ggu settle man e

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Calculation of foundation settlements after DIN 4019

Last edited: January 2001

Copyright and Author: Prof. Johann Buss, Braunschweig

GGU-SETTLE


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Contents

1 Preface............................................................................................ 6

2 Capabilities .................................................................................... 6

3 Copy protection and installation .................................................... 8

4 Programme concept ....................................................................... 85 Short introduction (rectangular foundations)................................. 9

5.1 Step 1 Define bore points................................................... 10

5.2 Step 2 Define triangular mesh ........................................... 13

5.3 Step 3 Define foundations.................................................. 14

5.4 Step 4 Specify limit depth.................................................. 16

5.5 Step 5 System preferences ................................................. 17

5.6 Step 6 Calculate system ..................................................... 18

6 Short introduction (triangular foundations) ................................. 20

6.1 Step 1 Define bore points................................................... 20

6.2 Step 2 Define triangular mesh ........................................... 20

6.3 Step 3 Define foundations.................................................. 20

6.4 Step 4 Specify limit depth.................................................. 22

6.5 Step 5 System preferences ................................................. 23

6.6 Step 6 Calculate system ..................................................... 23

7 Theoretical principles .................................................................. 25

7.1 General .................................................................................. 25

7.2 Characteristic point................................................................ 25

7.3 Limit depth ............................................................................ 26

7.4 Excavation unloading and oedometer modulus for reloading27

8 File menu.................................................................................. 28

8.1 New menu item.................................................................. 288.2 Load menu item ................................................................. 29

8.3 Save and Save as menu items......................................... 29

8.4 Show results menu item..................................................... 29

8.5 Save ISO data menu item ...................................................... 31

8.6 Menu item Output preferences .......................................... 31

8.7 Start output menu item....................................................... 31

8.8 Quit menu item .................................................................. 33

8.9 1, 2, 3, 4 menu items .......................................................... 33

9 Soils menu item........................................................................ 33

9.1 Layers menu item............................................................... 33

9.2 Standard depths menu item................................................ 349.3 Layer base isolines menu item........................................... 35

9.4 Edit layer depths menu item .............................................. 37

9.5 Determine layer depths menu item .................................... 38

9.6 Paste layer menu item ........................................................ 38

9.7 Raise layer menu item........................................................ 39

9.8 Fixed value menu item....................................................... 39

10 Mesh menu ............................................................................... 39

10.1 Set nodes menu item......................................................... 40

10.2 Change menu item................................................................ 40

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10.3 Move menu item ............................................................... 40

10.4 Edit menu item ..................................................................... 41

10.5 Raster menu item .............................................................. 41

10.6 Mesh by hand menu item.................................................. 43

10.7 Automatic menu item........................................................ 4310.8 Round off menu item ........................................................ 44

10.9 Delete menu item.............................................................. 44

10.10 Automesh menu item ........................................................ 44

10.11 Refine individually menu item ......................................... 44

10.12 In section menu item......................................................... 45

10.13 All menu item ................................................................... 45

11 Foundations menu........................................................................ 45

11.1 Edit menu item.................................................................. 46

11.2 Specify graphically menu item ......................................... 49

11.3 For all menu item.............................................................. 49

11.4 Results menu item............................................................. 50

11.5 Check menu item .............................................................. 51

11.6 Stress isolines menu item.................................................. 52

11.7 Delete all menu item......................................................... 52

11.8 Generate footing foundations menu item.......................... 52

11.9 Generate circular foundations menu item........................ 53

11.10 Generate annular foundations menu item......................... 54

12 Triangular foundations menu ................................................... 54

12.1 Standard values menu item............................................... 55

12.2 Set nodes menu item......................................................... 56

12.3 Change menu item ............................................................ 5612.4 Move menu item ............................................................... 57

12.5 Edit menu item.................................................................. 57

12.6 Manipulate depths menu item........................................... 57

12.7 In section menu item......................................................... 57

12.8 Raster menu item .............................................................. 58

12.9 For all menu item.............................................................. 58

12.10 Mesh by hand to All menu item.................................... 58

12.11 Isolines menu item ............................................................ 58

12.12 Mesh menu item................................................................ 58

12.13 Generate foundations menu item...................................... 58

13 System menu ............................................................................ 6013.1 Info menu item.................................................................. 60

13.2 Data set designation menu item........................................ 60

13.3 Limit depth menu item...................................................... 60

13.4 Defaults menu item........................................................... 61

13.5 Calculate system menu item ............................................. 61

13.6 Precision menu item (triangular foundations only) .......... 62

14 Evaluation menu....................................................................... 62

14.1 Preferences menu item...................................................... 62

14.2 Settlements menu item...................................................... 63

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14.3 Settlement isolines menu item .......................................... 64

14.3.1 Normal settlement isolines ............................................ 64

14.3.2 Coloured settlement isolines.......................................... 65

14.3.3 3D settlement isolines.................................................... 66

14.4 Subgrade reaction modulus menu item............................. 6714.4.1 Normal subgrade reaction modulus isolines.................. 68

14.4.2 Coloured subgrade reaction modulus isolines............... 68

14.5 Solo individual settlements menu item............................. 68

14.6 Along a line menu item..................................................... 68

14.7 In quadrilateral menu item................................................ 69

14.8 Delete menu item.............................................................. 69

14.9 Save menu item................................................................. 69

14.10 Load menu item ................................................................ 69

14.11 Section course by hand menu item ................................... 69

14.12 Automatic menu item........................................................ 69

14.13 Display menu item ............................................................ 69

14.14 Show settlements in section menu item............................ 69

15 Special menu ............................................................................ 70

15.1 Define settlement depression menu item.......................... 70

15.2 Settlement depression preferences menu item.................. 72

15.3 Settlement depression position menu item ....................... 72

15.4 Define stress section menu item ....................................... 72

15.5 Stress section preferences menu item ............................... 73

15.6 Stress section position menu item..................................... 73

15.7 Stress bulb section menu item......................................... 73

15.8 Normal stress bulb isolines menu item............................. 7515.9 Coloured stress bulb isolines menu item .......................... 75

15.10 Stress bulb position menu item......................................... 75

15.11 Vertical settlements section menu item............................ 75

15.12 Normal vertical settlement isolines menu item ................ 77

15.13 Coloured vertical section isolines menu item................... 77

15.14 Vertical settlement position menu item ............................ 77

16 View menu ............................................................................... 77

16.1 Refresh menu item............................................................ 78

16.2 Zoom menu item............................................................... 78

16.3 Pens menu item................................................................. 78

16.4 Font menu item ................................................................. 7816.5 Mini-CAD menu item....................................................... 78

16.6 CAD for header data menu item ....................................... 78

16.7 Icon and status bar menu item .......................................... 79

16.8 3D icons menu item .......................................................... 79

16.9 General legend menu item ................................................ 79

16.10 Soil properties menu item ................................................. 80

16.11 Section course menu item ................................................. 81

16.12 Move legends menu item .................................................. 81

16.13 Load preferences menu item............................................. 81

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16.14 Save menu item................................................................. 81

17 Page menu ................................................................................ 81

17.1 Menu option Graphically .................................................. 82

17.2 Recalculate coordinates menu item .................................. 82

17.3 Coordinates by hand menu item...................................... 8217.4 Font sizes menu item ........................................................ 82

17.5 Page format menu item ..................................................... 83

18 ? menu ...................................................................................... 84

18.1 Copyright menu item ........................................................ 84

18.2 GGU on the web menu item ............................................. 84

18.3 Maxima menu item ........................................................... 84

18.4 Help menu item................................................................. 84

18.5 Whats new ? menu item .................................................. 84

18.6 Transform all menu item................................................... 84

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1 Preface

The GGU-SETTLE programme allows calculation of foundation settlements

including mutual influence. The stress course at the foundation base is linearly

variable in all directions. Settlement depressions, lines of equal settlement, stress

distribution etc. can be calculated and presented. The theoretical principles are

taken from the Grundbautaschenbuch (Foundation Engineering Pocketbook),

1990, Volume 1. Data input is in accordance with WINDOWS conventions and

can therefore be learned almost without the use of a user-manual. Graphic output

supports the True-type fonts supplied with WINDOWS, so that an excellent

layout is guaranteed.

The core of the programme system has been in use for approximately 10 years. It

has been used in a large number of projects by renowned consultancies and

institutes, and has been thoroughly tested. No errors have been discovered.

Nevertheless, a liability for completeness and correctness of the programme

system and the user-manual, and for damage resulting from any incompleteness,cannot be given.

TIP:

If you select the Copy area icon from the programme icon bar, you can copy

parts of the graphics to the clipboard or save them to an emf file (Enhanced

Metafile Format). A file created in this way can be imported into other GGU

programmes via the Mini-CAD system. Using the Mini-CAD or CAD for

header data programme modules you can also import such an emf file from other

GGU programmes into your graphics. It is thus no problem to use the results of a

particle size analysis in the graphics.

2 CapabilitiesThe GGU-SETTLE programme has the following capabilities:

Calculation of foundation settlements according to DIN 4019

Generation of triangular foundations which are combined in a

mosaic-like manner in order to model any possible type of loading.

Consideration of mutual influence of foundations.

Calculation of settlement at any point inside or outside of the

foundations.

Calculation of settlement at a given depth.

Calculation of settlement at a given layer base.

Calculation of settlement of individual layers.

Calculation of subgrade reaction modulus course

Complete input of system geometry, if desired, using the mouse

20 soil layers

1000 rectangular foundations or 4000 triangular foundations

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Excavation unloading can be considered.

For a given excavation unloading, the oedometer modulus for re-

loading can be considered for the resulting re-loading.

Limit depth calculation via x % of the overburden stress or via amultiple of the foundation width or as fixed value

Generation of footing foundations, circular foundations and annular

foundations.

Calculation and presentation of settlement depressions.

Calculation and presentation of stress distributions (also as isoline

plan = stress bulb).

Calculation and presentation of lines of equal settlement in plan and

in any desired vertical section.

Presentation of calculation results in tables.

Presentation of a legend with soil properties.

Presentation of a legend with general information on the basis for

calculations.

Mini-CAD system for free labelling and for drawing graphic

elements in the form.

Very user-friendly.

Free definition of page size. Excellent layout.

The use of triangular foundations is always of advantage if the load geometry

cannot be described in a satisfactory manner using rectangular foundations. This

is advisable for settlement calculations of, e.g., the following systems:

circular foundations

annular foundations

loading (e.g. for a landfill) which is extremely difficult to model

with rectangular foundations

cone-shaped loading figures.

Further information on the subject of triangular foundations can be found in the

article

Geotechnik 2/99, Johann Buss, Stress and strain below triangular

foundations

which is available (currently in German, to be translated at a later date) through

our distributor.

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3 Copy protection and installation

For installation and the following registration of GGU Software please make note

of the information in the Installation notes for GGU Software, delivered with

the programme.

4 Programme concept

In order to calculate foundation settlements, input of the oedometer modulus

profile is necessary, as well as the foundation data (width, length, foundation

stress). Many comparable programmes define this oedometer modulus per

foundation. The GGU- SETTLE programme takes a different, much more

flexible path. The oedometer modulus profiles are defined in a triangular mesh. At

the nodes of this triangular mesh you can edit the thickness of the layers involved.

After having defined the triangular mesh you can place the foundations within this

mesh. During the following calculations the programme determines the valid

oedometer modulus profile from linear interpolation within the triangleconcerned. Even after calculations are complete, or after placing the foundations,

the triangular mesh can be edited or supplemented.

In order to secure a sensible interpolation within the triangular mesh, it is

necessary for all nodes to have the same number of layers, and for all layers to

have the same oedometer modulus within the mesh. The thickness of the layers,

however, can be varied. If your system has areas in which certain soil layers are

not present (e.g. sand lenses only in certain areas), then simply assign these

layers a thickness of 0.0 at the appropriate nodes.

After starting the programme you will see the programme window, with the

following menus:

File

Soils

Mesh

Foundations or Triangular foundations

System

Evaluation

Special

View

Page

?.

After clicking on a menu, the so-called menu items roll down, from which you

can then reach all programme functions.

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The programme works on the principle of What you see is what you get. Thismeans that the screen presentation represents, on the whole, that which you will see

on your printer. With a consequent realisation of this principle, the screen would

have to be refreshed after every alteration you make. For reasons of efficiency, and

as this can take several seconds for complex foundation settlements, the screen is not

refreshed by the programme after every alteration. If you would like to refresh the

screen contents, you may press either the [F2] key, or the [Esc] key. The What you

see is what you get principle also offers the possibility of sending the current screen

contents to the printer at any time (menu item File / Start output).

5 Short introduction (rectangular foundations)

As, from personal experience, the reading of user-manuals is a chore, there will

now follow a short description of the main programme functions. After studying

this section you will be in a position to carry out calculations with the GGU-

FOUNDSET programme. You can take the details of the programme from thefollowing chapters. The example shows the calculation of rectangular

foundations.

A description will follow using an example. For example, you know the

oedometer modulus profile of 5 boreholes (BP 1 to BP 5) from field

investigations. The boreholes have the following coordinates:

Bore x [m] y [m]

BP 1 0.00 21.00

BP 2 1.00 6.00

BP 3 12.50

15.00

BP 4 25.0

0

22.00

BP 5 24.0

0

4.00

We have a 3-layer system. The individual layers have the following soil

properties:

Layerno.

Soil type Unitweight

[kN/m]

Oedometermodulus

initial loading

[MN/m]

Oedometermodulus

re-loading

[MN/m]

Poissons

ratio

[-]

1 Silt 18 12 30 0.0

2 Sand 10 45 110 0.0

3 Clay,

silty

11 6 15 0.0

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Unit weight input is only decisive if the limit depth is to be calculated with a

percentage value of the overburden stress. Oedometer modulus input for re-

loading is only decisive when foundations with excavation unloading are being

processed.

The layers at the individual bores, measured from ground level (GL), reach thefollowing depths:

Bore Layer base

1

[m b GL]

Layer base

2

[m b GL]

Layer base

3

[m b GL]

BP 1 2.00 3.50 15.00

BP 2 2.00 4.00 15.00

BP 3 2.00 5.00 15.00

BP 4 2.00 5.00 15.00

BP 5 2.00 4.00 15.00

In the example, two foundations with the designations F1 and F2 are present.

Foundatio

n

x (left)

[m]

y

(bottom

)

[m]

Foundation

pressure

[kN/m]

Lengt

h

[m]

Widt

h

[m]

F1 4.00 14.00 200.0 7.00 4.00

F2 14.00 8.00 200.0 3.00 3.00

Both foundations have their base at 0.8 m b GL.

The example is saved on the programme disk as MANUAL.FDA. The learning

effect will certainly be better if you enter the example yourself, step by step.

5.1 Step 1 Define bore points

First select the menu item File / New and activate Rectangular foundation

switch.

The first step in a calculation using the GGU- SETTLE programme is the

definition of a triangular mesh. The nodes of the triangular mesh are described by

the borehole points. The borehole points are then connected to a triangular mesh,

from which the programme can interpolate the oedometer modulus profile at any

point. To define the borehole points proceed as follows:

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For this, select the menu item Soils / Layers.

In the dialogue box you can edit the soil properties and the number of layers.

Click on the Edit no. of soils button and enter the new number of layers as 3.

For this example, enter the values in the above dialogue box.

If you are working with oedometer moduli, you should always enter the Poisson

ratio as 0. If, on the other hand, you have entered Youngs moduli E insteadof oedometer moduli ES then, because of the functional relationship Es = f(E,), it

makes complete sense to enter a Poisson ratio 0.

You should then select the menu item Soils / Standard depths (not absolutely

necessary).

As you have defined three layers using the menu item Soils / Layers, three

layers will be shown in the dialogue box. The corresponding soil properties are

also shown for information purposes. The given depths can be edited to suit your

wishes. Depths are entered as m below ground level. For reasons of clarity, the

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programme assumes ground level to be the same for all nodes. During the

following definition of triangular nodes, the layer depths are assigned to the

appropriate nodes. After this, the layer depths for each node can be edited as

wished. If the oedometer modulus profile is equal for almost all nodes, you can

save input work via the initial definition of standard depths. Using the Loadswitch you can load a previously saved depth distribution. Using Save you can

save the current depth distribution to a file, in order to have them available later,

without renewed input. If you select the For all switch, all current triangle

nodes will be assigned these depths. Using the Cancel button, you may leave

the dialogue box without accepting the alterations. You can also leave the

dialogue box with Done. Any changes will be accepted.

After this initial input you can determine the position of triangle nodes (borehole

points). A coordinate system is visible on the screen. If the area displayed does

not correspond to the plan area of your system, go to the menu item Page / By

hand and enter the values for your system into the dialogue box.

Then select the menu item Mesh / Set nodes. Click, with the left mouse button,on the positions of the triangle nodes (= positions of points for which you know

the oedometer modulus profile). In the programme window bar the current

coordinates of the mouse pointer are shown. Erroneous input can be undone by

clicking on the node with the right mouse button. If you occasionally press the

ESC key, or (F2), the screen will be refreshed and you will see a graphical

presentation of the oedometer modulus profiles. If the presentation appears too

small or too large, go to the menu item Evaluation / Preferences and enter a

factor for the oedometer modulus profile width and/or depth to suit your wishes.

Alternatively to coordinate input using the mouse, you can enter the values in

tabular form. Then select the menu item Mesh / Change.

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In the above dialogue box, values for the example system have been entered.

After entering nodes, you can edit the depths at the nodes for the individual

layers. For this, select the menu item Soils / Edit layer depths. A double-click in

the area of the node will then suffice to call up the following dialogue box.

This box is absolutely identical to the box for standard depths. The only

difference is that any changes made are with reference to the current node. Depths

are entered as m below ground level.

5.2 Step 2 Define triangular mesh

After you have defined at least 3 nodes (borehole points), you must connect these

nodes to a triangular mesh to allow the programme to interpolate whencalculating. There are two possibilities:

via the menu item Mesh / Mesh by hand

You must click on the three nodes to be connected to a triangle.

Mistakenly created triangles can be deleted by clicking on the three

nodes once again.

via the menu item Mesh / Automatic

The programme carries out a so-called triangulation and connects all

nodes to a triangular mesh. Subsequently, you still have the

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possibility of deleting triangles by using the menu item Mesh /

Mesh by hand and clicking on the three nodes of the triangle. If a

triangular mesh is already present you will be asked, before

triangulation begins, if the current mesh is to be deleted. Only in

exceptional cases should you select Supplement, as triangulationfollows certain laws which may not allow sensible complementing

of a current partial mesh.

For the example select the menu item Mesh / Automatic.

5.3 Step 3 Define foundations

After defining the oedometer modulus profile distribution throughout the

triangular mesh, you can enter the foundations. For this, select the menu item

Foundations / Edit.

Besides the switches Menu and New, all previously defined foundations are

shown as switches. In the example above, two foundations with the designations

F1 and F2 are already defined. Select the New switch in order to define a

new foundation or select the F1 or F2 switch in order to edit the values for a

current foundation.

With the Edit base data switch you can edit all foundation values (also see the

note in Section 0)

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After the foundation designation you enter the depth of the foundation base (FB),

the excavation unloading, the foundation dimensions and the corner stresses. For

linear stress distribution, input of three stress values is sufficient. The fourth value

then results automatically. If foundations are already defined, you can also reach

this dialogue box by double-clicking in the foundation surround on the screen.

With the menu item Foundations / Check you can check your input. Thefoundations are displayed with the corner stresses. Which additional input values

are to be displayed can be specified with the menu item Evaluation /

Preferences. You can also generate an isoline plan of the depth course of a layer

base. For this, select the menu item Soils / Layer base isolines.

Enter the layer number. If you would prefer a normal isoline plan, deactivate

the Coloured switch. Confirm with OK.

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In the upper part of the dialogue box you can influence the number of isolines

with the input after Spacing. If desired, change to a different smoothing out

procedure. Confirm with OK.

5.4 Step 4 Specify limit depth

The programme can determine the limit depth using three different procedures.

Select the menu item System / Limit depth.

Limit depth = base of profile

The settlements are calculated to the base of the defined soil profile.

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Limit depth with x * b

The settlements are calculated to a depth of x * foundation width.

But not deeper than the base of the profile.

Limit depth with p %

The settlements are calculated to a depth at which the overburden

stress * p from the soil weight corresponds to the foundation stress.

But not deeper than the base of the profile. If foundations are close

to one another (e.g. with circular foundations), you should,

additionally, activate the Limit depth with all foundations switch,

as otherwise too shallow limit depths will be calculated. When

determining the limit depth with p %, any excavation unloading for

the foundation concerned can be subtracted from the average

foundation stress, which usually makes sense. More information on

excavation unloading and global preloading can be had by

clicking on the Info button in the above dialogue box. The limitdepth will be calculated in the centre of the rectangular foundation.

If the settlement is to be calculated outside of the foundation concerned, the limit

depth of the foundation which creates the settlement stress is also valid. Stresses

above the foundation base generate tensional stresses and will therefore not be

considered.

5.5 Step 5 System preferences

With the menu item System / Defaults you can specify the type of settlement to

be calculated. In principle, there are three different types:

Calculate settlement at a specific depth

This is usually the standard case, together with a depth of 0.0 m (=

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settlement at the surface). As the area of the foundation is

undeformable, the settlement at the foundation base, including for

foundations with the base below the surface, will be calculated. For

settlement depths > 0.0 the settlement at this depth will be

calculated.

Calculate settlement at base of layer

As the layers need not necessarily be horizontally arranged, you

have the possibility with this calculation method of following the

influence of settlements at certain layer boundaries. To do this,

activate the Calculate settlement at layer base switch and enter the

layer number.

Calculate settlement of a layer

Quite often the deformation component of an individual layer is of

interest. To do this, activate the Calculate settlement of a layer

switch and enter the layer number.

In the lower part of the dialogue box, you can define a so-called limit distance.

The influence of a foundation on the current settlement value will only be

calculated if the distance to the foundation centre is smaller than the limit

distance. If you have defined a lot of foundations the calculation time can become

quite long, as, for each point at which the settlement is calculated, the influence of

all foundations is considered. The influence of a foundation on the current

settlement decreases with increasing distance. You can thus achieve a reduction of

calculation duration using the limit distance. A reliable statement on limit

distances cannot be given, as the foundation loading also plays a large role. If you

are unsure, use, as in the above dialogue box, a very large value and if you arecalculating a lot of foundations allow yourself a coffee during calculations.

Any calculation and presentation can be prematurely cancelled using the rightmouse button.

5.6 Step 6 Calculate system

After defining a foundation you can have the system calculated. In principle, we

can differentiate between calculation of foundation settlements and the calculation

of individual settlements. The two calculations can also be mixed. With

foundation settlement we mean the settlement at special points on the foundation: settlement in the foundation centre

settlement at the four characteristic points

settlement at the four foundation corners.

With individual settlements we mean calculation of settlements at any point inside

or outside of the foundations. The position of these points is not restricted to the

foundation geometry. They can be user-specified in a variety of ways (see below).

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If you are only interested in settlement at the above described foundations points,

select the menu item System / Calculate.

Select the switch according to your wishes and click on OK. If you have

calculated a system and then edited any input values (e.g. foundation dimensions,

foundation stress, type of limit depth calculation, etc.), the programme deletes all

calculated settlements, as they are then no longer valid for the altered system. If

you have already defined individual settlement points within the framework of

previous calculations, you can have these settlements recalculated by activating

the Individual settlements switch. The calculations can be started by pressing

the OK button. In the GGU-SETTLE window bar you will be informed as to the

current state of calculations.

If you are completely uninterested in the settlements at the special foundation

points, you can go directly to the Evaluation and Special menus.

Menu item Evaluation / Solo individual settlements

With the mouse, you can click on any point within the system. The

calculated settlements will then be graphically displayed.

Menu item Evaluation / Along a line

With the mouse, you click on two points (start and end points of a

line). The settlement along this line will then be calculated at

constant intervals. If, after calculations are complete, you switch to

the menu item Evaluation / Automatic section course, you can

display the settlement depression for the system section.

Menu item Evaluation / In quadrilateral

You click on the four points of a quadrilateral. The programme then

calculates the settlement in a regular raster within this quadrilateral.

This function is especially useful in connection with the above

described Isolines menu item, as you have, with settlements

calculated in a quadrilateral, a favourable data basis for triangulation

and thus for the presentation of isolines.

After calculations are complete the results can be evaluated in a variety of ways.

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Menu item Evalauation / Settlements

The calculated settlements will be displayed in their appropriate

positions. If, after calculating, you have altered input values, the

settlements will not be shown. You must then have the system

recalculated.

Menu item Evaluation / Isolines

The programme will carry out a triangulation of all calculated

settlements. By interpolation within this triangular mesh, which is

not identical to the above described triangular mesh for the

oedometer modulus profile, lines of equal settlement will then be

drawn.

In the Special menu it is possible to calculate settlement depressions, stress

distribution and lines of equal settlement along straight, vertical sections.

In accordance with the principle of What you see is what you get you can, at

any stage of evaluation, send the current screen contents to the printer (menu itemFile / Start output).

In this section the main functions are described. Further details to the individual

menu items can be taken from the following sections.

6 Short introduction (triangular foundations)

6.1 Step 1 Define bore points

First select the menu item File / New and activate the Triangular foundations

switch.

Otherwise, the same input is required as in Section 0.

6.2 Step 2 Define triangular mesh

Completely analogous to Section 5.2.

6.3 Step 3 Define foundations

After defining the oedometer modulus profile distribution throughout the

triangular mesh, you can enter the triangular foundations. The definition of

triangular foundations is different to that of rectangular foundations, as a much

more flexible input is possible. Input of triangular foundations is very similar to

the definition of bore points. First you must define the corner points of the

triangular foundations. You can do this with the mouse, e.g. For this, select the

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menu item Triangular foundations / Set nodes. Now click on the corner points

of the triangular foundation with the mouse. If the same system is to be calculated

as in Section 5, these are then the four corner points of both foundations. If you

define a new triangular foundation corner point with the mouse, this node will be

assigned the values given in the menu item Triangular foundations / Standardvalues.

These standard values can then be individually adjusted using the menu item

Triangular foundations / Change.

Alternatively to clicking with the mouse, you can enter the values in tabular form.

To do this, select the menu item Triangular foundations / Edit.

Enter the values from the dialogue box. You have thus defined 8 nodes of the

foundation mesh. Now you must only connect the nodes to a mesh. For this, select

the menu item Triangular foundations / Mesh by hand and click on three points

of the foundation mesh. The triangular foundation mesh should then look like this:

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2.005.00

15.00

3

6.4 Step 4 Specify limit depth

The programme can determine the limit depth using two different procedures.

Select the menu item System / Limit depth.







to one another (e.g. with circular foundations), you should,

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additionally, activate the Limit depth with all foundations switch,

as otherwise too shallow limit depths will be calculated. When

determining the limit depth with p %, any excavation unloading for

the foundation concerned can be subtracted from the average

foundation stress, which usually makes sense. More information onexcavation unloading and global preloading can be had by

clicking on the Info button in the above dialogue box. The limit

depth will be calculated in the centre of the triangular foundation.

If the settlement is to be calculated outside of the foundation concerned, the limit

depth of the foundation which creates the settlement stress is also valid. Stresses

above the foundation base generate tensional stresses and will therefore not be

considered.

6.5 Step 5 System preferences

Completely analogous to Section 5.5.

6.6 Step 6 Calculate system

After defining a foundation you can have the system calculated. In principle, we

can differentiate between calculation of foundation settlements and calculation of

individual settlements. The two calculations can also be mixed. With foundation

settlement we mean the settlement at special points on the foundation:

settlement in the foundation centre

settlement at the four characteristic points

settlement at the four foundation corners.

With individual settlements we mean calculation of settlements at any point inside

or outside of the foundations. The position of these points is not restricted to the

foundation geometry. They can be user-specified in a variety of ways (see below).

If you are only interested in settlement at the above described foundations points,

select the menu item System / Calculate.

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For calculation of triangular foundations numerical integration is required. The

integration precision can be specified in the upper area of the dialogue box. The

default value is sufficiently small for most problems. If the calculated values

appear unusual to you, or if you are somewhat cautious by nature, enter a smaller

value. This will, of course, cost you calculation time.Select the switch according to your wishes and click on OK. If you have

calculated a system and then edit any input value (e.g. type of limit depth

calculation, etc.), the programme deletes all calculated settlements, as they are

then no longer valid for the altered system. If you have already defined individual

settlement points within the framework of previous calculations, you can have

these settlements recalculated by activating the Individual settlements switch.

The calculations can be started by pressing the OK button. In the GGU-

SETTLE window bar you will be informed as to the current state of calculations.

If you are completely uninterested in the settlements at the special foundation

points, you can go directly to the Evaluation and Special menus.

Menu item Evaluation / Solo individual settlements

With the mouse, you can click on any point within the system. The

calculated settlements will then be graphically displayed.

Menu item Evaluation / Along a line

With the mouse, you click on two points (start and end points of a

line). The settlement along this line will then be calculated at

constant intervals. If, after calculations are complete, you switch to

the menu item Evaluation / Automatic section course, you can

display the settlement depression for the system section.

Menu item Evaluation / In quadrilateralYou click on the four points of a quadrilateral. The programme then

calculates the settlement in a regular raster within this quadrilateral.

This function is especially useful in connection with the above

described Isolines menu item, as you have, with settlements

calculated in a quadrilateral, a favourable data basis for triangulation

and thus for the presentation of isolines.

After calculations are complete the results can be evaluated in a variety of ways.

Menu item Evalauation / Settlements

The calculated settlements will be displayed in their appropriate

positions. If, after calculating, you have altered input values, thesettlements will not be shown. You must then have the system

recalculated.

Menu item Evaluation / Isolines

The programme will carry out a triangulation of all calculated

settlements. By interpolation within this triangular mesh, which is

not identical to the above described triangular mesh for the

oedometer modulus profile, lines of equal settlement will then be

drawn.

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In the Special menu it is possible to calculate settlement depressions, stress

distribution and lines of equal settlement along straight, vertical sections.

In accordance with the principle of What you see is what you get you can, at

any stage of evaluation, send the current screen contents to the printer (menu item

File / Start output).A comparison of calculation results for rectangular and triangular foundations will

show that there are minor differences in the calculated settlements. This is

because of the different calculation point of the limit depth. With rectangular

foundations, the limit depth is determined in the foundation centre. Triangular

foundations do not know the centre point of the rectangles. For triangular

foundations, the limit depth is determined at the centre of the triangles, which

deviates from the centre of the rectangles. If you select the profile base as limit

depth, you will get the same results in both cases, as the limit depth is then the

same for both procedures.

7 Theoretical principles

7.1 General

The programme calculates the stresses and strains after the theory of elastic-

isotropic half space. Especially in the days when pocket calculators and personal

computers were not yet available, comprehensive diagrams and tables were

developed. A literature list of tables can be taken from DIN 4019. Further to this,

you are referred to the article Stress calculations1 (Spannungsberechnung) in the

Foundation Engineering Pocket Book (Grundbau-Taschenbuch) (1990; Fourth

Edition). Here you will also find the complete relationships for stresses and strains

below a rectangle in elastic-isotropic half space (formulas 8 to 10 and formulas 14and 15). These relationships are the basis for the programme.

The stress relationships are only used for limit depth calculations and for the

presentation of stress distributions. The strains are calculated directly from the

relationships given in the Foundation Engineering Pocket Book. A numerical

integration with associated loss of precision is therefore not required.

7.2 Characteristic point

The stiffness of foundations cannot be considered using the above mentioned

relationships. The foundation loading will be assumed to be a flexible load

bundle, whatever the case. It is usual to calculate the settlements at the so-called

characteristic point. At this point of the foundation, for a uniform load, the

settlements for a flexible load bundle correspond to the settlement of a rigid

foundation. The position of the characteristic point is defined as follows:

1 Translators note: As far is is known, these works are not available in English

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a

b

0,13 * b

0,13 * a

Figure 1 Characteristic point

7.3 Limit depth

Of great importance for the size of settlements is the limit depth. The programme

allows definition of limit depth in three different ways:



Limit depth with x * b

The settlements are calculated to a depth of x * foundation width.

But not deeper than the base of the profile.




The last possibility is also described in DIN 4019. Here, a percentage value p of

20 % is given. This is the programme default value. If you have selected this type

of limit depth calculation, the programme calculates the overburden stress due to

the soil weight for each foundation and compares this value to the average stress

due to the foundation load at the characteristic point. The depth distribution of the

unit weights for calculation of the overburden stress is determined in the

foundation centre. Any excavation unloading for the foundation can be subtracted

from the foundation stress, which the usual case.

For settlement calculations, only the stress from the foundation base to the limit

depth will be considered. Thus, for all points outside of the foundation, the limit

depth of the appropriate foundation is valid. Figure

shows, in a vertical section, how the settlements of a point, A, are composed if

two foundations are defined.

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Foundation 1 Foundation 2

Limit depth Limit depth

Point A

Figure 2 Influence of limit depth on settlement

If you divide a foundation into several smaller sub-foundations you should,according to theory, get the same settlement values. However, a problem then occurs

when calculating limit depths. The limit depths of the sub-foundations is smaller due

to the smaller widths. Because of the differing limit depths you will also get different

settlement values. To solve this contradiction the GGU- SETTLE programme offers

the possibility of calculating the limit depth from the stress distribution of all

foundations. If you select this possibility the stress distribution at the characteristicpoint is calculated from the stresses of all foundations. In this case you will get larger

settlements and, depending on the system, more appropriate results.

7.4 Excavation unloading and oedometer modulus for reloading

You can define excavation unloading for each foundation. The excavation

unloading has the same dimensions as the foundation stress [kN/m]. It is constant

for each foundation. If you have defined an excavation unloading, settlement

calculations will be carried out to this value using the oedometer modulus for

reloading.

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Stress at the foundation base

Settlement

Excavation unloading

Es(w)

Es

Calculatedsettlement

Figure 3 Excavation unloading and oedometer modulus

8 File menu

This menu has a total of nine selectable menu items.

New

Load

Save

Save as

Result output

Save ISO data

Output preferences

Start output

Quit

8.1 New menu itemAfter a security request, you can delete all previous input and thus enter a new

system. You will first be asked whether rectangular or triangular foundations are

to be generated.

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The Triangular foundations option allows you to calculate settlements and

stresses below a flexible foundation of any shape and linear loading. By

combining the triangular foundations in mosaic-like manner, any type of load

(with reference to ground plan and load size) can be easily modelled. After

selecting this menu item the Triangular foundations menu appears instead of the

usual Foundations menu (see Section 12).

8.2 Load menu itemUsing the second menu item, Load, you can load a file with foundation

information into the computer, which can then further processed. This file must

have been created, e.g. in a previous sitting, using the GGU-SETTLE

programme. The Load menu item will usually be selected for editing previously

saved foundations.

8.3 Save and Save as menu items

Here, you can save alterations to an existing file or save completely new

foundation input, in order to have them available again for a later sitting.

After clicking on one of the two described menu items the so-called file selector

box appears. When saving alterations or new data, you should always use the file

suffix .FDA, as this is the suffix used by the programme when one of the above two

menu items is selected. If you do not enter a suffix when saving, .FDA will be used

automatically. Currently calculated settlements will be saved with the file and are

then available for later evaluation.

8.4 Result output menu item

You can have a result protocol of the current calculation results sent to the printer

or to a file (e.g. for further processing with a word processor). Alternatively, you

have the possibility of looking at the results in a separate window where they canalso, if necessary, be edited. Output contains all information on the current state

of calculations, including system data. First, decide how comprehensive output is

to be:

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After confirming with OK you will see the dialogue box:

With the Edit button, you can edit the current printer preferences or select a

different printer. With the Save button, you can save all preferences from this

dialogue box in a file, in order to have them available at a later sitting. If you

select FUNDA.DRK as file name and save the file on the programme level(default), the file will be automatically loaded at the next programme start. With

the Page format button you can specify, amongst others, the size of the left

margin and the number of lines per page. With the Head/Foot button you can

enter a head and foot text for each page. If the # sign appears within the text, the

current page number will be entered during printing (e.g. Page #). You can, if

page numbering is not to begin at page 1, enter an offset for the page number.

This offset will be added to the current page number. The text size can be

specified in pts. With the buttons at the bottom of the dialogue box, output is sent

to the Printer, to a Window or to a File, the name of which must then be

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given. If you select the Window button, the results will displayed in an

additional window. In this window editing is possible, as well as loading, saving

and printing of text.

8.5 Save ISO data menu itemWith this menu item you can have the result data made available for further

processing by the GGU-GEOGRAPH programme. With this programme you can,

e.g., have lines of equal settlement drawn as 3D graphics. Selection of this menu

item only makes sense after the settlements have been calculated.

8.6 Menu item Output preferences

You can edit printer preferences or change printer in accordance with WINDOWS

conventions.

8.7 Start output menu item

The following dialogue box appears:

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Printer

allows graphic output of the current screen contents to the WINDOWS standard

printer or, if necessary, to a different printer selected in the menu item Printer

preferences. For direct output, the following dialogue box appears:

In the upper part of the dialogue box the maximum dimensions which the printer

can accept are given. Below this, the dimensions of the image to be printed are

given. If the image is larger than the output format of the printer, the image will

be printed to several pages (in the above example, 4). In order to be better able tore-connect the images later, the possibility of entering an overlap for each page, in

x and y direction, is given. Alternatively, you also have the possibility of selecting

a smaller zoom factor, ensuring output to one page (Fit in button).Following

this, you can enlarge to the original format on a copying machine, to ensure a true

scaling. Further, you may enter the number of copies to be printed.

DXFfile

allows output of the graphics to a DXF file. DXF is a common file format for

transferring graphics between a variety of applications.

GGUCAD file

allows output of the current screen contents to a file, in order to be further

processed with the GGUCAD programme.Clipboard

The current screen contentsare copied to the WINDOWS clipboard. From there,

they can be imported into other WINDOWS programmes for further editing, e.g.

into a word processor.

Metafile

allows output of the current screen contents to a file, in order to be further

processed with third party software. Output is in the so-called EMF format, which

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is standardised. Use of the Metafile format guarantees the best possible quality

when transferring graphics.

TIP:

If you select the Copy area icon from the programme icon bar, you can copy

parts of the graphics to the clipboard or save them to an emf file (EnhancedMetafile Format). Using the Mini-CAD or CAD for header data programme

modules you can import such an emf file into your graphics. It therefore presents

no problems to import the results of a slope failure calculation or the results of a

particle size analysis or anything else into your graphics.

MiniCAD / GGUMiniCAD

allows output of the graphics to a file, in order to be read-in to different GGU

programmes with the MiniCAD modules.

8.8 Quit menu item

You can quit the programme, after a security request.

8.9 1, 2, 3, 4 menu items

The 1, 2, 3, 4 menu items show the last four edited files. By selecting one of

these menu items the listed file will be loaded. If you have saved GGU- SETTLE

files in any other folder than the programme folder, you can save yourself the

occasionally onerous rummaging through various sub-folders.

9 Soils menu item

This menu has a total of 8 selectable menu items.

Layers

Standard depths

Layer base isolines

Edit layer depths

Determine layer depths

Paste layer

Raise layer

Fixed value

9.1 Layers menu item

After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

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In the dialogue you can enter the name, the oedometer modulus for initial loading

and for reloading, Poisson's ratio and the unit weights of the individual layers.

Further, you may edit the number of layers. If you would like to edit the number

of layers, select the Edit no. of soils button and then enter the new number of

layers. If wished, edit the soil properties.

In order to ensure a sensible interpolation within the triangular mesh it isnecessary that all nodes possess the same number of layers. If your system has

areas in which certain soil layers are not present (e.g. peat lenses only in certain

areas), then simply assign these layers a thickness of 0.0 at the appropriate

nodes, using the menu item Standard depths.

With the Save button you can save the current stratification with all

corresponding data in a separate file in order to have it available for a different

system, without a lot of typing work, using the Load button.

9.2 Standard depths menu item


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If you have defined three layers using the menu item Soils / Layers, three layers

will also be shown in the dialogue box. The corresponding oedometer moduli are

also shown for information purposes. The given depths can be edited to suit your

wishes. Depths are entered as m below ground level. During the followingdefinition of triangular nodes, these layer depths are assigned to the appropriate

nodes. The layer depths for each node can be edited as wished. If the oedometer

modulus profile is equal for almost all nodes, you can save input work during the

initial definition of standard depths. Using the Load switch you can load a

previously saved depth distribution. Using Save you can save the current depth

distribution to a file, in order to have it available later, without renewed input. If

you select the For all switch, all current triangle nodes will be assigned these

depths. In the dialogue box a maximum of 8 layers are displayed. If more than

eight layers are present you can move through the table with the Forw. and

Back buttons. Using Cancel, you may leave the dialogue box without using

the alterations. You can leave the dialogue box with Done. Any changes will be

accepted.

9.3 Layer base isolines menu item


This menu item serves as a check for the input data of the layer depths. Enter the

number of the layer for which you would like to see an isoline plan of the base. If

you activate Coloured switch you will see a colour filled isoline plan. Other

wise a normal isoline image will be drawn (see also Section 0).

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For colour filled graphics you will see the above dialogue box. First, press the

Determine extreme values button. The programme then determines the

minimum and maximum values for the appropriate layer base. If so desired, you

can have the isolines labelled using the Line labelling preferences button

(generally superfluous). Using the switches Mesh, Contour and Lines youcan have the triangular mesh, the system contours and/or additionally to a colour

fill, limiting lines drawn between the colour regions. Generally, the preferences in

the above dialogue box make sense. With No. of colours you specify the

number of colour increments to be used between Colour 1 and Colour 2. If

you activate the Swap colour series switch, the colour fill will not be from

colour 1 to colour 2, but will be swapped around. With the Colour 1 and

Colour 2 buttons you can edit the colours. The graphics can be shown by

pressing the OK button.

Additionally to the colour fill a colour bar will be shown at the right-hand page

edge, from which the allotment of colours to the various values can be read off. Ifthis colour bar is drawn in the right page edge, specify a larger value for the right

plotting edge (e.g. 25 mm) in the menu item Page / Page format.

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9.4 Edit layer depths menu item

This menu item makes it possible to edit the base of a layer at the nodes of the

triangular mesh.

After double-clicking near the node to be edited you can change the depth of the

layer base.

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9.5 Determine layer depths menu item

You can determine the layer depths at any point within the triangular mesh.

Simply click on a point at which you would like to determine the layer depth.

9.6 Paste layer menu item

Sometimes it is necessary to paste a layer into an existing system. Using the

previously described menu items this is strenuous.

The selected layer is duplicated. The layer base of the new layer is taken as the

mean of the two neighbouring layers.

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9.7 Raise layer menu item

Sometimes it is necessary to raise or lower the base of layer in an existing system

by a certain amount. Using the previously described menu items this is strenuous.

The selected layer base will be raised by the specified amount. If incompatibilities

with the layer above or below result, the rise will limited to the necessary value.

Lowering of a layer is achieved using negative values.

9.8 Fixed value menu item

With this menu item you can assign a specific layer base a fixed value.

10 Mesh menu

This menu has a total of 13 selectable menu items.

Set nodes

Change

Move

Edit

Raster

Mesh by hand

Automatic

Round-off

Delete

Automesh

Refine individually

In section

All

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10.1 Set nodes menu item


With this menu item you specify the position of triangle nodes using the mouse.

Use of the mouse is in accordance with the description in the box.

10.2 Change menu itemAfter clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

Within this box it is possible to change the x and y coordinates of the nodes (bore

points) via the keyboard. If you increase the number of nodes with the Edit no. of

nodes button, the new nodes will be assigned the standard depths with reference

to the Oedometer modulus profile. Use of the switches corresponds to those in themenu item Soils / Layers.

10.3 Move menu item


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Using this menu item you can select geometrical shapes in order to simplify input,

which allow an automatic triangular node coordinate assignment corresponding

to the selected subdivisions.

Following, the three raster possibilities, line, rectangle and quadrilateral areshown as a screen shot:

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10.6 Mesh by hand menu item


You can combine triangle nodes to a triangular mesh by hand. Normally, you

would have the triangulation (see below) carried out automatically. If the

triangular mesh generated automatically by the programme is not in accordance

with your wishes, however, you can carry out the triangulation by hand. If you

would like to delete a current triangle, click on the nodes of this triangle again.

10.7 Automatic menu itemThe Automatic menu item runs a programme-controlled mesh generation

routine (triangulation). You have the possibility of deleting or supplementing a

current triangular mesh. Only in exceptional cases should you select

Supplement, as triangulation follows certain laws which may not allow sensible

complementing of a current partial mesh.

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Three different methods can be used for triangular mesh refinement.

Method 1:

In the centroid of the selected triangle an additional node is created.

Method 2:

The selected triangular element and the neighbouring element are

halved.

Method 3:

A new triangular element will be inserted at the median of the

clicked triangular element. The neighbouring triangular elements

will be halved.

Method 3 generally gives the best mesh refinement and is recommended.

10.12 In section menu itemAfter selecting this menu item the following box appears for mesh refinement:

10.13 All menu item

The following box appears for the final menu item for mesh refinement:

11 Foundations menu

The Foundations menu allows editing of foundations or the specification of new

foundations. It has a total of 11 selectable menu items.

Edit

Specify graphically

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For all

Results

Check

Stress isolines

Delete individually

Delete all

Generate footing foundations

Generate circular foundation

Generate annular foundation

11.1 Edit menu item

The Edit menu item allows input and editing of foundations. After clicking on

this menu you will advance to the following dialogue window:

If no foundations have yet been entered, only the two dialogue boxes To menu

and New are shown in the dialogue window. If, on the other hand, foundations

are already present you will see, besides the To menu and New dialogue

boxes, further boxes which are labelled with the designations of the individual

foundations. The following actions are possible:

By clicking on the To menu button you can return to the original menu bar. By

clicking in the New box, you can open a new foundation. You can now enter a

new foundation. By clicking in a box with a foundation name (if present), you

can edit the corresponding foundation.

After clicking in the New box, or a box with a current foundation, the following

dialogue box will be opened.

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In the dialogue box there are six action boxes. The following actions are possible:

By clicking on the Done button you can return to the original menu bar.

After clicking in the Edit base data box, you can enter or edit the base data forthe corresponding foundation (see description below).

After clicking in the Delete foundation box the current foundation can be

deleted, after a safety request.

After clicking in the See results box, the calculated settlements will be

displayed. If certain settlement values have not yet been calculated, the

corresponding entries will remain empty.

After clicking in the Print results box, the results for the currently selected

foundation will be sent to the printer.

By clicking in the Duplicate foundation box, you can duplicate the current

foundation log. You can then edit the base data of the duplicated foundation.After clicking in the Edit base data box, you can enter or edit the base data for

the corresponding foundation. The following window will open:

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In the first box you enter the foundation designation. The position of the

foundation base is now entered.

The third box is for input of an excavation unloading. If this value is zero, the

oedometer moduli for reloading will be used in settlement calculations, for the

proportion of the excavation unloading which is re-used. This corresponds to

the reloading case of a time-settlement diagram. For the load component over andabove this, or for a system without excavation unloading, the oedometer modulus

for initial loading will be used.

In boxes four to eight you enter the x and y ordinates and the length and breadth

of the foundation. Further to this, an inclination to the horizontal can be given so

that non-axis-parallel foundations can also be calculated.

In the final three dialogue boxes you can enter the corner stresses of the

foundation. As the stress distribution within a foundation is assumed to be linear,

three corner stresses are sufficient to describe the stress distribution. The fourth is

calculated internally by the programme. It will be visible in the window when it

opened the next time.

By selecting the Calculate stresses via M and V action box, you can have the

foundation stresses calculated from the moment and vertical force (if these values

are known).

After clicking in the OK box, input or alterations will be accepted and the

dialogue window removed from the screen.

After clicking in the Cancel box, input or alterations will not be accepted and

the dialogue window removed from the screen.

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11.2 Specify graphically menu item

This menu item allows the input of rectangular foundations using the mouse.

After confirming with OK you click on the two corners of a foundation with theleft mouse button. If the inclined foundation switch is activated an inclined

foundation (inclined to the horizontal) can be entered with mouse support. In this

case you must click on three points with the mouse. You can greatly simplify

input if you have a scanned foundation template. You can integrtae such graphics

using the Mini-Cad system. The scaling of the graphics is a problem which is easy

to overcome. If you know the separation of two points in the template then simply

draw a line with Mini-CAD, which connects these two points. Then double-click

on this line. In the dialogue box which then appears, the length of the line is

given. From this length and the known length of the line, you can determine the

scale discepancy. Then select the Manipulate object icon from Mini-CAD and

enter the scale distorsion. Voila! The imported graphics are now true to scale. You

now need only click on the foundation corner points. You can then delete the

scanned graphics from the presentation.

11.3 For all menu item


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Using this menu item it is possible to specify certain foundation data globally for

all foundations. The following input data can be globally specified:

position of foundations base,

excavation unloading and

the corner stresses of the foundations.

After each input field there is a For all button. By pressing these buttons the

currently given values will be used for all foundations. The All for all button

will use all values for all foundations.The Default values switch refers to the foundations created with the mouse on

the screen, and to foundations generated using the menu items Generate footing

foundation, Generate circular foundation or Generate annular foundation.

This means that all graphically created foundations and/or all generated

foundations will be assigned the parameters given in this menu item.

Independently of this, you can edit the assigned foundation values at any time (see

menu item Edit foundations). After activating the Default values switch, the

currently entered values will be saved and are then available as the default values

for the definition of new foundations.

11.4 Results menu itemAfter activating this menu item the results for the foundations entered can be

shown on the screen by double-clicking with the mouse. If the system is not yet

calculated, the following info box will be displayed with the foundations

dimensions and the limit depth:

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If the system is already calculated, the complete results for the selected foundation

will be shown. The following box appears with the foundation dimensions, the

settlements and the rotation at the characteristic point

11.5 Check menu item

With the help of this menu item you can check your input with reference to the

position of the foundations, etc. You can define what is to be displayed in thegraphics.

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In the menu item Evaluation / Preferences, you can specify what is to be

additionally entered in the graphics.

11.6 Stress isolines menu item

The foundation stress course can be shown as a colour filled isoline plan with the

help of this menu item. The procedure is completely analogous to the layer base

isoline presentation (see Section 0).

The foundation stress course can be shown as a colour filled isoline plan with the help

of this menu item. The procedure is completely analogous to the layer base isoline

presentation (see Section 0).

11.7 Delete individually menu item

With this menu item individual foundations can be deleted. The programme will

go through all foundations in the order in which they were entered. For each

foundation the following dialogue box appears:

11.8 Delete all menu item

By selecting this menu item you can edit all current foundations, after a safety

request.

11.9 Generate footing foundations menu item

You can generate several footing foundations of equal dimensions:

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First, enter the x and y ordinates of the first foundation. Define the length and

breadth of all foundations. With Spacing x and Spacing y the displacement of

the generated foundations to each other is given. The name of the foundation is

supplemented with the current number. The foundation base, the excavation

unloading and the foundation stresses will be entered in accordance with the

values in the For all menu item. Immediately after generation, the created

foundations can be deleted by pressing the [Backspace] key, if the foundation

generation is not according to your wishes.

11.10 Generate circular foundations menu item

You can combine several footing foundations to a circular foundation.

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First, enter the x and y ordinates of the centre, and the diameter of the foundation.

The circular foundation will be made up of rectangular foundations. The

modelling of a circular foundations is more precise with a large amount of

foundations. However, calculation time is then longer. The name of the

foundation is supplemented with the current number. The foundation base, theexcavation unloading and the foundation stresses will be entered in accordance

with the values which you enter using the Stresses button. Alternatively, the

stresses can be calculated via the vertical load V and the moments M(x) and M(y).

Activate the switch Stresses via M and V. Immediately after generation, the

created foundations can be deleted by pressing the [Backspace] key, if the circular

foundation generated is not according to your wishes. Optimum circular

foundations can be generated with triangular foundations, as adjustment to the

foundation geometry is much better using triangles.

11.11 Generate annular foundations menu item

In complete analogy to circular foundations, you can generate an annular

foundation.

You need only additionally enter the interior diameter. Optimum annular

foundations can be generated with triangular foundations, as adjustment to thefoundation geometry is much better using triangles.

12 Triangular foundations menu

The Triangular foundations menu appears if the appropriate selection has been

made in the menu item File / New (see Section ). With this, it is possible to

calculate settlements and stresses below a flexible triangular foundation of any

shape and linear loading. By combining the triangular foundations in mosaic-like

manner, any type of load (with reference to ground plan and load size) can be

easily modelled. This menu has a total of 20 selectable menu items.

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Standard values

Set nodes

Change

Move

Edit

Manipulate

In section

Raster

For all

Mesh by hand

Automatic

Delete

Refine individually

In section

All

Results

Check

Isolines

Test mesh

Generate foundations

12.1 Standard values menu item

Here you can specify the foundation stress, excavation unloading and depth of the

foundation base. If you prefer, the excavation unloading can be determined

automatically. The programme automatically calculates the excavation unloading

from the depth of the foundation base and the unit weight of the soil.

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12.2 Set nodes menu item

With the help of this menu item you can specify the positions of foundation

nodes. Use of the mouse is in accordance with the description in the box.

Additionally, the node numbers, stresses, excavation unloading and foundation

base can be entered at the nodes.

12.3 Change menu item

With this menu item you can enter or edit the x and y coordinates of the nodes via

the keyboard. The following dialogue box, e.g., appears:

Additionally, the foundation stresses, the excavation unloading and the depth of

the foundation base can be edited.

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12.4 Move menu item

Use is analogous to that of moving bore points. See Section 0.

12.5 Edit menu item

In order to edit the stresses, excavation unloading, depth and position of thefoundation base, you must double-click on the node, in accordance with the

instructions in the dialogue box.

Additionally, the node numbers, stresses, excavation unloading and foundation

base can be entered at the nodes.

12.6 Manipulate depths menu item

After activating this menu item it is possible to manipulate the stresses,excavation unloading and foundation bases at the nodes. The following dialogue

box appears:

The current values will be manipulated with a constant in accordance with the

selected specified calculation type. The manipulation is valid for all nodes. This

function allows fast editing of the described values with a large number of nodes.

12.7 In section menu item

This function is for assigning edited values (stress, excavation unloading,

foundation base) to nodes. The procedure is described in the dialogue box.

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12.8 Raster menu item

Using this menu item you can select geometrical shapes in order to simplify input,

which allow an automatic triangular node coordinate assignment corresponding

to the selected subdivisions. Use is in analogy to the menu item Mesh / Raster

in accordance with Section 10.5.

12.9 For all menu item

See the menu item Foundations / For all (Section 11.3).

12.10 Mesh by hand to All menu item

The creation of a triangular mesh with foundation nodes is in complete analogy to

the creation of a triangular mesh with bore points in accordance with Sections

10.6 to 10.12

12.11 Isolines menu item

See the description in the menu item Foundations in accordance with Sections

11.4 to 11.6

12.12 Mesh menu item

By activating this menu item, the mesh will be investigated with reference to

overlapping of individual triangles.

12.13 Generate foundations menu item

You have the possibility of generating circular foundations, elliptical foundations,

annular foundations, footing foundations and rectangular foundations.

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Input of foundation data is in analogy to input of rectangular foundations in

accordance with Sections 11.9 to 11.11. The only difference is, that the

foundations will be composed of triangular foundations instead of rectangularfoundations. In this way it is possible to model the shape and loading of a

foundation much more easily. The rectangular foundation function considers, if

necessary, the case of a foundation which separates from the soil (foundation

gap). If this is the case, a correspondingly smaller foundation will be drawn.

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13 System menu

The System menu allows editing of system calculation preferences. It has a total

of 5 (rectangular foundations) or 6 (triangular foundations) selectable menu items.

Info Data set designation

Limit depth

Defaults

Calculate system

Precision (triangular foundations only)

13.1 Info menu item

The following system information e.g., appears:

13.2 Data set designation menu item

Using the menu item Data set designation you can enter, if so desired, a

description of the problem being processed, which will then be used in the

General legend.

13.3 Limit depth menu itemThe programme can determine the limit depth using three different procedures.

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to one another (e.g. with circular foundations made up of triangular

foundations), you should, additionally, activate the Limit depth

with all foundations switch, as otherwise too shallow limit depthswill be calculated. When determining the limit depth with p %, any

excavation unloading for the foundation concerned can be subtracted

from the average foundation stress, which usually makes sense.

More information on excavation unloading and global preloading

can be had by clicking on the Info button in the above dialogue

box.

Subtract excavation unloading from foundation stress

When determining the limit depth with p %, the excavation

unloading would normally be subtracted from the foundation stress

and a comparison with the overburden stress at various depths

carried out (see also the examples in DIN 4019). In certain cases it

may make sense to suppress this subtraction. You must then

deactivate this switch.

13.4 Defaults menu item

See Section 0

13.5 Calculate system menu item

See Section 0

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With a lot of foundations, calculations can take a long time. If you havecalculated a system and then edit the foundation data, the programme inte

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