ggat 107 medieval ecclesiastic sculpture in glamorgan 107 medieval... · 2017-11-15 · ggat 107...

GGAT 107 Medieval Ecclesiastical Sculpture in Glamorgan

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CONTENTS ........................................................................................... Page Number SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................2 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................3 2. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................6 3. SOURCES CONSULTED.......................................................................................9 4. RESULTS ...............................................................................................................10

Revised Desktop Appraisal......................................................................................10 Stage 1 Assessment..................................................................................................11 Stage 2 Assessment..................................................................................................19

5. SITE VISITS ..........................................................................................................22 6. GAZETTEER.........................................................................................................24

Gazetteer of Visited Sites: Medieval Ecclesiastical Sculpture ................................24 7. RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................................93 8. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................94 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................95 Appendix I ..................................................................................................................96 Appendix II...............................................................................................................101 Appendix III .............................................................................................................103 Appendix IV .............................................................................................................109 Figures Figure 1. Ecclesiastical Sculpture Distribution (as given on the HER).......................10 Figure 2. Distribution of Unprotected Sites (i.e. sites meeting established criteria at

Stage 1) ................................................................................................................12 Figure 2a. Distribution of Protected Sites (i.e. SAMs and Listed Buildings)..............13 Figure 3. All Ecclesiastic Sculptural Sites Showing Overall Significance after Stage 2

..............................................................................................................................20 Figure 3a. Unprotected Sites Showing Overall Significance.......................................20 Figure 4. Unprotected Wells Showing Sites Selected for Site Visits (green)..............23 Tables Table 1. Medieval Ecclesiastical Sculpture Sites (70 PRNs) ......................................15 Table 2. Results of Assessment: Medieval Ecclesiastical Sculpture Sites (30 PRNs) 21 Table 4. Summary of Revised Scoping Exercise Results: Medieval Sites ..................96 Table 5. NMR Information ........................................................................................101 Table 6. Incidence of Sites (Medieval Period) in Relation to Specific Details .........103 Table 7. Summary of Stage 2 Assessment Results: Medieval Ecclesiastical Sculpture

Sites (28 Sites, 30 PRNs) ...................................................................................109


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SUMMARY Following on from the scoping project on sites of the medieval and post-medieval carried out earlier in 2010, a project to look at ecclesiastic sculpture sites in Glamorgan has been undertaken by GGAT on behalf of Cadw. The project entailed a further desktop assessment of some 134 ecclesiastical sculptural sites, with specific emphasis on 68 sites identified as satisfying set criteria. The assessment adopted a two staged approach: first identifying sculptural sites already scheduled and listed in order to establish a threshold and also identify geographical gaps or types under represented, and secondly applying established scheduling criteria to establish the overall significance of the resource. The work established that 40 of the 68 sites identified as potentially retaining structural elements were protected, and that a high threshold had been previously established, with the best surviving and most complex elements of the resource already protected either through scheduling or listing. The geographical spread of both protected and unprotected sites was largely coterminous with the historically most populous and settled areas. Of the 28 unprotected sites, 9 sites were assessed as being of potential National significance, four of Regional significance and 7 sites of potential regional significance, the remainder of sites were either of local interest or unestablished significance. Recommendations for conservation have been made, whilst recommendations for consideration for protection will form the basis of a separate annex report.


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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background Southeast Wales has a rich heritage of medieval and post-medieval sites. Many of the larger, upstanding monuments have been designated scheduled ancient monuments, but the vast majority of sites have not been classified and the condition of most remains unknown. These sites are vital to our understanding of the medieval and post-medieval periods, but are currently little understood. Inscribed stones and sculpture from the pre-1066 period has been reviewed and extensively covered elsewhere (Redknap and Lewis 2007). A partial review of inscribed and sculpted stones of the Early Medieval and Later Medieval periods was carried out by the Early Medieval Ecclesiastical Project, and the previous Historic Churches survey (Evans 2003); for example, the former reviewed 130 crosses and identified 10 additional, while the latter identified 49 medieval sculptured stones. Cadw undertook a recent systematic review of medieval churchyard crosses in Monmouthshire in 2001, covering those crosses recorded during a study carried out in 1893 by Elizabeth Harcourt Mitchell (not all wayside crosses were examined - Felicity Taylor pers comm.)1 An initial scoping project (Roberts 2010, 12-14) looking at Medieval ecclesiastical sites within the Glamorgan and Gwent area, rapidly filtered the HER to remove the most obvious of features relating to the pre-1066 and post-1750 period. Some 271 sites relevant to the thematic category were retained (119 currently protected, and 152 unprotected); 34 of these sites were known from documents (one protected), one recorded as a ‘building’ (unprotected), whilst 236 were of other or unknown form (118 currently protected/118 unprotected). In the region of 140 medieval ecclesiastic sculpture sites (i.e. inscribed stones and crosses, grave slabs, etc) are currently known from Glamorgan alone. These sites are of crucial importance to our understanding of the period. The purpose and function of crosses, for example, are not always recorded or understood, though function frequently appears to have varied over time, and may indeed reflect changes in ecclesiastic tradition. Largely located within churchyards, but also found elsewhere, such as at boundaries and marking routes (i.e. wayside crosses), these monuments form an important legacy. A major threat is general weathering and damage from pollution leading to loss of sculptural detail. Other threats vary, but are generally in the form of gradual degradation, loss to vegetation, neglect or vandalism. Factors such as continuing and increasing closure and change of use of ecclesiastic buildings and similarly closure and de-consecration of rural churchyards, together with the now rapid changes occurring in the agricultural landscape and rural environment can be seen to have an ever-increasing impact on the survival of funerary monuments, crosses, cross slabs and other inscribed stones.

1 Churchyard crosses were later recommended for scheduling on the basis of this work (Dr. Edith Evans and Felicity Taylor pers comm.)


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The aim of this project is to use the HER, NMR, secondary sources and field visits to assess the potential for enhancing the schedule of ancient monuments with medieval or early post-medieval crosses. This site type is currently under-represented on the schedule of ancient monuments. The initial scoping study collated a list of sites that require a desktop appraisal and/or field visit. The data held within the HER at the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust was filtered to accept all crosses of medieval and post-medieval date, and all sites of unknown date. The resulting record was further filtered to remove sites that:

Pre-date AD1066 Post-date AD1750 The documentary evidence is vague Cross is destroyed Cross was reviewed for the Early Medieval Ecclesiastical project Location is unknown

Sites were included that met the following criteria:

Reviewed as part of Early Medieval Ecclesiastical project, but were not deemed to be early medieval

Cross has a physical presence Site is a SAM Good documentation evidence available

The overall objective of the project was to examine ecclesiastic sculpture of the medieval and early post-medieval periods not previously covered in recent surveys to include:

Analysis of site definition, classification, quantification and distribution in southeast Wales.

Assessment of the archaeological significance in both a regional and national perspective.

Assessment of the vulnerability of the archaeological resource, review of scheduling criteria, and recommendations for future management strategies.

Enhancement of the Regional HER. The previous scoping exercise identified a list of c.140 sites for Glamorgan that required desktop appraisal. The work entailed a desk-top assessment of Medieval and post-Medieval ecclesiastic sculpture sites in Glamorgan (140 sites) using HER data, NMR data, and other appropriate sources, to determine which sites required a visit to assess their condition and significance. A selected sample was then visited, recorded and assessed. This report details the findings of the project and contains updated descriptions of all sites visited, with condition/significance information.


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1.2 Acknowledgements The project was commissioned by Cadw and undertaken by the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust (GGAT) in their remit as the regional archaeological body responsible for the understanding and preservation of the archaeological resource in southeast Wales. The Trust would like to thank the staff of the National Monuments Record (NMR), RCAHMW, Aberystwyth, in particular Anna Skarzynska for her helpful assistance. The Trust would also like to thank Rick Turner, and Jonathan Berry of Cadw for providing comments, guidance and advice during the project. The report has been prepared by Richard Roberts, with the assistance of other staff of the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust, notably Charina Jones, Historic Environment Record Manager), and Rachel Bowden (Acting Historic Environment Record Manager). The digital mapping has been prepared by Richard Roberts. 1.3 Copyright Notice The copyright of this report is held by Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments and the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd. The maps are based on Ordnance Survey mapping provided by the National Assembly for Wales with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Licence No: 100017916 (2011).


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2. METHODOLOGY The methodological framework of the project was established through consensus between the four Welsh Archaeological Trusts and Cadw, during meetings of the Post-medieval Working Group convened during 2010-11. The project used data from the Regional Historic Environment Record (HER), the National Monuments Record (NMR), secondary sources and field visits to assess the potential for enhancing the schedule of ancient monuments with medieval ecclesiastical sculptural sites. Identified tasks

Desktop appraisal utilising the HER and secondary sources of all 140 sites Visit to RCAHMW to check for further information on sites, where lacking in

HER Identify and contact landowners Field visits to c.80 sites (including a small sample of SAMs for comparative

purposes) to assess condition/significance Update digital data Production of short report including details of assessment, fieldwork and a site

gazetteer. Separate annex report to detail scheduling recommendations. Integrate new data in HER (HER enhancement)

An element of targeted fieldwork also formed part of the project; the field visits allowed the condition and significance of the resource to be fully assessed, and allowed the preparation site-specific conservation and management recommendations and scheduling proposals. A proforma, specifically devised, was used for field recording, and the resultant field records transferred later to a database (MSAccess 2000) compatible with the regional HER. Digital mapping (point data) of well sites was checked and updated with the level of detail increased (using MapInfo 9). Polygon data for the selected sites was also created. Cadw have set out the two stage scheduling criteria for this class of monument: a). Preliminary sorting: This sub-theme covered the period 1066-1540. It excluded all items described in the Corpus of Early Medieval Sculpture in Wales, and any stones thought to date within the period 1540-1750 (e.g. early Post-Medieval gravestones). The criteria for medieval crosses, inscribed stones and sculpture on the HER considered under the Medieval and Post-Medieval Scoping Project as ecclesiastical sculpture was as follows:

That they were not contained within of built into the fabric of an ecclesiastical building in use or a domestic house.

That they were firmly fixed to the ground or are part of an external structure, e.g. a wall, gateway, garden building etc.

That they were not already scheduled or listed.


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Stage 1 identified wells that were already scheduled in order to establish a threshold and also identify geographical gaps in sculptural types which are under represented on the schedule. b). Scheduling Criteria Stage 2 applied the scheduling criteria as set out in Annex 3 of Circular 60/96: In this case the period had been set and the type has been established as not being rare. The Diversity and Potential criteria were considered to be of little relevance. This left:

1. Period: that the majority of the structure belongs to the period 1066-1540. 2. Rarity: for common types such as churchyard and market crosses, a selection

was made. For finely carved or other rare types, all were considered for scheduling.

3. Survival/Condition: at least 50% of the original structure should survive, and the same level of surface detail on what survives.

4. Group Value: particularly relevant for items in churchyards and market squares.

5. Documentation: evidence of location in its current position for a long period is particularly valuable. Antiquarian descriptions and illustrations identifying lost fabric also highly significant.

6. Fragility/Vulnerability: relevant if vulnerable to theft, mechanical damage, weathering or stone decay.

A simple matrix with these four criteria and the list of well sites that have passed the preliminary sort was prepared. A scoring system of 1-5 - low to high or poor to good was devised to produce a ranking of sites; this is given below: GGAT107 Scoring System Period: that the majority of the structure belongs to the period 1066-1540. 1 – Poor: 50-54% of the structure belongs to the period 1066-1540 2 – Low: 55-59% of the structure belongs to the period 1066-1540 3 – Moderate: 60-79% of the structure belongs to the period 1066-1540 4 – High: 80-89% of the structure belongs to the period 1066-1540 5 – Very High: 90-100% of the structure belongs to the period 1066-1540 Rarity: for common types such as churchyard and market crosses, a selection will be made. For finely carved or other rare types, all should be considered for scheduling. 1 – Poor: Commonplace 2 – Low: More than ten broadly similar examples 3 – Moderate: Fewer than ten broadly similar examples 4 – High: Fewer than five broadly similar examples 5 – Very High: Unique for its type or very rare, i.e. only two or three similar examples


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Documentation: evidence of location in its current position for a long period is particularly valuable. Antiquarian descriptions and illustrations identifying lost fabric also highly significant. 1 – None: No relevant material available 2 – Low: Little relevant material, or only modestly important sources available, i.e. through association and hearsay only 3 – Moderate: some relevant material, or moderately important sources, available, i.e. cartographic reference/20th century reference 4 – High: a considerable quantity of relevant material or moderately important sources available, i.e. cartographic evidence and pre-20th century references 5 – Very High: Complete documentary record, or exceptionally important sources available, i.e. wide-range of references including antiquarian descriptions/illustrations and more recent survey Group value: particularly relevant for items in churchyards and market squares. 1 – None: No nearby associated elements on HER/NMR 2 – Low: Associated with one other element on HER/NMR 3 – Moderate: Associated with two or three elements on HER/NMR; or associated with one protected element 4 – High: Associated with four or five elements on HER/NMR; or associated with two protected elements 5 – Very High: Associated with six or more elements on HER/NMR; or associated with three or more protected elements Survival/condition: at least 50% of the original structure should survive, and the same level of surface detail on what survives. 1 – Poor: Substantially destroyed, and little detail surviving 2 – Low: Damaged, less than 50% of original structure survives, and/or under 25% of original surface detail survives 3 – Moderate: Partially intact (including moved from original site), 50-69% of original structure survives with good level of surface detail (i.e. 50% or over of original detail) 4 – High: Substantially intact, 70-89% of original structure survives, with good level of surface detail (i.e. 50% or over of original detail) 5 – Very High: Intact, over 90% of original structure survives, with-good to very good level of surface detail. Fragility/Vulnerability: relevant if vulnerable to theft, vandalism, mechanical damage, weathering or stone decay. 1 – None: Robust/unlikely to be damaged 2 – Low: Insignificant level of fragility/vulnerability 3 – Moderate: Moderate level of fragility/vulnerability 4 – High: Fragile/vulnerable 5 – Very High: Very fragile/vulnerable (imminent threat visible) Diversity and Potential not particularly relevant to this category of site. The above criteria was used to evaluate the overall significance if the individual interests:


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The overall archaeological significance arrived at was allocated one of the following values:

A – National Significance (A? – Potential National Significance) B – Regional Significance C – Local Significance D – Minor Significance U – Unknown/Unestablished

3. SOURCES CONSULTED Sources Consulted primarily included the Historic Environment Record (HER) held at GGAT, Swansea, and National Monument Record (NMR), held at the RCAHMW, Aberystwyth. The computerised HER, relevant data and information held by the RCAHMW (NMR records and the on-line Coflein resource) were accessed as was up-to-date information on scheduled and listed building held by Cadw, supplemented by other readily available primary and secondary data, including rapid searches for documentary and cartographic sources held at the National Library of Wales (NLW), and Local Record Offices. The searches of the NMR data provided through Endex was augmented by information held on ‘Coflein’, the RCAHMW’s digital web resource. In addition the NMR collection records were also consulted as were aerial photographic sources. Analysis of Historic Maps, the first to third edition 25-inch OS maps (LANDMARK Historic Mapping), in conjunction with consultation of digital aerial photographic material was also employed, to check for example on whether a site might survive, had been moved/rebuilt, etc. Information on a number of cross bases, wayside and boundary crosses in Glamorgan is to be found in the RCAHMW’s volume on Medieval Non-defensive Secular Monuments (RCAHMW 1982, 262a-b, 288b-289a, 289a, 353b, 356a-b, 367a-b, and 368a); where relevant, information has been incorporated into the specific site descriptions in the Gazetteer. The most significant sources consulted are presented in the Bibliography Section. The work also drew heavily on evidence provided by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd edition OS mapping (c.1877, 1899, and 1918-19).


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4. RESULTS Revised Desktop Appraisal Some 134 ecclesiastical sculpture sites identified by the initial scoping exercise were revisited. Previously, the digital HER data had been found not to be particularly reliable, and frequently lacked both detail and accuracy, for example cross referencing with the latest listed building data had not been undertaken. The appraisal utilised further analysis of the digital HER data, and paper records, referring to secondary sources as necessary. Further in-depth analysis took into account whether a site was already protected, checking against the latest information on Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) and Listed Buildings data, whether the site could be accurately located, and whether current survival could be confirmed from existing descriptions. A further review of period, association, and the existence of surviving remains of medieval date based on the paper records and other available sources, was also included in the appraisal. The results are summarised in table form in Appendix I, below.

Figure 1. Ecclesiastical Sculpture Distribution (as given on the HER)

The review also re-checked the list of 134 sites against the preliminary sorting criteria (i.e. those sites which had been reviewed as part of Early Medieval Ecclesiastical project, but were not deemed to be early medieval, had a physical presence, including Scheduled Ancient Monument (SAMs) and Listed Buildings, and sites with good documentation evidence available); this established a revised list of 72 sites, subsequently reduced to 68 (including 40 protected sites). The 68 sites (70 PRNs – 2 duplicate PRNs included) are listed in Table 1, below; their distribution by status (i.e. whether protected or not) is illustrated in Figure 1, above.


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As part of this process NMR Searches were undertaken and the NMR was checked for relevant information on the remaining 68 sites, using a combination of the information available through the ENDEX agreement, a search on Coflein, the RCAHMW’s website, and by direct consultation with the NMR (on the 28 unprotected sites). Information was available for 7 of the unprotected sites identified (with 8 PRNs directly having correlating NPRNs and Coflein information, and 5 of these having further additional information). Digital and paper material was collated as a result of the search, the details of which are summarised in Appendix II, Table 5. The 68 sites (70 PRNs) selected, were then subject to a two staged assessment: Stage 1 Assessment This assessment identified sites that were are already scheduled and listed in order to establish a threshold and also allow geographical gaps or types and features which are under represented to be identified. For this reason the assessment also included an analysis of the main ecclesiastical sculptural site type: the cross, distinguishing between churchyard crosses, wayside crosses, and other types, and identifying those with finely carved decoration. The assessment also identified the incidence and period of typical specific details across the selected resource of 68 sites (70 PRNs), examining the following component parts: medieval cross base - slabs, medieval cross base - calvaries, medieval socket stones, medieval shafts (part), medieval shafts (all complete), medieval cross heads, and their post-medieval/modern equivalents. The results are summarised in Appendix III, Table 6. The results of Stage 1 identified that 40 sites out of the 68 retained were protected; of these 12 sites were scheduled ancient monuments (SAMs) and 28 Listed Buildings (or included within a listing), with 3 sites being both scheduled and listed. The results indicated that a particularly high threshold had been set with the best examples generally already protected; the protected resource is dominated by churchyard crosses with 32 out of protected sites belonging to this category, 2 wayside and 2 of other type.2 Out of the protected resource of 40 sites, 16 were ‘finely decorated’ (including the two effigies PRNs 01466s and 01463s).

2 Not including crosses of unknown type, and non-cross sites.


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Figure 2. Distribution of Unprotected Sites (i.e. sites meeting established criteria at Stage 1)


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Figure 2a. Distribution of Protected Sites (i.e. SAMs and Listed Buildings)


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The protected resource included 5 examples of medieval crossheads, of which three were associated with complete medieval cross shafts (and socket-stones) and one associated with a part surviving example (and socket-stone). Nine protected sites were found to retain complete medieval shafts; all associated with medieval cross socket-stones, but only 6 of these were set on original medieval calvary bases. In addition the protected resource included 10 partially surviving shafts, all set within medieval cross socket-stones, though only two located on medieval calvary bases. The majority of the protected resource was made up of 33 medieval cross socket-stones (16 of which no longer stood on their original medieval bases). Of the bases, the most substantial of the components, 15 medieval examples were protected, all calvary bases, only two of which retained no other medieval components (see Appendix III, Table 6 for a full summary). Of the unprotected resource, 21 of the 28 sites were churchyard crosses (or at least are presently located within churchyards), 7 wayside crosses/cross sites (4 of which are sites of only). Whilst no other types have been definitely identified among the unprotected resource, it should be noted that the ‘Crying Stone’ (PRN00177w), Penrice is traditionally associated with a fair site, and others such as Aberavon Churchyard Cross (PRN 00674w) and at Llandow (PRN 00223s, have been moved into churchyard for protection from elsewhere. It is likely that other examples of crosses (e.g. wayside or market crosses) exist that have been moved into churchyards for protection; potential candidates are a number of cross-socket-stones not retaining cross-bases (particularly calvaries), especially if located away from the traditional location adjacent to the south entrance of a church. Six of the unprotected cross-sites included ‘finely’ carved elements. The unprotected resource included three examples of medieval crossheads (one now missing), of which none were associated with complete medieval cross shafts and just one was associated with a part-surviving shaft (and medieval socket-stone). Only one site retained a complete medieval shaft (and that without any other medieval elements). In addition the protected resource included two partially surviving shafts both associated with medieval socket-stones, but only one of which is actually set within the socket-stone; neither are incidentally located on medieval cross bases. Twenty-six medieval cross socket-stones were identified; two of which were found to stand on original calvary bases, with a further three set on potential medieval slab bases, and another set on a slab base located on a mound (potentially the remains of a damaged calvary). Seven cross bases (three calvary and four slab-bases) were identified, all associated with cross-socket stones (see Appendix III, Table 6 for a full summary). The analysis of finely decorated examples, specific types, and the identification of more complete cross assemblages helped in the selection of sites for field visits and aided in the assessment of the period, rarity and survival criteria of the second assessment stage. The lowland geographical bias, predominantly the Vale of Glamorgan, is reflected in both protected resource and the unprotected sites on the HER, with few exceptions (see Figure 2, above).


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A list of sites, which shows the incidence of scheduled and listed sites is provided below in Table 1. Table 1. Medieval Ecclesiastical Sculpture Sites (70 PRNs) Prn Name Ngr Broadclass Type Scheduled/Listed

00008s GRAVEYARD CROSS AT ST ANDREWS MAJOR

ST13877145 Religious, Ritual and Funerary

Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00016s WENVOE CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00062s PENARTH CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Scheduled Ancient Monument

00071s COGAN CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

-

00087s ST GEORGES CHURCH


Cross Listed Building

00116s CHURCHYARD CROSS, CARDIFF ST JOHN BAPTIST


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00137s CARDIFF MARKET CROSS


Preaching cross

Listed Building

00140m GROES Y DADLEU SS80988233 Religious, Ritual and Funerary

Cross -

00149s CHURCHYARD CROSS, LLANDAFF CATHEDRAL


Churchyard cross

-

00154s STONE CROSS FOUND AT LLANDAFF CATHEDRAL


Cross -

00176m LALESTON CROSS SS87508056 Religious, Ritual and Funerary

Cross -

00177w THE CRYING STONE (PENRICE CHURCHYARD CROSS BASE)

SS49278788 Religious, Ritual and Funerary

Cross -

00182m CHURCHYARD CROSS, ST BRIDES MINOR


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00183m CROSS AT NEWCASTLE HIGHER, BRIDGEND


Cross -


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Prn Name Ngr Broadclass Type Scheduled/Listed

00188s CHURCHYARD CROSS, ST MARY HILL


Churchyard cross


00198s LLANGAN CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building; Scheduled Ancient Monument

00200s LLANGAN CROSS SS96097856 Religious, Ritual and Funerary


00215s LLANSANNOR CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00216m NEWTON NOTTAGE CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00218s COLWINSTON CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00221s ST ANDREWS CHURCH (same as 02245m below)


Cross -

00223s LLANDOW CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

-

00233m MERTHYR MAWR CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross


00251m PANT Y GROES SS86497697 Religious, Ritual and Funerary

Boundary cross


00257m SITE OF CROSS AT MERTHYR MAWR


Cross Scheduled Ancient Monument

00265s CROSS AT LLANBLETHIAN



00280s LLANMIHANGEL CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

-

00298s LLANFRYNACH CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00302w ST NICHOLAS CHURCH



00310w CROSS AT BISHOPSTON CHURCHYARD


Churchyard cross

-


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00313m MERTHYR MAWR CROSS


Cross Scheduled Ancient Monument

00316m SITE NAME NOT KNOWN


Boundary cross

-

00319m LALESTON CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00323w PENNARD CHURCH CROSS BASE, REUSED AS FONT


Cross Within Listed Building

00324m ST BRIDES MAJOR CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross


00335s ST HILARY CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00341s ST MARY CHURCH CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

-

00357s LLANTRITHYD CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

-

00363s BONVILSTON CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00371m COITY CHURCHYARD CROSS

SS92378153 Religious, ritual and funerary

Cross -

00399m SITE OF CROSS NEAR EWENNY QUARRY


Cross -

00407m COYCHURCH CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Scheduled Ancient Monument, Listed Building

00409s MARCROSS CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00417s ST DONATS CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Scheduled Ancient Monument; Listed Building

00436m WICK CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00442s LLANMAES CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building


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00472s LLANTWIT MAJOR CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00475s THE LITTLE CROSS SS96586870 Religious, Ritual and Funerary

Cross -

00514w CILYBEBYLL CHURCHYARD CROSS

SN74370467 Religious, Ritual and Funerary

Churchyard cross

-

00518s PENMARK CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00524s PORTHKERRY CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00545m LLANWONNO CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

-

00545s MERTHYR DYFAN CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

-

00575s CADOXTON-JUXTA-BARRY CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

Listed Building

00587s SULLY CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

-

00622s ST MELLONS CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross




Churchyard cross


00643w CROSS SOCKET-STONE, ST MARYS CHURCH, BRITON FERRY


Cross -

00671w BAGLAN CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

-

00674w ABERAVON CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross

-

00705m BEDWAS CHURCHYARD CROSS


Churchyard cross


01284m CROSS BASE AT EWENNY PRIORY


Cross -


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01412w CROSS BASE IN MARGAM PARK


Cross -

01463s EFFIGY IN ST HILARY CHURCH

ST017733 Unassigned Carved stone

Listed Building

01466s BERKEROLE TOMB, ST ATHAN CHURCH

ST017680 Unassigned Carved stone

-

01647s ALTAR, COLWINSTON CHURCHYARD


Altar -

02245m ST ANDREWS MINOR CHURCHYARD CROSS (same as 00221s above)


Churchyard cross

-

02569m ST JAMES' CHURCH CROSS



03781s LLANISHEN CHURCHYARD CROSS (CARDIFF)

ST17628187 Religious, ritual and funerary

Churchyard cross

-

03782s PENDOYLAN CHURCHYARD CROSS

ST05977668 Religious, ritual and funerary

Churchyard cross

-

Stage 2 Assessment This assessment applied the identified scheduling criteria as set out in Annex 3 of Circular 60/96 in relation to Survival/Condition, Group Value, Documentation and Fragility/Vulnerability, and established overall significance values for the selected resource (see Methodology section, above, for further details). The results of this exercise are summarised in Table 2, below, and Appendix IV, Table 7. Figures 3 and 3a, below, show the distribution of sites by significance.


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Figure 3. All Ecclesiastic Sculptural Sites Showing Overall Significance after Stage 2

Figure 3a. Unprotected Sites Showing Overall Significance

The overall results of the appraisal of the unprotected sites against the above criteria are presented below (See Appendix IV for the full Summary). Of the 30 unprotected


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interests (28 unprotected sites) assessed, 9 were considered to be of potential National significance (Category A?), four of Regional significance (Category B), 8 (including 1 duplicate PRN, i.e. 7 sites) of potential Regional significance (Category B/C and B/U), one of Local interest, whilst the remaining 6 sites (including 1 duplicate PRN, i.e. 5 sites) were of unknown significance/damaged or destroyed (Category D/U and U). Table 2. Results of Assessment: Medieval Ecclesiastical Sculpture Sites (30 PRNs) Prn Name Overall Significance

00183m CROSS AT NEWCASTLE HIGHER, BRIDGEND A?

00223s LLANDOW CHURCHYARD CROSS A?

00280s LLANMIHANGEL CHURCHYARD CROSS A?

00357s LLANTRITHYD CHURCHYARD CROSS A?

00514w CILYBEBYLL CHURCHYARD CROSS A?

00545s MERTHYR DYFAN CHURCHYARD CROSS A?

00587s SULLY CHURCHYARD CROSS A?

00671w BAGLAN CHURCHYARD CROSS A?

01647s ALTAR, COLWINSTON CHURCHYARD A?

00177w THE CRYING STONE (PENRICE CHURCHYARD CROSS BASE) B

00371m COITY CHURCHYARD CROSS B

01284m CROSS BASE AT EWENNY PRIORY B

00399m SITE OF CROSS NEAR EWENNY QUARRY B (moved)

00071s COGAN CHURCHYARD CROSS B/C

00310w CROSS AT BISHOPSTON CHURCHYARD B/C

00341s ST MARY CHURCH CHURCHYARD CROSS B/C

00643w CROSS SOCKET-STONE, ST MARYS CHURCH, BRITON FERRY B/C

03782s PENDOYLAN CHURCHYARD CROSS B/C

00221s ST ANDREWS CHURCH (See 02245m) B/C (moved)

02245m ST ANDREWS MINOR CHURCHYARD CROSS (see 221s) B/C (moved)

00475s THE LITTLE CROSS, LLANTWIT MAJOR B/U

00545m LLANWONNO CHURCHYARD CROSS B/U

00674w ABERAVON CHURCHYARD CROSS C

00176m LALESTON CROSS (00316m) D/U

00316m CROSS BASE (SITE OF), LALESTON (See 00176m) D/U

00140m GROES Y DADLEU U

00149s CHURCHYARD CROSS, LLANDAFF CATHEDRAL U

00154s STONE CROSS FOUND AT LLANDAFF CATHEDRAL U

01412w CROSS BASE IN MARGAM PARK U

03781s LLANISHEN CHURCHYARD CROSS (CARDIFF) U


22

5. SITE VISITS Of the 28 unprotected sculptural sites identified, 22 were selected for field visits (see Table 3, below), based on the analysis of details carried out during stage one of the assessment. Table 3. Medieval Ecclesiastical Sculpture Sites Selected for Field Visits (22 sites plus two duplicate PRNs) Prn Nprn Name Ngr Ngr (Revised) Accuracy

00071s COGAN CHURCHYARD CROSS ST16897056 ST1688570564 7.4m

00140m GROES Y DADLEU SS80988233

00176m LALESTON CROSS (00316m) SS87508056 SS874980862 -

00177w 401023 THE CRYING STONE (PENRICE CHURCHYARD CROSS BASE)

SS49278788 SS4927887889 7.9m


SS89348182 SS8935281838 2.4m

00221s see 301270

ST ANDREWS CHURCH (See 02245m)

SS92817342 SS9421873301 (re-located)


SS94237331

00280s 307607 LLANMIHANGEL CHURCHYARD CROSS

SS98137187 SS9812971877 2.2m

00310w 305584 CROSS AT BISHOPSTON CHURCHYARD

SS57788934 SS5778389343 7.3m

00316m CROSS BASE (SITE OF), LALESTON (See 00176m)

SS88047988 SS88040179891 -

00341s 307727 ST MARY CHURCH CHURCHYARD CROSS

ST00147155 ST0014871560 7.6m


ST04407279 ST0438572793 13.7m

00371m COITY CHURCHYARD CROSS SS92378153 SS9237981539 -

00399m 300340 SITE OF CROSS NEAR EWENNY QUARRY

SS90997756


SN74370467 SN7437404678 2.9m

00545s 307769 MERTHYR DYFAN CHURCHYARD CROSS

ST11506945 ST1149969444 -

00587s SULLY CHURCHYARD CROSS ST15126831 ST1512668312 -


SS73589422 SS7358794226 2.6m

00671w BAGLAN CHURCHYARD CROSS SS75279221 SS7527292208 12m


SS76289011 SS7629290116 3.2m


SS91257784 SS9124777863 5.5m


SS958761 SS9397575377 5.4m

02245m see 301270

ST ANDREWS MINOR CHURCHYARD CROSS (see 00221s)

SS92817342 SS9421873301 (re-located)


23

Prn Nprn Name Ngr Ngr (Revised) Accuracy


ST05977668 ST0598776699 7.4m

Details of these sites, along with updated descriptions, photographs and plans are presented in the Gazetteer Section; the distribution of sites selected for field visits are illustrated in Figure 2, below.

Figure 4. Unprotected Wells Showing Sites Selected for Site Visits (green)


24

6. GAZETTEER Gazetteer of Visited Sites: Medieval Ecclesiastical Sculpture

Prn 00071s

Nprn

Name COGAN CHURCHYARD CROSS

Ngr ST16897056

Ngr (revised) ST1688570564

Accuracy 7.4m

HER description All that remains of this cross is the square base in which is a shallow socket-hole. The base is much weathered and at present almost overgrown with grass and nettles. To the S of St Peter’s church there is a rectangular socket stone, 0.6m square by 0.3m in height. It has chamfered corners, and a recent, machine- cut circular of the tip, 0.19m in diameter, and 0.03m deep ( OS Card ST17SE12).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description Roughly square cross base (0.59m x 0.60m by 0.4m max height). Upper corners are chamfered, with ?plain straight cut chamfer to two angles and recessed broach stopped chamfer to the SW and rectangle cut to SE without broach cut, remnants of plain chamfer to upper sides. Shallow circular (formerly octagonal?) socket hole. Upper surface of stone is now damaged and irregular.

Form Other Structure

Period Medieval

Broadclass Religious, Ritual and Funerary

Type Churchyard Cross

Period 5

Rarity 2

Documentation 3

Group value 4

Survival/condition 2

Fragility/Vulnerability 1

Overall Significance B/C


25

Plate 1. Cogan Churchyard Cross (location), view to NNW

Plate 2. Cogan Churchyard Cross (detail), view to NE


26


27

Prn 00140m

Nprn

Name GROES Y DADLEU

Ngr SS80988233

Ngr (revised)

Accuracy

HER description Marked by Rees as boundary or wayside cross. A weathered cross-socket stone carved in 3 tiers; the bottom one square & upper 2 octagonal. Cross is 0.4m high, 0.7m square at base with top tier 0.4m wide (OS card SS88SW2).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description Nothing visible during field visit; information within FI file indicates that the upper surface of the cross socket-stone was visible in 1982, located 0.25m below ground level in a hole excavated through turf and sand. Due to further sand encroachment the feature is no longer visible – presumed intact, but in a re-buried state.


Period Medieval


Type Cross (Boundary or Wayside Cross)

Period 5

Rarity 4/5

Documentation 4

Group value 1

Survival/condition 2-5? Buried

Fragility/Vulnerability 1 - buried

Overall Significance U


28


29

Prn 00176m

Nprn

Name LALESTON CROSS (00316m)

Ngr SS87508056

Ngr (revised) SS874980862

Accuracy -

HER description At the road-junction near Cae'rheneglwys is the base of a cross which possibly served as a ‘...boundary stone of lands once belonging to Margam Abbey’ (Arch Camb. 1894, 337-8). The cross base, not that portrayed in Arch Camb., is beside a heap of rubble on the road verge and unlikely to be ‘in situ’. It is a roughly shaped block of sandstone 0.6m square and 0.5m high. The top edge is so damaged that no original ornament can be distinguished. The socket is 0.1m deep and was probably 0.2m square originally, though it is now rounded at the corners with a tongue like trough overflow cut into one corner (OS Card SS88SE10).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description The wayside cross ‘near Cae’rheneglwys lies loose on the NE side of the road verge and is a moss covered block of sandstone 71cm square and 20 cm high, with a socket 30cm square and 10cm deep, with bowed sides and a groove 10cm wide leading from its SE corner’ (RCAHMW 1982 RO 21, 356). RCAHMW favour interpretation as a wayside cross marking line of medieval road known as Ffordd-y-Gyfraith, as opposed to boundary cross associated with Margam Abbey (RCAHMW 1982, RO 20-1, 356). NGR given in the digital HER PRN is incorrect: the 2nd ed OS map gives location at road junction, adjacent to N side of lane, immediately SW of Llangewydd Church (Cae'rheneglwys) at SS8749980862. The cross base was not noted during the field visit, and is now presumed to have been moved or lost.


Period Medieval


Type Cross (Boundary or Wayside Cross)

Period -

Rarity -

Documentation 4

Group value 3

Survival/condition - moved/lost?

Fragility/Vulnerability -

Overall Significance D/U


30

Plate 3. Laleston Cross (site of, right side of lane), view to NW


31

Prn 00177w

Nprn 401023

Name THE CRYING STONE (PENRICE CHURCHYARD CROSS BASE)

Ngr SS49278788


Accuracy 7.9m

HER description All that now remains (of the cross in Penrice Village) is the base with its socket hole. A cross-base on Penrice village green, 60m SW of St Andrews Church. It is square with sides of 0.6m, and a height of 0.2m, has chamfered corners, and an octagonal socket. Known locally as “The Crying Stone”; it was the custom for a man to stand on the stone and “cry” i.e. proclaim the fair that used to be held on the green (OS Card SS48NE19).

NMR description NGR SS49278788: A square cross socket-stone, 0.6m across & 0.2m high, with chamfered edges & an octagonal socket; lies up Penrice village green (see Nprn401024), locally known as 'the Crying Stone', fairs(?) being proclaimed from it. (source Os495card; SS48NE19) RCAHMW AP94-CS 0658

GGAT107 additional description Roughly square cross base or socket stone, 0.54m x 0.55m by 0.13m in height (exposed), having chamfered edges and corners and eroded octagonal socket, 0.25-0.26m in diameter, and 0.07m deep. Located on village green set down to grass.


Period Medieval


Type Cross (Wayside or Fair Cross)

Period 5

Rarity 2

Documentation 2

Group value 4/5

Survival/condition 2/3

Fragility/Vulnerability 3/4

Overall Significance B


32

Plate 4. The Crying Stone, Penrice, (location), view to NE

Plate 5. The Crying Stone, Penrice, (detail), view to S


33


34

Prn 00183m

Nprn

Name CROSS AT NEWCASTLE HIGHER, BRIDGEND

Ngr SS89348182


Accuracy 2.4m

HER description Cross-head which was covered with coats of white lime, one face represents the Trinity, and the reverse St Leonard. Stated to have come from St Leonard’s church, Newcastle. The cross head is known to have been formerly kept at Ty Mawr Farmhouse (SS89458186), prior to being re- erected at Newcastle Higher church. The cross-head is now incorporated in a churchyard cross. This cross has a modern base upon which there is a truncated pyramidal socket stone, 0.9m square and 0.5m high. The stone is weathered, and does not conform to the unusual socket stone type. In the socket a modern shaft is surmounted by the restored cross-head (Arch Camb 1899, 242-7; OS Card SS88SE18).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description The cross was moved to present location after construction of church of All Saints in 1900-03 (Newman 1995, 513-514; the church is first shown on 3rd edition OS map). Medieval cross base and cross head, modern calvary (square, 3 steps)and modern shaft (tapering square section). Cross base is heavily eroded and appears to be either the truncated upper part of a steeply chamfered, or a pyramidal base (0.88m x 0.82m by 0.47m in height). Cross head with figurative carving on either side and upper edge, forming a slightly projecting pitched gable; figures represent the Trinity and St Leonard, lower part broken at a slight angle. St Leonard is depicted wearing a mitre and with a chain (and restored fetters) hanging from his right wrist and carrying a crozier in is left hand; a close parallel is found in stained glass at St Neot (Tasker, EG. 1993, Encyclopedia of Medieval Church Art, London). The lime wash coating, previously noted, is no longer visible. Form Other Structure

Period Medieval


Type Cross (Churchyard Cross)

Period 3

Rarity 5

Documentation 3-4

Group value 5

Survival/condition 3-5 (moved)


Overall Significance A?


35

Plate 6. Cross at Newcastle Higher, Bridgend, view to E

Plate 7. Cross at Newcastle Higher, Bridgend (detail of W face), view to E


36

Plate 8. Cross at Newcastle Higher, Bridgend, view to W

Plate 9. Cross at Newcastle Higher, Bridgend, (detail of E face), view to W


37


38

Prn 00221s

Nprn see 301270

Name ST ANDREWS CHURCH CROSS (See 02245m)

Ngr SS92817342

Ngr (revised)

Accuracy

HER description Damaged and weathered cross socket stone sited in St Andrews Church, measuring 0.7m sq by 0.3m high, with chamfered upper edge. It is presumed to have been damaged during the two iconoclastic movements in the 16th and 17th centuries (S Glam. 1982, County Treasures, St Andrews Minor; OS Card SS97SW4).

NMR description Description of Church only: 1. Ruinous, walls standing but roof gone. Measures internally 24ft x 14ft 11ins. Stone cross beam nearby. ex NMR index card, not dated.

2. Roofless ruin of a mortared stone structure, c.9.5m ENE-WSW by 6.2, said to have been set in a rectangular, banked enclosure, 43m by 37m. (source Os495card; SS97SW4) Associated with Clemeston settlement (Nprn15447). J.Wiles 14.01.03 Additional information from the NMR gives 'In the churchyard to the immediate S of the church entrance was a cross socket stone of Sutton stone, probably 15th century. The stone is square at the base with broach stops at the angles, the sides tapering to an octagonal top containing a square socket for the shaft. The socket stone has been recently removed to Llandow churchyard.' (KA/GL/89/403).

GGAT107 additional description This cross base has been re-sited in Llandow churchyard at approximately SS9421873301, 0.67m to the NNW of Prn 00223s at the edge of the churchyard path, some 1.97m from the churchyard wall., and was found to be 0.56m (N-S) x 0.54m (E-W) max by 0.27m max in height, the square socket is 0.22m x 0.22m and 0.15m in depth. The broach stops and angles are slightly eroded. The stone is heavily lichen covered. Form Other Structure

Period Medieval


Type Cross (Churchyard Cross)

Period 5

Rarity 2

Documentation 3

Group value 4/5 (current location)

Survival/condition 3 - (moved)


Overall Significance B/C (moved)


39

Plate 10. St Andrews Church Cross (location), view to

Plate 11. St Andrews Church Cross (detail), view to


40


41

Prn 00223s

Nprn

Name LLANDOW CHURCHYARD CROSS

Ngr SS94237331

Ngr (revised)

Accuracy

HER description A much weathered cross socket-stone in which are the remains of an octagonal shaft. The stone is 0.65m square and 0.2m high with a carved moulded octagon on the upper surface surrounding the socket. The shaft is 0.15m wide and 0.1m high. The stone rests on the surface of the ground a few feet E of the churchyard gate. It does not appear to be in its original position and almost certainly been removed to the churchyard for safety (Evans, CJO. 1944, Glamorgan History and Topography, 287; OS Card SS97SW8; S. Glam, 1982, County Treasures, Llandow LW2).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description 'In the churchyard is a cross base of Sutton stone much mutilated with its broken octagonal shaft in position.' (Orrin, GR, 1988, Medieval Churches of the Vale of Glamorgan, Cowbridge. 202). The churchyard cross, 0.635m square by 0.27m in height (max), is located S of the church on the E side of the path; 0.69m from the churchyard wall and 0.70m from the path. Whilst the cross base is weathered, decorative details do survive including an octagonal double concentric water holding roll top moulding surrounding the shaft socket (stump of broken shaft 0.17m in dia., lead- bonded, remains in situ), a single foliate 'trefoil' moulding extends towards each of the 4 corners. Form Other Structure

Period Medieval


Type Churchyard cross

Period 5

Rarity 5

Documentation 3 (2nd ed OS)

Group value 4/5

Survival/condition 4/5 possibly moved




42

Plate 12. Llandow Churchyard Cross, to right (location), view to NE

Plate 13. Llandow Churchyard Cross (detail), view to E


43


44

Prn 00280s

Nprn 307607

Name LLANMIHANGEL CHURCHYARD CROSS

Ngr SS98137187


Accuracy 2.2m

HER description The remains of this churchyard cross consist of a rectangular base stone, 1.2m x 0.6m and 0.1m high, upon which is a chamfered socket stone 0.35msq & 0.15m high.

NMR description NGR SS98137187: A monolithic cross-base, 1.2m by 0.6m, surmounted by a square socket stone. (source Os495card; SS97SE27) Associated with St Michael's church (Nprn161). J.Wiles 10.01.03

GGAT107 additional description As described above. The socket is 0.1m square and 0.05m deep. Simple square type with upper edge chamfered. Moss obscures detail. Located to the S of church porch (i.e. S wall). Feature first noted on 2nd edition OS map, remains in situ.


Period Medieval



Period 5

Rarity 4


Group value 5

Survival/condition 4/5




45

Plate 14. Llanmihangel Churchyard Cross (location bottom left), view to WNW

Plate 15. Llanmihangel Churchyard Cross (detail), view to S


46


47

Prn 00310w

Nprn 305584

Name CROSS AT BISHOPSTON CHURCHYARD

Ngr SS57788934


Accuracy 7.3m

HER description Bishopston churchyard cross. The remains of the cross consist of a round pedestal on a square block, the edges of the block are chamfered; on top of the pedestal is a square socket hole. The block stands on some ruined masonry and is probably in situ (Morgan, Col. WL. 1899, Antiquarian Survey of East Gower, 170). SS57788934. The socket stone is a single block of sandstone 0.7m square and 0.6m high. The corners of the stone have been chamfered to form an octagonal top (not a round pedestal as described by Morgan) though this is very damaged. A hole for the shaft is 0.25m square and 0.2m deep. The stone rests on a low turf covered mound from which some masonry protrudes; it is of typical medieval pattern (OS card SS58NE4).

NMR description NGR SS57788934: A square socket stone, chamfered to an octagonal top, is set upon a square block, resting on a low mound which shows some traces of masonry. (source Os495card; SS58NE4) J.wiles 09.07.02

GGAT107 additional description Square socket stone 0.67m x 0.675m, 0.51m high (max) with angles chamfered to produce octagonal top; remnants of broach stopped chamfers (eroded/damaged). Socket 0.265 m square and 0.15m deep. Lettering 'OD' on E face - height datum? Socket stone set on masonry base part of low mound (remains of former Calvary steps?). Socket stone is located c.8m from the S of the S porch of the church.


Period Medieval



Period 5

Rarity 3

Documentation 3/4 (not on OS mapping)

Group value 3





48

Plate 16. Cross At Bishopston Churchyard (location), view to NE

Plate 17. Cross at Bishopston Churchyard (location), view to N


49


50

Prn 00316m

Nprn

Name CROSS BASE (SITE OF), LALESTON (See 00176m; 01607m)

Ngr SS88047988


Accuracy -

HER description Possible boundary cross of Margam Abbey lands (Robinson, GE. 1894, Arch Camb Vol. 11, 338). The cross base is unlikely to be in situ. It is 0.8m square and 0.2m thick. No original ornament can be identified; it is of sandstone with central depression in the top, 0.35m square, and just 0.04m deep. It is concluded that it could not act as socket for normal cross shaft. Stone not located in 1982 (OS card SS87NE96).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description ‘E of Laleston on the crossing of the Laleston-Bridgend road with the Ffordd-y-Gyfraith.’ ‘At the NE side of the crossroads, much overgrown. A rectangular block with convex sides and rounded angles, 76 cm by 71cm, and 15 cm high, containing a large shallow socket, 43 cm by 35cm, only 5cm deep’ (RCAHMW 1982, RO 11, 353). RCAHMW favour interpretation as a wayside cross marking line of medieval road known as Ffordd-y-Gyfraith, as opposed to boundary cross associated with Margam Abbey (RCAHMW 1982, RO 20-1, 356). Feature not found during current fieldwork - appears to have been moved. Revised NGR reflects position as given on 2nd-3rd ed OS and later mapping.


Period Medieval


Type Boundary cross

Period -

Rarity -

Documentation 3

Group value 1

Survival/condition - moved/lost?

Fragility/Vulnerability -

Overall Significance D/U


51


52

Prn 00341s

Nprn 307727

Name ST MARY CHURCH CHURCHYARD CROSS

Ngr ST00147155


Accuracy 7.6m

HER description A Calvary of 3 modern stone steps is surmounted by the socket stone of a Medieval churchyard cross. The stone is 0.55m sq and 0.2m high. The top edge is chamfered and there is a moulded collar around the socket, which is 0.15m square and completely pierces the stone. ST00127155. A square cross base with chamfered sides 0.6m long by 0.2m high on a modern Calvary of 3 steps. Although badly weathered, decoration is discernable on the N and S sides. There area the remains of a ‘lip’ around the top of the chamfer; the square socket, with sides of 0.25m, is surrounded by a circular raised platform some 0.4m in dia. The cross base appears to have been moved some 2.0m from the position depicted on the OS 25” 1919 map (OS Card ST07SW17).

NMR description NGR ST00147155: A three step modern cross-base supports a med. socket-stone, 0.55m square and 0.2m high. (As HER description, above) (source Os495card; ST07SW17) Associated with St Mary's Church (Nprn325). J.Wiles 29.01.03

GGAT107 additional description 'In the churchyard the steps to the cross still remain.' Orrin, (GR. 1988, Medieval Churches of the Vale of Glamorgan, Cowbridge. 386). A square socket stone, 0.53m (square) and 0.24m high (max), with plain chamfered upper edges (upper surface 0.5m square). Badly weathered. Socket hole is square 0,24m and 0.24m deep (i.e. it pierces the socket stone). Around the socket hole is a raised collar moulding octagonal in plan. Set on a square 19th or 20th century 3 step Calvary. The Calvary appears to be on the same site as depicted on the 1st-3rd ed OS maps, though the current dimensions reflect those shown on the 1st and 2nd editions, that shown on the 3rd edition having a more elongated rectangular plan, suggesting it has been rebuilt to reflect an earlier arrangement. Form Other Structure

Period Medieval



Period 1/4

Rarity 2

Documentation 3

Group value 4





53

Plate 18. St Mary Church Churchyard Cross (location), view to NE

Plate 19. St Mary Church Churchyard Cross socket-stone (detail), view to NE


54


55

Prn 00357s

Nprn

Name LLANTRITHYD CHURCHYARD CROSS

Ngr ST04407279


Accuracy 13.7m

HER description In the churchyard, to the SE of, and alongside the tower of St Illtyd's Church, Llantrithyd is a circular cross base. It is 0.8m in dia., 0.7m high, and is decorated around its circumference, and has a square socket with sides of 0.25m (OS Card ST07SW33).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description Orrin 1998 identifies the feature adjacent to the tower as a font pedestal: 'Also on the south side of the churchyard is the pedestal of what appears to be an old font with fine Norman arcading.' Orrin, GR. 1988, Medieval Churches of the Vale of Glamorgan, Cowbridge. 237. 'In the CHURCHYARD (S of the tower) the base of a cross, Norman, arcaded. A rarity.' (Newman, J. 1995, The Buildings of Wales: Glamorgan. 404). The field visit recorded a circular arcaded base or socket stone with 14 Romanesque pilasters in high relief (blind arcading). Upper part of 'base' has slightly projecting plinth and double torus moulding. Socket approximately square (0.245m x 0.24m) and 0.17m deep. Sutton stone with slight pitting erosion to detail. This is the 'cross base' described under Prn 00357s. The NGR given in the HER record for the site described above, however indicates the location of a vertically set tomb slab with a cross on its W side, located S of the church porch. The vertically set tomb slab or sarcophagus cover of 13th century date, 0.43m wide by 0.45m at its centre and 0.25m at the side (i.e. recumbent heights), with c.0.88m exposed in length, is of coped form with the remnants of a cross (roll moulded) with its main axis set along the crest. Probably of Sutton stone. A painting entitled 'Llantrithyd Place and Church, 1830' by W.W. Young at the National Museum of Wales (reproduced in Orrin 1988, 232) shows the latter feature in its current position.


Period Medieval



Period 5

Rarity 5

Documentation 3

Group value 5

Survival/condition 5 - possibly moved




56

Plate 20. Llantrithyd Churchyard Cross (location), view to N

Plate 21. Llantrithyd Churchyard Cross (detail), view to N


57


58

Prn 00371m

Nprn

Name COITY CHURCHYARD CROSS

Ngr SS92378153


Accuracy -

HER description A cross socket-stone of medieval type, it is 0.6m square at the base and 0.25m high. It is cemented to a slab of similar size, and 0.1m thick. The top of the stone has broached corners (one of which is damaged) and a moulded octagonal collar. The socket seems to have been octagonal, but is now almost circular, 0.25m in dia., and 0.1m deep. The remains of the cross are located in the churchyard by the SW corner of St Mary’s church. They are not necessarily in their original position, since the steps do not survive, and the socket stone, which is now very eroded, may have been moved. The lower half of the socket stone is square and the upper half octagonal, with a possible wave moulding around the socket, which is for an octagonal shaft. (OS Card SS98SW11).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description Roughly square cross base, 0.645m x 0.62m and 0.29m (max) height set on rectangular slab 0.64m x 0.705m, 0.09m thick. Upper angles have been chamfered, a projecting double torus (water holding moulding) forms an octagonal collar around an octagonal socket 0.28m (max) wide by c. 0.14m deep. Of Sutton stone or other limestone, very eroded, and lichen covered. Stone located c. 3.35m S of church wall and 3.5m W of church porch.


Period Medieval

Broadclass Religious, ritual and funerary

Type Cross (Churchyard cross)

Period 5

Rarity 3/4


Group value 4/5

Survival/condition 4 - possibly moved




59

Plate 22. Coity Churchyard Cross (location centre), view to NE

Plate 23. Coity Churchyard Cross (detail), view to W


60


61

Prn 00399m

Nprn 300340

Name SITE OF CROSS NEAR EWENNY QUARRY

Ngr SS90997756

Ngr (revised)

Accuracy

HER description A letter of 1898 describes “the base of a small roadside cross 22 ins. Square by 21 ins deep with a square socket of 10 ins. It is of a late date, probably 15th Century”. Situated at the junction about 15 chains SW of Ewenny Priory (SS90997756, site of). There are no remains of the cross at the original site indicated on the map and as described in 1898; a socket stone of medieval type located on the small triangular plot of grass at the entrance to Ewenny Priory House is considered to be the same. It is just under 0.6m square and 0.4m high, with a socket hole 0.2m square and 0.1m deep (OS Card SS97NW11).

NMR description NGR SS90997756: The base of a small roadside cross, 0.55m square and 0.4m high with a socket hole 0.2m square and 0.1m deep. The stone has apparently been moved from its location at SS90997756 since it was first described in 1898.

GGAT107 additional description Stone moved, nothing visible at original road junction location. Stone now located on a small triangular area of grass at entrance to Ewenny Priory House. Description largely as above, but the stone is now in a heavily weathered state.


Period Medieval


Type Cross (Wayside cross)

Period 5

Rarity 3/4

Documentation 3/4 (2nd ed OS)

Group value 5

Survival/condition 2/3 - now moved


Overall Significance B (moved)


62

Plate 24. Site of Cross near Ewenny Quarry (location), view to NE

Plate 25. Site of Cross near Ewenny Quarry (detail),view to NW


63


64

Prn 00514w

Nprn

Name CILYBEBYLL CHURCHYARD CROSS

Ngr SN74370467

Ngr (revised) SN7437404678

Accuracy 2.9m

HER description The remains of a cross in St John’s churchyard which consists of a base and socket-stone. The base has four steps and is 3.6m square at ground level, and 1.2m high. The socket stone is weathered and is 0.6m square by 0.3m high. The socket is 0.15m square by 0.15m deep (OS Card SN70SW12).

NMR description ‘South of the church in a crowded part of the churchyard is the massive Square stepped plinth and chamfered base of the former churchyard cross. The steps are in a poor state and appear to be in process of rapid disintegration’ (RE Kay. NA/GEN/92/131e; a sketch, plan of the steps and dimensions of the cross base is provided).

GGAT107 additional description 'In the CHURCHYARD, the three-stepped base of a churchyard cross.' (Newman, J. 1995, The Buildings of Wales: Glamorgan, 322). Socket stone set on 3-4 step Calvary (c.3.6m square by c.1.2m high), some slight damage noted to steps. Socket stone 0.59m square, c. 0.36m high with chamfered upper and lower sides; upper surface 0.52m square. Socket 0.21m by 0.18m by 0.075m deep, with internal step. Pecked surface to sides, lichen covered. Calvary constructed of random rubble with some dressed edges and flagged steps.


Period Medieval



Period 5

Rarity 5

Documentation 5 (site as on 1st & 3rd ed OS map)

Group value 2

Survival/condition 5 -Medieval cross socket stone and stepped base




65

Plate 26. Cilybebyll Churchyard Cross (location), view to N

Plate 27. Cilybebyll Churchyard Cross (detail of socket-stone), view to W


66


67

Prn 00545s

Nprn 307769

Name MERTHYR DYFAN CHURCHYARD CROSS

Ngr ST11506945


Accuracy -

HER description The socket stone is set upon a base of two steps which have sides of 2.2m and 1.4m respectively. They have heights of 0.4m. Pointed in cement. The square socket stone of limestone has sides of 0.5m and a height of 0.4m, with chamfered upper edges. It has a square socket hole with sides and depth of 0.2m (OS Card ST16NW20).

NMR description NGR ST11496944: A square cross socket-stone, 0.5m square and 0.4m high, set upon a 2.2m square two-step base, that is either modern, or recently restored. (source Os495card; ST16NW20) Associated with St Dyfan & St Teilo's church (Nprn14082).

GGAT107 additional description 'All that remains of the medieval churchyard cross are two steps and a square base.' (Orrin, GR, 1988, Medieval Churches of the Vale of Glamorgan, Cowbridge. 273). The field visit recorded a 2 step square Calvary surmounted by a cross socket-base; 2 steps, 2.17m and 1.45m square, and heights of 0.51m and 0.34m respectively, set on a ground level stone plinth, 2.77m (E-W) x 2.47m (N-S), to W, S and E side of Calvary, two steps only on N side, where ground rises, cement pointed. Cross socket-stone is 0.5m square and 0.46m high, with chamfered upper edges to the sides, with an upper surface 0.37m square and a socket 0.13m (N-S) x 0.17m (E-W), 0.18m deep with an internal heel step extending 0.07m from the E at a depth of 0.05m from the top. The socket stone has had minor repairs in cement. Location as depicted on 2nd and 3rd ed OS and modern mapping. Form Other Structure

Period Medieval



Period 5?

Rarity 5

Documentation 3 (cross on 1st ed OS, 2nd ed location indicated)

Group value 3/4

Survival/condition 4/5 - Medieval socket stone and stepped base




68

Plate 28. Merthyr Dyfan Churchyard Cross (location), view to N

Plate 29. Merthyr Dyfan Churchyard Cross (detail), view to S


69

Plate 30. Merthyr Dyfan Churchyard Cross (detail of cross socket-stone), view to E


70

Prn 00587s

Nprn

Name SULLY CHURCHYARD CROSS

Ngr ST15126831


Accuracy -

HER description A small churchyard cross and base mounted on five steps. The shaft stands 1.1m in height, but only the top 0.45m appears to be original, the remaining portion of the shaft, base and steps are all modern. " The top of the cross was found lying in the churchyard some time before 1926 - exact spot unknown. In 1926 it was mounted in its present position". (OS CardST16NE3).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description 'In the churchyard are the original Calvary steps of the churchyard cross, which now has a modern cross placed upon them. It was restored in 1927 during the incumbency of the Reverend John Williams'. (Orrin, GR. 1988, Medieval Churches of the Vale of Glamorgan, Bridgend, 405.) The octagonal mortared stone calvary comprises 5 steps (each c. 0.28m wide); modern. The cross (on what appears to be a smaller cross base) is first shown on the 2nd edition OS, its location S of the present Calvary, the 3rd edition shows what appears to be a small rectangular Calvary, again to the S of the present Calvary. The cross base/socket stone is a simple square block, 0.445m square by 0.178m high, which has had its side angles chamfered to create an octagonal base, with its upper sides again chamfered. The socket stone is of a hard stone (limestone?) The upper part of the octagonal shaft, 0.44m in height comprises a simple cross with chamfered angles, the ends of the arms (0.14m in length) are flat, whilst the top ends in a pitch (cut at angle on one side and broken on the other). Width of limbs which make up cross shaft and arms are all c. 0.12m. Buff coloured sandstone. Lower section of shaft is restored. The whole has the appearance of a composite ‘recreation’.


Period Medieval



Period 4

Rarity 5

Documentation 3/4 (2nd/3rd ed OS, as rectangle S of location)

Group value 3/4

Survival/condition 4/5 Medieval cross socket and cross fragment




71

Plate 31. Sully Churchyard Cross, view to NNE

Plate 32. Sully Churchyard Cross, view to NE


72

Plate 33. Sully Churchyard Cross (detail of cross), view to WSW


73

Prn 00643w

Nprn

Name CROSS SOCKET-STONE, ST MARYS CHURCH, BRITON FERRY

Ngr SS73589422


Accuracy 2.6m

HER description A cross socket-stone, .7m square and .5m high, with an octagonal upper surface. The upper edge is chamfered. The socket is .2m square and 0.15m deep. It rests upon an unworn and unweathered thin slab of stone which is at ground level. It is close to the walls of the church. It is doubtful if the stone is in situ (OS Card SS79SW7; Phillips, DR. 1925, History of the Vale of Neath, 137).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description A roughly square cross socket-stone, 0.66m by 0.68, 0.55m high, upper corners chamfered with hollow stops with central spine groove, upper octagonal angles further chamfered. Square socket, 0.22m square and now 0.14m deep, contains surveying point. Some minor chipping, but only slight weathering. Lichen and moss cover the base. A thin stone slab/plinth supports northern half of socket stone. Stone located c.5m from SE of porch on S side of church.


Period Medieval


Type Cross

Period 4

Rarity 2

Documentation 3 (not on OS mapping)

Group value 3

Survival/condition 3/4 Medieval cross socket




74

Plate 34. Cross Socket-Stone, St Marys Church, Briton Ferry (showing location), view to NW

Plate 35. Cross Socket-Stone, St Marys Church, Briton Ferry (detail), view to S


75


76

Prn 00671w

Nprn

Name BAGLAN CHURCHYARD CROSS

Ngr SS75279221


Accuracy 12m

HER description An octagonal cross socket-stone which rests on the surface of the ground in St Catherine’s churchyard. It has a chamfered upper edge and measurements of 0.6m by 0.6m and a height of 0.3m. The socket is 0.2m square and 0.2m deep. No local knowledge of history or original position available (OS Card SS79SE18).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description Square cross socket stone, 0.61m square by c. 0.315m high, broach stops to angles form octagonal plan to main body of the socket stone, its upper angles have double straight cut chamfers at distinct angles. Square socket c.0.19m square is partly earth-filled and is over 0.04m in depth. Detail remains fairly crisp. Appears to be local sandstone. Located c. 6.25m from SE corner of porch and c. 8m from S wall of the current Victorian church. Probably moved to this location after construction of Victorian church in 1875-6 (possibly from near the medieval church or elsewhere).


Period Medieval



Period 5

Rarity 4/5 Good example - crisp detail

Documentation 3 (2nd/3rd ed OS only)

Group value 5

Survival/condition 3-5 Medieval cross socket - Possibly moved




77

Plate 36. Baglan Churchyard Cross (showing location), view to NW

Plate 37. Baglan Churchyard Cross (detail), view to SW


78


79

Prn 00674w

Nprn

Name ABERAVON CHURCHYARD CROSS

Ngr SS76289011


Accuracy 3.2m

HER description A weathered, roughly hewn cross socket-stone which rests on the surface of the ground in St Mary’s churchyard. It is 0.8m square, 0.7m high, and has a chamfered upper edge. The socket is 0.4m square and is infilled with soil and weeds. Lloyd’s Parochialia states there were two crosses – one in the churchyard and the other in the middle of the town, but both removed. Apparently this base originally stood in High Street, and was placed in its present position by the 20th century (OS Card SS79SE21; O’Brian, S. 1924, Trans Aberafan & Margam Dist. Historical Soc. No 1, pt 1).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description A roughly hewn cross socket-base 0.81m square at the base, 0.79m square at the top, and 0.65m high with roughly sloping sides and irregular upper surface, remnants of decoration? Large roughly square socket 0.35m x 0.36m and 0.25m (max) deep. Base earth set and located 4.25m from SE corner of church porch. In addition a previously unrecorded piece of ecclesiastical sculpture was noted, located at SW corner of church - a circular stone, 0.75m in dia., with chamfered upper edge, 0.55m in dia., and a central rectangular socket hole, 0.21m by 0.31m; possibly a column base or cross socket stone.


Period Medieval


Type Churchyard cross (Market cross?)

Period 5

Rarity 2

Documentation 3 (not on OS mapping)

Group value 3

Survival/condition 3 Medieval cross socket-stone - moved?


Overall Significance C


80

Plate 38. Aberavon Churchyard Cross (location, bottom right), view to NNW

Plate 39. Aberavon Churchyard Cross (detail), view to N


81


82

Prn 01284m

Nprn

Name CROSS BASE AT EWENNY PRIORY

Ngr SS91257784


Accuracy 5.5m

HER description Near the E wall of the Priory Church of St Michaels, Ewenny lies its ancient cross base, probably not in situ. It is 24 inches square by 18 inches depth, with a circular socket of 10 inches in dia., but of scarcely half an inch in depth. Considered to be the original 12th century cross base of the church by the Rev Riley, the feature appears to have been later dismissed by Quinnell as being of no great age, and perhaps a lamp standard from the churchyard entrance. At SS91247785 there is a stone which may have been mistaken for a cross base. It is 0.6m square, and 0.4m high with some chamfering in the upper level. There is no socket, but in its place are the remains of an iron spike. Though the stone is soft and badly pitted all its corners and angles are sharp and unworn. (OS Card SS97NW12).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description Within the churchyard and adjacent to the N wall of the churchyard was a chamfered block 0.56m ( 22 inches) square by 0.29m high (11.5 inches), and a central shallow dish shaped depression, c.0.26m (10.2 inches) in dia. and 0.09m (3.5 inches) deep. with a FE spike in the centre. Pitted erosion - Sutton stone. This is likely to be the stone identified in 1898 as a 12th century cross base, again described in 1957 as 'of no great age' and identified as 'perhaps part of a lamp standard'. The sharpness of its angles and corners were given as the reason for the latter assertion (OS card SS97NW12). The current condition which includes considerable pitting and some loss and erosion to the angles, is generally reflective of other examples of medieval masonry in Sutton stone, long exposed to the elements. It should not necessarily be taken alone as a basis to dismiss a medieval date for the feature, particularly since the Sutton stone quarries saw very little use after the 14th century (Newman 1995, 35), and burial could account for good preservation. Form Documents

Period Medieval


Type Cross

Period 5

Rarity 2

Documentation 3 (site on 2nd/3rd ed OS)

Group value 5

Survival/condition 3 Medieval cross socket?




83

Plate 40. Cross Base at Ewenny Priory (showing location), view to W

Plate 41. Cross Base at Ewenny Priory (detail), view to NNW


84


85

Prn 01647s

Nprn

Name ALTAR, COLWINSTON CHURCHYARD

Ngr SS958761


Accuracy 5.4m

HER description Stone altar orientated at right angles to graves in churchyard. Reputedly taken from inside the Church (South Glamorgan County Council, 1974-6 County Treasures Survey, Colwinston and Stembridge, 4).

NMR description

GGAT107 additional description Actually located within Colwinston Churchyard and not NGR given in HER data. 'On the south side of the churchyard is a pre-Reformation mensa or altar slab. After the reformation they were forbidden in the Established church when only wooden tables were permitted. These slabs were torn from their rightful place and thrown out into the churchyard but recently many of these mensas have been restored to the church.' (Orrin, GR. 1988, Medieval Churches of the Vale of Glamorgan, Cowbridge, 124-125). The altar, a dressed limestone slab, 1.81m by 0.82m, by a depth of 0.205m, has an edge 0.08m thick and is chamfered below on its N, E and S sides, the rear (i.e. W side) is flat. The surface of the slab has 4 small circular indentations, 0.05m in dia., and 0.01m deep, irregularly spaced; these are probably the result of water-drip erosion from the adjacent ancient yew tree. The slab is set on a plinth, 1.71m x 0.76m, by 0.24m in height, of 3 courses of roughly dressed limestone rubble, with indications of lime mortar.


Period Medieval


Type Altar

Period 5

Rarity 5

Documentation 2/3

Group value 5

Survival/condition 5 Medieval Altar - moved




86

Plate 42. Altar, Colwinston Churchyard (showing location), view to W

Plate 43. Altar, Colwinston Churchyard (detail), view to E


87


88

Prn 02245m

Nprn see 301270

Name ST ANDREWS MINOR CHURCHYARD CROSS (see 221s)

Ngr SS92817342

Ngr (revised)

Accuracy

HER description Churchyard cross, St Andrews Minor (OS card SS97SW4; SGCC, 1982, County Treasures).

NMR description Description of Church only: 1. Ruinous, walls standing but roof gone. Measures internally 24ft x 14ft 11ins. Stone cross beam nearby. ex NMR index card, not dated.

2. Roofless ruin of a mortared stone structure, c.9.5m ENE-WSW by 6.2, said to have been set in a rectangular, banked enclosure, 43m by 37m. (source Os495card; SS97SW4) Associated with Clemeston settlement (Nprn15447). J.Wiles 14.01.03 GGAT107 additional description Stone moved to Llandow churchyard. Duplicate of 221s.


Period Medieval



Period 5

Rarity 2

Documentation 3

Group value 4/5

Survival/condition 3 Medieval cross socket - moved


Overall Significance B/C (moved)


89


90

Prn 03782s

Nprn

Name PENDOYLAN CHURCHYARD CROSS

Ngr ST05977668


Accuracy 7.4m

HER description -

NMR description -

GGAT107 additional description Square cross socket base, 0.67m square, and c. 0.33m with chamfered corners, having broach stops, forming octagonal top with sides 0.25.5m in length, and chamfered corners, 0.29m in length. The upper sides are chamfered. Upper octagonal surface c.0.47m in dia. with central round (formerly octagonal?) socket 0.255m in dia. and 0.25.5 deep. The socket stone is set on a squared stone, 0.67m square, and 0.33m in height. Both are limestone (?), masked by lichen, severely eroded detail, rounded edges.

Form -

Period Medieval

Broadclass Religious, ritual and funerary


Period 5

Rarity 3/4

Documentation 1/2 (not on OS mapping)

Group value 3

Survival/condition 3 Medieval socket stone on base stone - moved?




91

Plate 44. Pendoylan Churchyard Cross (showing location), view to SW

Plate 45. Pendoylan Churchyard Cross (detail), view to E


92


93

7. RECOMMENDATIONS A number of cross bases were found to be threatened by general dereliction and decay, e.g. the churchyard crosses at Merthyr Dyfan (PRN 00545s) and at Cilybebyll (PRN 00514w); these may also be threatened by vandalism (particularly the former), where masonry and flagstones appear to have been prised loose or broken. Conservation work and archaeological recording would benefit the above calvary sites; necessary remedial works should comprise sensitive conservation of masonry by professional conservators under archaeological supervision. Ecclesiastical sculptural features, particularly crosses have been re-located to different positions in the past for a variety of reasons, e.g. for protection, for ecumenical reasons, to gain space within a churchyard, or where a church has been rebuilt/remodelled). A number of crosses appear to have been moved in the past, in particular wayside and non–churchyard crosses, e.g. Laleston Cross (PRNs 00176m and 00316m), and Cross near Ewenny Quarry (PRN 00399m), and some brought into active churchyards for protection, e.g. the cross from the abandoned church site of St Andrew’s Minor (PRNs 00221s and 02245m) and the so-called churchyard cross (PRN 00674w) in Aberavon churchyard – a number of such crosses are now lost. Crosses have also been subject to relocation within churchyards, as evidenced by early OS mapping, e.g. Sully Churchyard Cross (PRN 00587s), or in the documentary record, or simply down to current position within the churchyard. The following stones all fall into this category: Baglan Churchyard Cross (PRN 00671w); Coity Churchyard Cross (PRN 00371m); and Llantrithyd Churchyard Cross (PRN 00357s), whilst that at Newcastle Higher (PRN 00183m) appears to have been assembled from different parts and re-erected within a totally new churchyard created in the 19th century. This threat to the integrity of ecclesiastical sculpture sites remains current: removal can often lead to loss; cross-socket stones are particularly vulnerable to this sort of threat. Protection through scheduling is an important way of ensuring relocation/removal does not take place unless absolutely essential, and then only under specific conditions. Consideration might also be given to ways of protecting examples of finely decorated stones from continued weathering, especially the figure-decorated cross head at Newcastle Higher, Bridgend (PRN 00183m); this feature is known to have been historically white-washed – the re-application of a coat of lime-wash is an option that might be explored. The cross-socket stones at Llandow Churchyard (PRN 00223s), and possibly the small cross-socket stone at Baglan Churchyard Cross (PRN 00671w), sites which have been re-located previously, might both benefit from protection against weathering – relocation to the interior of the churches might be an option.


94

8. CONCLUSIONS The assessment work confirmed that just over half of the initial 134 ecclesiastical sculptural sites identified by the scoping project (i.e. 68 sites) were likely to physically survive. Of this resource of 68 sites, 40 (i.e. 58.82% of the resource) were found to be protected as Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Listed Buildings or both, whilst 28 sites were unprotected (i.e. 41.18%). It established that a high threshold had been previously established, with the best surviving and most complex elements of the resource already protected either through scheduling or listing. This was borne out by an examination of the constituent elements of the crosses, and the quality of the sculptural remains. The geographical spread of both protected and unprotected sites was largely coterminous with the historically most populous and settled areas. Of the 28 unprotected sites, 9 were assessed to be of potential National significance, and four of Regional significance, 7 of borderline regional/local interest and the remainder of local interest (i.e. damaged or destroyed) or of unknown significance (i.e. where the sculpture was found to be moved or lost). A number of the sites of potential National significance will be recommended for consideration for protection through Scheduling.


95

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY Burton, AM. (ed), 2004, The Monmouthshire Antiquary Papers in Honour of David Henry Williams Vol. XX (2004) Evans, CJO. 1944, Glamorgan History and Topography Evans, EM. 2003, Early Medieval ecclesiastical sites in southeast Wales: Desk-based assessment, GGAT Report 2003/030. Gray, M. 2004, ‘Wayside Crosses in Monmouthshire’ in The Monmouthshire Antiquary Papers in Honour of David Henry Williams Vol. XX (2004) Burton, AM. (ed). Mitchell, Elizabeth EH. 1893, The Crosses of Monmouthshire. Caerleon Antiquarian Association, afterwards Monmouthshire and Caerleon Antiquarian Association, Newport. Morgan, Col. WL. 1899, Antiquarian Survey of East Gower. London. Newman, J. 1995, The Buildings of Wales: Glamorgan. Orrin, GR. 1988, Medieval Churches of the Vale of Glamorgan, Cowbridge Phillips, DR. 1925, History of the Vale of Neath. Swansea RCAHMW. 1982, An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Glamorgan. Volume III: Medieval Secular Monuments Part II: Non-defensive. HMSO, Cardiff. Redknap, M. and Lewis, JM. 2007, A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales Vol. 1. Roberts, R. 2010, GGAT 102 Medieval and Post-medieval Scoping Project (unpublished GGAT report) Tasker, EG. 1993, Encyclopedia of Medieval Church Art, London.


96

Appendix I Table 4. Summary of Revised Scoping Exercise Results: Medieval Sites

Prn Name Ngr Status

Not Located (Poor Ngr, Destroyed Or Lost/Moved)

Part Of In Use Ecclesiastic/Domestic Structure

Firmly Fixed

00008s GRAVEYARD CROSS AT ST ANDREWS MAJOR

ST13877145 Listed Building

No No No

00016s WENVOE CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No No

00062s PENARTH CHURCHYARD CROSS

ST18867203 Scheduled Ancient Monument

No No No


ST16897056 - No No Yes

00087s ST GEORGES CHURCH


No No No

00116s CHURCHYARD CROSS, CARDIFF ST JOHN BAPTIST


No No No

00137s CARDIFF MARKET CROSS


No No No

00140m GROES Y DADLEU

SS80988233 - No No Yes


ST15567809 - No No No


ST15607807 - No No No

00176m LALESTON CROSS

SS87508056 - No No No



00182m CHURCHYARD CROSS, ST BRIDES MINOR

SS89758347 Listed Building

No No Yes



00188s CHURCHYARD CROSS, ST MARY HILL

SS95787930 Scheduled Ancient Monument

No No Yes


97

Prn Name Ngr Status



Firmly Fixed

00198s LLANGAN CHURCHYARD CROSS

SS95757782 Listed Building; Scheduled Ancient Monument

No No Yes

00200s LLANGAN CROSS SS96097856 Listed Building

No No Yes

00215s LLANSANNOR CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No No

00216m NEWTON NOTTAGE CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No No

00218s COLWINSTON CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No No

00221s ST ANDREWS CHURCH

SS92817342 - No No No



00233m MERTHYR MAWR CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes

00251m PANT Y GROES SS86497697 Scheduled Ancient Monument

Yes No No

00257m SITE OF CROSS AT MERTHYR MAWR


Yes No No

00265s CROSS AT LLANBLETHIAN


No No Yes



00298s LLANFRYNACH CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes

00302w ST NICHOLAS CHURCH


No No No



00313m MERTHYR MAWR CROSS


No No No

00316m SITE NAME NOT KNOWN

SS88047988 - No No No


98

Prn Name Ngr Status



Firmly Fixed

00319m LALESTON CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes

00323w PENNARD CHURCH CROSS BASE, REUSED AS FONT

SS56548872 Within Listed Building

No Yes Yes

00324m ST BRIDES MAJOR CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes

00335s ST HILARY CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes





00363s BONVILSTON CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes


SS92378153 - No No No



00407m COYCHURCH CHURCHYARD CROSS

SS93957967 Scheduled Ancient Monument, Listed Building

No No Yes

00409s MARCROSS CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes

00417s ST DONATS CHURCHYARD CROSS

SS93376804 Scheduled Ancient Monument; Listed Building

No No Yes

00436m WICK CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes

00442s LLANMAES CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes


99

Prn Name Ngr Status



Firmly Fixed

00472s LLANTWIT MAJOR CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes

00475s THE LITTLE CROSS

SS96586870 - No No No


SN74370467 - No No Yes

00518s PENMARK CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes

00524s PORTHKERRY CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes





00575s CADOXTON-JUXTA-BARRY CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes





No No No



No No No


SS73589422 - No No No


SS75279221 - No No No


SS76289011 - No No No

00705m BEDWAS CHURCHYARD CROSS


No No Yes


SS91257784 - No No No


100

Prn Name Ngr Status



Firmly Fixed


SS80938518 - No No No

01463s EFFIGY IN ST HILARY CHURCH


No Yes No

01466s BERKEROLE TOMB, ST ATHAN CHURCH

ST017680 Within Listed Building

No Yes Yes


SS958761 - No No No

02245m ST ANDREWS MINOR CHURCHYARD CROSS

SS92817342 - No No No

02569m ST JAMES' CHURCH CROSS


No No No


ST17628187 - No No No




101

Appendix II Table 5. NMR Information

Prn Nprn Name Ngr Ngr (Revised) Accuracy NMR Description Additional NMR Info

00399m 300340 SITE OF CROSS NEAR EWENNY QUARRY

SS90997756 NGR SS90997756: The base of a small roadside cross, 0.55m square and 0.4m high with a socket hole 0.2m square and 0.1m deep. The stone has apparently been moved from its location at SS90997756 since it was first described in 1898.

Yes

00177w 401023 THE CRYING STONE (PENRICE CHURCHYARD CROSS BASE)

SS49278788 SS4927887889 7.9m NGR SS49278788: A square cross socket-stone, 0.6m across & 0.2m high, with chamfered edges & an octagonal socket; lies up Penrice village green (see Nprn401024), locally known as 'the Crying Stone', fairs(?) being proclaimed from it. (source Os495card; SS48NE19) RCAHMW AP94-CS 0658 J.Wiles 11.08.04

Yes

00221s see 301270

ST ANDREWS CHURCH (See 02245m)

SS92817342 Description of the Church only: 1. Ruinous, walls standing but roof gone. Measures internally 24ft x 14ft 11ins. Stone cross beam nearby. ex NMR index card, not dated. 2. Roofless ruin of a mortared stone structure, c.9.5m ENE-WSW by 6.2, said to have been set in a rectangular, banked enclosure, 43m by 37m. (source Os495card; SS97SW4) Associated with: Clemeston settlement (Nprn15447). J.Wiles 14.01.03

Yes

00280s 307607 LLANMIHANGEL CHURCHYARD CROSS

SS98137187 SS9812971877 2.2m NGR SS98137187: A monolithic cross-base, 1.2m by 0.6m, surmounted by a square socket stone. (source Os495card; SS97SE27) Associated with St Michael's church (Nprn161). J.Wiles 10.01.03

No


102

Prn Nprn Name Ngr Ngr (Revised) Accuracy NMR Description Additional NMR Info

00310w 305584 CROSS AT BISHOPSTON CHURCHYARD

SS57788934 SS5778389343 7.3m NGR SS57788934: A square socket stone, chamfered to an octagonal top, is set upon a square block, resting on a low mound which shows some traces of masonry. (source Os495card; SS58NE4) J.wiles 09.07.02

No

00341s 307727 ST MARY CHURCH CHURCHYARD CROSS

ST00147155 ST0014871560 7.6m NGR ST00147155: A three step modern cross-base supports a med. socket-stone, 0.55m square and 0.2m high. (source Os495card; ST07SW17) Associated with: St Mary's Church (Nprn325). J.Wiles 29.01.03

Yes

00545s 307769 MERTHYR DYFAN CHURCHYARD CROSS

ST11506945 ST1149969444 - NGR ST11496944: A square cross socket-stone, 0.5m square and 0.4m high, set upon a 2.2m square two-step base, that is either modern, or recently restored. (source Os495card; ST16NW20) Associated with: St Dyfan & St Teilo's church (Nprn14082). J.Wiles 04.02.03

No

02245m see 301270

ST ANDREWS MINOR CHURCHYARD CROSS (see 221s)

SS92817342 Description of Church only: 1. Ruinous, walls standing but roof gone. Measures internally 24ft x 14ft 11ins. Stone cross beam nearby. ex NMR index card, not dated. 2. Roofless ruin of a mortared stone structure, c.9.5m ENE-WSW by 6.2, said to have been set in a rectangular, banked enclosure, 43m by 37m. (source Os495card; SS97SW4) Associated with: Clemeston settlement (Nprn15447). J.Wiles 14.01.03

Yes


103

Appendix III

Table 6. Incidence of Sites (Medieval Period) in Relation to Specific Details

Prn Status Churchyard Cross

Wayside Cross

Other Type

Finely Carved Decoration

Med Cross Base - Slab

Med Cross Base - Calvary

Med Socket Stone

Med Shaft (Part)

Med Shaft (All)

Med Cross Head

Post-Med/Modern Cross Base

Post-Med/Modern Socket Stone

Post-Med/Modern Shaft (Part)

Post-Med/Modern Shaft (All)

Post-Med/Modern Cross Head

00008s Listed Building

Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes


Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes

00062s Scheduled Ancient Monument

Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No

00071s - Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No


Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes No


Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Yes


No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes

00140m - No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No


00154s - Yes No No Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No No


00177w - No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No

00182m Listed Building

Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No

00183m - Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes No


104


Wayside Cross

Other Type




Med Socket Stone

Med Shaft (Part)

Med Shaft (All)

Med Cross Head







Yes No No Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No

00198s Listed Building; Scheduled Ancient Monument

Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No


No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No


Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes


Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No


Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No


00223s - Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No

00233m Scheduled Ancient Monument

Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes


No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No


No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No


105


Wayside Cross

Other Type




Med Socket Stone

Med Shaft (Part)

Med Shaft (All)

Med Cross Head







No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No

00280s - Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No


Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No No

00302w Listed Building

Yes No No Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

00310w - Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No


No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No



Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No

00323w Within Listed Building

Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No


Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No


Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Yes No

00341s - Yes No No No No No Yes No No No Yes No No No No

00357s - Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No


Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes No


106


Wayside Cross

Other Type




Med Socket Stone

Med Shaft (Part)

Med Shaft (All)

Med Cross Head






00371m - Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No


00407m Scheduled Ancient Monument, Listed Building

Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No


Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes

00417s Scheduled Ancient Monument; Listed Building

Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No No No


Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No


Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No


Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes

00475s - No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No

00514w - Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No


Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes No


Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No

00545m - Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No Yes No No No


107


Wayside Cross

Other Type




Med Socket Stone

Med Shaft (Part)

Med Shaft (All)

Med Cross Head






00545s - Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No


Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes

00587s - Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No


Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No



00643w - Yes No No No No No Yes No No No Yes No No No No

00671w - Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No

00674w - Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No



01284m - Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No

01412w - No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No


No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No

01466s - No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No

01647s - No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No

02245m - Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No No


Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No

03781s - Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No


108


Wayside Cross

Other Type




Med Socket Stone

Med Shaft (Part)

Med Shaft (All)

Med Cross Head






03782s - Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No


109

Appendix IV Table 7. Summary of Stage 2 Assessment Results: Medieval Ecclesiastical Sculpture Sites (28 Sites, 30 PRNs).3

Prn Name

Period (i.e Largely Between 1066-1540)

Rarity Documentation Group Value

Survival/Condition Fragility/VulnerabilityOverall Significance


5 2 3 4 2 1 B/C

00140m GROES Y DADLEU 5 4/5 4 1 2-5? Buried 1 - buried U


- - 2 - - moved - U


- - 2 - - moved - U

00176m LALESTON CROSS (00316m)

- - 4 3 - moved/lost? - D/U


5 2 2 4/5 2/3 3/4 B


3 5 3-4 5 3-5 (moved) 2/3 A?

00221s ST ANDREWS CHURCH (See 02245m)

5 2 3 4/5 (current location)

3 - (moved) 2 B/C (moved)


5 5 3 (2nd ed OS) 4/5 4/5 possibly moved 3 A?


5 4 3 (2nd ed OS) 5 4/5 2 A?

3 See pp 7-8, above, for scoring values


110

Prn Name





5 3 3/4 (not on OS mapping) 3 3 2 B/C

00316m CROSS BASE (SITE OF), LALESTON (See 00176m)

- - 3 1 - moved/lost? - U


1/4 2 3 4 3 2 B/C


5 5 3 5 5 - possibly moved 3/4 A?


5 3/4 3 (2nd ed OS) 4/5 4 - possibly moved 2 B


5 3/4 3/4 (2nd ed OS) 5 2/3 - now moved 2 B (moved)

00475s THE LITTLE CROSS, LLANTWIT MAJOR

5 3/4 3 (not on OS mapping) 5 3? - now moved 1 B/U


5 5 5 (site as on 1st & 3rd ed OS map)

2 5 -Medieval cross socket stone and stepped base

5 A?


2/3 5 3 (not on OS mapping) 3/4 3? Medieval cross shaft, socket, modern base

2/3 (remote churchyard) B/U


5? 5 3 (cross on 1st ed OS, 2nd ed location indicated)

3/4 4/5 - Medieval socket stone and stepped base

5 A?


4 5 3/4 (2nd-3rd ed OS, S of current location; also different shape)

3/4 4/5 Medieval cross socket and cross fragment res.

1/2 A?


4 2 3 (not on OS mapping) 3 3/4 Medieval cross socket 2 B/C


111

Prn Name





5 4/5 Good example - crisp detail

3 (2nd/3rd ed OS only) 5 3-5 Medieval cross socket - Possibly moved

2 A?


5 2 3 (not on OS mapping) 3 3 Medieval cross socket - moved?

2/3 C


5 2 3 (site on 2nd/3rd ed OS) 5 3 Medieval cross socket? 2/3 B


5 4/5 3 (not on OS mapping) - 3? Medieval cross socket - moved

- U


5 5 2/3 5 5 Medieval Altar - moved 2 A?

02245m ST ANDREWS MINOR CHURCHYARD CROSS (see 221s)

5 2 3 4/5 3 Medieval cross socket - moved

2 B/C (moved)


5 2 1/2 - - - U


5 3/4 1/2 (not on OS mapping) 3 3 Medieval socket stone on base stone - moved?

1/2 B/C

Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd

(Projects Division)

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QUALITY CONTROL Report Title: GGAT 107: Medieval Ecclesiastic Sculpture in Glamorgan Report Date: March 2011 Report Number: 2011/014 Report prepared by: Richard Roberts Position: Project Manager Date: 14/03/11 Illustrations prepared by: Richard Roberts Position: Project Manager Date: 14/03/11 Illustrations checked and authorised by: Paul Jones Position: Senior Illustrator Date: 31/03/11 Report checked by: Dr Edith Evans Position: Heritage and Outreach Manager Date: 31/03/11 Report checked and authorised by: Dr Edith Evans Position: Heritage and Outreach Manager Date: 31/03/11 As part of our desire to provide a quality service we would welcome any comments you may wish to make on the content or presentation of this report.