge<! gijzh<! h{qf<kiz<!ÄÄOujzh<! h{qf<kiz<! uqMkjzbil<A! Ouz<! LVge<! gijzh<! h{qf<kiz<!ÄÄOujzh<! h{qf<kiz<! uqMkjzbil<A! Ouz<! LVge<! gijzh<! h{qf<kiz<!gujzOhil<}}gujzOhil<}}gujzOhil<}}gujzOhil<}}! weg<! Gxqh<hqMujkh<! hiv<gzil</! ! deg<G! gujzOhig! Ou{<Mli?!Glvg<gmUtqe<!hikk<jkh<!h{qf<kiz<!gujz!OhiGlh<hi!weg<!%xgqxiv</!hivkqjbs<!s&g!lVk<kueig!uip<f<kue</!!

! hivkq?! lel<! nK! osl<jlbieiz<! lf<kqvl<! oshqg<g! Ou{<mil<?! lel<! osl<jlh<hm!uqVl<hqbue</! ! hivkq! ÄuqjsBX! hf<kqjeh<! Ohiz<! dt<tl<! Ou{<cb! hcosZl<! dmz<!ÄuqjsBX! hf<kqjeh<! Ohiz<! dt<tl<! Ou{<cb! hcosZl<! dmz<!ÄuqjsBX! hf<kqjeh<! Ohiz<! dt<tl<! Ou{<cb! hcosZl<! dmz<!ÄuqjsBX! hf<kqjeh<! Ohiz<! dt<tl<! Ou{<cb! hcosZl<! dmz<!Ogm<Ome<}Ogm<Ome<}Ogm<Ome<}Ogm<Ome<}!lel<!uqjsBX!hf<kqjeh<!Ohiz<!-Vf<K!dmz<!uzqjlbqz<zilz<!-Vf<kiz<!le!uzqjl! Ge<xqh<! Ohib<uqMl</! ! leqkje! leqkeig<GuK! dxUgTl<! dkuqgTl<! nz<z/!!yVuEg<G!Wx<hmg<%cb!Ke<hr<gTl<!-jmB,xgTl<!leqkeig<Ggqe<xe/!!keqleqkEg<G!fl<hqg<jg! jkk<kqV! lVf<kiTgqxie</! ! Y"! lieqmOe! deg<G! ÄÄwMk<k! givqbl<! biuqEl<!ÄÄwMk<k! givqbl<! biuqEl<!ÄÄwMk<k! givqbl<! biuqEl<!ÄÄwMk<k! givqbl<! biuqEl<!oux<xq?!wr<G!Ofig<gqEl<!oux<xq?!w{<[!ol{<{r<gt<!biuqEl<!oux<xq?!wr<Gl<!oux<xq?!oux<xq?!wr<G!Ofig<gqEl<!oux<xq?!w{<[!ol{<{r<gt<!biuqEl<!oux<xq?!wr<Gl<!oux<xq?!oux<xq?!wr<G!Ofig<gqEl<!oux<xq?!w{<[!ol{<{r<gt<!biuqEl<!oux<xq?!wr<Gl<!oux<xq?!oux<xq?!wr<G!Ofig<gqEl<!oux<xq?!w{<[!ol{<{r<gt<!biuqEl<!oux<xq?!wr<Gl<!oux<xq?!wkqeqZwkqeqZwkqeqZwkqeqZl<! oux<xq?! NgOu! deg<G! oux<xq! we<hjk! w{<{qh<! hbh<hmiOk"/}}l<! oux<xq?! NgOu! deg<G! oux<xq! we<hjk! w{<{qh<! hbh<hmiOk"/}}l<! oux<xq?! NgOu! deg<G! oux<xq! we<hjk! w{<{qh<! hbh<hmiOk"/}}l<! oux<xq?! NgOu! deg<G! oux<xq! we<hjk! w{<{qh<! hbh<hmiOk"/}}! ! leqk!uip<g<jgbqz<! wKUl<! hbh<hm! Ou{<cb! uq]blqz<jz/! ! nh<h! nK! Hvqf<K! ogit<th<hm!Ou{<cb! uq]bliGl<! weh<! hivkq?! leqkje! Ne<liuqe<! Okmjzh<! Hvqf<Kogit<t!Ou{<Mgqxie</!

! flg<G! uhip<uqbz<! fqjzbqz<! sv<uskigizlig! weg<G! yV! hqvs<sje! weh<!OhSujk! fil<! hzvqml<! Ogt<uqh<hm<M! -Vh<Ohil</! ! Neiz<! -e<jxb! ke<el<hqg<jg!hbqx<sqbitv<gt<! weg<G! nz<zK! we<Ejmb! kqxjlg<G! fz<z! suiz<! we<X! w{<{qeiz<!hqvs<sje!hqvs<sjebigOu!okvqbiK!weg<!Gxqh<hqMgqxiv<gt</!!NgOu!leqkEg<G!lm<MOl!uip<uqbz<! hqvs<sje! dt<tkig! ! we<EuK! nxqbijl/! ! dzgqz<! dt<t! nj{k<K!dbqvqer<gTg<Gl<! uip<uqz<! jlb! fQOvim<ml<! Ohie<xK/! ! $pz<! -zzilz<! -Vg<giK!!fQOvim<m! $pZl<! uip<uqbz<! $Zl<! ye<Xkie</! ! fQf<kk<! okvqbikuv<gt<! uqMkjz! ohx!Ou{<Ml<!OhigOu{<cbK!kie</!!hivkq!wz<zi!dbqvqer<gTl<!uqMkjz!ohx!Ou{<Ml<!we!-jxuje! Ou{<Ml</! ! wz<zi! dbqv<gTg<Gl<! uqMkjz! kv! Ou{<Ml<! we<X! w{<{qbke<!outqh<hiMkie<?! ÄÄOhsih<!ohiVjth<!Ohs!fie<!K{qf<Oke<?!Ogm<gi!uvk<jkg<!Ogm<g!fie<!ÄÄOhsih<!ohiVjth<!Ohs!fie<!K{qf<Oke<?!Ogm<gi!uvk<jkg<!Ogm<g!fie<!ÄÄOhsih<!ohiVjth<!Ohs!fie<!K{qf<Oke<?!Ogm<gi!uvk<jkg<!Ogm<g!fie<!ÄÄOhsih<!ohiVjth<!Ohs!fie<!K{qf<Oke<?!Ogm<gi!uvk<jkg<!Ogm<g!fie<!K{qf<Oke<?!l{<!lQKt<t!lg<gt<!hxjugt<?!uqzr<Ggt<!H,s<sqgt<!Hx<H,{<M!lvr<gt<?!biUl<!K{qf<Oke<?!l{<!lQKt<t!lg<gt<!hxjugt<?!uqzr<Ggt<!H,s<sqgt<!Hx<H,{<M!lvr<gt<?!biUl<!K{qf<Oke<?!l{<!lQKt<t!lg<gt<!hxjugt<?!uqzr<Ggt<!H,s<sqgt<!Hx<H,{<M!lvr<gt<?!biUl<!K{qf<Oke<?!l{<!lQKt<t!lg<gt<!hxjugt<?!uqzr<Ggt<!H,s<sqgt<!Hx<H,{<M!lvr<gt<?!biUl<!we<! uqjebiwe<! uqjebiwe<! uqjebiwe<! uqjebiz<! -Ml<jh! kQv<f<Ok?! -e<hLx<x<<! ne<Hme<! -{r<gq! uip<f<kqmOu?! osb<kz<!z<! -Ml<jh! kQv<f<Ok?! -e<hLx<x<<! ne<Hme<! -{r<gq! uip<f<kqmOu?! osb<kz<!z<! -Ml<jh! kQv<f<Ok?! -e<hLx<x<<! ne<Hme<! -{r<gq! uip<f<kqmOu?! osb<kz<!z<! -Ml<jh! kQv<f<Ok?! -e<hLx<x<<! ne<Hme<! -{r<gq! uip<f<kqmOu?! osb<kz<!Ou{<Ml<! Oku! Okui}}Ou{<Ml<! Oku! Okui}}Ou{<Ml<! Oku! Okui}}Ou{<Ml<! Oku! Okui}}! weg<! Gxqh<hqMgqxiv</! ! wf<kh<! hjmh<hitqBl<! Ogm<gi! uvk<jk! fie<!Ogm<g! K{qf<kue<! hivkq/! ! slbr<gt<! gmUjtBl<?! Olim<sk<jkBl<! hz<OuX! fqjzbqz<!uqtg<gqs<!osiz<Zgqe<xe/!


! wz<zis<! slbLl<! ne<jh! Lke<jlh<hMk<kqeiZl<! osiz<zg<%cb! upqLjxgjt!nf<k! nf<k! slbr<gt<! d{v<f<kke<! upqOb! d{v<k<Kgqe<xe/! ! slbr<gtqe<! Ofig<gl<!dbqv<gt<!uQMOhX?!Lg<kq?!osiv<g<gl<!Olim<sl<?!lXhqxh<H!-z<ziK!-Vk<kz<!-ju!wz<zil<!dbqvqe<! -xh<Hg<Gh<! hqe<! fqgpg<%cb! ye<xigOu! Ne<lQguikqgTl<! RieqgTl<?!slbuikqgTl<! hiv<g<g! %cbkiGl</! ! silieqbE<l! ! -xh<Hg<Gh<hqe<! dzgl<! d{<M! we!fl<Hgqxie</!! ÄÄwm<Mk<kqjsBl<!hkqeiX!Ogi{Ll<!wr<Gl<!ye<xib<!&m<ck<!kKl<hq!Ljtk<!ÄÄwm<Mk<kqjsBl<!hkqeiX!Ogi{Ll<!wr<Gl<!ye<xib<!&m<ck<!kKl<hq!Ljtk<!ÄÄwm<Mk<kqjsBl<!hkqeiX!Ogi{Ll<!wr<Gl<!ye<xib<!&m<ck<!kKl<hq!Ljtk<!ÄÄwm<Mk<kqjsBl<!hkqeiX!Ogi{Ll<!wr<Gl<!ye<xib<!&m<ck<!kKl<hq!Ljtk<!Okr<Gl<! Osikq}}Okr<Gl<! Osikq}}Okr<Gl<! Osikq}}Okr<Gl<! Osikq}}! .! weh<! hm<cek<kiv<! uqtg<gl<! kVgqxiv</! ! Ne<li! uQMOhX! njmbh<!hg<Gul<! nusqbligqxK/! ! hg<Guh<hm<m! Ne<li! ÄÄ-e<hk<jk! w{<[huv<g<Og! we<Xl<!ÄÄ-e<hk<jk! w{<[huv<g<Og! we<Xl<!ÄÄ-e<hk<jk! w{<[huv<g<Og! we<Xl<!ÄÄ-e<hk<jk! w{<[huv<g<Og! we<Xl<!-e<hlqgk<! kVukqz<! -e<hLjmbie<}}-e<hlqgk<! kVukqz<! -e<hLjmbie<}}-e<hlqgk<! kVukqz<! -e<hLjmbie<}}-e<hlqgk<! kVukqz<! -e<hLjmbie<}}! .! -e<hk<jk! -e<hligUl<?! Ke<hk<jkk<! Ke<hligh<!hiv<g<gik! lefqjzOb! Rieqgtqe<! fqjzbiGl</! ÄÄYMl<! osl<ohie<El<! yg<gOu! Ofig<Gkz<!ÄÄYMl<! osl<ohie<El<! yg<gOu! Ofig<Gkz<!ÄÄYMl<! osl<ohie<El<! yg<gOu! Ofig<Gkz<!ÄÄYMl<! osl<ohie<El<! yg<gOu! Ofig<Gkz<!gi{<}}gi{<}}gi{<}}gi{<}}!l{<!Ym<jmBl<?!hSl<!ohie<jeBl<!ye<xigh<!hiv<g<Gl<!lefqjzOb!hg<Gufqjzbig!nVtitv<gt<!njmbitl<!gi{<gqxiv</!

! hivkq! Obigl<?! bigl<?! Riel<! -jugTg<Gh<! HKjlbie! uqtg<gl<! kVujkh<!hiVr<gt<?! ÄÄDVg<!Gjpk<kqmz<!Obigl<!ÄÄDVg<!Gjpk<kqmz<!Obigl<!ÄÄDVg<!Gjpk<kqmz<!Obigl<!ÄÄDVg<!Gjpk<kqmz<!Obigl<! ....!!!!fzl<?!Yr<gqoliX!uVf<Kkz<!fzl<?!Yr<gqoliX!uVf<Kkz<!fzl<?!Yr<gqoliX!uVf<Kkz<!fzl<?!Yr<gqoliX!uVf<Kkz<! ....!!!!bigl<?!OhiVg<G!bigl<?!OhiVg<G!bigl<?!OhiVg<G!bigl<?!OhiVg<G!fqe<xqMl<OhiKl<! dtl<! ohir<gz<! -z<zik!fqe<xqMl<OhiKl<! dtl<! ohir<gz<! -z<zik!fqe<xqMl<OhiKl<! dtl<! ohir<gz<! -z<zik!fqe<xqMl<OhiKl<! dtl<! ohir<gz<! -z<zik! njlkq! olb<R<Riel<}}njlkq! olb<R<Riel<}}njlkq! olb<R<Riel<}}njlkq! olb<R<Riel<}}! weg<! Gxqh<hqMuK!HKjlbie!uqtg<gliGl</!!hivkq!DVg<G!fe<jl!Ou{<c!djpk<kqmz<!kie<!Obigl<!weh<!ohiKjljbh<! HKjl! osb<gqxiv</! ! gqvilk<kqz<! Dv<Oujz! osb<bh<Ohie! )Gclge<?!oum<cbie<! bigitq?! ks<S! Nsivq*! uQm<cz<! uisUm<ch<OhiGl</! ! ÄÄDVg<G! dpjps<sue<!ÄÄDVg<G! dpjps<sue<!ÄÄDVg<G! dpjps<sue<!ÄÄDVg<G! dpjps<sue<!OOOOgiuei{<c}}giuei{<c}}giuei{<c}}giuei{<c}}!we<hK!njph<hK!hpolipq/!

! DVg<G! djph<hKObigligUl</! ! bigl<! we<hkx<gie! uqtg<gl<! ÄÄfzl<! Yr<gqMliX!ÄÄfzl<! Yr<gqMliX!ÄÄfzl<! Yr<gqMliX!ÄÄfzl<! Yr<gqMliX!uVf<Kkz<}}uVf<Kkz<}}uVf<Kkz<}}uVf<Kkz<}}! biglil<! -r<G! ke<Ejmb! fzk<jks<! SVg<gqg<! ogi{<M! hqxv<! fzl<! ohx!djph<hK! bigliGl</! ! yVue<! fzk<jk! we<hjk! Sbfzk<jk! uVf<Kkz<! weg<!Gxqh<hqMgqxiv</!!Sbfzlqz<zi!uip<g<jgOb!bigliGl</!

! olb<R<Riel<! Jf<K! nuqkz<! kie</! ! olteGV! osie<ejkh<! Ohiz<! ÄSl<li}!-Vk<kz<?! -r<Og! Sgl</! ! Sl<li! wh<hc! -Vg<gLcbiK/! ! ÄSl<li}ÄSl<li}ÄSl<li}ÄSl<li}! we<hK! Jl<ohixqgjt!Änmg<Gukqz<jz}?!Jl<ohixqgjtBl<!Sm<M!nXk<kOz!fzl</!!ÄÄOhiVg<G!fqe<xqMl<!OhiKl<!ÄÄOhiVg<G!fqe<xqMl<!OhiKl<!ÄÄOhiVg<G!fqe<xqMl<!OhiKl<!ÄÄOhiVg<G!fqe<xqMl<!OhiKl<!....!!!!dtl<!ohidtl<!ohidtl<!ohidtl<!ohir<gz<!-z<zik!njlkq!olb<R<Riel<}r<gz<!-z<zik!njlkq!olb<R<Riel<}r<gz<!-z<zik!njlkq!olb<R<Riel<}r<gz<!-z<zik!njlkq!olb<R<Riel<}!.!we!uqtg<Ggqxiv</!!hjmuQve<!OhiVg<G!osz<zl<! OhiK! nuEjmb! lel<! kMlix<xl<! -z<zilz<?! Ohivqeiz<! Wx<hmg<%cb! -ph<H!lenjlkqjbg<!Gjpg<Gl</!!Njgbiz<!OhiVg<G!osz<Zl<!le!Ohivqe<!-zg<jg!lm<MOl!w{<{qbqVg<g! lel<! njlkqbig! -Vg<gqxK/! ! nKOu! ÄÄolb<R<Riel<}}! wek<!oktqUhMgqxiv</! ! olb<R<Riel<! we<xiz<! we<e! okvqBli?! OhiVg<G! hjm! fmk<kq!osz<Zl<OhiKl<! lekqz<! Wx<hmg<%cb! oktqU! kie<! Äolb<R<Riel<}! weg<! Gxqh<hqMgqxiv</!!le! njlkqBl<! nke<! upq! hqxg<gg<%cb! oktqUOl! olb<Riek<kqx<Gg<gi{k<! kqxUOgiz</!!lel<!njlkqBl<!oktqU!ohXuOk!Riek<kqx<gie!hcfqjzbiGl</!!!

! hivkq?!skisv<u!gizLl<!dzg!uip<g<jgbqz<!-Vh<hue<!wkx<G!wMk<kiZl<!Ägujz}!ogi{<M! njpBl<! leqk! %Mgjth<! hiv<g<gqxie</! ! nuv<gt<! Olz<! Ogiul<! ogi{<M!NOuslig! hiMgqxie</! ! hivkqbqe<! Hkqb! Nk<kqs<$cbqz<?! ns<sl<! kuqv<?! Hkqbe! uqVns<sl<! kuqv<?! Hkqbe! uqVns<sl<! kuqv<?! Hkqbe! uqVns<sl<! kuqv<?! Hkqbe! uqVl<H?!l<H?!l<H?!l<H?!Oukl<! HKjlosb<?! okb<ul<! fQ! we<X! d{v<?Oukl<! HKjlosb<?! okb<ul<! fQ! we<X! d{v<?Oukl<! HKjlosb<?! okb<ul<! fQ! we<X! d{v<?Oukl<! HKjlosb<?! okb<ul<! fQ! we<X! d{v<?! -ju! wz<zil<! leqke<! hpjlbqZl<!hGk<kxqUbqe<jlbqeiZl<!osb<bg<%cb!kuXgjtg<!gjtb!Ou{<Ml</!!hjpb!osbZg<G!-e<Xl<!l{<cbqm<M!kul<!gqmg<giOk?!lekqOz!Wx<hmg<%cb!wz<zi!uqklie!ns<sr<gjtk<!kuqv<k<kz<! Hkqbejugjt! uqVl<Huib<?! weg<! %Xgqxii</! Hkqbe! uqVl<hqeiz<! Oukk<kqz<!HKjl! osb<kiz<! nxqbijl! ngZl<?! nxqbijl! nge<xiz<! de<je! fQ! biv<! we!d{v<f<Kogit<Tuib<! de<je! fQ! biv<! we<hjk! d{v<f<K! uqm<mhqe<! okb<ul<! fQ! kie<!we<hjk! fQOb! d{vOu{<Ml</! ! fQ! kie<! okb<ul<! we<hjk! d{v<f<kiz<! osiv<g<gLl<?!fvgLl<!d{v<f<K!ogit<uib</!!!

Hkqb!Hkqb!d{<jlgjtg<?!gVk<Kg<gjt?!wm<ch<hqck<KuqM/!!hqck<Kuqm<miz<!Ne<l!uqMkjz!njmbzil</!!ÄÄwh<ohiVt<!wk<ke<jlk<kibqEl<!nh<ohiVt<!olb<h<ohiVt<!gi{<hK!ÄÄwh<ohiVt<!wk<ke<jlk<kibqEl<!nh<ohiVt<!olb<h<ohiVt<!gi{<hK!ÄÄwh<ohiVt<!wk<ke<jlk<kibqEl<!nh<ohiVt<!olb<h<ohiVt<!gi{<hK!ÄÄwh<ohiVt<!wk<ke<jlk<kibqEl<!nh<ohiVt<!olb<h<ohiVt<!gi{<hK!nxqU}}nxqU}}nxqU}}nxqU}}! ut<Tueqe<! uig<jg! d{v<f<kqbue<! hivkq/! ! dzgqbz<! uip<uqz<! gjvf<KOhie!leqke<! nkqOz! -e<hl<! g{<M! uqm<mie</! ! nuEg<G! nkx<GOlz<! Ohig! lelqz<jzbi@!nkx<gie!Okjubqz<jzbi@!okvqbuqz<jzbi@!wz<ziux<xqZl<!dt<t!d{<jl!ohiVjtk<!oktquKkie<!nxqU/!!nf<k!utv<fqjzkie<!olb<ohiVt<!gie<hkx<gie!Lkx<!hcfqjz/!!!

hivkq! klqp<! -zg<gqbh<hvh<jh! LPKlig! uisqk<K! uisqk<K! hqe<! Obisqk<K!Obisqk<Kk<! oktqU! ohx<xie<! Ne<l! Oum<jg! fqjz! wz<OzivqmLl<! -Vg<Gl</! ! Neiz<!


uqgqkis<sivl<! Ou{<Mlieiz<! OuXhmzil</! nVtitv<gt<! Obisqk<k! Ogi{k<jkk<! kuqv<k<K!Hkqb!Ogi{k<kqz<!dt<uir<Ggqxie</!hivkqbijv!ouXl<!nvsqbz<!guqbig?!NOusg<givvigh<!hiv<huVg<Gl<?! gx<hjejb! vsqh<huVg<Gl<! -f<k! Ne<l! uqMkjzg<gie! d{<jl! okvqb!uib<h<H!-Vg<giK/!!keqleqk!uip<g<jgOb!Olim<sk<kqx<giek<!kqxUgt</!!hivkq!hvf<Khm<m!uisqh<H!nEhuLl<!fl<Ljmb!jukQg!nVtitv<gtqe<!Okmz<gtqz<!g{<M!Okcb!ye<jx?!sqk<kv<gt<!wtqjlh<hMk<kqeiv<gt</!!hivkq!-e<El<!yV!hc!OlOz!Ohib<!nxqbijl!ngx<X?!nxqju! OhX! ohx<x! nxquiz<! dzg! uip<g<jg! kie<! osiv<g<gl</! -u<Uzg! uip<g<jg!lgqp<s<sqg<gie! gtl</! ! -r<Og! LPjlbie! uip<g<jguip! hpgqg<ogit<!hg<Guh<hMk<kqg<ogit</! ! wz<ziux<xqx<Gl<! fqgp<giz! uip<g<jgOb! sim<sq! nkje! uqMk<K!ÄÄosk<k!hqxG!squOzigl<!juGf<kl<!Osv<f<kqm!ziole<Ox!w{<{qbqVh<hiv<!hqk<k!leqkv<gt</!/!/! /! /!kil</!!Hk<kv<!Gxqh<hqm<mK!Ohiz!dzgl<!Ke<hlieK!-z<jz/!!-xh<H!we<hK!yV!fqjzbqzqVf<K! dbv<! fqjzjb! njmukx<gie! hqxh<H?! lQ{<Ml<! hqxuq! -z<zilz<! Ohig!leqke<! lv{lqzih<! ohVuip<ju! wb<kq! -f<k! dzgk<jk! fqvf<kvs<! osiv<g<glig!lix<Xr<gt<}}/!!-K!kie<!hivkqbqe<!NjsBliGl</!hivkqjbs<!s&g!lVk<kue</!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

!!!!


!!!!

!!!!

dOu/silqfikJbVl<!hpf<klqp<!Yjzs<Suc!F~z<gTl<dOu/silqfikJbVl<!hpf<klqp<!Yjzs<Suc!F~z<gTl<dOu/silqfikJbVl<!hpf<klqp<!Yjzs<Suc!F~z<gTl<dOu/silqfikJbVl<!hpf<klqp<!Yjzs<Suc!F~z<gTl<!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*LjeuILjeuILjeuILjeuI!!!! li/fmvise<li/fmvise<li/fmvise<li/fmvise<?!?!?!?! dkuqh<! OhvisqiqbI?! klqp<! dbvib<U! jlbl<?! bikuI! gz<Z~iq!

jlbl<!)ke<eim<sq*?!lKjv!–!736125/!

!

!!!! klqpe<! ke<! hpl<! ohVjljbBl<! figiqgk<jkBl<! h{<him<jmBl<! dzgl<! Hgp<f<K!OhSukx<G! nch<hjmg<! giv{l<! =vibqvl<! N{<MgTg<G! Le<! wPkq! juk<k! sr<g!-zg<gqbr<gTl<!nux<jx!ym<c!wPf<k!-zg<gqbr<gTOlbiGl</!gizh<!hpjlBl<!gVk<Ks<!osPjlBl<! sr<g! -zg<gqbk<kqz<! gi{zil</! hje! Yjzgtiz<! osb<bh<hm<m! Sucgtqz<!wPkh<hm<Mk<! Okb<f<Kl<?! sqjkf<Kl<?! yVHxl<! ycf<Kl<?! gm<Mg<gm<migg<! gqmf<ke/! nf<k!wPk<Kg<gjt! -e<X! hch<hK! nu<utU! wtqkqz<jz/! yV! F~Zg<Og! -VhKg<Gl<! Olx<hm<m!Sucgt<!-Vg<Gl</!nju!yu<ouie<Xl<!kl<Lt<!OuXhm<M!fqx<Gl</!nk<kjgb!hje!Yjz!WMgjtk<!Okck<!Okcg<!giz<gTl<?!jggTl<?!OsiIf<K!uqpg<!gzr<gqh<!Hzl<hq!-mIh<hm<M!-e<eZx<X! N{<Mg<g{g<gqz<! Okch<hck<K! &zhiml<! g{<M! ns<sqz<! outqbqm<m! ohVjl!d/Ou/silqfikJbVg<Og! diqbK/! nh<hcg<! gcelig! djpk<K! outqbqm<m! -zg<gqbs<!osz<ur<gt<!Gxqk<K!Nvib<uOk!-g<gm<Mjvbqe<!Ofig<gliGl</!

sQugsqf<kil{qh<!hkqh<H!!sQugsqf<kil{qh<!hkqh<H!!sQugsqf<kil{qh<!hkqh<H!!sQugsqf<kil{qh<!hkqh<H!!!!!!

! Oszl<! -vilsilq! Lkzqbiiqml<<! d/Ou/silqfikJbI! ose<x! OhiK?! nuI!sQugsqf<kil{qg<! gckh<! hqvkq! ye<jx! wMk<Kg<ogiMk<kiI/! NsqiqbI! Lkzqz<! hck<k! OhiK!sqxqK! kMlixqeiI/! fs<sqeiIg<gqeqbI! djvBme<! nf<kh<! hqvkq! -Vf<kkiz<! yVuiX!njkh<hck<Kh<! ohiVt<! osb<K! ogi{<miI/! 2998! Nl<! N{<M?! sQugsqf<kil{q! klqp<fiM!LPuKl<! F~z<! uculig! outquf<kK! wr<OgObi! dxr<gqg<! ogi{<cVf<k! yV! F~z<!-h<OhiK!wz<ziVjmb!gvr<gtqZl<!sqf<K!hicg<!ogi{<cVf<kK/!hck<k!HzuI!ohVlg<gt<!wz<OziVl<! hiIk<K! nf<k! F~z<! hkqh<H?! hjpb! F~z<gTg<ogz<zil<! gtR<sqbl<! Ohiz!-Vh<hK!g{<M!Nvib<s<sqbitIgTl<!HzuIgTl<!ohV!lgqp<s<sq!njmf<kiIgt</!!

! ‘klklklklqpqz<!Jl<ohVr<gih<hqbr<gt<!d{<M/!qpqz<!Jl<ohVr<gih<hqbr<gt<!d{<M/!qpqz<!Jl<ohVr<gih<hqbr<gt<!d{<M/!qpqz<!Jl<ohVr<gih<hqbr<gt<!d{<M/!!!!!

njugtqz<!sQusqf<kil{qBl<!ye<Xnjugtqz<!sQusqf<kil{qBl<!ye<Xnjugtqz<!sQusqf<kil{qBl<!ye<Xnjugtqz<!sQusqf<kil{qBl<!ye<X’!!!!!!!!

we<hK!nh<OhiK!kie<!njeuVg<Gl<!okiqf<kK/!!

hk<Kh<him<Mh<!hikqh<H!hk<Kh<him<Mh<!hikqh<H!hk<Kh<him<Mh<!hikqh<H!hk<Kh<him<Mh<!hikqh<H!!!!!

! sQugsqf<kil{qjbh<! hkqh<hk<k! hqe<! hk<Kh<him<M! Nvib<s<sqjbk<! okimr<gqeiI/!Np<uiI! kqVfgiq! we<El<! DVg<Gs<! ose<X?! nr<Og! -zm<Sl{g<! guqvibI! we<El<!ohVf<kjgbitjvs<! sf<kqk<Kh<! ‘hk<Kh<him<M’! wEl<! F~jzk<! Okc! uf<kqVh<hkigg<! %xqeiI/!nuvK! -z<zk<kqz<! wk<kjeObi! Yjzs<Sucgt<! -Vf<ke/! nk<kjeBl<! Okch<hiIk<kiI/!Neiz<!hk<Kh<him<M!lm<Ml<!gqjmg<guqz<jz/!!

! -zm<Sl{g<guqvibI! Olz<! K{<cz<! wjkObi! Sx<xq! wMk<Kg<! ogi{<M! YOmic!uVgqxiI/! nVOg! uf<kKl<?! guqvibI! Olz<! K{<jm! uqiqk<kiI/! dt<Ot! -Vf<kK!Yjzs<Sucg<gm<M! fQr<gt<! Okcuf<k! Yjzs<Suc! F~z<! -K! kiei! hiVr<gt<! we<xiI!guqvibI/!Yjzs<Sucgjt!uir<gqbKl<?!uqtg<G!outqs<sk<jkg<!%m!fich<Ohigilz<!fqzi!outqs<sk<kqOzOb!hqiqk<Kh<hiIg<gqxiI/!d/Ou/silqfikJbI!

! fg<gQvI! wPkqb! “kqVLVgix<Xh<hjm”! Lkzqz<! -Vg<gqxK/! okimIf<K!ohiVfvix<Xh<hjm?!sqXhi{ix<Xh<hjm?!ohVl<hi{x<Xh<hjm!-Vg<gqe<xe/!hqxG!hiIg<gqxiI/!‘Lz<jzh<him<M’! OlOz! hiIg<gqxiI! fqzi! –! jggtqOz! hiIg<gqxiI! Lz<jzh<him<M! dmOe!


fqzuqz<!lzIf<k!Lz<jzObi?!we<X!NMgqxiI!–!hiMgqxiI!zm<Sl{g<guqvibjv!nh<hcOb!gm<cbj{k<K?! ‘-f<k!Yjzs<!Sucgt<!wh<hcg<!gqjmk<ke@!we<X!Ogm<gqxiI/!we<!lileiI!uQm<cz<! Ohib<k<! Okcg<! ogi{<M! uf<Oke<! we<X! hkqztqk<kiI! guqvibI/! 2:9:! Nl<! N{<M!hk<Kh<him<M!F~z<!ns<sqm<M!outqbigqbK/!hck<kuIgt<!wz<zil</!kqjgk<kiIgt<!lgqp<s<sqbiz<!kqjtk<kiIgt</! We<@! klqp<fim<ce<! uvziX! gqjmk<kK/! hkqh<hqk<k! d/Ou/silqfikJbVg<Gl<!hivim<Mg<gt<!we<X!hk<kqiqjggt<!hivim<c!lgqp<f<ke/!!

sqzh<hkqgivl<!l{qOlgjz!outqbQM!sqzh<hkqgivl<!l{qOlgjz!outqbQM!sqzh<hkqgivl<!l{qOlgjz!outqbQM!sqzh<hkqgivl<!l{qOlgjz!outqbQM!!!!!

! klqjpk<! kl<! dbqiqEl<! Olzigg<! gVkq! klqp<s<! Sucgjtk<! kl<! djmjlbqZl<!Olzigg<! gVkqh<! Ohix<xqh<! hiKgik<k! npgqb! sqx<xl<hzg<! guqvibI! wEl<! HzuI!ohVlijes<! sf<kqk<kiI/! hk<Kh<him<jmh<! hkqh<hqk<kuI! we<xxqf<kKl<! JbvuIgjt! nh<hcOb!Nvk<kPuq! uvOux<xiI! guqvibI/! -tr<Ogiucgt<! wPkqb! sqzh<hkqgivl<! wEl<! yh<hx<x!giuqbk<kqe<! Yjzs<! Sucgjt! d/Ou/silqfiJb<biqml<! yh<hjmk<kiI! npgqb!sqx<xl<hzg<guqvibI/! nf<k! Yjzs<! Sucbqz<! osf<klqp<g<! gih<hqbk<Kg<G! ncbiIg<G! fz<ziI!wPkqb! djvBl<! -Vf<kK/! H,! Ogm<gh<! OhieKg<Gh<! ohie<! gqjmk<kK! OhizqVf<kK!d/Ou/silqfiJb<bVg<G/!dmOe?!sqzh<hkqgivk<jkh<!hc!wMg<gk<!okimr<gqeiI/!d{<{ilz<!dxr<gilz<!g{<gt<!Osivilz<!jgBl<!sjtbilz<!-voue<Xl<!hgoze<Xl<!hiviK?!nbviK!djpk<kiI/! 29:3! Nl<! N{<M! h,lqkeqe<! bir<g[l<! hqxf<kqvik! ohVl<! Hzuvie!-tr<Ogiucgt<!bik<kVtqb!sqzh<hkqgivl<!F~z<!ucuqz<!outqbigqbK/!d/Ou/silqfikJbI!gih<hix<xqbK! sqzh<hkqgivk<jk! lm<Mlz<z! njk! wPkqb! -tr<Ogiucgjt! lm<Mlz<z!Lk<klqjp!–!Lk<klqp<fim<jm!N{<m!&Ouf<kIgjtOb!gih<hix<xqeiI!we<X!kie<!osiz<z!Ou{<Ml</!

l{qOlgjz!l{qOlgjz!l{qOlgjz!l{qOlgjz!!!!!

! l{qOlgjz!ohtk<k!slbg<ogit<jg!fqvl<hqb!F~ziGl<?!ohtk<k!slbl<!okimIhie!Nr<gqz! F~z<gjt! ose<jebqz<! liTI! vr<gis<siiqbiI! we<x! Ohvisqiqbiqml<! ogiMk<kiI/!nuI! nux<jxobz<zil<! hck<K! ohtk<k! lkg<! gVk<Kg<gjtobz<zil<! Nsqiqbh<! ohVlie<!lqg<g!NIuk<OkiM!yV!li{ujeh<!Ohizk<!okiGk<Kg<!ogi{<miI/!29:7!Nl<!N{<M!\Qe<!likl<!l{qOlgjzjbs<!ose<jebqz<!ogi{<M!uf<K!ns<sqmg<!ogiMk<kiI/!ohtk<k!slbl<!okimIhie!kil<!okiqf<K!ogi{<mux<jx!wz<zil<!Hk<kI?!ohtk<k!kVll<?!ohtk<k!sr<gl<!we<El<! kjzh<hqz<! wPkq! nux<jx! l{qOlgjzh<! hkqh<hqe<! Le<! njlk<kiI/! ngvikq?!nVl<hkUjv! Ngqbju! wz<zil<! -j{g<gh<! ohx<xe/! 29:9! Nl<! N{<M! \Qjz! likk<kqz<!l{qOlgjz!fqjxOuxqbK/!!

wm<Mk<okijg!F~z<wm<Mk<okijg!F~z<wm<Mk<okijg!F~z<wm<Mk<okijg!F~z<gt<!hkqh<Hgt<!hkqh<Hgt<!hkqh<Hgt<!hkqh<H!!!!

HxfiE~X!!HxfiE~X!!HxfiE~X!!HxfiE~X!!!!!!

! HxfiE~X! F~Zg<G! yV! hjpb! djvjbg<! g{<M! outqbqm<m! ohVl<Hzjl!uqbk<kx<GiqbK/! 29:5! Nl<! N{<M! osh<ml<hI! likl<! HxfiE~X! hkqh<H! fqjxOuxqbK/!HxfiE~X! hck<k! HzuI! ohVlg<gt<! ut<tiz<! nkqblijeg<! g{<m! ytjubiI! Ohiz!ngLl<! LgLl<! lzIf<kiIgt<@! giv{l<! nuIgt<! Hgp<! hicb! HzuIgt<! biI@! –! biI@!nuIgt<!hicb!him<M!we<e@!ohiVt<!we<e@!wz<zil<!okiqf<ke/!gmf<k!gizk<klqpgk<jk!fl<!g{<L{<Oe!fqgp<gizk<!klqpglig!fqgp<k<kqg<!gim<cb!F~z<!Hxfie~Xkie/<!!

GXf<okijg!GXf<okijg!GXf<okijg!GXf<okijg!!!!!

! d/Ou/silqfikJbI! kt<tik! ubkqz<! .! dmz<! ktIf<k! OhiKl<?! dt<tl<! ktvilz<?!nuI!hkqh<hqk<k!F~z<!GXf<okijgbiGl<!GXf<okijgg<G!lqg!uqiquie!Ljxbqz<!djvjb!wPkqeiI/! -uI! hkqh<hqk<k! F~z<gtqz<! -KOu! lqg! uqiquig! njlf<kK/! F~zvib<s<sq! we<x!hGkqjb! F~X! hg<gr<gtqz<! wPkqbqVg<gqxiI/! hkUjv?! ohipqh<Hjv?! uqOsm! djv?!Olx<Ogtim<sq?! yh<Hjlh<hGkq?! himOhkr<gt<! we<heUl<! uqiquie! ngvikqBl<! -j{f<k!hbEt<t! hkqh<H! GXf<okijg! NGl</! -jk! outqbqm<mkqz<! -uI! yVujg! lefqjxU!ohx<xiI/!-K!2:48!Nl<!N{<M!Ng^<cz<!outquf<kK/!!

Jr<GXF~X!Jr<GXF~X!Jr<GXF~X!Jr<GXF~X!!!!!

sr<g! F~z<gtqz<! ye<xig! Jr<GXF~x<jx! Nvib<s<sq! osb<b! nkx<G! Ou{<cbg<!Gxqh<Hgjt! NsqiqbI! okiGk<Kg<! ogi{<cVf<kiI/! yV! kqj{g<G! F~X! him<mig! Jf<K!


kqj{gTg<Gl<! Jf<F~X! himz<gjt! djmbK/! Jr<GX! F~x<jxs<! SVg<glie! Ljxbqz<!2:13! Nl<! N{<M! osh<ml<hI! likl<! NsqiqbI! outqbqm<mI/! 2:14! Nl<! N{<M! \Q<e<! likl<!Jr<GXF~x<xqe<!Lkz<!hkqh<H!outqbibqx<X!!

hiqhimz<!hiqhimz<!hiqhimz<!hiqhimz<!!!!!

! Jf<K!kqj{g<G!F~X!him<mig!sr<g!F~z<gtqz<!hiqhimz<!we<x!okijg!F~z<!ye<X!d{<M/!djvbisqiqbI!ogiMk<Kt<t!uquvr<gtqzqVf<K!nkqz<! 81!himz<gt<!-Vf<keuigk<!okiqbuVgqxK/! nf<k! 81! himz<gTl<! gqjmg<guqz<jz/! nkx<Gh<! hiqOlzpgI! djv!-Vf<kK/!hz!-mr<gtqz<!OkcBl<!wz<zil<!hiqhimz<gt<!nmr<gqb!SucOb!gqjmg<guqz<jz/!gqjmk<k! ye<jx! juk<Kg<! ogi{<M! Nvib<f<K?! yVujgbigs<! osh<hl<! osb<K! 2:29! Nl<!N{<M!\|e<!likl<!nf<k!F~jz!outqbqm<miI/!!

wm<Mk<okijgbqz<!hqxF~z<gt<!wm<Mk<okijgbqz<!hqxF~z<gt<!wm<Mk<okijgbqz<!hqxF~z<gt<!wm<Mk<okijgbqz<!hqxF~z<gt<!!!!!

! hkqx<Xh<hk<K?! ngfiE~X! Ngqb! F~z<gtqz<! kl<! gVk<jks<! osZk<kzieiI!hkqx<Xh<hk<K?! Osv! le<eIgTjmb! ohVjljbs<! osiz<uK/! ngfiE~X<! ngh<ohiVt<!njlkqBjmbK/! ye<xe<! hqe<! ye<xig! nux<jxobz<zil<! outqbqmzil<! we<x!w{<{k<kqeiz<!nux<xq<z<!kl<Ljmb!dt<tk<jks<!osZk<kqeiI!Nsqiqbh<!ohVlie</!!

klqp<uqMK~Kl<!hqx!F~z<gTl<!klqp<uqMK~Kl<!hqx!F~z<gTl<!klqp<uqMK~Kl<!hqx!F~z<gTl<!klqp<uqMK~Kl<!hqx!F~z<gTl<!!!!!

! klqp<uqMK~K! we<El<! F~jz! Nvib<f<K! uf<kiI/! klqpqe<! ohVjljb! lqgs<!sqxh<higs<! osiz<gqx! F~z<! klqp<! uqM! K~Kuqz<! hz! kqVuqtg<Ggjth<! hx<xqb! osb<kqgt<!uVgqe<xe/!!

! “ -Vf<klqOp!de<eiz<!-Vf<Oke<<!-jlObiI!-Vf<klqOp!de<eiz<!-Vf<Oke<<!-jlObiI!-Vf<klqOp!de<eiz<!-Vf<Oke<<!-jlObiI!-Vf<klqOp!de<eiz<!-Vf<Oke<<!-jlObiI!!!!!

uqVf<klqp<k!ole<xiZl<!Ou{<Ome</uqVf<klqp<k!ole<xiZl<!Ou{<Ome</uqVf<klqp<k!ole<xiZl<!Ou{<Ome</uqVf<klqp<k!ole<xiZl<!Ou{<Ome</” !!!!

we<x!!g{<{q!Nsqiqbh<!ohVlie<!dt<tk<jkg<!guIf<k!ye<xiGl</!!

! kqVk<k{qjgh<! Hvi{l<?! gf<kHvi{l<! Ngqbux<jx! -bx<xqb! gs<sqbh<hLequI!Lgh<ohVl<HzuI!squRie!LequVjmb!li{ig<gI!NuiI/!d/Ou/silqfikJbI!hpf<klqp<s<!Sucgjt!ns<sqx<!hkqh<hqk<kiI!nuVg<G!Le<El<!F~z<gt<!ns<sqmh<hm<me/!weqEl<!nuIkl<!hkqh<H! F~z<gtqz<! gi{h<ohXl<! LgUjv?! &zh<hcgtqe<! fqjz?! osix<ohiVt<! uqtg<gl<?!Olx<Ogit<! uqtg<gl<?! osix<ohiVt<! uquvl<?! nVl<ohiVt<! ngvikq?! gqjmk<kh<hcgtqe<!fqjvLjx?! ns<sqm! dkuqObiI! uquvl<! we! wz<zil<! fqjxf<K! d/Ou/silqfik! Jbiqe<!Nb<Uh<!hkqh<OhiM?!nxqU!kKl<Hl<!hkqh<H!we<X!njeujvBl<!Ohix<xs<<!osb<kK/!!

! d/Ou/silqfikJbI! nuIgtqe<! w{<hki{<M! uqpiuqz<! kie<! gz<gq! ‘klqp<k<kik<ki’!we<x!Hgp<h<ohbjv!upr<gqeiI/!gz<gq!upr<gqb!-f<kh<!!ohbOv!fqjzk<K!uqm<mK/!!

! ‘klqp<!l{<{qVg<Gl<!ujvklqp<!l{<{qVg<Gl<!ujvklqp<!l{<{qVg<Gl<!ujvklqp<!l{<{qVg<Gl<!ujv!!!!

!!!! klqp<!lg<gt<!-Vg<Gl<!ujvklqp<!lg<gt<!-Vg<Gl<!ujvklqp<!lg<gt<!-Vg<Gl<!ujvklqp<!lg<gt<!-Vg<Gl<!ujv!!!!

!!!! klqp<!olipq!-Vg<Gl<!ujvklqp<!olipq!-Vg<Gl<!ujvklqp<!olipq!-Vg<Gl<!ujvklqp<!olipq!-Vg<Gl<!ujv!!!!

!!!! klqp<k<kik<kiUl<!-Vh<hiIklqp<k<kik<kiUl<!-Vh<hiIklqp<k<kik<kiUl<!-Vh<hiIklqp<k<kik<kiUl<!-Vh<hiI’!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


!!!!

!!!!

nxg<Ogim<him<<cz<!unxg<Ogim<him<<cz<!unxg<Ogim<him<<cz<!unxg<Ogim<him<<cz<!ut<tLl<!fizcBl<t<tLl<!fizcBl<t<tLl<!fizcBl<t<tLl<!fizcBl<!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*h/h/h/h/nVtLkl<nVtLkl<nVtLkl<nVtLkl<?!?!?!?! dkuqh<Ohvisqiqbi<?! klqp<k<Kjx?! kqV/! N/! Ogiuqf<ksilq! nvsqei<<!gjzg<<gz<Z~iq?!kq{<cuel</!

!

! nx! -zg<gqbr<gt<! leqk! -ek<jks<! osl<<jlh<hM<k<Kue/! nx! -zg<gqbr<gtqz<!kqVg<Gxt<! kjzbib! -zg<gqbligs<! sie<Oxii<gtiz<! Ohix<xh<hMgqxK/! kqVg<GxTg<G!nMk<k! fqjzbqz<! sie<Oxii<gtiz<! fizcbii<! gVkh<hMgqxK/! -u<uqv{<M! -zg<gqbr<gtqe<!Ofig<gLl<! sl! Ofi<g<Ogim<<cz<! njlf<Kt<tjk! nh<hEuz<gt<! upqbig! nxqbzil<</! nx!-zg<gqbr<gt<! sr<glVuqb! giz! -zg<gqbr<gtigk<! klqp<s<! sie<Oxii<gtiz<! K{qbh<!hm<miZl<A! nxl<! sii<<f<k! sqf<kjegt<! klqp<! -zg<gqbr<gtiz<! okie<jlk<! okim<Om!gi{h<hMgqe<xe/! -Vh<hqEl<<! nxs<! sqf<kjegjt! LPjlbigg<! ogi{<<mju! we<El<<!ohiV{<jlg<<Giqbjugtig! nx! -zg<gqbr<gt<! kqgp<gqe<xe/! hkqoe{<! gQp<g<g{g<G!ujgbqz<!nx!-zg<gqbr<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!-kje!dXkqh<hMk<Kl<<?!uip<uqbzqe<!ue<jl!ole<jlgjt! wMk<Kg<gim<Mujk! nx! -zg<gqb! nxqRi<gt<! kl<<! -bz<higg<! ogi{<M!uqtr<Ggqxii<gt</! nxs<sqf<kjebqz<! sl{h<! Hzui<gtqe<! kig<gOl! lqGkqbigg<!gi{h<hMgqxK/! ut<Tui<<! wf<ks<! slbk<jkBl<<! sivikui<! we! nxqRi<gt<! K{qf<kiZl<?!sl{Lequi<gtqe<! hjmh<higk<! kqgp<gqe<xe! fizcbiiqz<! ut<Tuiqe<! gVk<kig<gl<!gi{h<hMuK!Ofig<Gkx<GiqbiGl</!wh<hcbiEl<!-V!F~z<gtqe<!gVKOgiZl<!sLkibk<<jks<!osl<jlh<hMk<ukqz<!Le<eqjzbqz<!dt<tjkBl<!d{v!Ou{<MukiGl<</!

ut<TuLl<!fizcBl<<ut<TuLl<!fizcBl<<ut<TuLl<!fizcBl<<ut<TuLl<!fizcBl<<!!!!

! ut<Tul<<! fizcBl<<! &e<X! hGkqgjtg<! ogi{<mju/! nxl<<?! ohiVt<?! -e<hl<!we<heuiGl<</! kqVg<Gxt<! ye<hK! -bz<gtqz<! 244! nkqgivr<gtqz<! 2441! Gxm<hig<gjtg<!ogi{<mjubiGl<</! fizc! ye<hK! -bz<gtqz<! fix<hK! nkqgivk<kqz<! fiE~X!ou{<hig<gjtg<! ogi{<mjubiGl</! kqVg<Gxt<! yVuviz<! -bx<xh<hm<mK/! fizc! sl{!Lequi<gtqe<!hjmh<higg<!gVkh<hMgqxK/!

! ut<Tuk<kqz<! ohiK! -bzqz<! gmUt<! uip<k<K?! uie<sqxh<H?! fQk<kii<! ohVjl?! nxe<!uzqBXk<<kz<! we<heuigg<! gi{h<hMgqxK/! nxk<Kh<hizqz<! Lkz<! -bzqz<! fie<giuK!nkqgivligh<! Ohix<xh<hMgqxK/! fizcbqz<! nxk<Kh<hizqz<! Kxux! -bzqz<! fie<giuK!nkqgivlig! nxe<! uzqBXk<kz<! jug<gh<hm<Mt<tK/! ut<Tuk<<kqz<! -z<zx! -bz<!-v{<miuK! -bzigh<! hGg<gh<hm<Mt<tKl<<A! fizcbqz<! Kxux! -bz<! Lke<jlbig!hGg<gh<hm<Mt<tKl<! Ofig<Gkx<GiqbkiGl<</! -r<G?! ut<Tui<! dzgl<<! LPjlg<Gl<! yh<h!gVk<kiti<!we<hK!HzeigqxK/!sl{i<gt<!Kxuxk<jk!Le<eqVk<KuKl<!nui<gtqe<!slbs<!sqf<kjebqe<!outqh<himigg<!ogit<tzil</!

! “h{<jmg<! gizk<kqz<! Kxuxl<! Ofix<x! sl{! slb! nxOuii<gt<! fim<<ce<! hz<OuX!hGkqgtqZt<t! ljzg<GjggjtOb! kr<gtK! djxuqmr<gtig! Ng<gqbqVg<gqe<xei</!Njsbqe<!uqjtuiz<!wPgqe<x!-e<ez<!fqjxf<k!uip<uqeqe<Xl<!uqMhm!Ou{<Mole<x!ohV!Ofig<giz<?! -ui<<gt<! -z<zxk<kui<! fqjxf<k! sLkibk<jk! uqm<M! yKr<gqbqVg<gzibqei<”!we<hi<! mig<mi<! W/! Wgil<<hvfike<! )oki{<jm! fim<Ms<! sl{g<! Ogibqz<gt<?! h/! 24*/! -uiqe<!Nb<Ujv!upq!sl{i<gt<!Kxuxk<jk!Le<eqXk<kqbui<gt<!we<hKl<!HzeigqxK/!fizcbii<!Kxuxk<jk!Lkz<!-bzigh<!hGg<ghh<hm<Mt<tK!nui<gtqe<!slbs<!sqf<kjeOb!giv{lig!njlf<kqVh<hjkg<! gi{LcgqxK/! -f<fqjzbqz<! ut<TuLl<! fizcBl<! kl<<Lt<! yk<k!sqf<kkje! djmbjubig! kqgpqEl<<! Ogim<him<Ms<! sqk<kif<kk<kqz<! kl<Lt<! OuXhiMjmbe!we<hjkBl<!Hzh<hMk<kqg<!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!

!


nxl<!-e<eoke<hKnxl<!-e<eoke<hKnxl<!-e<eoke<hKnxl<!-e<eoke<hK!!!!

! kqVg<Gxt<! LPuKl<<! -jpf<OkiMl<! yV! ohiKg<gVk<K?! ohiK! nxl<! Oh{h<hm!Ou{<Ml<! we<hOkbiGl</! nkeiz<kie<! kqVg<gxTg<G! ‘nxl<’! we<x! yV! ohbVl<! d{<M/!leqk! uip<g<jgbieK?! okiz<jzgTl<?! Kbvr<gTl<<! nx<x! Ljxbqz<?! lgqp<s<sqgvlie!ujgbqz<?!-e<hLcU!gi[l<<!Ofig<gk<OkiM?!-bx<gjObiM!-jbf<k!dzgqbz<!ke<jlg<<G!Wx<hs<! sQi<ohx<xs<! osl<<jlbigk<! kqgp! Ou{<Ml<! we<hK?! kqVut<Tuh<! ohVf<kjgbiiqe<!dt<tg<gqmg<jgbiGl<<”! we<hi<! fiuzi<! ofMR<ospqbe<! )fiuzi<! ofMR<ospqbe<?! kqVg<gXt<!djv?!h/!xxi*/!

! uip<g<jgg<G!nxl<!Okju!we<hK!HzeigqxK/!nxl<!we<hK!yV!Ljx?!yPr<G?!njlh<H?! ujvbjx?! osl<<jl?! biokie<<Xl<<! kQjl! -z<ziks<! osbz<! -u<uixie! fQ{<m?!Np<f<k! ohiVt<! ke<jlg<! ogi{<mkiGl<</! “nxliuK?! lE! Lkzqb! F~z<gtqz<! uqkq<ke!osb<kZl<<?!uqzg<gqb!ypq<kkZl<<!Nl<<”!we!hiqOlzpgi<!djv!uGh<hi<! )hiqOlzpgi<!djv;!kqVg<Gxt<?! h/! 53*! nxl<! weg<! gVk<kqx<G! sLkibk<<kqz<! Wx<HjmbK?! sLkibk<kqx<G!yu<uiKl<!osb<bg<!%miK!we<hOk!ohiV{<jlbigqxK/!

ut<<Tu!nxl<<ut<<Tu!nxl<<ut<<Tu!nxl<<ut<<Tu!nxl<<!!!!

! ut<Tui<!nxk<<kqe<!uzqjljb!9?! 42?! 46?! 47?!49?! 4:?! 57?! :4?! :7?! 2:6?! 35:?! 399?!3:7?! 3:8?! 612?! 2129?! 2158! Ngqbux<xqz<! okt<tk<! oktquig! uqtg<<Ggqxii<! we<hi<! fiuzi<!ofMR<ospqbe<!)fiuzi<!ofMR<ospqbe<?!kqVg<gxt<!djv?!h!/!43*!ohiK!-bzqz<?!gmUt<!uip<k<K?! nxe<! uzqBXk<kz<?! -z<! uip<g<jg?! -e<osiz<! %xz<<?! Hxr<%xijl?! nVt<!djmjl?!gt<tijl?!uib<<jl!Ngqbe!nkqqgivr<gt<!nxk<Kh<hizqz<!dt<teujubiGl<</!okiqf<K! oktqkz<?! fi{<! djmjl?! fz<GvU! we<he! ohiVt<! hizqz<! dt<tjubiGl<</!nxk<kqZl<<?! ohiVm<gtqZl<<! nxk<kqe<! ke<ljbs<! Sm<MuK! Ofig<Gkx<GiqbkiGl<</! OlZl<<?!nxg<Ogim<him<cz<! hGk<kxqU! djvbisqiqbi<gt<! nui<gtqe<! sqk<kif<kk<kqx<Gk<! kg<guiX!ohiVTl<<?! lvH! upq! djvbisqiqbi<gt<<! okie<ljb! upqolipqf<K! djv! uGk<kqVh<hK!gi{LcgqxK/!NbqEl<<?!ut<Tui<!njeuiqe<!kk<Kuk<kqx<Gl<!-ml<!ntqk<Kt<tii<!we<hK!lm<Ml<!okt<tqkqe<!HzeigqxK/!

! nxk<jk! lg<gt<! Ohix<x! Ou{<Ml<! we<El<<! gVk<KVuqz<! ‘nxk<kqe<! Dr<<G’! )42*!we<hi</! lg<gTg<<G! nxk<jkuqm! OuX! wKUl<<! sqxf<k! ohiVt<! -z<jz! we<xir<G/! -r<<G!‘nxl<’! we<hjk! nf<kf<k! Kjxs<! sii<f<k! Ofi<jl! weh<! ohiVt<! ogit<tz<! fzl<<! hbg<Gl<</!OlZl<<! “nxk<kkqe<! Dr<G! Ng<gl<! -z<jz”! )43*! we! yVue<! wf<fqjzbqZl<! nxk<jk!lxg<gg<%miKA! nh<hc! nue<! lxh<hqe<! OgM! dxkq! wek<! oktqgqxii</! nxk<jk! ‘yz<Zl<<!ujgbie<! nxuqje! YuiOk’! )44*! we<gqxii</! wh<hc! wz<zil<<! uib<h<H! fz<GOli! nh<hc!wz<zil<! nxk<<jkh<! hqe<hx<x! Ou{<Ml<! we<hOk! ut<Tuiqe<! K{qhiGl<</! nxl<! -e<eK!we<hjk! ‘lek<Kg<g{<! liS! -ze<’! )45*! we<Xl<<! nPg<giX?! nui! ouGtq! -e<eis<osiz<!)46*!we<Xl<<!Gxqh<hi</!lek<<kqz<!K~b<jl?!nOk!fqjzbqz<!ohixijl?!Ohvijs?!ogiMR<sqel<<?!gMR<osiz<<!-g<<G{r<gt<!n[gz<!NgiK!we<gqxii</!-e<hl<!wh<hc!uv!Ou{<Ml<!we<hkx<G!‘nxk<kie<!uVuOk!-e<hl<’)4:*!weg<!Gxqh<hke<!upq!nxl<!liXhce<!njek<Kl<<!liXhMl<!we<hOk!gVk<kig!jug<gqxii<!ut<Tui</!

fizc!nxl<fizc!nxl<fizc!nxl<fizc!nxl<!!!!

! kVll<! osb<ujkk<! kjzbibg<! gmeigg<! ogit<t! Ou{<Ml<! we<gqxK/! kVlOl!yVuje!fz<upqg<G!ujg!osb<ueuiGl<</!kVlkk<jk!wf<fqjzbqZl<!kuxigg<!%miK!we!uzqBXk<KgqxK/! “uqjeh<! hbe<! uf<kg<giz<! oub<b! dbqvi”! )fizc/! hi/! 44*! weh<hiMui</!yVuEg<<Gk<!kQuqje!Wx<hMl<!fqjjzbqz<!lekqz<!lgqUl<<!Ke<hLl<!KbvLl<<!ogit<uieil</!-ue<! Le<! hqxuqbqe<! hbje! nxqbikueiuie</! Neiz<! fe<oexqbiz<! uip<huEg<<Gk<!Ke<hl<<! OfVl<! fqjzbqz<! Le<! hqxuqbqe<! hbe<! weg<! gVkq! njlkq! ogit<uie<! we!djvg<gqxK!fizc/!-ux<xqz<!wh<hqxuqbqZl<!nxl<!hqxp<f<KK!osbz<!hmz<!NgiKA!nh<hc?!Nbqe<<!nux<xqx<Giqb!hzjeh<!ohx<Ox!kQVuie<!we<hKl<!sleLequi<gt<!gVk<kigqxK/!-K!d{<jlObi!weqe<!nuvui<!uip<g<jgbqe<!LjxOb!hkqzig!njlbg<!gi{zil</!

! “dml<<hqx<Og! yh<HvU! osb<okiPgi! Kl<hi<g<?! gqmf<K{<j{h<! h{<{h<hMl<”! )fizc/!48*! leqke<! ke<! dml<<jhOb! ohiqKl<<! Ohix<<xq! uip<uie<! Nbqe<! nuEg<G! Olz<!!!!dzgr<gTg<Gs<! osz<Zl<<! ofxq! nxqbikue<! Nuie</! yVueqe<! Ne<<li! sigik! uvl<!


ohxOu{<Mlibqe<! osu<uqb! nxk<jkh<! Oh{z<! fzl<<! hbg<Gl<<! wek<<! K{qui<!sl{k<Kxuqgt</!

ut<tuLl<!fizcBl<<!d{i<kqMl<!nxl<!-e<eoke<hKut<tuLl<!fizcBl<<!d{i<kqMl<!nxl<!-e<eoke<hKut<tuLl<!fizcBl<<!d{i<kqMl<!nxl<!-e<eoke<hKut<tuLl<!fizcBl<<!d{i<kqMl<!nxl<!-e<eoke<hK!!!!

! -V! F~z<gtqZl<<! nxk<kqe<! Ole<jl! d{i<k<kh<hMgqxK/! leqk! sLkibk<<kqz<!leqki<gt<! wf<fqjjzbqZl<<! nxl<! hqxp<! hmz<! NgiK! we<hOk! -u<uqv{<ce<! ohiKg<!%Xhimig! fqzUgqxK/! yz<<Zl<<! ujg! wz<zil<<! nxk<jks<! osb<b! Ou{<Ml<! we<gqxK!ut<Tul<</! kqef<OkiXl<<! fim<gpqjjuk<! klK! NBtqz<! osz<Zkziz<! juk<K! fim<gpqju!bxqbikui<gt<! fim<gpqU! uvh<hii<k<Kl<! nke<! d{<jljb! nxqbikuvigqk<! kqef<OkiXl<!NBt<!gpqkjz!-Vg<<gqxoke!fqjek<K!lgqp<s<sq!njmuii<gt<!)fizc/!hi/!4:*!-r<G!nxl<<!osb<bh<<hmik!uip<fim<gt<!uip<fim<gmtigg<!ogit<t!-bziK!we<hK!ohiVtigqxK/!fz<z!ohiVt<gt<! fz<z! osbz<gt<nxs<! sqf<kjebitiqml<! uib<g<gh<ohXl<! weqe<! uiek<jkuqm!ohVjlbie! osbjzs<! osb<uii<gt<! )fizc/! 49*! we! djvg<gqxK/! nxs<sqf<kjebiti<gt<!kGkqbie!-mk<kkqz<!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml<!nui<gtiz<!fe<jl!d{<M!we<hOk!otquigqxKk/!

! fizc! keqk<ke<jlbie! nx! d{i<ju! Dm<<c! djvg<<gqxK/! ut<Tul<<! -v{<ce<!hGkqbqZl<<!keq!lx<Xl<!ohiK!nxk<<jk!d{i<<k<KgqxK/!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


!!!!

!!!!

oh{<{qbk<jk!Hxf<kt<tqb!okiz<gih<hqbLl<?!oh{<{qbk<jk!Hxf<kt<tqb!okiz<gih<hqbLl<?!oh{<{qbk<jk!Hxf<kt<tqb!okiz<gih<hqbLl<?!oh{<{qbk<jk!Hxf<kt<tqb!okiz<gih<hqbLl<?!lEUllEUllEUllEUl<!

!

!

*s/OkukqVuVt<s/OkukqVuVt<s/OkukqVuVt<s/OkukqVuVt<<?!g/L/!nvsqbz<!nxquqbz<.II, ohvqbiv<!hz<gjzg<!gpgl<?!Oszl</!

!

Hizqe!slk<Kulx<x!l{<{qz<!oh{<gTg<G!ohVr<OgM!fqgPl<!uip<uqmlib<!dzg!dV{<jm! lixquVgqxK/! Oksolr<Gl<! OkgFgi<uqe<! kQeqbiz<! oh{<gjt! N{qbl<!upqfmk<kqg<ogi{<cVg<gqxK/!N{qb!sgh<hizqek<kqx<Gt<!nkqgivLl<!wkqv<h<<!hizqek<kqx<Gt<!Nkqg<gk<jkBl<!fqXUl<!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jljb!nvr<Ogx<xqg<!ogi{<cVg<gqxK/!oh{<gTg<G!gz<uq! ogiMk<kiZl<! nui<gtqe<! Sb! sqf<kjeg<G! kjmuqkqg<gqxii<gt<! oh{<gTg<G!ohiVtikivl<! ogiMk<kiZl<! njk! nui<gtqe<! hbe<him<cbz<! Ohig<gqx<G! kjm!uqkqg<gqxii<gt</! oh{<gTg<G! nvsqbjzg<! ogiMk<kiZl<! nkqgivk<jkg<! ogiMg<g!lXg<gh<hMgqxK/! -h<hc! nui<gTg<gie! dzg! -bg<gole<hK! Sx<X! nu<uh<OhiK! fqe<X!SpZl<! -bg<gligUl<! fqvf<kvlqz<zi! -bg<gligUl<! dzg! dV{<jmbqz<! oh{<gtqe<!uip<uqbz<!uqbihqk<kqVg<gqxK/!uQm<cZt<Otiv<gt<!gqtl<Hukx<G!njek<jkBl<!njeui<g<Gl<!kbii<! osb<K! ogiMh<hutigUl<! uQm<jm! uqm<M! s&gl<! Ofig<gq! nut<! gqtl<hqm! wf<kuQMl<!nuTg<G! uqMkjz! uir<g! lXk<k! GMl<hs<sqjxbigOu! nut<! uip<uqbz<! gm<mjlh<H!njlg<gh<hm<cVg<gqxK/! njek<jkBl<! njeuv<<g<Gl<! kbiiqh<hutibqVg<gqxit</! njeuVl<!njek<Kl<! nujt! nuTg<gig! lm<Ml<! kbiiqh<hutib<! nr<gQgiqg<g! lXh<hjugtigUl<?!lXh<hui<gtigUl<!-e<Xujv!We<!fijtujvBl<!……!nuTg<gig!sqz!Gvz<gjtBl<!sqz!kQi<UgjtBl<!upr<gqm!-zg<gqbl<!Lkz<!s&gl<ujv!-u<uib<uqbz<!sim<sqbigqxK/!!

okiz<gih<hqb!oh{<{qblokiz<gih<hqb!oh{<{qblokiz<gih<hqb!oh{<{qblokiz<gih<hqb!oh{<{qbl<<<!!

!!!!!klqpi<gtqe<! okiz<klq<p<! F~z<gtqe<! okiz<gih<hqbl<! Lke<jlbiGl</! klqpi<gtqe<!uip<uqbz<! uqPlqbr<gjt! g{<mjmb! Lke<jlbie! sie<Xgtqe<! -u<uqzg<g{! F~z<!Lke<jlbieK/! ! -kqz<! leqke<! h{<hiM! -zg<g{l<! olipq! upqOb! N_d! lg_! we<x!osix<gt<!upq!hizqeh<!h{<Hgt<!nxqbh<hMgqe<xe/!!okiz<gih<hqbv<!N{<jl!oh{<jl!wkqi<!wkqi<! h{<Hjmbe! we<gqxii</! ! Gzs<sqxh<Hl<! nxquqe<! dbi<Ul<! Nmui<g<gie!h{<hiejuobeUl?<! kjzue<! fim<gjtBl<! oh{<gjtBl<! hii<k<K! osbz<hMhuez<ze<!)2192*! we<hjk! “ !!!! ohVjlBl<! dvEl<! N_dohVjlBl<! dvEl<! N_dohVjlBl<! dvEl<! N_dohVjlBl<! dvEl<! N_d! OleOleOleOle” (1044) sie<xig<gq! d{i<k<Kgqxii</!Neiz<! -kx<G! wkqi<ljxh<! h{<Hgt<! ogi{<mut<! kjzuq/! ns<sl<? lml<<? fi{l?<! hbqv<h<H!we<x! h{<Hgt<! oh{<[g<Giqbe! )2156?2265*/! ke<je! GMl<h! oh{<{ib<! gx<hqg<g! gx<H?!gill<?! yPg<gl?<! ohijx?! fqjx?! uqVf<kqejv! uvOux<xz?<! Sx<xl<! $P<f<K! uiPl<!G{fze<gt<! Ou{<Mole! )21:9*! ujvbXg<gqxK/! gtUg<gizl<! gx<Hg<gizole! N{qb!h{<jh!njmbith<!hMk<kilz<!GMl<hh<h{<H?!ohiKh<h{<ohe!oh{<{qbh!h{<jh!lm<Ml<!uqk<kqbish<hMk<kqBt<tK/!okiz<gih<hqbi<!Ohii<!osb<kz?<!ohiVt<!=m<mz?<!gz<uqohxz<?!Oksl<!gik<kz<?! nvsqbz<! hr<G?! K~K! Ohie<xux<jx! N{<gTg<Giqbe! we<X! oh{<gjt!Hxf<kt<tqbK/! ! ohiVtQm<mz<! gmz<gmf<K! osz<Zl<! N{<gt<! -j{bijt! dme<!ogit<Tkz<!%miK!):91*!

hizqe!hivhm<sl<hizqe!hivhm<sl<hizqe!hivhm<sl<hizqe!hivhm<sl<!!!!

!!!!!oh{<! ke<je! gx<hqz<! sqxf<kutigUl<?! yVuTg<G! yVue<! -z<uip<Ul?<! g{ue<!-xf<kiz<! nuEme<! ke<jeBl<! Ohiiqz<! -xg<g! giv{lie! Ouzqeiz<! ke<je! lib<k<K!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!)NR<sqgiR<sq!*!-xf<k!g{ue<!kjzObiM!ke<!Lgk<jkBl<!lii<jhBl<!Osi<k<Kg<! ogi{<M! lvqg<gOu{Ml</)LKgiR<sq*! nz<zK! nue<! -xf<k! =lk<kQbqz<! -xr<gq!lvqg<gOu{<Ml</! )hijzgiR<sq*! Olx<%xqbju! oh{<gte<xq! g{ueigqb! N{<gTg<G!nxqUXk<kuqz<jz/! N[g<G! gikzq! -pf<k! kHkivfqjz! )2139*! we<x! ye<X!nxqUk<kh<hMgqxK/! ! ljeuqjb! -pf<kUme<! g{ue<! uVf<Kgqe<x! fqjzjb!


Gxqg<gh<hMgqxK/! g{uEme<! uip<f<<kujt! lm<Ml<! sqxh<hqg<gh<hMgqxK/! nkeiz<! uqVf<K!Oh{Zl?<!Sx<xl<!Oh{Zl<!nElkqg<gh<hMgqxK/!

“ hqe<Ljx!Ng<gqb!ohVl<ohiVt<!uKjuk<!!!hqe<Ljx!Ng<gqb!ohVl<ohiVt<!uKjuk<!!!hqe<Ljx!Ng<gqb!ohVl<ohiVt<!uKjuk<!!!hqe<Ljx!Ng<gqb!ohVl<ohiVt<!uKjuk<!!!!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! !!!! okie<Ljx!ljeuq!wkqi<h<himibqEl<okie<Ljx!ljeuq!wkqi<h<himibqEl<okie<Ljx!ljeuq!wkqi<h<himibqEl<okie<Ljx!ljeuq!wkqi<h<himibqEl<!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!

lqe<eqjph<!!Hkz<uje!uibqz<!ogi{<M!HgqZl<!lqe<eqjph<!!Hkz<uje!uibqz<!ogi{<M!HgqZl<!lqe<eqjph<!!Hkz<uje!uibqz<!ogi{<M!HgqZl<!lqe<eqjph<!!Hkz<uje!uibqz<!ogi{<M!HgqZl<!!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! !!!! -xf<kK!fqje-g<!gqpOuie<!Nr<g{<-xf<kK!fqje-g<!gqpOuie<!Nr<g{<-xf<kK!fqje-g<!gqpOuie<!Nr<g{<-xf<kK!fqje-g<!gqpOuie<!Nr<g{<!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!

gzr<gZl<!diqbe<!we<leii<!Hzui<!)2229*gzr<gZl<!diqbe<!we<leii<!Hzui<!)2229*gzr<gZl<!diqbe<!we<leii<!Hzui<!)2229*gzr<gZl<!diqbe<!we<leii<!Hzui<!)2229*!!!!

Olx<%iqb! osb<Btqe<! &zl<! ljeuq! dbqOviM! dt<t! OhiOk! g{ue<! lx<oxiV!kqVl{l<!osb<K!ogit<uK{<M/!Lkz<!ljeuqBt<t!OhiOk!ohVl<ohiVt<!gVkq!OuoxiV!l{l<! ogit<uK{<M! ohVl<! ohiVt<! ohiVm<osz<ul<?! Gpf<jks<osz<ul<! we!fs<sqeii<g<gqeqbii<!ohiVt<!%Xgqxii</!Gpf<jks<osz<ul<!-z<jzobe<x!giv{l<!Okix<xiZl<!Gpf<jk! dt<tOhiOk! ohiVt<! gVkq! )uvkm<sj{*! g{ue<! lx<oxiV! l{l<! Hiqgqxie</!-l<l{Ljxjb!s&gl<!nr<gQgiqk<Kt<tK!we<hjk!

!!!!!!Fjvkii<!lii<he<!ofVfz<!yVk<kqObiM!!Fjvkii<!lii<he<!ofVfz<!yVk<kqObiM!!Fjvkii<!lii<he<!ofVfz<!yVk<kqObiM!!Fjvkii<!lii<he<!ofVfz<!yVk<kqObiM!!!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!uKju!nbi<kz<!Ou{<ch<!HKukqe<!uKju!nbi<kz<!Ou{<ch<!HKukqe<!uKju!nbi<kz<!Ou{<ch<!HKukqe<!uKju!nbi<kz<!Ou{<ch<!HKukqe<!!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!-be<x!n{qbe<!-k<okV!-xh<Ohie-be<x!n{qbe<!-k<okV!-xh<Ohie-be<x!n{qbe<!-k<okV!-xh<Ohie-be<x!n{qbe<!-k<okV!-xh<Ohie!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!li{<Oki<!lil{q!gxr<g!gjmgpqf<K/!)nli{<Oki<!lil{q!gxr<g!gjmgpqf<K/!)nli{<Oki<!lil{q!gxr<g!gjmgpqf<K/!)nli{<Oki<!lil{q!gxr<g!gjmgpqf<K/!)ngl<!7:*gl<!7:*gl<!7:*gl<!7:*!-s<osb<Btqe<!upqnxqbzil</!

!! H,h<hqe<! hqx<hiM! =xiX! fim<gt<! )23! fim<gt<*! gpqk<K! lx<x! fitqz<! kjzuEg<Gh<!hvk<kjl! nElkqg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/! kjzuqg<G! kjzueqe<! hvk<jkjljbk<! kMg<Gl<!diqjlbqz<jz/! ng<gizk<kqz<! nueqml<! nut<! Dmz<! Ogiul<! ogit<tzil</! ! nuje!ujshimzil</!we<xiZl<!nuje!kuqi<g<Gl<!diqjl!nuTg<gqz<jz!kjzuq!hvk<jkbjv!ke<! sOgikiqobe! ogit<t! Ou{<Ml</! ! gilg<gqpk<kqjb! ke<! lgeqe<! kib<! we!Wx<gOu{<Ml</!!hvk<jkbi<!gilg<!gqpk<kqbi<gtqe<!sqxh<jhk<!kjzue<!%Xl<OhiK!kjzuq!ohiXk<Kg<!ogit<tOu{<Ml</!)21:4*!!okiz<gih<hqbi<!

!!!!!“ nue<!Gxqh<hxqkz<!Ou{<cBr<!gqtuqnue<!Gxqh<hxqkz<!Ou{<cBr<!gqtuqnue<!Gxqh<hxqkz<!Ou{<cBr<!gqtuqnue<!Gxqh<hxqkz<!Ou{<cBr<!gqtuq!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! nge<!lzqB,mz<!ngx<sqg<<!g{<[l<!!!!nge<!lzqB,mz<!ngx<sqg<<!g{<[l<!!!!nge<!lzqB,mz<!ngx<sqg<<!g{<[l<!!!!nge<!lzqB,mz<!ngx<sqg<<!g{<[l<!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! Oux<Xjlg<!gqtuq!Okix<xUl<!ohXOlOux<Xjlg<!gqtuq!Okix<xUl<!ohXOlOux<Xjlg<!gqtuq!Okix<xUl<!ohXOlOux<Xjlg<!gqtuq!Okix<xUl<!ohXOl’’ !!!!)2216*)2216*)2216*)2216*!!!!

we! djvh<hKme<! Dmzqe<! -Xkqbqz<! kjzuq! kjzuEg<G! ne<OhiMl<?! hiqOuiMl<!nxqUjvgjtg<! Nx<xq! nuje! Nvk<k+Ukz<! Ou{<Mole<gqxii</! kjzue<! hvk<jkbi<!hqxe<ljeBmEl<! ke<! DVg<G! Hxl<hiBt<t! osb<Ge<xLl<?! uiuqBl<?! uqjtbim<cmLl<!ose<X!-e<h!Fgi<s<sq!Kb<h<hK{<M/!)2248*!-u<uiX!N[g<G!hizqe!yPr<gQe!diqjlBl<?!kjzuqg<G! gx<ohe<El<! gm<Mh<hiMl<! uqkqg<gh<hm<Mt<te/! ! -h<hivhm<s! uqkqgt<! &zl<!oh{<{qbk<jk!ohiVtkqgivl<!LPg<g!dkisQeh<hMk<kh<hm<Mt<tK/!

oh{<!N{<!slk<Kulqe<jloh{<!N{<!slk<Kulqe<jloh{<!N{<!slk<Kulqe<jloh{<!N{<!slk<Kulqe<jl!!!!

!!!!!Yi<! N[l<! oh{<[l<! -j{Osi<f<kqm! kqVl{h<! ohiVk<kl<! hii<g<gqxOhiK! nkqz<!hqxh<H! ?Gzl<?! N{<jl?! ubK! ?npG?! gilfim<ml<?! yPg<gl<?! nVt<?! d{i<s<sq?! osz<ul<!we<x! hk<K! fqjzbqZl<! yk<kqVg<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<x! F~x<hi! N{<gt<! -h<h{<H! gze<gtqz<!nkqg! kGkq! ohx<xqVf<kiZl<! nkqgole! njmbith<hmiK! we<Xl<?! Neiz<! -h<hk<K!G{fze<gtqz<! kjzuqjbuqm! kjzue<! dbi<f<kueibqVh<hK! Wx<gh<hMl<! -ux<xqz<!kjzuqbieut<! kjzujeuqm! lqGf<kqVk<kz<! -Vg<gg<! %miK/! nh<hcbqVf<kiz<! nK!Jf<kqj{g<Gm<hmioke! -tl<H,veii<! %Xgqxii</! -VuVl<! yk<k! fqjzbqz<! -Vh<hKl<!kjzue<! %Mkzig! -Vh<hKl<! lm<MOl! s&gl<! Wx<Xg<! ogi{<m! uqkqbig! -Vf<kK!we<hjkOb!okiz<gih<hqbi<!gikz<!hx<xqg<!%Xl<OhiKl<!

!!!!!“ ye<Ox!OuOx!we<xqV!hiz<ubqe<ye<Ox!OuOx!we<xqV!hiz<ubqe<ye<Ox!OuOx!we<xqV!hiz<ubqe<ye<Ox!OuOx!we<xqV!hiz<ubqe<!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! Ye<xq!dbi<f<k!hiz!kij{bqeYe<xq!dbi<f<k!hiz!kij{bqeYe<xq!dbi<f<k!hiz!kij{bqeYe<xq!dbi<f<k!hiz!kij{bqe!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! Yk<k!gqpuEl<!gqpk<kqBl<!gi{<hYk<k!gqpuEl<!gqpk<kqBl<!gi{<hYk<k!gqpuEl<!gqpk<kqBl<!gi{<hYk<k!gqpuEl<!gqpk<kqBl<!gi{<h!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! lqg<Ogi!eibqEl<!gcujv!-e<Oxlqg<Ogi!eibqEl<!gcujv!-e<Oxlqg<Ogi!eibqEl<!gcujv!-e<Oxlqg<Ogi!eibqEl<!gcujv!-e<Ox” !!!!)214:*)214:*)214:*)214:*!we<X!%xqh<hqm<mOkime<xq!yk<k!G{fze<!kGkq!we<hkx<G!uqtg<gq?!


!!!!!“ hqxh<Oh!Gcjl!N{<jl!bi{<Omihqxh<Oh!Gcjl!N{<jl!bi{<Omihqxh<Oh!Gcjl!N{<jl!bi{<Omihqxh<Oh!Gcjl!N{<jl!bi{<Omi!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! MVU!fqXk<k!gil!uibqz<!MVU!fqXk<k!gil!uibqz<!MVU!fqXk<k!gil!uibqz<!MVU!fqXk<k!gil!uibqz<!!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! fqjxOb!bVOt!d{i<ouiM!kqVouefqjxOb!bVOt!d{i<ouiM!kqVouefqjxOb!bVOt!d{i<ouiM!kqVouefqjxOb!bVOt!d{i<ouiM!kqVoue!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! LjxBXg<!gqtf<k!yh<hqeK!ujgOb!!)232:*LjxBXg<!gqtf<k!yh<hqeK!ujgOb!!)232:*LjxBXg<!gqtf<k!yh<hqeK!ujgOb!!)232:*LjxBXg<!gqtf<k!yh<hqeK!ujgOb!!)232:*!!!!

we! slk<Ku! OuXh<him<jm! N{qbk<kqx<G! Nkvuib<! NTjl! osZk<kqbqVg<gqxii</!okiz<gih<hqbi<! gizk<kqz<! gikz<! s&gk<kiz<! nr<gQgiqg<gh<hm<cVf<kK/! nK! oh{<{qb!d{i<Ug<gqe<xq! N{qbk<kq<x<Og! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ntqk<kqVg<gqxK/! N{qe<! gm<Mh<him<cx<Gt<!ne<H!osZk<Kl<!fqjzbqOzOb!oh{<{qe<!nguip<U!njlf<kqVg<gqxK/!

!!!!!gilk<!kqj{bqx<!g{<fqe<X!u'dl<gilk<!kqj{bqx<!g{<fqe<X!u'dl<gilk<!kqj{bqx<!g{<fqe<X!u'dl<gilk<!kqj{bqx<!g{<fqe<X!u'dl<!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! fi[l<!lmEl<!oh{<jljb!Ngzqe<fi[l<!lmEl<!oh{<jljb!Ngzqe<fi[l<!lmEl<!oh{<jljb!Ngzqe<fi[l<!lmEl<!oh{<jljb!Ngzqe<!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! Gxqh<hqEl<!-mk<kqEl<!nz<zK!Oum<jgGxqh<hqEl<!-mk<kqEl<!nz<zK!Oum<jgGxqh<hqEl<!-mk<kqEl<!nz<zK!Oum<jgGxqh<hqEl<!-mk<kqEl<!nz<zK!Oum<jg!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! Ofxqhm!uivi!nut<ubqe<!NeOfxqhm!uivi!nut<ubqe<!NeOfxqhm!uivi!nut<ubqe<!NeOfxqhm!uivi!nut<ubqe<!Ne” !!!!)2165*)2165*)2165*)2165*!!!!

wEl<! osb<Btqt<! oh{<gTg<G! fi{Ll<! lmLl<! ux<HXk<kh<hm<cVh<hkiz<! ke<! gikz<!d{i<ju!Ofvcbig!kjzueqml<!%xqm!nElkqbqz<jz!we<hjk!

!!!!!ke<eX!Oum<jg!gqpue<!Lx<gqtk<kqz<ke<eX!Oum<jg!gqpue<!Lx<gqtk<kqz<ke<eX!Oum<jg!gqpue<!Lx<gqtk<kqz<ke<eX!Oum<jg!gqpue<!Lx<gqtk<kqz<!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! w{<[r<!gijzg<!gqpk<kqg<!gqz<jzh<w{<[r<!gijzg<!gqpk<kqg<!gqz<jzh<w{<[r<!gijzg<!gqpk<kqg<!gqz<jzh<w{<[r<!gijzg<!gqpk<kqg<!gqz<jzh<!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! hqxfQi<!lig<gtqe<!nxqb!Nbqjmh<hqxfQi<!lig<gtqe<!nxqb!Nbqjmh<hqxfQi<!lig<gtqe<!nxqb!Nbqjmh<hqxfQi<!lig<gtqe<!nxqb!Nbqjmh<!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! ohb<fQi<!OhiZl<!d{i<uqx<<!oxe<h!!)2175*ohb<fQi<!OhiZl<!d{i<uqx<<!oxe<h!!)2175*ohb<fQi<!OhiZl<!d{i<uqx<<!oxe<h!!)2175*ohb<fQi<!OhiZl<!d{i<uqx<<!oxe<h!!)2175*!!!!

we<x! osb<BTl<! uzqBXk<kqBt<tK/! HKh<hik<kqvk<kqz<! ohb<k! fQi<Ohiz! gikz<!d{i<ju! nut<! outqg<gim<mOu{<Ml<! we<gqxK/! kjzue<! gikjz! outqg<gim<Ml<! OhiK!kjzuq! njk! Wx<xig! Ou{<Ml</! ! gikzqg<Gl<! diqjlBt<tue<! nux<jx! outqg<gim<Ml<!diqjlbe<xq! dt<tie</! nKOhiz<! kjzuq! dujl! %Xl<ohiPK! nue<! g{<mxqf<k!ohiVt<gjt! ogi{<M! dujl! %xOu{<Ml<! ! we<gqxK! okiz<gih<hqbl/<! )2361*! ! kjzuq!kjzuEg<G! wkqvig! djv! fqgp<k<kg<%miK/! ke<! wkqi<h<jh! nuEg<G! Gxqh<hig! lm<Ml<!d{i<k<k! Ou{<Ml</! -g<gm<MhiMgt<! njek<Kl<! kjzuEg<Gg<! %xuqz<jz! kjzue<!kjzuqg<G! -jmObbie! slk<Kulq{<jl! s&gk<kqz<! fQcg<Gl<! oh{<o{iMg<G! Ljxjb!WUl<!N{ikqg<gk<jkOb!njmbith<hMk<KgqxK/!

lEUl<!lgtqVl<lEUl<!lgtqVl<lEUl<!lgtqVl<lEUl<!lgtqVl<!!!!

!!!!!ohtk<kl<! oh{<gjt! slk<Kulig! upqfmk<kqbjk! Ohize<xq! ui<{! LjxjbBl<!nkEt<! ose<X! hR<sli<gt<! we! leqki<gjt! leqki<gt<! nMg<gq! uip! upqosb<k! lE!oh{<gjtBl<! yMg<gq! yKg<gqjuk<kqm! gm<Mh<hiMgjt! uqtg<gqBt<tii</! njugtiue!oh{<gt<! wh<ohipKl<! Skf<kqvlig! -Vh<hkx<Gk<! kGkqbx<xut</! g{uEl<! ljeuqBl<!ye<oxe!%xh<hm<mke<!Ofig<gl<!kqVl{k<kqx<Gh<!hqe<!l{LxqU!hqiqU!we<hOk!oh{<gTg<G!gqjmbiK! we<hke<! &zl<! oh{<gTg<G! uquigvk<K! diqjl! gqjmbioke<hjk! dXkq!osb<kii</!uquigvk<kqx<G!wkqvie!nui<!uqkq!OuoxiV!dt<Ofig<gl<!ogi{<mK/!yV!Nj{h<!oh{<[me<! gm<ch<! OhiMuK! nuiqe<! Ofig<glz<z/! oh{<j{! N[me<! gm<ch<Ohim<Muqm<M!Nj{s<!Skf<kqvlig!Sx<xjuh<hOk!nuiqe<!Ofig<gliGl</!

!!!!!g{ue<! ljeuqjbg<! jguqMujk! lE! kMg<guqz<jz! ljeuqjbg<! jguqm<M!uqMujk!lm<Mle<X!g{ue<!ljeuqjb!uqx<XuqMujkg<!%m!lE!nElkqg<gqxii</!Neiz<!uquig! hf<kk<kqzqVf<K! ljeuq! uqMhMujkk<! kMg<gqxii</! nh<hc! uqx<Xuqm<miZl<?!jguqm<miZl<! g{ueqe<! hf<kk<kqzqVf<K! ljeuq! uqMhm! LcbiK/! -ke<! ohiVt<!we<eoue<xiz<! g{ue<! ljeuqjb! uqx<Xuqm<mh<! hqxG! nujt! uir<gqbuOvi! nz<zK!nujt! Nkiqh<OhiOvi! sm<mh<hc! nuTg<G! lX! g{ueig! LcbiK/! -jkuqm! ogi_v!nvg<gk<kel<! -Vg<g! LcBli@! lE! kl<! sm<mk<kqe<! fQkq! nz<zK! nfQkqjbh<! hx<xqg<!gujzh<hmuqz<jz/! ! Hk<klk! Nm<sqbqz<! lgtqi<! ohx<x! Skf<kqvk<jk! nui<! hxqg<g!uqVl<Hgqxii</!ke<!Skf<kqvk<jk!kuxigh<!hbe<hMk<Kl<!nz<zK!$k<kqvje!l{g<g!uqVl<Hl<!oh{<{iz<! uV{! ki<lk<kqe<! nch<hjm! kgi<f<K! uqMl<! we<X! %Xgqxii</! -k<kjgb!Skf<kqvk<kiz<!Nk<kqvljmf<k!lE!njkh<!hxqg<g!uqVl<Hgqxii</!

!!!!!osik<Kiqjl! hx<xqb! uqsbk<kqz<! oh{<j{! ncjlbig! lix<Xgqxii<! lE/! Ljeuq?!lgt<?! ncjl! -l<&uVl<! osik<Kiqjlg<G! nVgjkbx<xui</! nui<gt<! =m<Ml<! osz<ul<!nui<gjt! djmbuVg<Og! Ohib<s<OsVl</! yV! oh{<! uqkjubieiz<! g{ue<!


%m<Mg<GMl<hk<kqzqVf<K! hqiqf<K! keqg<! GMl<hlig! uip<f<K! uf<kiz<! g{ue<! osik<kqz<!\|ueil<sk<kqx<G! diqjl! d{<M/! Neiz<! osik<jk! NTgqx! diqjl! nuTg<G! we<Xl<!gqjmbiK! we<gqxii</! lE! sm<mr<gtqe<! hc! g{ue<! nutK! dmZg<G! DX! osb<Bl<!k{<mje! uqkqg<gzil</! g{uEg<G! ljeuqjb! ncg<Gl<! diqjljbBl<! upr<gqBt<tii</!Oukr<gjth<!hbqZl<!diqjl!oh{<gTg<G!-z<jz!NgOukie<!nui<gtqe<! sl<̂ <givr<gt<!Ouklf<kqvr<gt<!ykilz<!Nx<xh<hMgqe<xe/!Oukr<gjth<!hcg<Gl<!diqjl!lXg<gh<hm<mkiz<!oh{<gTg<Gs<! slbRiel<! -z<jz/! hiuk<jkh<! Ohig<Gukx<G! Ouklf<kqvr<gjt! YKkz<!Lg<gqlieK/! oh{<gt<! Ouklf<kqqvr<gjt! ds<simel<! osb<b! -bziK/! Nkzqe<! oh{<gt<!nsk<kqbk<jkh<! OhizOu!K~b<jlbx<xui<gt<!bg<Rr<gtqe<!NGkq!upr<gz<!hqvil{Qbk<kqe<!nch<hjm! slbg<Ogim<hiM! lE! nu<Uiqjljb! lgtqVg<G! lXg<gqxii</! lE! hqe<uVliX!gm<mjtbqMgqxii</!Oukr<gtqz<!osiz<zh<hm<m!kqesiq!Out<uq!fqblr<gjth<!oh{<!Nx<Xkz<!%miK/! yV! oh{<! Nx<xqMl<! Out<uqbz<! hqvil{e<! d{<{g<%miK/! oh{<gt<! -bx<Xl<!Out<uqgt<! nlr<gtlieju/! okb<u! sl<lklx<xju! nux<jx! hqvil{v<gt<! kuqv<k<z<!Ou{<Ml</! nxquiv<f<k! h{qgtqz<! oh{<gt<! =MhmzigiK/! Skf<kqv! sqf<kje?! SbLcU!wMg<Gl<! diqjljbBl<! lXg<gqxii</! ohtk<kl<! Ohie<x! hqx! slbh<! hqiqUgtqZl<! oh{<gt<!OsVkz<! %miK/! lv{l<! ujv! nu<uiX! Hxslbk<jkk<! okimi<f<K! Nkiqk<K! uf<kiz<!-xf<kui<gTg<G!-jxg<Gl<!we<El<!k{<{QVl<!nuTg<Gg<!gqjmbiK/!

lEuqe<!gizk<kqx<GLe<!oh{<gtqe<!fqjzlEuqe<!gizk<kqx<GLe<!oh{<gtqe<!fqjzlEuqe<!gizk<kqx<GLe<!oh{<gtqe<!fqjzlEuqe<!gizk<kqx<GLe<!oh{<gtqe<!fqjz!!!!

!!!!!!lEuqx<GLe<! Oukgizk<kqx<GLe<! oh{<! N{<gTg<G! fqgvib<! -z<jz! we<xiZl<!ncjlbib<! -z<jzobezil<<</! ng<gizk<kqz<! hqvl<lsiqbk<jk! Lck<k! hqe<! yV! oh{<!kqVl{k<kqx<G! kGkqBjmbut<! Ngqxit</! weqEl<! nkv<u! Oukg<! %x<X! oh{<gTg<G!dhfbl<!osb<Bl<!diqjl!-Vf<kjkg<!gim<Mg<gqxK/!sqovtk<k!$k<kqvr<gt<!%XukqzqVf<K!oh{<gt<!Ouklf<kqvr<gjt!hbqzziole<Xl<!oh{<gTg<G!Oukg<gz<uq!Hgm<mh<hm<moke<Xl<!nxqgqOxil</! hi{qeqbqe<! n <̂mik<bibq! &zl<! oh{<gt<! GVg<Gzk<kqz<! hbqe<xei<!we<hkx<Gl<! sie<Xgt<! gqm<<cBt<te/! hkR<szqbqe<! lgihi <̂bk<kqz<! oh{<gt<! Oukl<!hbqx<Xuqg<Gl<! ! Nsqiqbvigqg<! sqXlqbVg<G! gx<hqk<K! uf<kev</! slbl<?! kk<Kul<?! olb<bqbz<!Ohie<x! F{<ohiVt<! hx<xqb! ohiKle<x! uquikr<gtqz<! oh{<gt<! N{<gTme<! =Mhm<mei</!\egVg<Gl<! Sz<hiUg<Gl<! -jmObBl<?! big<Ruz<gqbVg<Gl<! gii<g<gqg<Gl<! -jmObBl?<!sr<gvisiiqbVg<Gl<! uqk<bikiqg<Gl<! -jmObBl?<! big<Ruz<gqbVg<Gl<! jlk<Ovbqg<Gl<!-jmObBl<! fqgp<f<k! uquikl<! lEuqx<G! Lf<kqb! gizk<kqz<! lgtqi<! gz<uqbqZl<! Nb<uqZl<!dbi<fqjz!njmf<kqVf<kei</!Hpr<giz!-f<kqbiuqz<!nvseqe<!Lc$m<M!uqpiuqz<!sqxh<high<!hr<Ogx<x! Lke<jlbieui<gtqz<! nvsqBl<! Lg<gqblieui</! lx<x! ohiqObiVg<G! liqbijk!osZk<kqbK! OhizOu! nvse<! nvsqg<Gl<! gi{qg<jg! upr<gqeie</! nvsqg<G! lm<Mlz<ziK!gQps<sikqjbs<! sii<f<k! ljeuqgTg<Gl<! nvse<! liqbijk! osZk<kqeie</! nKOhizOu!kjzjl!upqgim<M!nZuziqe<!ljeuqbVg<Gl<!nvse<!liqbijk!osZk<kqeie</!

!!!!!ogtcz<biqe<! gizk<kqz<! Nmui<! 27! ubkqZl<?! lgtqi<! 23! ubkqZl<! ubK!uf<kui<gtig! gVkh<hm<mei</! kqVl{! ubKl<! ubKg<G! uf<k! fqjzBl<! ye<oxeg<!gVkh<hm<mK/!lEjuh<!Ohize<xq!ogtcz<bi<!gizk<kqz<!hv <̂hv!hjg!ouXh<H!giv{lig!yV! oh{<! uquigvk<K! Ogivzil</! yV! oh{<! nz<zK! uqkju! lXl{l<! osb<Kogit<t!kjmObKlqz<jz/! lEjuh<! Ohize<xq! l{lieoh{<gTg<G! ohiVtikiv! Skf<kqvl<!upr<Gukqz<! ogtcz<bk<kqz<! ohiqKl<! guel<! osZk<kh<hm<mK/! \Queil<̂ ! upq! ujgbqz<!Nhv{r<gt<! dt<tqm<mjugt<! yV! oh{<[g<Giqb! osik<Kg<gtiGl</! kig<GkZg<Ogi!nuK~Xg<Ogi!dt<tie!yV!ljeuq!g{ue<!lQK!fQkqle<xk<kqz<!upg<G!okimvziole<El<!ogtcz<bi<! gizk<K! uqkq! uqbh<hibqVg<gqxK/! SVr<gg<! %xqe<! lEuqx<G! Lf<jkb!gizr<gtqz<!oh{<!Skf<kqvlie!NmuEg<G!fqgvie!hr<gizqbibqVf<kit</!

-zg<gqbLl<!oh{<{qbLl<-zg<gqbLl<!oh{<{qbLl<-zg<gqbLl<!oh{<{qbLl<-zg<gqbLl<!oh{<{qbLl<!!!!

!!!!!NkqgivLl<! -zg<gqbLl<! N{<gtqz<! ucujlk<k! Ohiokz<zil<! nkqz<! oh{<j{!N{qbk<kqe<! NTjg<gGt<Ot! nmr<gqMl<! njmbith<hMk<kqBt<tK/! oh{<{cjljb!-zg<gqbr<gTl<! -bz<higOu! OhSgqe<xe/! nux<xqz<! sqz! GzOsgv! Np<uii<! lg<gt<!ujshiMl<hcbie!uqjejb!ke<!g{ue<!Olx<ogi{<cVf<kiZl<!nujeOb!fqjef<KVGl<!Gzlgt<! Ohiz! -jxue<! ke<je! Nm<ogit<tiuqm<miZl<! nue<! kqVuc! HgjpOb! %xqg<!ogi{<cVh<hkigg<! %Xgqxii<! )ohVlit<! kqVolipq! 79:*/! oh{<{qe<! gx<jh! dbi<<f<kkig!gim<cm!w{<{qb!gl<he<!-viu{eiz<!jgh<hmilz<!gmk<kq!osz<zh<hm<M!-vileqml<!lQ{<M!


uf<kujt!)nElkqbqz<zilz<!wf<kh<!oh{<j{Bl<!okim<miz<!!nuEjmb!kjzouck<K!Sg<G! F~xigquqMl<! we<hK! -viu{qeqe<! uip<uqbz<! uvl<*! -vile<! nut<! gx<jh! fq'hqg<g!kQg<Gtqg<g!kQi<lieqh<hKl<!njk!nue<!Wx<Xl<!gim<cx<G!ueuisl<!Olx<ogi{<m!-vilje!Ofig<gq!uek<kqz<!we<je!uqm<M!hqiqf<kqVf<k!Oujz!yPg<glib<!-Vf<kiObi@!we<X!nuje!Ofig<gq! sQjk! Ogm<Gl<hc! gkihik<kqvl<! -bx<xik! gl<hVl<! oh{<{cjljb!nr<gQgiqk<kui<kie</! g{ue<! gVkqeiz<! -j{bijt! hqxVg<Gk<! kielig<gqm! nuEg<G!diqjl! d{<ome<hjk! -bx<jg! fibeii<! gjkBl<?! Hgzqe<! fibeii<?! kqzgukqbii<?!Heqkukqbii<! gjkBl<! oh{<{cjls<! sie<jxOb! ujvf<Kt<tK/! s&g! sQi<kqVk<kuikqbie!-vilzqr<g! ncgt<! lVU! oh{<{ijsjb! lxg<gOu{<Ml<! we<hkqZl<! oh{<j{! yKg<gqb!w{<{l<!gi{h<hMgqxK/! “ gioke<Xl<!&g<oge<X!g{<o{e<X!gim<c!g{<o{kqOv!lioke<X!gioke<Xl<!&g<oge<X!g{<o{e<X!gim<c!g{<o{kqOv!lioke<X!gioke<Xl<!&g<oge<X!g{<o{e<X!gim<c!g{<o{kqOv!lioke<X!gioke<Xl<!&g<oge<X!g{<o{e<X!gim<c!g{<o{kqOv!lioke<X!osiz<zq! uVuijb! we<Xl<! oh{<{ijsg<! ogi{<M! ohVg<glitiOkosiz<zq! uVuijb! we<Xl<! oh{<{ijsg<! ogi{<M! ohVg<glitiOkosiz<zq! uVuijb! we<Xl<! oh{<{ijsg<! ogi{<M! ohVg<glitiOkosiz<zq! uVuijb! we<Xl<! oh{<{ijsg<! ogi{<M! ohVg<glitiOk” ! we<El<!gMoutqs<sqk<ki<! oh{<gjt! sqXjlhMk<kqbK! g{<cg<gk<kg<gOk.! osg<gs<! squf<k! gPfQVl<!osg<gs<! squf<k! gPfQVl<!osg<gs<! squf<k! gPfQVl<!osg<gs<! squf<k! gPfQVl<!osgk<kqz<! -jtRi<! NVbqVl<! Yg<gs<! osVGl<! Gpz<! lmuQi<! dl<ohix<gmihl<! kqxlqOeiosgk<kqz<! -jtRi<! NVbqVl<! Yg<gs<! osVGl<! Gpz<! lmuQi<! dl<ohix<gmihl<! kqxlqOeiosgk<kqz<! -jtRi<! NVbqVl<! Yg<gs<! osVGl<! Gpz<! lmuQi<! dl<ohix<gmihl<! kqxlqOeiosgk<kqz<! -jtRi<! NVbqVl<! Yg<gs<! osVGl<! Gpz<! lmuQi<! dl<ohix<gmihl<! kqxlqOei” !!!!)gzqr<gk<Kh<hv{q! 85*!)gzqr<gk<Kh<hv{q! 85*!)gzqr<gk<Kh<hv{q! 85*!)gzqr<gk<Kh<hv{q! 85*! le<ee<! okVuqz<! dziuVjgbqz<! le<ejeh<! hii<k<K! oh{<gt<!wz<OziVl<!ke<eqjz!lxf<K!nue<!ubh<hm<M!fqe<xii<gt<!we<hK!Nmujv!liki<!lbg<Gl<!ohiVote!Ohikqg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!!!!

ut<TuVl<! !

!!!!! oh{<{qx<!ohVf<kg<gbiUtoh{<{qx<!ohVf<kg<gbiUtoh{<{qx<!ohVf<kg<gbiUtoh{<{qx<!ohVf<kg<gbiUt...)Gxt<!w{<;65*?!)Gxt<!w{<;65*?!)Gxt<!w{<;65*?!)Gxt<!w{<;65*?!!!!!

okb<ul<!okipit<!ogiPfe<okb<ul<!okipit<!ogiPfe<okb<ul<!okipit<!ogiPfe<okb<ul<!okipit<!ogiPfe< )Gxt<)Gxt<)Gxt<)Gxt<:!!!!66*!66*!66*!66*!

we<X%xqbkqz<! oh{<{qe<! gx<hqe<! upqOb! oh{<gt<! dbi<k<kh<hMgqxii<goteUl<! g{uje!uqpqk<okPl<! Oujtgtqz<! oh{<gt<! u{r<gq! uVkziz<! nue<! ljpjb! ohb<bs<!osie<eiZl<! ohb<Bl<! we<hKl<! nxquqbZg<G! wkqvigUl<! N{ikqg<gk<kqx<Gs<! sikgligUl<!Nu{ligqxK/! sqzl<hqz<! N{qe<! yPg<<gg<Ogmie! osbjz! g{<ck<K! likuqbqml<! ose<x!Ogiuzeqml<!we<jeh<!Hxf<kt<tq!we<OeiM!-e<hl<!Kb<g<g!lXk<k!fie<!deg<ogkx<G!fQ!weg<G!wkx<G@!we!ke<!g{ueqml<!fQkqOgm<g!lXk<k!ke<!g{ueqe<!lv{k<kqx<G!fqbibl<!Ou{<Mole!le<eje!wkqi<Gl<!K{qs<sZl<!g{ueqe<!yPg<gg<Ogmie!fqjzjb!Wx<Gl<hc!osb<k! osbz<! oh{<{cjlk<kek<kqe<! nr<gqgivOl! -tr<Ogiucgt<! hjxs<six<xqBt<tiv</!lVkk<!kqj{h<!himz<gTl<!N{<gtqe<!hvk<kjljb!g{<ck<kqm!oh{<gTg<G!diqjljb!lXk<K! N{<gtqe<! yPg<gOgMgjt! oh{<gt<! Wx<X! uip! upqOgizqBt<tKl<! oh{<j{!hqt<jt! ohVl<! -bf<kqvole! “=e<X! Hxf<kVkz<! we<kjzg<! gmOe”! we! sqXjlhMk<kq!“sie<Oxieig<Gkz<!kf<jkg<Gk<!gmOe”!we!nxqUHgm<c!NTjl!Ng<Gkz<!N{<gtigqb!kf<jkg<G! gmOe! weg<! %Xukqz<! osu<uqbz<! -zg<gqbLl<! oh{<{qbl<! Oh{ik! N{qbl<!dbi<k<kqb! njmbitole! klqpi<gt<! d{i<f<K! djvk<kz<! Ou{<Ml</! N{qbl<! nkqv!Nu{l<! ogi{<M! lQtm<Ml<! oh{<{qbl?<! ncjl! uqzr<ogick<K! ! Ntm<Ml<! nut<!kqg<ogm<Ml</!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


!!!!

!!!!

klqpvqe<!klqpvqe<!klqpvqe<!klqpvqe<!l{l<l{l<l{l<l{l<!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*Ljeuv<! sq/gzqb&v<k<kq?Ljeuv<! sq/gzqb&v<k<kq?Ljeuv<! sq/gzqb&v<k<kq?Ljeuv<! sq/gzqb&v<k<kq?!!!! ogtvu! uqvqUjvbitv?<! klqp<k<Kjx?! nvS! gjz! lx<Xl<!nxquqbz<!gz<Z~vq?!Ouh<hf<km<jm!–!732227/!

!


h{<jmbg<!gizk<kqz<!klqpv<gtqmk<kqz<!-Vujgbie!Ogim<hiMgt<!njlf<kqVf<kK/!nkqz<!ye<X!ngl<!we<Xl<?!Hxl<!we<Xl<!hqvqh<hv</!ngl<!we<hK!gtU?!gx<H!siv<f<kkigUl<?!Hxl<! we<hK! uQvl<?! ngl<! nz<zik! hqxux<xqje! Hxl<! wezil</! nu<ujgbqz<! klqpv<gt<!kr<gt<! uip<uqbZg<gie! Okmzqz<! oh{<! we<huPl<! Lke<jlbig! -Vf<kqVg<gqxit</! N{<!oh{<!dxU!fqjzgtqz<!h{<jmbg<!gizl<!okim<M!-e<xtUl<!kqVl{l<!we<hK!lg<gtqe<!s&gh<! h{<him<cx<Gl<! figvQgk<kqx<Gl<! Lke<jlbiekig! -Vf<kqVg<gqxK! we<hK!lXg<gLcbik! ye<xiGl</! nu<ujgbqz<! klqpvqe<! kqVl{Ljx! wu<uiX! njlf<Kt<tK!we<hkje!-g<gm<Mjvbqe<!uibqzig!nxqb!Lx<hmzil</!

l{l<!ohiVt<!uqtg<gl<;l{l<!ohiVt<!uqtg<gl<;l{l<!ohiVt<!uqtg<gl<;l{l<!ohiVt<!uqtg<gl<;!!!!

N{<! oh{<! l{! dxU! fqjzgtqz<! “le<xz<! we<hK! gz<bi{l<?! ofMf<okV?!uisje! Ngqbh<! ohiVtqz<”1

! jgbith<hMgqe<xe/! l{l<! we<hK! “gz<bi{l<?! %m<ml<?!lgqp<s<sq?! uisje! we<xh<! ohiVtqz<”2 hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqe<xe/! OlZl<! uKju! we<hkx<G!gzqbi{l<?! uZuf<kl<?! uisje! “3

! we<Xl/<! ujvkz<! wEl<! osiz<! wPKkz<?! ogit<tz<?!sqk<kqvolPKkz<?!Sx<xqujvkz<?!fQg<gz<?!lix<xz<?!uquigR<osb<kz<”4

!we<Xl</!ujvU!we<hK!ntU?!wz<jz?!hqvqU?!l{l<?!liXhiM?!ujvkz<?!ujvbh<hm<mK”5

!we<Xl</!gv{l<!we<hkx<G!nf<kvqf<kqbl<?! nXkqs<sQm<M?! dhgv{l<?! w{<{qg<jg?! WK?! Jl<ohixq?! g{qkl<?! gz<uq?!giv{l<?!%k<kqOeiv<!uqgx<hl<?!%k<K?!osb<jg?!fx<osb<jg?!hR<sir<gk<kqz<!ye<X?!uqVh<hl<”6 we<Xl<! klqp<! olipq! ngvikqbqz<! fi/gkqx<Oux<hqt<jt! Gxqh<hqMgqxiv</! le<xz<?! uKju?!l{l<?!ujvkz<!Lkzie!sr<gh<!himz<!osix<gt<!-Vg<Gl<!OhiK!okiz<gih<hqbl<! ‘gv{l<’!we<x!–nl<!uqGkqs<!osiz<jz!wkx<gigk<!okvqf<okMk<kK!we<hK!Lx<xig!uqtr<guqz<jz”/7!we<gqxiv<!vi\<ogtkle</!

-z<uip<g<jgbqz<! N[l<! oh{<El<! kr<gTg<Gt<! gVk<KOlikOzi?! nz<zK!N{ikqg<gl<! oh{<{ikqg<gl<! we<gqx! fqjzbqOzi! gVk<KOuXhMl<! OhiK! -z<uip<g<jg!we<hK!okijzf<K!OhigqxK/!-kje!“-z<zx!lz<zK!fz<zx!le<X”!we<X!ytjubiVl<?!

“ nxoeeh<!nxoeeh<!nxoeeh<!nxoeeh<!hm<mOk!-z<uip<g<jg!bhm<mOk!-z<uip<g<jg!bhm<mOk!-z<uip<g<jg!bhm<mOk!-z<uip<g<jg!b0Kl<0Kl<0Kl<0Kl<!!!!

hqxe<hpqh<h!kqz<zibqe<!fe<Xhqxe<hpqh<h!kqz<zibqe<!fe<Xhqxe<hpqh<h!kqz<zibqe<!fe<Xhqxe<hpqh<h!kqz<zibqe<!fe<X” !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)Gxt<!5:*)Gxt<!5:*)Gxt<!5:*)Gxt<!5:*!!!!

“ nxk<kx<xqe<!-z<uip<g<jg!bix<xqx<!Hxk<kix<xqx<nxk<kx<xqe<!-z<uip<g<jg!bix<xqx<!Hxk<kix<xqx<nxk<kx<xqe<!-z<uip<g<jg!bix<xqx<!Hxk<kix<xqx<nxk<kx<xqe<!-z<uip<g<jg!bix<xqx<!Hxk<kix<xqx<!!!!

Ohiyb<h<!ohXu!okue<Ohiyb<h<!ohXu!okue<Ohiyb<h<!ohXu!okue<Ohiyb<h<!ohXu!okue<” !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)Gxt<!57*)Gxt<!57*)Gxt<!57*)Gxt<!57*!!!!

“ ne<Hl<!nxEl<!djmk<kibqe<!-z<uip<g<jgne<Hl<!nxEl<!djmk<kibqe<!-z<uip<g<jgne<Hl<!nxEl<!djmk<kibqe<!-z<uip<g<jgne<Hl<!nxEl<!djmk<kibqe<!-z<uip<g<jg!!!!

h{<Hl<!hbEl<!nKh{<Hl<!hbEl<!nKh{<Hl<!hbEl<!nKh{<Hl<!hbEl<!nK” << <<” !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)Gxt<!59*)Gxt<!59*)Gxt<!59*)Gxt<!59*!!!!

we<gqxiv<!kqVut<Tuv<?!

-u<Uzgqz<! hqxf<k! njeuVg<Gl<! nxLl<?! ohiVTl<?! -e<hl<! we<hK!Lke<jlbigg<! ogi{<Om! -u<Uzgl<! hvf<Kuqvqf<K! osbz<hMgqxK/! gx<H! we<X! kqVl{l<!Gxqg<gh<hMgqxK/! nK! gv{oliM! smr<GgTml<! kjzuqjbg<! ogit<ukx<G! kjzue<!ohiVjtg<!ogiMk<K!l{l<!osb<K!ogit<ukiGl</!

“ gx<H!weh<hMuK!gv{oliM!H{vg<gx<H!weh<hMuK!gv{oliM!H{vg<gx<H!weh<hMuK!gv{oliM!H{vg<gx<H!weh<hMuK!gv{oliM!H{vg<!!!!

ogitx<Gvq!lvhqe<!gqpue<!gqpk<kqjbg<ogitx<Gvq!lvhqe<!gqpue<!gqpk<kqjbg<ogitx<Gvq!lvhqe<!gqpue<!gqpk<kqjbg<ogitx<Gvq!lvhqe<!gqpue<!gqpk<kqjbg<!!!!


ogijmg<Gvq!lvhqOeiv<!ogiMh<hg<!ogit<uKOuogijmg<Gvq!lvhqOeiv<!ogiMh<hg<!ogit<uKOuogijmg<Gvq!lvhqOeiv<!ogiMh<hg<!ogit<uKOuogijmg<Gvq!lvhqOeiv<!ogiMh<hg<!ogit<uKOu” !!!!)okiz</!gx<H/2199*)okiz</!gx<H/2199*)okiz</!gx<H/2199*)okiz</!gx<H/2199*!!!!

we<X! okiz<gih<hqbv<! kqVl{l<! Gxqk<k! osb<kqbqje! Gxqh<hqMgqxiv</! Ohx<Oxiv<gt<!-z<zilZl<!gv{l<!d{<M!nkiuK!fmf<Kt<tK!we<hkje!

“ ogiMh<Ohiv<!-e<xqBl<!gv{l<!d{<OmogiMh<Ohiv<!-e<xqBl<!gv{l<!d{<OmogiMh<Ohiv<!-e<xqBl<!gv{l<!d{<OmogiMh<Ohiv<!-e<xqBl<!gv{l<!d{<Om!!!!

H{v<H{v<H{v<H{v<f<!Kme<Ohigqb!gijz!bief<!Kme<Ohigqb!gijz!bief<!Kme<Ohigqb!gijz!bief<!Kme<Ohigqb!gijz!bie” )okiz</!gx<H/219:*)okiz</!gx<H/219:*)okiz</!gx<H/219:*)okiz</!gx<H/219:*!!!!

we<Xl<! okiz<<gih<hqbv<! hkqU! osb<gqxiv</! gv{l<! fjmohXukx<Gt<! kjzue<! hz!oh{<gTme<! okimv<H! juk<kqVh<hKl<?! oh{<gjt! Wlix<xq! ose<XuqMukigUl<!ng<gizk<kqz<! -kje! yV! ofxqh<hMk<k! Ou{<Ml<! we<X! fqjek<k! Dv<! ohvqObiv<gt<!nkx<gie!ujvLjxjb!hqe<hx<xqev</!-kje!

“ ohib<Bl<!uPUl<!Okie<xqb!hqe<ev<ohib<Bl<!uPUl<!Okie<xqb!hqe<ev<ohib<Bl<!uPUl<!Okie<xqb!hqe<ev<ohib<Bl<!uPUl<!Okie<xqb!hqe<ev<!!!!

Jbv<!bik<kev<!gv{l<!we<hJbv<!bik<kev<!gv{l<!we<hJbv<!bik<kev<!gv{l<!we<hJbv<!bik<kev<!gv{l<!we<h” )okiz</!gx<H/21:2*)okiz</!gx<H/21:2*)okiz</!gx<H/21:2*)okiz</!gx<H/21:2*!!!!

we<Xjvg<gqxiv<! okiz<gih<hqbv</! gv{! Ljx! OlOziv<! &uv<g<Gl<! fmf<Kt<tK! we<Xl<?!nuv<gtqz<!gQOpiv<g<Gl<!gv{l<!d{<mie!gizLl<!d{<M/!-kje?!

“ OlOziv<!&uv<g<Gl<!OlOziv<!&uv<g<Gl<!OlOziv<!&uv<g<Gl<!OlOziv<!&uv<g<Gl<!H{v<k<<k!gv{l<H{v<k<<k!gv{l<H{v<k<<k!gv{l<H{v<k<<k!gv{l<!!!!

gQOpiv<g<gigqb!gizLl<!d{<OmgQOpiv<g<gigqb!gizLl<!d{<OmgQOpiv<g<gigqb!gizLl<!d{<OmgQOpiv<g<gigqb!gizLl<!d{<Om” )okiz</!gx<H/21:1*)okiz</!gx<H/21:1*)okiz</!gx<H/21:1*)okiz</!gx<H/21:1*!!!!

we<hv<! okiz<gih<hqbv</! gx<H! we<x! hiGhiM! ‘gv{l<’! we<x! l{s<smr<gqe<! upqbig!dVuigqxK/!gv{l<!&zl<!dVuie!‘gx<H’!we<x!GMl<h!uip<uqe<!gilqbl<!gtUg<Gh<!hqxG!uqtg<gh<hMgqxK/! gx<H! we<X! uGk<Kg<ogi{<m! ngh<hiGhim<jm! uqtg<Gl<! OhiK! Yv<!N{<lgEg<G?!oh{<j{h<!ohx<xuv<gt<!kl<!oh{<j{g<!ogijmbigk<!kv!nujt!nue<!Wx<Xg<! ogit<uK! we<X! okiz<gih<hqbl<! %XgqxK/! nf<k! N[l<! oh{<[l<! l{l<! HvqBl<!lvHk<! kGkq! )l{l<! HvqBl<! dxULjx*! ogi{<muv<gtig! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! sr<g!ngh<himz<gtqz<! ohVl<hizie! himz<gtqz<! uKju?! ujvU! we<x! osix<gtiz<! Sm<mh<hMl<!kqVl{l<! we<hK! oh{<gtiz<! uzqBXk<kh<hm<Mt<tK/! okiz<gih<hqbl<! -kje! d{v<f<K?!‘gv{l<’! we<x! kqVl{s<! smr<gqe<! s&gh<! h{<jh! uzqBXk<kqBt<tK”8

! we<gqxiv<!vi\<ogtkle</!

kqVl{s<! smr<G! we<hK! “gv{l<! we<x! kqVl{s<! smr<gqe<! s&gh<! h{<jh!uzqBXk<kqBt<tK/! gv{l<! we<hK! Nkqbqz<! OlOziv<! ! &uv<g<Gl<! )hqvil{v<?! sk<kqvqbv<?!jusqbv<! we<x! Kuq\! uV{k<kiv<*! lm<Ml<! dvqjlbig! -Vf<K! gizh<Ohig<gqz<! nK!gQOpiv<g<Gl<! )$k<kqvv</Outitv<*! dvqjlbigqxK! we<gqxiv<”9

vi\<ogtkle</! Neiz<!l{s<smr<gqje!fmk<k!Jbv<!we<huv<!-Vf<kiv<!we<x!osb<kqgt<!-jms<osVgzig!-Vg<Gl<!we<gqxiv</! l{ujggtqz<! ogijml{l<?! gikz<! <l{l<?! guv<U! l{l<! we<oxz<zil<!-Vf<kqVg<gqxK/! oh{<j{g<! ogijmg<ogiMk<K! l{l<! osb<uKl<?! -bx<jgbig! gikz<!Hvqf<K!ujvf<K!ogit<uKl<?!yV!oh{<j{h<!ohx<oxivqjsUl<!nut<!-jsUlqe<xq!uzqf<K!hx<Xkz<!NGl</!“!liLK!hiv<h<hie<!ljxupq!gim<cm”!we<X!sqzh<hkqgivl<!hqvil{!nz<zK!Nvqbh<! hiv<h<heh<! HOvigqkk<jkg<! Gxqk<kqVh<hK! gjms<sr<gg<! gizk<kqz<! fgvr<gtqZl<!lifgvr<gtqZl<! ohVl<hiZl<! nvsvqjmBl<! u{qgv<gtqjmBl<! -Vf<k! fqjzjljbk<kie<!Gxqg<Gl</!-e<X!hqvil{vqz<zik!hz!fim<Mh<Hxk<kiv<gt<!-Vh<hkiZl<?!sqz!klqp<g<Gzk<kiv<!hqvil{h<!HOvigqklqe<xqk<!kl<!l{r<gjt!fmk<kqg<!ogit<ukiZl<?!hqvil{v<!uf<k!hqe<Hl<?!gjms<sr<gg<!gizl<!ujv!ohVl<hiz<!klqpv<!l{r<gt<!klqp<!lvhqOzOb!fmf<Kuf<ke!we<X!nxqkz<! Ou{<Ml<”10

! we<gqxiv<! hiui{v</! “kjzue<! kjzuqbvigqb! -VuVl<!yVujvobiVuv<! -e<xqbjlbikuvib<! l{f<K! uiPr<giz<! kjzlgtK! lek<kqe<g{<!njlf<k! gzr<gi! fqjzjlOb! gx<H! weh<hMl</! -k<kjgb! le! dXkqjb! dzgqeVg<Gh<!Hzh<hMk<KuKkie<!kqVl{s<!smr<gigqb!gv{l<!we<hK/!gikzv<!-VuVl<!hqvquqe<xqjbf<k!fm<Hjmbiv<! we<hkje! uzqBXk<KuK”11 kie<! kqVl{k<kqe<! fqbkqbigh<!hbe<hMk<kh<hm<Mt<tK/!

kqVl{!ubKl<?!gizLl<;kqVl{!ubKl<?!gizLl<;kqVl{!ubKl<?!gizLl<;kqVl{!ubKl<?!gizLl<;!!!!

kqVl{k<kqe<! OhiK! kjzue<! kjzuqbqe<! ubK! Lg<gqblbgg<! gVkh<hMgqxK/!“h{<jmk<! klqp<! l{r<gm<K! -k<Kj{! we<El<! okijg! uvl<hqz<jz/! l{h<hVul<!l{lgEg<Gh<! hkqeixi{<ome<Xl<?! l{lgTg<Gh<! he<eQvi{<ome<Xl<! F~z<gt<! %Xl<!h{<jmg<! gizk<! klqp<lg<gt<! wk<Kj{! uzqjl! lqg<guvib<! -Vf<kqVh<hqEl<! F~z<gtqz<!l{lg<gm<<Gg<! Gxqg<gh<hm<m! hVul<! Lf<kqbOk/! ng<gizk<kqz<! kqVl{s<! sm<m!


uvl<hqe<jlbiZl<?! -e<hs<! sqxh<ohie<jxOb! lg<gt<! gVkqbkiZl<?! -tjl! Lkz<!LKjlujv! wk<Kj{! l{R<osb<b! LcBOli! nk<Kj{! l{R<osb<kx<G! ne<X!-mlqVf<kK! NbqEl<! sqz! nvsVl<! gQOpiVOl! -f<fqjzjb! lqGkqbib<h<! hbe<hMk<kqev<”/12 we<gqxiv<!hiui{v</! “l{h<ohiVk<kr<gtqz<!kjzue<!kjzuqbqe<!yk<kubK!Gxqh<hqmk<kg<g!-mk<jkh<!ohXgqe<xK/!kjzuje!uqmk<!kjzuq!ubK!Gjxf<kqVh<hKl<!-tjl!fQr<gqb!kqxk<kqe<! hix<hMl</! -kjek<! okiz<gih<hqbk<jkuqm! Hxh<ohiVt<! ou{<hilijz! lqg!uqvquigUl<!oktquigUl<!OhSgqe<xK/!-g<gVk<kqjeg<!ogi{<m!himz<gt<!gzqk<okijgbqz<!hkquigqBt<te! )gzqk<okijg! :5?! 249*/! kqVl{! Ljxbqz<! dbv<f<k! yPg<gr<gjt!Le<jug<Gl<! sr<ggizs<! sLkibk<kqz<! jgg<gqjt?! ohVf<kqj{! Ohie<x! yPg<gr<gt<! We<!dVh<ohx<xe! we<hK! Nb<uqx<KvqbK/! gf<kv<u! l{Ljxbqz<! kjzuEg<Gl<! kjzuqg<Gl<!kr<gtK! uip<g<jgk<! Kj{jbk<! kQv<lieqk<Kg<! ogit<ukqz<! LP! Skf<kqvl<! -Vf<kK/!gx<Hofxqbqz<! uip<g<jgk<! Kj{jbk<! kQv<lieqh<hkqz<! ohx<Oxiv<! ohVl<hr<G! ugqk<kev</!wu<uixibqEl<!-u<uqV!l{LjxbqZl<!l{!dxUgjt!LcU!osb<ukqz<!Lv{<hiMgOti!ofgqp<UgOti! uv! uib<h<hqz<jz/! -Vf<k! OhikqZl<! ohVf<kqjeg<! Gxqh<Hgt<! sr<g!-zg<gqbk<kqz<! wu<uiX! -ml<ohx<xK! we<hK! Ogt<uqg<GvqbOk/! -kje! HxfiEix<jx!nch<hjmbigg<! ogi{<M! ohiVt<! ogit<Tl<! sik<kqbh<hiMgt<! dt<te/! nkiuK! Le<ev<!Gxqh<hqm<mK! Ohie<X! Ohivqeiz<! Wx<hMl<! sls<sQvx<x! s&gk<kqe<! outqh<hiMgTt<! ye<xig!-kjeg<!gVkzil</!Ohivqe<!giv{lig!N{<?!oh{<!ubK!-jmoutq!lqGuK!-bz<hieK/!Ohivqz<! -jtRv<gt<! lqGkqbig! dbqv<Kxh<hkiZl<?! uqPh<H{<j{! uqVl<hqh<! OhiVg<Gs<!osz<ukiZl<! l{! dxUg<Gk<! kGkqBjmb! N{<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jg! GjxuK!-bz<hieK”13

!l{uqjeg<!gizl<!“ljp?!lqGGtqv<?!lqGheq!-z<zik!gizOl!l{uqjeg<G!Wx<xK/!kuqv!dpuv<gm<G!ng<gizk<kqz<!Yb<Ul<!gqjmg<Gl</!jk!Lkz<!Nu{q!ujv!fie<!-f<k! Yb<U! gqm<Ml</! dpuv<gtqe<! ohiVtikiv! fqjzBl<! fe<eqjzbqz<! -Vg<Gl</!ohVl<hiZl<! l{l<! utv<hqjxbqOzOb! fjmohXl<”14 h{<jmg<! gizk<kqz<! kqVl{l<!okimv<hig!flg<Gg<!gqjmg<Gl<!himz<gtqz<!“!ds<sqbqz<!Gmk<jk!djmbuv<gTl<!jgbqz<!nge<x! l{<jm! we<El<! gzk<jk! djmbuv<gTl<! Ngqb! l{k<kqjes<! osb<K! jug<Gl<!Lkqb!lr<gz!lgtqv<!lr<gz!fQvim<cx<gie!ohiVm<gjt!Ljx!Ljxbigk<kv?!Hkz<ujeh<!ohx<x! Kib! n{qgjt! djmb! fie<G! lgtqv<! %c! fqe<X! “gx<H! ofxq! Ohix<xq! fz<z!OhXgjt! dkuq?! g{uje! uqVl<hqh<! Oh[l<! gikzqbiGg”! we! uip<k<kq! fQoviM! %m<cs<!osivqf<k!Gtqv<f<k!-kp<gjtBjmb!H,g<gt<?!ofVr<gqb!gvqb!%f<kzqz<!ofz<Zme<!uqtr<g!uKju!fe<l{l<!-eqK!fqjxUXgqxK/!-kje?!

“ fQoviM!osivqf<k!=vqkp<!nzvqfQoviM!osivqf<k!=vqkp<!nzvqfQoviM!osivqf<k!=vqkp<!nzvqfQoviM!osivqf<k!=vqkp<!nzvq!!!!

hz<zqVr<!gKh<hqe<!ofz<oziM!kbr<ghz<zqVr<!gKh<hqe<!ofz<oziM!kbr<ghz<zqVr<!gKh<hqe<!ofz<oziM!kbr<ghz<zqVr<!gKh<hqe<!ofz<oziM!kbr<g!!!!

uKju!fe<l{r<!gpqf<k!hqe<jxg<uKju!fe<l{r<!gpqf<k!hqe<jxg<uKju!fe<l{r<!gpqf<k!hqe<jxg<uKju!fe<l{r<!gpqf<k!hqe<jxg<” !!!!!!!!!!!!)ngl</97/!26)ngl</97/!26)ngl</97/!26)ngl</97/!26....28*28*28*28*!!!!

“ jlh<Hxh<!HPg<gqe<!ofb<geq!ou{<OsiXjlh<Hxh<!HPg<gqe<!ofb<geq!ou{<OsiXjlh<Hxh<!HPg<gqe<!ofb<geq!ou{<OsiXjlh<Hxh<!HPg<gqe<!ofb<geq!ou{<OsiX!!!!

ujvbi!u{<jlobiM!HjvObiv<h<!Oh{qh<ujvbi!u{<jlobiM!HjvObiv<h<!Oh{qh<ujvbi!u{<jlobiM!HjvObiv<h<!Oh{qh<ujvbi!u{<jlobiM!HjvObiv<h<!Oh{qh<!!!!

Ht<Th<H{v<f<!kqeqb!uigk<!okt<otitqHt<Th<H{v<f<!kqeqb!uigk<!okt<otitqHt<Th<H{v<f<!kqeqb!uigk<!okt<otitqHt<Th<H{v<f<!kqeqb!uigk<!okt<otitq!!!!

nr<g{<!-VuqSl<H!uqtr<gk<!kqr<gm<nr<g{<!-VuqSl<H!uqtr<gk<!kqr<gm<nr<g{<!-VuqSl<H!uqtr<gk<!kqr<gm<nr<g{<!-VuqSl<H!uqtr<gk<!kqr<gm<!!!!

sgml<!l{<cb!Kgt<kQv<!%m<mk<Ksgml<!l{<cb!Kgt<kQv<!%m<mk<Ksgml<!l{<cb!Kgt<kQv<!%m<mk<Ksgml<!l{<cb!Kgt<kQv<!%m<mk<K” !!!!!!!!)ngl<!247)ngl<!247)ngl<!247)ngl<!247....2222....7*7*7*7*!!!!

we<X!%XgqxK/!kqVl{l<!sgml<!)dOvig{q*!we<El<!fit<!njmb!lqGf<k!-Vt<!fQr<gqb!npG!ohiVf<kqb!uqcbx<gijzbqz<!fjmf<OkvqbK/!

LcUjv;LcUjv;LcUjv;LcUjv;!!!!

h{<jmk<! klqpv<gt<! kr<gt<! uip<g<jgk<! Kj{bqje! ohXukx<gie! kqVl{s<!smr<gqje! hiv<h<hev<! -e<xq! klqp<! Ljxh<hc! kqVl{k<kqje! osb<kqVg<gqxiv<gt</! Nvqbk<!kqVl{!Ljxh<hc!-z<zilz<!klqpvqe<!h{<him<M!njmbitl<!Gxqk<k!kqVl{h<!hkquqje!ngfiEiX!we<El<!-zg<gqbl<!wMk<kqbl<Hujkg<!gi{zil</!NgOu!klqpv<!kqVl{!Ljx!Out<uq!osb<K!kqVl{l<!osb<Bl<!Ljx!nz<z!we<hkjeg<!-g<gm<Mjvbqe<!upqbig!fil<!nxqb!LcgqxK/!

!

!

!


!!!!

!!!!

kqj{olipqkqj{olipqkqj{olipqkqj{olipq!!!!Jl<hkqe<!himz<gtqz<!osiz<zqjs!ntohjmJl<hkqe<!himz<gtqz<!osiz<zqjs!ntohjmJl<hkqe<!himz<gtqz<!osiz<zqjs!ntohjmJl<hkqe<!himz<gtqz<!osiz<zqjs!ntohjm!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*oh/vi\ozm<Slqoh/vi\ozm<Slqoh/vi\ozm<Slqoh/vi\ozm<Slq?!?!?!?! LPOfv! LjeuI! hm<m! Nb<uitI?! hik<kqli! gz<Z~iq! )ke<eim<sq*?!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!lKjv!–!736129/!

!Le<EjvLe<EjvLe<EjvLe<Ejv!!!!

!!!! hkqoe{<! gQp<g<g{g<G! F~z<gTt<! kqj{olipq! Jl<hK! we<El<! F~z<!ngk<Kjxjbs<! siIf<kK/! GxqR<sq,! hijz,! Lz<jz,! lVkl,<! ofb<kz<! we<El<! uiqjsbqz<!Jf<K! kqj{gtigh<! hqiqg<gh<hm<M! yu<ouiV! kqj{bqZl<! hk<Kh<himz<gtig! Jf<K!kqj{gtqz<! Jl<hK! himz<gt<! njlf<Kt<te/! -h<himz<gt<! ou{<hig<gtiz<! Neju/!-f<F~z<! g{<{R<! Osf<keviz<! -bx<xh<ohx<xK/! leqk! uip<g<jg! kqj{obiPg<gk<kqe<!ujgbqz<!sqxf<K!uqtr<Gl<!ne<hqe<!ng!d{Iju!outqh<hMk<Kl<!himz<gtqz<!osiz<zqjs!ntohjms<!osix<gjt!Nvib<ukig!-g<gm<Mjv!njlf<Kt<tK/!

ntohjm!uqtg<glntohjm!uqtg<glntohjm!uqtg<glntohjm!uqtg<gl<!

!!!! ntohjm!we<hK!dbqIofcz<!wPk<K!WPl<!klg<Giqb!-v{<M!lik<kqjvbqzqVf<K!fQ{<M! ntohMg<Gl</! osb<Btqz<! yjs! GjxBl<! OhiKl<! sQVl<, sQIgTme<! -j{Bl<!kjtgTl<! sqjkBl<! OhiKl<! osb<Bt<! -zg<g{k<kqz<! Gx<xl<! Wx<hMl</! nkje! fqjxU!osb<ukx<Gl<!osb<Btqe<!Yjs!-eqjlbig!njlBl<!ohiVm<Ml<!osb<Btqe<!sqz!-mr<gtqz<!ntohjm! njlk<K! -bx<xh<hMgqe<xK/! -f<k! ntohjm! -v{<M! ujgh<hMl</! nju!dbqvtohjm,!yx<xtohjm!NGl</!nux<Xt<!dbqvtohjmbieK!osb<Btqjs!ntohjm,!-e<eqjs!ntohjm,!osiz<zqjs!ntohjm!we<x!&e<xig!ujgh<hMk<kh<hm<Mt<tK/!!!!

osiz<zqjs!ntohjmosiz<zqjs!ntohjmosiz<zqjs!ntohjmosiz<zqjs!ntohjm!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! osb<Btqz<! Yjs! Gjxbikuqmk<Kl<! ohbIs<osiz<! uqjeobs<sh<! ohiVt<! kVl<!ohiVm<Ml<!ntohMh<hK/!‘-’!we<El<!wPk<kqz<!LcU!ohXl</!

)w/gi/*!kpQ-!!)w/gi/*!kpQ-!!)w/gi/*!kpQ-!!)w/gi/*!kpQ-!!)kpq!–!ohbIs<osiz<!!!!!!!!!!!!kpQ-!.!uqjeobs<sl<*!!!!!

-s<osb<Btqz<!<!<!<! ‘kpqkpqkpqkpq’! we<El<! ohbIs<osiz<! ‘kpQ-kpQ-kpQ-kpQ-’! we<x! uqjeobs<sh<! ohiVt<! kVl<!ohiVm<Ml<!sQVl,<! kjtBl<!ohiVf<kq!-bz<hig!fqe<x!sQIgt<!kl<Ljmb!ohiVjt!-pf<K!ntohjmbigk<! kqiqf<K! hqxqokiV! ohiVtig! ntohMk<K! uf<kqVh<hkiz<! -K! osiz<zqjs!ntohjmbigqxK/!

kqj{olipq!Jl<hKkqj{olipq!Jl<hKkqj{olipq!Jl<hKkqj{olipq!Jl<hK!!!!

!!!!! ne<hqe<! Jf<kqje! fqgp<s<sqjbh<! hiMl<! osb<Bt<! kqj{olipq! Jl<hK! weh<hMl</!GxqR<sq,! hijz,! Lz<jz,! lVkl,<! ofb<kz<! we<El<! Jf<K! kqj{gTl<! yVuEg<Gl<!yVk<kqg<Gl<!-jmOb!Lgqp<k<K!utVl<!gikz<!ne<jh!hx<xq!hiMl<!kqj{gt<!NGl</!-f<k!ne<hqe<!wPs<sqbiz<!kjzue<!kjzuqbiqe<!dt<tk<Ok!Okie<Xgqe<x! -e<hLl,<!Ke<hLl,<!gtqh<Hl<!gzg<gLl,<!-j{f<k!uip<uqbjz!-f<k!Jf<K!kqj{gtqz<!hqiqk<K!-zg<gqbr<gt<!hiMgqe<xe/! -f<F~zqz<! gi{h<ohXl<! himz<gtqz<! sf<ke! lvr<gjt! oum<ck<! K{<Mgtig<gq!Out<uq!osb<K!OkuIgjt!lgqp<uqk<K!fim<cz<!ljp!ohXkjzBl,<!ljzbqzqVf<K!uqPl<!nVuqbqe<!YjsbieK!lk<ktk<kqe<!yzqg<G!Wx<h!uqtr<GkjzBl,<!gmz<!njzgt<!hutl,<!Lk<K,! htqr<G! Ngqb! l{qgjtg<! gjvbqz<! OsIg<Gl<! -eqjlBl<! utjlBl<! six<Xl<!sqxh<Hh<!himz<gjtg<!ogi{<mK/!

kjzuqbqe<!uVk<kl<kjzuqbqe<!uVk<kl<kjzuqbqe<!uVk<kl<kjzuqbqe<!uVk<kl<!!!!

!!!!! kjzuq! lVk! fqzk<kqe<! Oume<! lgt,<! kqj{! Hel<! gig<gs<! osz<Zl<! -mk<kqz<!lvilvr<gTl<! dbIf<k! GVf<k! lvr<gTl<! nVl<Hgjtk<! Okix<Xuqk<K! lzIf<Kt<te/!fl<Lme<!gzf<K!hpgqb!kjzuI!hqiqf<K!ohiVtQm<Ml<!ohiVm<Ms<!ose<X!kqVl<hq!uVukigs<!


osie<e! dXkqolipqjbg<! Gbqz<gt<! %uq! ohib<big<gq! uqm<me/! Oueqx<! hVul<! uf<kjk!w{<{q!lel<!Wr<Ggqe<xK!we<X!kjzuq!Okipqbqml<!%xqeit</!-kje,!

“ Yr<G!GVf<OkiM!nVl<H!we<X!hir<gIYr<G!GVf<OkiM!nVl<H!we<X!hir<gIYr<G!GVf<OkiM!nVl<H!we<X!hir<gIYr<G!GVf<OkiM!nVl<H!we<X!hir<gI!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!…………………………………………!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ohizf<okiC-!ohib<k<kGbqz<ohizf<okiC-!ohib<k<kGbqz<ohizf<okiC-!ohib<k<kGbqz<ohizf<okiC-!ohib<k<kGbqz<” (himz<!himz<!himz<!himz<!....24*24*24*24*!!!!

we<x!himziz<!nxqbLcgqe<xK/!!

%x<X!;%x<X!;%x<X!;%x<X!;!kjzuq!

-ml<!;-ml<!;-ml<!;-ml<!;!hijzk<kqj{bqz<!hkq&e<xil<!himzqz<!fie<gil<!ncbqz<!Lkz<!sQvigqb!osiz<zqz<!

!!!!!!ntohjm!uf<Kt<tK/!

$pz<!;$pz<!;$pz<!;$pz<!;!kjzue<!uivijl!Gxqk<K!uVf<kqb!kjzuq!Okipqjb!Ofig<gqg<!%xqb!fqjzbqz<!

!!!!!!osiz<zqjs!ntohjm!njlf<Kt<tK/!!!!!!!!!!!

!)w/gi/*!ohizf<okiC-w/gi/*!ohizf<okiC-w/gi/*!ohizf<okiC-w/gi/*!ohizf<okiC-!!!!)okiC!–!ohbIs<osiz<!!!!!okiC-!.!uqjeobs<sl<!*!

-s<osb<Btqz<! ‘okiCokiCokiCokiC’! we<El<! ohbIs<osiz<! ‘okiC-okiC-okiC-okiC-’! we<x! uqjeobs<sh<! ohiVt<! kVl<!ohiVm<Ml<! sQVl<! kjtBl<! ohiVf<kq! -bz<hig! fqe<x! sQIgt<! kl<Ljmb! ohiVjt! -pf<K!ntohjmbigk<! kqiqf<K! hqxqokiV! ohiVtig! ntohMk<K! uf<kqVh<hkiz<! -K! osiz<zqjs!ntohjmbigqxK/!

kjzuqbqe<!hqiqU!fqjkjzuqbqe<!hqiqU!fqjkjzuqbqe<!hqiqU!fqjkjzuqbqe<!hqiqU!fqjzzzz!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ljz!fim<jm!djmb!kjzue<!fQI!-z<zik!ux{<m!hijz!fqzk<kqz<!hvx<gx<gt<!fqjxf<k! upqbqz<! ohiVt<! =m<Mkjz! fics<! ose<x! fl<! kjzuI! dMg<jggt<! Yzqg<Gl<!ke<jl! g{<M! ns<sk<Kme<! nh<hijz! fqzk<kqz<! uiPl<! lxuiqe<! DIgtqz<! kr<gq!-Vh<hiOvi"! -Vg<gilz<! uqjvf<K! kqVl<HuiOvi"! we<X! w{<{qbkiz<! Wx<hm<m! Ke<hk<kiz<!ohie<!Ohie<x!we<!Oleq!hsjz!Ofibiz<!ktIf<K/!we<!jg!ujtbz<gt<!ofgqp<f<K!gQOp!uqPgqe<xe!we<X!kjzuq!Okipqbqml<!%xqeit</!we<hjk,!

“ gz<zkIuibqz<!gVf<Kcgt<!hl<Hl<gz<zkIuibqz<!gVf<Kcgt<!hl<Hl<gz<zkIuibqz<!gVf<Kcgt<!hl<Hl<gz<zkIuibqz<!gVf<Kcgt<!hl<Hl<!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!…………………………………… wz<ujt!ole<Okit<!ofgqph<!ohiVt<!fjs-wz<ujt!ole<Okit<!ofgqph<!ohiVt<!fjs-wz<ujt!ole<Okit<!ofgqph<!ohiVt<!fjs-wz<ujt!ole<Okit<!ofgqph<!ohiVt<!fjs-” ( himz<!himz<!himz<!himz<!....28*28*28*28*!!!!

we<x!ncgtqz<!hml<!hqck<Kg<!gim<cBt<tiI!g{<{R<Osf<keiI/!

%x<X!;%x<X!;%x<X!;%x<X!;!kjzuq!

-ml<!;-ml<!;-ml<!;-ml<!;!hijzk<kqj{bqz<!hkqOepil<!himzqz<!&e<xil<!ncbqz<!Jf<kil<!sQvigqb!osiz<zqz<!


$pz<!;$pz<!;$pz<!;$pz<!;!kjzueqe<!hqiquix<xijljb!Nx<XOue<!wek<!kjzuq!Okipqjb!Ofig<gqg<!%xqb!!!!!!fqjzbqz<!osiz<zqjs!ntohjm!njlf<Kt<tK/!!!!!!!!!!!

)w/gi/*!fjs-)w/gi/*!fjs-)w/gi/*!fjs-)w/gi/*!fjs-!!!!!!!)fjs!–!ohbIs<osiz<!!!!fjs-!.!uqjeobs<sl<!*!

-s<osb<Btqz<!<!<!<! ‘fjsfjsfjsfjs’! we<El<! ohbIs<osiz<! ‘fjs-fjs-fjs-fjs-’! we<x! uqjeobs<sh<! ohiVt<! kVl<!ohiVm<Ml<! sQVl<! kjtBl<! ohiVf<kq! -bz<hig! fqe<x! sQIgt<! kl<Ljmb! ohiVjt! -pf<K!ntohjmbigk<! kqiqf<K! hqxqokiV! ohiVtig! ntohMk<K! uf<kqVh<hkiz<! -K! osiz<zqjs!ntohjmbigqxK/!

Okipq!hVul<!gim<Mkz<Okipq!hVul<!gim<Mkz<Okipq!hVul<!gim<Mkz<Okipq!hVul<!gim<Mkz<!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ouf<kIgt<! Lpg<Gl<! LvS! Ohie<X! ogicb! sqek<kme<! ohir<gq! wPf<k! OlglieK!-c!Lpg<gl<!osb<K!gmz<!fQiqje!Lgf<K!GtqIf<k!ljpjb!Lz<jz!fqzk<kqz<!ohipqf<K!wz<zih<!hg<gr<gtqZl<!hvuq!Nvuiiqk<ke/!lbg<gk<jkk<!kVl<!lijz!Oujzbqz<!nVuqgt<!ohVgq! yzqg<Gl<! Lz<jz,! nVl<Hgt<! ohizqU! ohx<X! uqtr<Gl</! weOu! giIgizl<!uf<kjkk<!okiquqh<hkiz<!fl<!kjzuI!kqVl<hq!uVukx<G!diqb!njmbitk<jkg<!gim<cbK/!Nkziz<! ohiVt<! Okcs<! ose<x! kjzuI! -e<Oxi! fijtObi! uVuiI! we<X! kjzuqbqml<!Okipq!%xqeit</!-kje,!

“ ose<xiI!uVuI!osxqokipQ-!giI-0Okiose<xiI!uVuI!osxqokipQ-!giI-0Okiose<xiI!uVuI!osxqokipQ-!giI-0Okiose<xiI!uVuI!osxqokipQ-!giI-0Oki!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!…………………………………………


-e<jxbqe<!fijt!lqGl<-e<jxbqe<!fijt!lqGl<-e<jxbqe<!fijt!lqGl<-e<jxbqe<!fijt!lqGl<” ( himz<!himz<!himz<!himz<!....34*34*34*34*!!!!

we<hkeiz<!nxqbzil</!

%x<X%x<X%x<X%x<X!;!Okipq!

-ml<!;-ml<!;-ml<!;-ml<!;!Lz<jzk<kqj{bqz<!-Vhk<kq!&e<xil<!himzqz<!Lkz<!ncbqz<!&e<xil<!sQvig!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!osiz<zqz<!ntohjm!uf<Kt<tK/!

$p$p$p$pz<!;z<!;z<!;z<!;!hVuk<jkg<!gim<ck<!Okipq!kjue<!uVuiI!we<X!kjzuqbqml<!%xqb!fqjzbqz<!


)w/gi/*!osxqokipQ-)w/gi/*!osxqokipQ-)w/gi/*!osxqokipQ-)w/gi/*!osxqokipQ-!!!!!!!)okipq!–!ohbIs<osiz!!!!okipQ-!.!uqjeobs<sl<*!!!

-s<osb<Btqz<! ‘okipqokipqokipqokipq’! we<El<! ohbIs<osiz<! ‘okipQ-okipQ-okipQ-okipQ-’! we<x! uqjeobs<sh<! ohiVt<! kVl<!ohiVm<Ml<! sQVl<! kjtBl<! ohiVf<kq! -bz<hig! fqe<x! sQIgt<! kl<Ljmb! ohiVjt! -pf<K!ntohjmbigk<! kqiqf<K! hqxqokiV! ohiVtig! ntohMk<K! uf<kqVh<hkiz<! -K! osiz<zqjs!ntohjmbigqxK/!

ujvU!gmibKujvU!gmibKujvU!gmibKujvU!gmibK!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! hutl,<! Lk<K,! hcgl<! Ngqb! l{qgjtg<! gzf<K! uQm<ce<! Le<! kup<gqe<xK/!njzgt<! uibqzig! upr<Gl<! gmz<Kjxjbs<! OsIf<k! kjzue<! lr<gzlie! l{k<jkh<!ohiVf<KliX! liIhqeiz<! kPUkzie! -e<hk<jkk<! kVukx<Giqbueib<! uiviOei"! we<X!Okipq! kjzuqbqe<! kqVl{l<! Gxqk<Ks<! sqjxh<Hxk<kieigqb! kjzue<! nxqBliX!djvk<kit</!-kje,!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!“ hutLl<!Lk<kl<!htqr<Gl<!uqjv-h<hutLl<!Lk<kl<!htqr<Gl<!uqjv-h<hutLl<!Lk<kl<!htqr<Gl<!uqjv-h<hutLl<!Lk<kl<!htqr<Gl<!uqjv-h<!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!……………………………………… kqgPl<!kqVnlI!liIHkqgPl<!kqVnlI!liIHkqgPl<!kqVnlI!liIHkqgPl<!kqVnlI!liIH” (himz<!himz<!himz<!himz<!....61*61*61*61*!!!!

we<x!ncgtiz<!nxqbLcgqe<xK/!

%x<X!;%x<X!;%x<X!;%x<X!;!Okipq!!!!

-m-m-m-ml<!;l<!;l<!;l<!;!ofb<kz<!kqj{bqz<!Jl<hkil<!himzqz<!Lkz<!ncbqz<!fie<gil<!sQvigqb!osiz<zqz<!


$pz<!;$pz<!;$pz<!;$pz<!;!sqjxh<Hxk<kieigqb!kjzueqml<!kqVl{l<!Gxqk<K!Okipq!%xqb!fqjzbqz<!


!)w/gi/*)w/gi/*)w/gi/*)w/gi/*!uqjv-uqjv-uqjv-uqjv-!!!!!!!)uqjv!–!ohbIs<osiz<!!!!!uqjv-!.!uqjeobs<sl<*!!

-s<osb<Btqz<!<!<!<! ‘uqjvuqjvuqjvuqjv’! we<El<! ohbIs<osiz<!<!<!<! ‘uqjv-uqjv-uqjv-uqjv-’! we<x! uqjeobs<sh<! ohiVt<! kVl<!ohiVm<Ml<! sQVl<! kjtBl<! ohiVf<kq! -bz<hig! fqe<x! sQIgt<! kl<Ljmb! ohiVjt! -pf<K!ntohjmbigk<! kqiqf<K! hqxqokiV! ohiVtig! ntohMk<K! uf<kqVh<hkiz<! -K! osiz<zqjs!ntohjmbigqxK/!


!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! kqj{olipq! Jl<hkqe<! himz<gtqz<! kjzuqbqe<! uVk<kl,<! kjzuqbqe<! hqiqU! fqjz,!Okipq!hVul<!gim<Mkz,<!ujvU!gmibK!Ngqb!%x<Xgtqz<!sqz!-mr<gtqz<!uVl<!osix<gt<!nMk<K! uVl<! osix<gOtiM! ye<Xg<ogie<X! okimIhqz<zilz<! ohiVt<! ogiMg<g! Lcbik!fqjzbqz<!njlf<K!uqMl</!weOu!ns<osix<gjt!uqjeobs<sh<!ohiVt<!kVl<hc!-jsjbg<!%m<cbkiz<!nK!osiz<zqjs!ntohjmbig!njlf<Kt<tjk!gi{!Lcgqe<xK/!

Kj{!osb<k!F~z<gt<Kj{!osb<k!F~z<gt<Kj{!osb<k!F~z<gt<Kj{!osb<k!F~z<gt<!!!!

2/ u/k/-vilSh<hqvl{qbl<, !hkqoe{<!gQp<g<g{g<G!–!oktqUjv/!3/ osi/hvlsqul<, fx<xlqp<!-zg<g{l</!

!


!!!!

!!!!

ut<Tue<!g{<m!nvsqbz<!sqf<kjegt<ut<Tue<!g{<m!nvsqbz<!sqf<kjegt<ut<Tue<!g{<m!nvsqbz<!sqf<kjegt<ut<Tue<!g{<m!nvsqbz<!sqf<kjegt<!!!!

!!!!

!!!!

*L/geqs<osz<uqL/geqs<osz<uqL/geqs<osz<uqL/geqs<osz<uq?!?!?!?! LjeuI! hm<m! Nb<uitI?! osf<klqp<g<! gz<Z~iq?! klqp<! dbvib<U! jlbl<?!!!!!!!!!!!

lKjv!–!736112/!

!

Le<Ejv;Le<Ejv;Le<Ejv;Le<Ejv;....!!!!

leqkeqe<!fmk<jkjb!yPr<Gh<hMk<kk<!Okjuh<hMl<!sm<mkqm<mr<gjt!fqjxOux<xUl<!nux<jx!fjmLjxh<hMk<kUl<!Yi<!njlh<Hk<!Okju/!nf<k!njlh<jh!‘nvsir<gl<’!we<Xl<!nvsir<gk<jkh<! ohx<x! yV! s&gk<jk! ‘nvS’! we<Xl<! njpg<gqe<xei</nvsir<gl<! sm<mk<jk!-bx<x! yV! sm<mle<xk<jkBl<! sm<mr<gjt! fjmLjxh<hMk<k! Yi<! Nm<sqk<KjxjbBl<!sm<mr<gjt! lQxq! fmh<hui<gjtk<! k{<cg<g! yV! fQkqle<xk<jkBl<! ohx<Xk<! kqgp<gqe<xK/!leqke<! nvsir<gk<KmEl<! nvSmEl<! ogi{<Mt<t! dxUgjth<! hx<xq! NviBl<! KjxOb!nvsqbziGl</!

! nvsqbz<! we<hK! figiQgl<! njmf<k! yV! s&gk<kqe<! nvsir<gl<?! nch<hjms<! sm<ml<?!lg<gt<! yVuOviM! yVui<! ogi{<Mt<t! okimi<Hgt<?! nux<jx! uGk<Kg<! gig<Gl<! fqbkqgt<?!s&g!fqjzgt<?!nux<xqe<!Gxqg<Ogit<gt<!we<heux<jxh<!hx<xqg<!%Xl<!nxqUk<!KjxbiGl</!nvsqbz<?!nvS?!nvsir<gl<!okimi<higk<!Okie<Xl<!w{<{x<x!sqg<gz<gjt!Nvib<f<K!LcU!gi[l<!Yi<!yh<hx<x!KjxbiGl</!

Gxtqz<!nvsqbz<!sqf<kjegt<<;Gxtqz<!nvsqbz<!sqf<kjegt<<;Gxtqz<!nvsqbz<!sqf<kjegt<<;Gxtqz<!nvsqbz<!sqf<kjegt<<;....!!!!

! ut<Tui<! gizk<kqz<! klqpgk<kqz<! Lcbim<sqOb! njlf<kqVf<kK! weqEl<! nvSgtqe<!uiiqS! diqjl! hx<xqh<! Ohsuqz<jz/! nvsEg<G! -Vg<g! Ou{<cb! nVl<! h{<Hgjt!wMk<Kjvg<gqe<xii</!lg<gt<!fzr<gVkq!NTl<!le<ejeg<!gmUOtiM!yh<hqm<M! ‘-jx’obe<X!Gxqk<kii</! fz<z! Nm<sqbqe<! sqxh<hqjes<! ‘osr<Ogie<jl’! we<x! nkqgivk<kqZl<?! ogicb!Nm<sqbqe<! kQjljbg<! ‘ogiMr<Ogie<jl’! we<x! nkqgivk<kqZl<! outqh<hMk<kqeii</!ohiVm<hizqz<!-jxlim<sq!okimr<gq!-Vhk<jkf<K!nkqgivr<gtqz<!nvsqbz<!hx<xqg<!%xqeii</!nui<! g{<m! nvsqbZg<G! nxOl! nch<hjmbig! njlf<kK/! nxofxq! kuxqb! nvsje!lg<gt<!ogiMr<Ogize<!wek<!K~x<Xui<!we!ws<siqk<kii</!

fiM;fiM;fiM;fiM;....!!!!

! h{<jmb! fitqz<! lg<gtqe<! uip<Ul<! kip<Ul<! le<eje! fl<hqOb! -Vf<ke/! lg<gt<!djpk<Kh<! ohiVtQm<c! ns<slqe<xq! -e<hl<! Kbk<K! uipg<! giuzig! -Vh<hkiz<! nvse<!‘giuze<’! we! njpg<gh<hm<mie</! nue<! NTl<! fiM! lqg<ghsqBl<?! kQvik! OfiBl<?! fQr<gi!hjgBl<!nge<X!uip!Ou{<Moleg<!Gxqk<kii</!hsqbiz<!Kcg<gqe<x!lg<gt<!nkqgivk<kqx<Gl<!nmg<G! Ljxg<Gl<! nR<slim<mii<gt</! hsqbqe<! ogiMjlbiz<! wk<kjgb! Hvm<sqg<Gl<! kbr<g!lim<mii<gt<! we<hjkg<! gVk<kqz<! ogi{<M! NTOuiiqe<! kjzbib! gmjl! hsqh<hq{q!ngx<XuOkobe<xii</! fz<uip<uqz<zi! lg<gtiz<! fim<ce<! fzh<h{q! kjmh<hMl<! we<hjkg<!gVk<kqz<!ogi{<M!yuih<hq{q!-Vk<kz<!%mioke<xii</!hsqBl<!hq{qBl<!dt<fim<ce<!fzEg<G!DX!uqjtuqg<Gl</!Neiz<!nui<!osb<Bl<!hjg!fim<jm!lix<xii<g<G!ncjlh<hMk<kq!uqMl</!NgOu!le<eeqe<!sQiqb!gmjl!-l<&e<jxBl<!fQg<GuOkbiGl<!we<xii</!-kje!

“ !!!!dXhsqBl<!yuih<hq{qBl<!osXhjgBl<dXhsqBl<!yuih<hq{qBl<!osXhjgBl<dXhsqBl<!yuih<hq{qBl<!osXhjgBl<dXhsqBl<!yuih<hq{qBl<!osXhjgBl<!!!!

!!!!OsviK!-bz<uK!fiMOsviK!-bz<uK!fiMOsviK!-bz<uK!fiMOsviK!-bz<uK!fiM” !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)Gxt<!845*)Gxt<!845*)Gxt<!845*)Gxt<!845*!!!!

weg<!Gxqk<kii<!ut<Tui</!


fim<cx<G! le<ee<! -e<xqbjlbikue<! we<hjkh<! ohiVm<hizqe<! Lkz<! nkqgivk<kqz<!‘-jxlim<sq’!weg<!Gxqk<kii</!fim<cx<G!-bx<jgbie!hiKgih<hig!ljzbv{<!Lkzieju!njlf<k!OhikqZl<?!fim<jm!NTl<!nvse<!h{<Hjmbueig!-Vk<kOz!sqxh<ohe<hjk!

! “ !!!!Nr<G!njlU!wb<kqbg<g{<[l<!hbl<-e<OxNr<G!njlU!wb<kqbg<g{<[l<!hbl<-e<OxNr<G!njlU!wb<kqbg<g{<[l<!hbl<-e<OxNr<G!njlU!wb<kqbg<g{<[l<!hbl<-e<Ox!!!!

!!!! !!!!!!!!Ouf<K!njlU!-z<zik!fiMOuf<K!njlU!-z<zik!fiMOuf<K!njlU!-z<zik!fiMOuf<K!njlU!-z<zik!fiM” !!!!)Gxt<!851*)Gxt<!851*)Gxt<!851*)Gxt<!851*!!!!

we<xii<!ut<Tui</!

njls<S;njls<S;njls<S;njls<S;....!!!!

! fim<jm! NTl<! le<ee<! sie<Oxii<gtqe<! nxqUjvg<! Ogm<M! nvS! fmk<k! Ou{<Ml</!nui<gt<! ntqg<gqe<x! nxqUjv! le<eeqe<! osuqg<G! ouXh<jhk<! kVukig! njlf<kiZl<?!fim<ce<!fze<!gVkq!nux<jx!Wx<Xs<!osbz<hm!Ou{<Mole!uzqBXk<kqeii</!-ck<Kg<%Xl<!nxOuii<! -z<zik! nvse<! hjgbqe<xqBl<! kiOe! ogMuie</! nvse<! ke<jes<! Sx<xqZl<!fl<hqg<jgg<Giqbui<gjt! dme<! juk<Kg<! ogit<t! Ou{<Ml</! keg<Gh<! hg<gk<kqOz! -Vf<K!Ogm<cjes<! osb<huje! uqm?! outqh<hjmbie! hjgue<! wu<utOui! Ogiclmr<G!Olzieueiuie</!

! “ !!!!hPK!w{hPK!w{hPK!w{hPK!w{<[l<!lf<kqiqbqe<!hg<gk<Kdt<!oku<Ouii<<[l<!lf<kqiqbqe<!hg<gk<Kdt<!oku<Ouii<<[l<!lf<kqiqbqe<!hg<gk<Kdt<!oku<Ouii<<[l<!lf<kqiqbqe<!hg<gk<Kdt<!oku<Ouii<!!!!

!!!! !!!!wPhK!Ogic!dXl<wPhK!Ogic!dXl<wPhK!Ogic!dXl<wPhK!Ogic!dXl<” !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)Gxt<!74:*)Gxt<!74:*)Gxt<!74:*)Gxt<!74:*!!!!

osr<Ogie<jl;osr<Ogie<jl;osr<Ogie<jl;osr<Ogie<jl;....!!!!

! g{<[g<Gk<! okiqBl<! Hxh<hjgjbuqm! g{<[g<Gk<! okiqbik! dm<hjg! hzlmr<G!kQjl! uqjtuqh<hkiGoleg<! %xqeii</! fim<ce<! fze<gVkq?! Gx<xl<! HiqOuijvk<! k{<ch<hK!kQjlbigiK/!nkje!nue<!nvsfQkqbig!lkqk<Kh<!Ohix<x!Ou{<Mole<hjk?!

! “GcHxl<!gik<K!Yl<hqg<!Gx<xl<!gckz<GcHxl<!gik<K!Yl<hqg<!Gx<xl<!gckz<GcHxl<!gik<K!Yl<hqg<!Gx<xl<!gckz<GcHxl<!gik<K!Yl<hqg<!Gx<xl<!gckz<!!!!

!!!! !!!!uM!ne<X!Ouf<ke<!okipqz<uM!ne<X!Ouf<ke<!okipqz<uM!ne<X!Ouf<ke<!okipqz<uM!ne<X!Ouf<ke<!okipqz<” !!!!!!!! )Gxt<!65:*)Gxt<!65:*)Gxt<!65:*)Gxt<!65:*!!!!

! we! nxLjvk<kii</! jhr<%jpg<! gig<gg<! gjtjb! ngx<XuK! Ohiz<?! fz<z!Gcgjtg<!gig<g!ogicbui<gjtk<!k{<cg<g!Ou{<Mole<xii</!

ogiMr<Ogie<jl;ogiMr<Ogie<jl;ogiMr<Ogie<jl;ogiMr<Ogie<jl;....!!!!

! fim<jm!NTl<!le<eeqml<!-Vg<g!Ou{<cb!h{<Hgjtg<!%xqb!ut<Tui<!nueqml<!-Vg<gg<!%mik!kQb!h{<HgjtBl<!outqh<hMk<kqeii</!fim<jm!upqfmk<kqs<!osz<Zl<!le<ee<!!keq! leqkeigg<! gim<sqbtqk<k! OhikqZl<! ke<jes<! sii<f<k! lg<gtqe<! kjzueig!uqtr<Ghue<! nueqml<! gi[l<! kQb! h{<Hgt<! Gclg<gtqe<! uip<Ug<G! Dxig! njlBl</!nueqml<!-Vg<gg<!%mik!h{<Hgtqz<!kjzbikkigg<!Gxqh<hqMgqe<xii</!

! kQbui<gtqe<! upqgim<Mkziz<! kuxie! upqgjtg<! gjmhqch<hieigqz<?!nvsim<sqjbBl<?! Gclg<gjtBl<! -pg<g! OfiqMl<! we<xii</! Gclg<gt<! fze<! w{<{ilz<!NTOuii<! ofxqkuxqs<! osz<uivigqz<?! nf<fim<M! lg<gOt! nuiqe<! Nm<sqg<G! wkqvigg<!gqti<f<okPui</!Hvm<sq!dVuiGl<!we<hjk!

! “ nz<zz<hm<M!Nx<xiK!nPkg{<{Qi<!ne<Oxnz<zz<hm<M!Nx<xiK!nPkg{<{Qi<!ne<Oxnz<zz<hm<M!Nx<xiK!nPkg{<{Qi<!ne<Oxnz<zz<hm<M!Nx<xiK!nPkg{<{Qi<!ne<Ox!!!!

!!!! !!!!osz<uk<jkk<!Okb<g<Gl<!hjmosz<uk<jkk<!Okb<g<Gl<!hjmosz<uk<jkk<!Okb<g<Gl<!hjmosz<uk<jkk<!Okb<g<Gl<!hjm” !!!!!!!! !!!! )Gxt<!666*)Gxt<!666*)Gxt<!666*)Gxt<!666*!!!!

we!ws<siqk<kii</!

! le<eeqe<! ogiMr<Ogie<jlbqeiz<! Ke<Hx<X! lg<gt<! g{<{Qi<! uch<hii<gOtbigqz<?!ng<g{<{Qjv! Nx<xz<lqg<g! nvjsBl<! npqg<Gl<! Nx<xz<! osxqf<kokeg<! %xqeii<</! Nm<sqbqz<!-Vh<hui<gt<! nkqgivk<kqz<! -Vg<gqe<Oxiole<x! N{uk<kqz<! -z<zilz<! nxofxqjbg<!gjmhqcg<g! Ou{<Mole! uzqBXk<kqeii</! lg<gtqe<! fz<uip<jug<! gih<hOk! osr<Ogie<jl!obe<Xl<!fz<uip<jus<!sqjkh<hOk!ogiMr<Ogie<jlobe<Xl<!OuXhMk<kqg<!gim<ceii</!

gizlxqkz<;gizlxqkz<;gizlxqkz<;gizlxqkz<;....!!!! !!!!

! le<eue<! gizlxqf<K! osbzix<x! Ou{<Ml<! we<hjk! ut<Tui<! ‘gizl<! nxqkz<’!we<El<! nkqgivk<kqz<! uzqBXk<Kgqe<xii</! yV! osbjzs<! osb<b! Ou{<cb! gizk<jkBl<!


LjxjbBl<! nxqf<K! osbzix<xqeiz<! nK! dzgk<jk! njmb! uqVl<Hl<! osbzig!-Vf<kiZl<!wtqkigg<!jgg<%Ml<!we<gqe<xii</!nu<uiX!dzgk<jk!njmb!uqVl<Hgqxui<gt<!njk! njmbk<! kGf<k! gizk<jk! wkqi<Ofig<gqg<! gik<kqVh<hii<gt<! we<gqe<xii</! gig<jg!ke<jeuqm! uzqjl! lqg<gg<! Okim<mijeh<! hgx<ohiPkqz<! wtqkig! oue<XuqMl</! weOu!le<eVl<!hjgjb!ouz<Zl<!-mk<jkBl<!gizk<jkBl<!nxqf<K!osbz<hm<miz<?!ohiqb!hjm!uzqjl! lqg<g! le<eujeBl<! nR<sq! fMr<gs<! osb<bzil</! wtqkig! oux<xq! ohxzil<!we<gqe<xii<!ut<Tui</!

! “ sqXhjmbie<!osz<zqml<!Osiqe<!dXhjmbqe<sqXhjmbie<!osz<zqml<!Osiqe<!dXhjmbqe<sqXhjmbie<!osz<zqml<!Osiqe<!dXhjmbqe<sqXhjmbie<!osz<zqml<!Osiqe<!dXhjmbqe<!!!!

!!!! !!!!Dg<gl<!npqf<K!uqMl<Dg<gl<!npqf<K!uqMl<Dg<gl<!npqf<K!uqMl<Dg<gl<!npqf<K!uqMl<” !!!!!!!! )Gxt<!5:9*)Gxt<!5:9*)Gxt<!5:9*)Gxt<!5:9*!!!!

-kje! Npie! fQi<fqjzgtqz<! hqx! dbqi<gjt! )bijejbg<! %m*! wtqkigg<! ogiz<Zl<!Lkjz?! fQjv! uqm<M! fqzk<kqx<G! uf<kiz<! njkh<! hqx! dbqi<gt<! wtqkigg<! ogie<X!uqMujks<!sie<Xgim<c!uqtg<Ggqe<xii</!

! “ ofMl<HeZt<!ouz<Zl<!Lkjz!nMl<Hezqe<ofMl<HeZt<!ouz<Zl<!Lkjz!nMl<Hezqe<ofMl<HeZt<!ouz<Zl<!Lkjz!nMl<Hezqe<ofMl<HeZt<!ouz<Zl<!Lkjz!nMl<Hezqe<!!!!

!!!! !!!!fQr<gqe<!nkjeh<!hqxfQr<gqe<!nkjeh<!hqxfQr<gqe<!nkjeh<!hqxfQr<gqe<!nkjeh<!hqx” !!!!!!!! )Gxt<!5:6*)Gxt<!5:6*)Gxt<!5:6*)Gxt<!5:6*!!!!

-u<uiX! le<eje! ke<uzqjl! hjgjb! ouz<ukx<Ogx<x! gizl<?! -ml<! Ngqbeux<jxk<!Oki<f<K!oktqf<K!hjgjb!ouz<zOu{<Mole!ut<Tui<!nxqUXk<Kgqe<xii</!

LcUjv;LcUjv;LcUjv;LcUjv;....!!!!

! Nm<sqLjxjbg<! ogiMr<Ogizim<sq?! osr<Ogizim<sq! we! -V! ujgh<hMk<Kl<!kqVut<Tui?<! ogiMr<Ogie<jl! we<El<! nkqgivk<kqz<! le<eueqe<! ogiMr<Ogizim<sqjbg<!gcf<Kjvg<gqe<xii</! ut<Tui<! gizk<kqz<! Lcbim<sq! fqzuqbOhiKl<?! nui<! Lcbim<sqbqz<!Gcbim<sqjbOb! uzqBXk<kqbqVh<hK! sqf<kjeg<GiqbkiGl</! le<eue<! Gclg<gt<! -e<HXl<!ujgbqz<!osr<Ogizim<sq!osZk<k!Ou{<Mole<hjk!uzqBXk<Kgqe<xe/!

Gclg<gjtk<! Ke<HXk<Kl<! ogiMr<Ogizim<sqbiz<! le<eeqe<! fiMl<! ogMl</!leuzqjlBl<?! dmz<uzqjlBl<! lqg<guOe! sqxf<k! Nx<xz<lqg<g! le<eue</! le<eEg<G!uQvLl<! uqOugLl<! Ou{<Ml<! we<hjk! kqVg<Gxtqz<! Ohsh<ohXl<! ut<Tui<! g{<m! nvsqbz<!sii<f<k!sqf<kjegtiGl</!

sie<Xgt<;sie<Xgt<;sie<Xgt<;sie<Xgt<;....!!!!

2/ kqVg<Gxt<! )hiqOlzpgi<!djv*!w^</!ogtliiQ̂ <uiq?!sivki!hkqh<hgl<?!ose<je.711!175/!

3/ -zg<gqbs<! sqf<kjegt<! Ljeui<! -vi/OsK/vuqg<Glii<! hkqh<hgl</! ful<hi<! 3116?!ose<je.!711!7127/!

!!

!!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


!!!!!!!!

w^</vilgqVw^</vilgqVw^</vilgqVw^</vilgqV]]]]<{eqe<!<{eqe<!<{eqe<!<{eqe<!‘ke<jeg<gmf<kui<ke<jeg<gmf<kui<ke<jeg<gmf<kui<ke<jeg<gmf<kui<’!!!!sqXgjkbqz<sqXgjkbqz<sqXgjkbqz<sqXgjkbqz<!!!!

uip<uqbz<!sqf<kjegt<uip<uqbz<!sqf<kjegt<uip<uqbz<!sqf<kjegt<uip<uqbz<!sqf<kjegt<!!!!!!!!

!!!!

*l/l/l/l/Ogiuqf<kqOgiuqf<kqOgiuqf<kqOgiuqf<kq?!?!?!?! Ljeui<! hm<m! Nb<uiti<! )hGkqOfvl<*?! nvS! lgtqi<! gjzg<gz<Z~iq?!gqVm<cegqiq/!

!!!!

! -Vhkil<! F~x<xi{<M! hjmh<hisqiqbi<gtqz<! kjz! sqxf<K! uqtr<Ghui<!w^</vilgqV]<{e</! -uVjmb! hjmh<Hgtqz<! s&gl<! sii<f<k! leqkeqe<! ne<xim! uip<g<jg!fqgp<Ou! gjkg<gVuig! njlujkg<! gi{zil</! nu<ujgbqz<! w^</vilgqV]<{eqe<!“ keqjlbqe<! uQm<cx<G! F~X! \e<ez<<gt<keqjlbqe<! uQm<cx<G! F~X! \e<ez<<gt<keqjlbqe<! uQm<cx<G! F~X! \e<ez<<gt<keqjlbqe<! uQm<cx<G! F~X! \e<ez<<gt<” !!!! we<x! sqXgjkk<! okiGh<hqz<! -ml<! ohx<Xt<t!“ ke<jeg<gmf<kui<ke<jeg<gmf<kui<ke<jeg<gmf<kui<ke<jeg<gmf<kui<” !!!! sqXgjkbqz<! uip<uqbz<! sqf<kjegjt! Nvib<ukig! -g<gm<Mjv!njlgqxK/!

! lg<gtqe<! ne<xim! uip<g<jg! Ljxgjth<! hx<xq! okiqf<K! ogit<uK!-e<xqbjlbikkig! njlgqxK/! nu<uch<hjmbqz<! hjmh<hisqiqbi<gTl<! kr<gtqe<!hjmh<Hgtqz<! outqh<hMk<kqBl<! uVgqe<xei</! leqke<! ke<! uip<g<jgbqz<! g{<mju?!nEhuqk<kju?!d{i<f<kju!we<X!njek<jkBl<!ogi{<cVh<hkiz<!nkje!‘uip<g<jgbqe<!uip<g<jgbqe<!uip<g<jgbqe<!uip<g<jgbqe<!uqtg<gluqtg<gluqtg<gluqtg<gl’ << <<!we<X!njpg<gqOxil</!

gjk!osiz<hui<gjk!osiz<hui<gjk!osiz<hui<gjk!osiz<hui</gjks<SVg<gl<gjks<SVg<gl<gjks<SVg<gl<gjks<SVg<gl<!!!!

!!!! -g<gjkbqe<! Lg<gqblie! hik<kqvl<! gjk! osiz<Zhui<! Nui</! gjk! osiz<ZhuOv!hik<kqvlig! njlBl<! ke<jl! ohVl<hizie! gjkgtqz<! gi{LcgqxK/! nh<hi!uqsqk<kqvlieui<?!HKjljb!uqVl<h!%cbui<?!wjkBl<!osb<K!hii<g<g!%cbui<?!Okix<hjk!hx<xqg<gujzg<!ogit<tilz<!K{qf<K!osbz<hmg<!%cbui<!we<X!gjk!okimr<gqxK/!

kf<jkbqe<!w{<{l<kf<jkbqe<!w{<{l<kf<jkbqe<!w{<{l<kf<jkbqe<!w{<{l<!!!!

!!!! fz<z! w{<{l<! njek<K! Le<Oex<xr<gTg<Gl<! lqg! nch<hjmbieK/! weOu!‘leqki<gt<!fqjxbg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml<!nkx<G!uQM!lm<Ml<!OhiKliekqz<jzleqki<gt<!fqjxbg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml<!nkx<G!uQM!lm<Ml<!OhiKliekqz<jzleqki<gt<!fqjxbg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml<!nkx<G!uQM!lm<Ml<!OhiKliekqz<jzleqki<gt<!fqjxbg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml<!nkx<G!uQM!lm<Ml<!OhiKliekqz<jz’!!!!we<x!w{<{l<!ogi{<mui</!wjkBl<!K{qs<sZme<!osb<bg<%cbui</!nuiqe<!K{qs<sZg<G!giv{l<!outqBzg!nEhul<!kie</!!

kqVl{k<kqe<!OhiK!ogiMk<k!uig<GXkqgt<kqVl{k<kqe<!OhiK!ogiMk<k!uig<GXkqgt<kqVl{k<kqe<!OhiK!ogiMk<k!uig<GXkqgt<kqVl{k<kqe<!OhiK!ogiMk<k!uig<GXkqgt<!!!!

!!!! ke<! ljeuqjb! yV! OhiKl<! ncg<g! lim<Ome<! we<Xl<?! osik<Oki! h{Oli! Ogm<g!lim<Ome<! we<Xl<?! oh{<j{h<! hcg<g! juh<Ohe<! we<Xl<?! -v{<Om! -v{<M! hqt<jtgt<!lm<MOl!ohx<Xg<ogit<Oue<!we<Xl<?!ke<!ohbjv!nuTme<!-j{k<Kg<!ogit<ts<!osiz<z!lim<Ome<!!we<he!dt<tqm<m!hk<K!gm<mjt!uig<GXkqgtig!ogiMk<Kt<tii</!-u<uiX!ke<!lgeqml<! kie<! kqVl{l<! osb<K! ogi{<mh<OhiK! ! uig<GXkqgjtg<! ogiMk<Kt<tkig!Gxqh<hqm<Mt<tii</!

kf<jkbqe<!Oujzgt<kf<jkbqe<!Oujzgt<kf<jkbqe<!Oujzgt<kf<jkbqe<!Oujzgt<!!!!

!!!! ‘ke<! jgOb! keg<Gkuqke<! jgOb! keg<Gkuqke<! jgOb! keg<Gkuqke<! jgOb! keg<Gkuq’ we<hkx<gq{r<g! uQm<cz<! nl<liuqx<G! jsg<gqt<! Ym<m! gx<X!kVkz<?!gijz!d{ju!kbii<!osb<K!ogiMk<kz<?!hqt<jtgTg<G!Lcoum<Mkz<?!uQm<cx<G!out<jt!nck<kz<?!gq{x<jxs<!Sk<kl<!osb<kz<!dt<tQm<m!hz!Oujzgjts<!osb<Kt<tii</!

hqxi<g<G!dkUl<!h{<H!ogi{<mui<hqxi<g<G!dkUl<!h{<H!ogi{<mui<hqxi<g<G!dkUl<!h{<H!ogi{<mui<hqxi<g<G!dkUl<!h{<H!ogi{<mui<!

!!!! hqs<jsg<givi<gTg<G! uqOss! fim<gtqz<! Hk<kijmgt<! uir<gq! ogiMk<Kl<?! sih<hiM!ogiMk<Kl<! nEh<Huii</! omz <̂Ogih<! ye<jx! dVuig<gq! nvS! ht<tqg<G! -zuslig!


ogiMk<kz<?! uQm<cx<G! Le<! -v{<M! lvfix<gizq! osb<K! upqOhig<gi<gTg<G! Yb<U! wMg<Gl<!u{<{l<!upq!osb<Kt<tii</!OlZl<!hz!dkuqgjtBl<!lg<gTg<G!osb<Kt<tii</!

kf<jkbqe<!nxquqbz<!g{<Mhqch<Hgt<kf<jkbqe<!nxquqbz<!g{<Mhqch<Hgt<kf<jkbqe<!nxquqbz<!g{<Mhqch<Hgt<kf<jkbqe<!nxquqbz<!g{<Mhqch<Hgt<!!!!

!!!! $iqb! outqs<sk<jkg<! ogi{<M! nMh<Hh<hx<x! juh<hK?! jsg<gqt<! jmeOlijug<!ogi{<M! lqe<sivl<! wMh<hK?! wtqb! -bf<kqvl<! osb<K! nke<! upqOb! gq{x<xqz<! Nt<!-z<zilz<! k{<{Qi<! -jxk<kz<?! uQm<Mg<! Gh<jhgjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! wiqsg<kqbig<g! upq!g{<Mhqck<kz<?! osz<zik! fi{br<gjt! dVlix<xq! npgqb! n{qgze<gjts<! osb<kz<?!gizqbie! hUmi<! mh<hi?! nLz<! mh<hig<gjtg<! ogi{<M! okim<c! oscgjt! dVuig<gq!lqkg<Gl<! Okim<mk<jk! dVuig<Gkz<?! Di<! ohiK! Gtk<kqzqVf<K! OgiuqZg<Gk<! k{<{Qi<!ogi{<M! Ohig! sqxqb! -bf<kqvl<! dVuig<gqk<! kVkz<?! Ogibqz<! bijejbg<Gtqg<g! jug<g!fQi<! okxqg<Gl<! Gpijb! dVuig<gqk<! kVkz<?! sqXui<gjts<! sf<Oki]h<hMk<k! uqkuqklie!gigqkh<hxjugjts<! osb<K! ogiMk<kz<! dt<tQm<mju! Sbsqf<kjebqe<! outqh<himig!Hkqbg{<Mh<hqch<Hgjtg<!g{<Mh<hqck<Kt<tii</! !

okipqx<gz<uqokipqx<gz<uqokipqx<gz<uqokipqx<gz<uq!!!!

kf<jk!ke<!lgje!nvS!Nvl<hh<ht<tqbqz<!hcg<g!juk<kii</!kqeLl<!-v{<M!l{q!Ofvl<! yKg<gq! gz<uq! gx<hqk<Kt<tii</! Gpf<jkgTg<G! Hkqb! Ljxbqz<! g{qkl<?! nxquqbz<!himr<gjtg<! gx<hqk<Kt<tii</! sQeolipq?! hqovR<S?! -f<kq?! dVK! Ohie<x! olipqgjtBl<!osiz<zq!ogiMk<Kt<tii</!OlZl<!Wm<Mg<gz<uq!lm<Mlqe<xq!fQs<sz<?!lv!Oujzgt<?!l{<hi{<ml<!osb<kz<! Ohie<x! okipqx<gz<uqjbBl<! hbqx<X! uqk<Kt<tii</! okijzK~vk<kqx<Gh<! hb{l<!njpk<K!osz<Zkz<!ujv!he<Lg!sqf<kjeBjmbuvig!kqgp<f<kui</! ‘uQm<cx<G!outqbqZl<!uQm<cx<G!outqbqZl<!uQm<cx<G!outqbqZl<!uQm<cx<G!outqbqZl<!dzgl<! -Vg<gqxKdzgl<! -Vg<gqxKdzgl<! -Vg<gqxKdzgl<! -Vg<gqxK’! we<hjk! d{i<k<kqbui</! -Xkqbig! nh<hiju! Ohiz! Skf<kqvlie!uip<g<jg!uip!Nvl<hqk<Okil<!we<Xl<?!ke<!kf<jkjb!Le<likqiqbig!ogi{<M!uip<gqe<Oxil<!we<hOkiM!gjk!LcujmgqxK/!

oh{<gz<uqoh{<gz<uqoh{<gz<uqoh{<gz<uq!!!!

!!!! leqkeqe<! nxqbijljbBl<?! ncjlk<kek<jkBl<! djmk<okxqBl<! gVuq!gz<uqbiGl</! Njgbiz<! oh{<gTg<G! gz<uqBiqjl! lXg<gh<hmg<%miK! we<hjk!Le<eqVk<kqBl<?! kqVl{k<kqe<! OhiK! nui<! ogiMk<k! uig<GXkqgtqz<<! ye<xie! ke<!ljeuqjbh<! hcg<g! juh<Ohe<! we<hkx<Ogx<h! ‘nut<! uqVl<hqb! hc! hcg<g! juk<kii</!nut<! uqVl<hqb! hc! hcg<g! juk<kii</!nut<! uqVl<hqb! hc! hcg<g! juk<kii</!nut<! uqVl<hqb! hc! hcg<g! juk<kii</!okijz!K~v!gz<uqbqe<!okijz!K~v!gz<uqbqe<!okijz!K~v!gz<uqbqe<!okijz!K~v!gz<uqbqe<!upqbig!nl<li!wl</W/klqp<?!wl</W/uvziX?!wl</W/Nr<gqzl<!hck<kit</!upqbig!nl<li!wl</W/klqp<?!wl</W/uvziX?!wl</W/Nr<gqzl<!hck<kit</!upqbig!nl<li!wl</W/klqp<?!wl</W/uvziX?!wl</W/Nr<gqzl<!hck<kit</!upqbig!nl<li!wl</W/klqp<?!wl</W/uvziX?!wl</W/Nr<gqzl<!hck<kit</!%m<MxU!ur<gq!ye<xqz<!wPk<kvig!Oujzg<Gh<!Ohib<!uf<kit<%m<MxU!ur<gq!ye<xqz<!wPk<kvig!Oujzg<Gh<!Ohib<!uf<kit<%m<MxU!ur<gq!ye<xqz<!wPk<kvig!Oujzg<Gh<!Ohib<!uf<kit<%m<MxU!ur<gq!ye<xqz<!wPk<kvig!Oujzg<Gh<!Ohib<!uf<kit<’ ////!)keqjlbqe<!uQm<cx<G!F~X!)keqjlbqe<!uQm<cx<G!F~X!)keqjlbqe<!uQm<cx<G!F~X!)keqjlbqe<!uQm<cx<G!F~X!\e<ez<gt<! h/84*\e<ez<gt<! h/84*\e<ez<gt<! h/84*\e<ez<gt<! h/84*! we<X! %XukqzqVf<K! oh{<gTg<G! gz<uq! ntqh<hke<! &zl<! oh{<gtqe<!uip<U!Le<Oex<xljmuOkiM!uQMl<?fiMl<!Le<Oex<xl<!njmBl<!we<hjk!d{i<k<kqBt<tii<!w^</vilgqV]<{e</!

hGk<K{<[l<!-bz<HhGk<K{<[l<!-bz<HhGk<K{<[l<!-bz<HhGk<K{<[l<!-bz<H!!!!

!!!! leqke<!dbqi<!uipk<!Okjubieux<Xt<!ye<X!d{U/!leqke<!d{jus<!siqbie!Ofvk<kqz<! dm<ogit<tuqz<jzobe<xiz<! gMl<! hsqbiz<! hz! Ofib<gTg<G! Ntig! OfiqMl</!-s<sqXgjkbqz<! uqOss! fim<gtqz<! Hk<kijmBme<?! sih<hiMl<! ogiMk<K! nEh<hqt<tii</!Okijskqm<mk<jkBl<! Nvl<hqk<Kt<tii</! -kqzqVf<K! leqkeqe<! nch<hjmk<! Okjugtie!d{juBl<?!djmjbBl<!ke<eiz<!Lcf<kujvBl<?!nu<uiX!ke<eqml<!-z<jzobe<xiZl<!hqxiqml<! ohx<xiuK! dku! Ou{<Ml<! we<hjk! “ke<jeg<! gmf<kui<”! we<El<! gjk! upq!d{i<k<kqBt<tii</!

! ‘hgqi<f<K{<miz<! hsq! kQXl<hgqi<f<K{<miz<! hsq! kQXl<hgqi<f<K{<miz<! hsq! kQXl<hgqi<f<K{<miz<! hsq! kQXl<’! we<hkx<Ogx<h! nxquii<f<k! sie<Oxii<! kie<! d{<[kjz!uqm!hqxVg<Gh<hgqi<f<K! ntqk<kjzOb!ohiqKl<!uqVl<hq!nkje!nxligUl<?!gmjlbigUl<!osb<K! uVgqe<xei</! ‘ke<jeg<! gmf<kui<ke<jeg<! gmf<kui<ke<jeg<! gmf<kui<ke<jeg<! gmf<kui<’! we<x! gjkbqz<! kie<! GcbqVg<Gl<! hGkqbqz<!uiPl<! lg<gjt! sqxqK! d{ju! Osi<k<K! osb<b! osiz<zq! nkje! Osgiqk<K! hsqbiz<!uiMhui<gTg<G! kielig! upr<gqBt<tii</! weOu! kie<! lm<Ml<! -e<xq! hqxi<g<G! ogiMk<K!uipUl<?!hGk<K{<[l<!ke<jl!-bz<jhBl<!ogi{<Mt<tii<!we<hjk!-g<gjkbqe<!uibqzig!nxqb!LcgqxK/!

!

!


N{<N{<N{<N{<....oh{<!siqfqgi<;oh{<!siqfqgi<;oh{<!siqfqgi<;oh{<!siqfqgi<;!!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!! !!!!

oh{<gjt! -pqUh<hMk<Kl<! fqjzbqVf<K! lix! Ou{<Ml</! N[l<! oh{<[l<!siqfqgoveg<! ogit<ukiz<! -u<Uzgl<! kjpk<K! Yr<Gl</! N[l<! oh{<[l<! siqsllig!uip<Ouil<!we<hjk!!!!

! ! “ N[l<!oh{<[l<!fqgoveg<!ogit<!ukiz<N[l<!oh{<[l<!fqgoveg<!ogit<!ukiz<N[l<!oh{<[l<!fqgoveg<!ogit<!ukiz<N[l<!oh{<[l<!fqgoveg<!ogit<!ukiz<!!!!

!!!! !!!! !!!!nxquqOzir<gq!-u<jubl<!kjpg<Glil<nxquqOzir<gq!-u<jubl<!kjpg<Glil<nxquqOzir<gq!-u<jubl<!kjpg<Glil<nxquqOzir<gq!-u<jubl<!kjpg<Glil<” !!!!!

we<xii<! hivkq! -u<uiqgTg<Ogx<h! ‘ke<jeg<gmf<kui<ke<jeg<gmf<kui<ke<jeg<gmf<kui<ke<jeg<gmf<kui<’! sqXgjkbqz<! kqVl{ligq! uf<k!-v{<mil<!fitqz<!nl<liuqx<Gs<!jsg<gqt<!hpgqg<!ogiMk<kii</!hqe<H!nl<li!jsg<gqt<!Ym<Ml<!OhiK!nh<hi!jsg<gqtqz<!hqe<eiz<!dm<gii<f<K!ogi{<M!Ohib<!uvk<Kur<gqeii<)h/83*!OlZl<!gijz! d{ju! nh<hi! kbii<! osb<uii</! lkqb! d{ju! nl<li! osb<uii</! -u<uiqgtqe<!&zl<!N{<?!oh{<!sll<!we<hjk!wMk<Kg<gim<MgqxK/!

keqleqk!sqf<kjekeqleqk!sqf<kjekeqleqk!sqf<kjekeqleqk!sqf<kje!!!!

!!!! s&gk<kqz<!hz!fqjzgtqz<!yV!keqleqkeqe<!sqf<kjegt<!outqh<hMgqexe/!hqxviz<!Hxl<!kt<th<hMl<!OhiK!keq!leqk!sqf<kje!nkqgl<!outqh<hMgqe<xe/! ‘ke<jeg<gmf<kui<ke<jeg<gmf<kui<ke<jeg<gmf<kui<ke<jeg<gmf<kui<’!we<El<! -g<gjkbqz<! kf<jk! omz <̂Ogih<jh! dVuig<gq! DiqZt<t! njeujvBl<! hii<g<g!njph<hii</! biVl<! njk! hbe<hMk<kq! ogit<t! uqz<jz/! nkeiz<! sqxqK!!!! fim<gt<!!!! gpqk<K!nf<k! omz <̂Ogih<jh! nvS! ht<tqg<G! -zuslig! upr<gquqm<mii</! OlZl<! ‘uQm<cx<G!uQm<cx<G!uQm<cx<G!uQm<cx<G!outqbqZl<! dzgl<! -Vg<gqxKoutqbqZl<! dzgl<! -Vg<gqxKoutqbqZl<! dzgl<! -Vg<gqxKoutqbqZl<! dzgl<! -Vg<gqxK’! )keqjlbqe<! uQm<cx<G! F~X!)keqjlbqe<! uQm<cx<G! F~X!)keqjlbqe<! uQm<cx<G! F~X!)keqjlbqe<! uQm<cx<G! F~X! \e<ez<<gt<! h/86*\e<ez<<gt<! h/86*\e<ez<<gt<! h/86*\e<ez<<gt<! h/86*! we<hjk!gjkbqe<!uibqzig!outqh<hMk<kqBt<tii</!

hqt<jtgtqe<!Lkz<!Nsqiqbi<!ohx<OxiOvhqt<jtgtqe<!Lkz<!Nsqiqbi<!ohx<OxiOvhqt<jtgtqe<!Lkz<!Nsqiqbi<!ohx<OxiOvhqt<jtgtqe<!Lkz<!Nsqiqbi<!ohx<OxiOv!

!!!! yV!leqkje!dzgqz<!fl<hqg<jgObiM!fqjzfqXk<Kl<!gVuqbigUl<!uip<uqbzqz<!Yi<!nr<gligUl<!gz<uq!-Vh<hkiz<!ng<gz<uqjbs<!sqxh<hie!Ljxbqz<!gx<g!Ou{<Ml</!weOu!ke<! ljeuq! lm<Mlqe<xq! ke<! Gpf<jkgTl<! sqxh<hie! gz<uqjbg<! gx<<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<x!w{<{k<kqz<! kjzjlbisqiqbiqml<! hqt<jtgTg<G! gx<X! ogiMk<k! himr<gjt! Ogm<mxqf<K!kiEl<! Ni<uk<OkiM! hqt<jtgTg<G! gx<Xg<! ogiMk<kii</! OlZl<! hqxolipqgjtBl<?! fQs<sz<?!lv! Oujzgt<?! l{<hi{<ml<! osb<uK! Ohie<x! hqx! osbz<hiMgjtBl<! gx<hqk<kii</! weOu!Nsqiqbi<! lm<Mlqe<xq! ohx<Oxii<gTl<! yV! sqxf<k! Nsqiqbvig! -Vg<g! LcBl<! we<hkje!w^</vil!gqV]<{e<!Hzh<hMk<kqBt<tii</!

okiGh<HjvokiGh<HjvokiGh<HjvokiGh<Hjv!!!!

!!!! leqki<gtqml<!HKh<HK!-zm<sqbr<gt<!H,k<Kg<GZr<Ggqe<xe/!leqki<gt<!gx<X!ogit<t!Ou{<cb!uq]br<gt<!fqjxb!dt<te/! ‘ke<jeg<!gmf<kui<ke<jeg<!gmf<kui<ke<jeg<!gmf<kui<ke<jeg<!gmf<kui<’!!!!we<x!sqXgjkbqe<!upq!N{<!oh{<!sll<?!oh{<!gz<uqbqe<!nusqbl<?!hGk<K{<[l<!-bz<H!ke<jl?!keqleqk!sqf<kje!Ngqb!gVk<Kgjt!hkqUosb<Kt<tii<!w^</vilgqV]<{e</!

! yu<ouiV! hjmh<hitqBl<! yu<ouiV! uqklib<! yu<ouiV!Bk<kqBme<! wPkqbqVf<kiZl<!oh{<!slk<Kul<!Okju!we<hjk!gjk!upq!nxqb!LcgqxK/!

ke<eiz<! -be<x! ntU! hqxi<g<G! dkuq! osb<K! uip! Ou{<Ml<! we<Xl<?! kie<!g{<mju?! kie<! nEhuqk<kju! Ngqb! uip<uqe<! fqgp<Ugjt! hjmk<Kt<tii<! w^</vil!gqV]<{e</!

!Yi<! N{<! s&gk<kqe<! Yi<! nr<glig! nueK! osbz<hiMgt<?! GMl<h! kjzueig?!ljeuqg<G! g{ueig?! Gpf<jkg<G! kf<jkbig! hqxVg<G! upqgim<cbig! ke<ezlx<x!ohiKOfig<Gjmb! fqjzbqz<! wu<uoxz<zil<! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<hjk! -f<k! gjkbqe<!upqbig! oktquig! wMk<Kjvk<Kt<tii</! OlZl<! -jtRi<gjt! dx<sigh<hMk<kq!ke<el<hqg<jgObiM! nxquqbz<! sqf<kjegtqz<! giz<u,e<xq! Osikjegjt! oue<X!sikjegtig!sikqg<Gl<!uz<ze<jl!djmbui<gtig!kqgp!Ou{<Mole!upqgim<cBt<tii</!-jk!-e<jxb!s&gLl<?!wkqi<giz!s&gLl<!gjmhqck<K!uip!Ou{<Ml</!

gf> ®ø›mayudhaezhuthu.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ae-april...gf> ®ø›m √[ v‚|›...

Documents