gggv3224 lect 1 what is reading sem i 2011 2012
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GGGV 3224Teaching reading skills in an
ESL contextSEM I 2011-12
What is Reading?
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Lecture Outline
1. What is reading?
Definitions Characteristics of Reading
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Lecture outline
2. The Purposes of Reading
Reader and Text
Writer and Text
Reader-Writer Relationship
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Lecture outline
3. The Physical Process Role of the eyes
Aspects of memory
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Lecture outline
4. Reading and Information Relationship between visual and non-
visual information
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What is Reading?
Definitions:
Reading can be defined loosely asthe ability
to make sense of written or printedsymbols to guide the recovery ofinformation from memory andsubsequently use this information to
construct a plausible interpretation ofthe written message
Mitchell, 1982:1
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Definitions of Reading
1. Reading is an anticipatory, selective,
purposeful and comprehendingprocess(Smith, 1982)
2. Reading is a process of
interpreting/understanding the textinterms of the questions that the readerformulates about the text. (Smith, 1982)
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Definitions of Reading
3. We exclude any interpretation of the wordreading in which meaningis not central
(Nuttal, 1982:4)4. Reading is an interactive process. There isinteraction between the reader and withwhat is in the text. The reader constructs
meaning based on prior knowledge and thetext content.
(Nooreiny Maarof, 1998)
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Summary of Definitions
A consensus (everyone agree):
Reading is a complex cognitive process
reader and text interact to (re)createmeaningful discourse
An activeprocess --- related to problem-
solving No one precise definition of reading
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The Characteristics of
Reading1. Reading is purposeful.
Reading without a purpose ismeaningless.
Readers purpose will determine type ofinformation readers attend to whenreading.
Reading is a selective process wherereaders attend to information that isrelevant to their needs.
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The Characteristics of Reading
2. Reading is an active process.
Readers need to work on constructingmeaning of what is read.
The active nature of reading involvesproducing and evaluating a continuous
cycle of hypotheses until the mostsatisfactory interpretation of the messageis achieved.
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The Characteristics of Reading
3. Reading is concerned with meaning.
Meaning or comprehension is the maingoal of reading.
Reading aloud is not reading -- orallyidentifying letters or words oftenreferred to as barking at print.
Reading is done silently with meaning-making as its central focus.
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The Characteristics of Reading
Reading is an interactive process.
Involves interaction of many skills
(linguistic, cognitive, meta-cognitive. Involves different levels of processing
(bottom-up, top-down, interactive)
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The Purposes of Reading
II.The purposes of reading-- for survival or functional reading: reading forfunctioning in the environment e.g. reading roadsigns, labels, commercials
2. --- for learning- when the act is done to enrich ourknowledge -- not confined to school , also related toeveryday reading
3. --- for occupational work/purposes occurs in the
world of work4. --- for pleasure or aesthetic reading (Rosenblatt,
1978) or recreational reading (Beard, 1990)
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Efferent reading
The three purposes of reading (1-3) are
called efferent reading where the
focus is on gaining information.(survival or functional reading; for
learning; for occupational
work/purposes)
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The Reader and the Text
Readers prior knowledge i.e. knowledge of language andknowledge of the world
Knowledge of the Language versus Knowledge of the World
What? What?
________________________________________________________________
Knowledge of phonology, syntax, Knowledge such as subject
and pragmatics of language matter knowledgeand cultural attitude
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The Writer and the Text
II. Writers also begin with a body of
knowledge and a purpose for writing.Start with knowledge of the topic andthe readers
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Reader-Writer Relationship
II. Writers purposeof writing may or may not matchreaders purposefor reading e.g. The magazine
Parenting may have been written for a purpose forparents, but it can also be occupational.
Thetext is the focus of interaction between writersand readers.
There must be some amount of shared assumption
Prior knowledge is needed to understand the text.
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The Physical Process
The role of the eyes
--- Types of eye movements
1. Our eyeballs are in a constant state of movement
tremorhelps to keep the eyeballs in place; themovements are extremely fastunnoticeable
2. The eyes are constantly moving to pick upinformation to process.
. saccade reading in English, e.g, the eyes move from Lto R; once it reaches the end of the line, it jumps back tothe right and moves on to the next line.
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The Physical Process
1. fixation at the end of the line, the eyes will pause. This iscalled fixation. It is during fixation that reading occurs. And it
occurs on content words, rather than on function words.2. masking -- At the end of a fixation, the eyes will erase its
content and replace it with a new one. This is called masking.
3. regression or backward saccade--when the eyemovements go into the opposite direction of a saccade this
occurs during rereading; regression can be positive ornegative
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Regression
Eye regression:
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Positive regression Negative regression
Who?
Done by fluent readers
Who? Happens to poorreaders or children
When? --regress whenthere is confusion or
misinterpretation-- regress when wanting toenjoy certain parts of thetext
When?
--when having difficulty
reading the text
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The Physical Process
Tunnel vision its implications on teaching reading
Readers use knowledge of words to identify the printas a whole. If words are arranged in a meaningful phrase,more letters can be recognized within specific time
limits.
If the arrangement of letters is unpredictable, littlecan be seen. It is like looking through a narrow papertunnel where a great deal of visual info. is needed for
each letter to be identified.
The brain is unable to use much prior knowledge andis overloaded with info. Received through the eyes
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Implications of tunnel
vision
1. Reading must be fast.2. Reading must be selective
3. Concepts must be familiar.
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Aspects of Memory
Three aspects of memory:
1. Sensory store
The information received from the eyeis placed briefly at a place calledsensory store before the brain is able
to make any perceptual decisions.Only about 25 letters of a word canbe stored at one time.
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Aspects of Memory
2. Short-term memory (STM)
Information then goes to STM.
Comprises (made up of) information thatreaders are attending to at a specificmoment in time.
The capacity of information that can be
placed in the STM is limited to 7 unrelateddigits.
Recalling info from STM is immediate.
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Aspects of Memory
3. Long-term memory (LTM)
LTM represents all our previous experiences.
The capacity of LTM is infinite. Information is kept in the form of meanings.
Input into the LTM is slow. Approximately 5seconds per item.
Retrieval from STM is not immediate.
Depends on how info is stored and organized.
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Reading and Information
When reading, 2 types information are
involved:1. visual information (refers to the text)
2. non-visual information (refers to prior
knowledge)
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The relationship between visual and non
visual information
The relationship between visual and nonvisual information is reciprocal.
The more non-visual information a readerhas, the less visual info. they need, and
vice-versa.
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TRY THIS!
Read the articles in the following webaddresses. Try out the techniques anddecide which works for you.
http://brain.webus.com/memory/improving_memory.htmwww.wannalearn.com/Perso
nal_Enrichment/Improve_Your_Memory/
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http://brain.webus.com/memory/improving_memory.htmwww.wannalearn.com/Personal_Enrichment/Improve_Your_Memory/http://brain.webus.com/memory/improving_memory.htmwww.wannalearn.com/Personal_Enrichment/Improve_Your_Memory/http://brain.webus.com/memory/improving_memory.htmwww.wannalearn.com/Personal_Enrichment/Improve_Your_Memory/http://brain.webus.com/memory/improving_memory.htmwww.wannalearn.com/Personal_Enrichment/Improve_Your_Memory/http://brain.webus.com/memory/improving_memory.htmwww.wannalearn.com/Personal_Enrichment/Improve_Your_Memory/http://brain.webus.com/memory/improving_memory.htmwww.wannalearn.com/Personal_Enrichment/Improve_Your_Memory/ -
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Thats all for today!
THANK YOU!
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