ghg emission estimates from the agriculture sector · ghg emission estimates from the agriculture...
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GHG emission estimates from the
agriculture sector R.L. Desjardins, D. Worth, X. Verge, J. Dyer, Pattey, E.VanderZaag, A., and W. Smith
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Outline
1. Main agricultural sources
2. Measurement and estimation techniques
3. GHG emissions intensity of agricultural products
4. Total radiative forcing also includes change in albedo
5. Summary/ recommendations
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Soil
Atmosphere
CH4 CH4 N2O CO2
Livestock Manure
Crop
Management Plants
1. Main agricultural sources of GHG
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product
Ecosystem boundary
Ecosystem boundary
C
N energy CO2
Organic matter
CH4
N2
fertilizer
NO3-,
NH4+
energy N2O
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Net Contribution of Agriculture to Global GHG Emissions
The net contribution that agriculture makes to global GHG
emissions will depend on what emissions are counted.
Global
Direct farming
activities only
13-15% of Global
Emissions
Direct farming
activities + land
use change
18-32% of Global
Emissions
Source: US EPA (2006); FAO (2006); Bellarby et al (2008)
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2. Space and time scales of GHG measuring techniques
1 hour
1 Day
1
Month
1 Year
Aircraft
1 m2 1 Hectare 1 km2
Representative Area of Measurement
10 km2
Chamber
Rep
resen
tati
ve T
ime o
f M
easu
rem
en
t
Tower
Soil
Cores
Atmospheric Inversion
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Develop
‘Model’
Measure
GHG’s
Verified
Models
time
. . .
Measuring and modeling GHG emissions
There’s no such thing as a perfect measurement!!
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National Carbon and GHG Accounting and
Verification System
Objective: A scientific, transparent, and verifiable accounting system for
reporting soil carbon stocks, carbon stock changes, nitrous oxide and methane emissions for Canadian agriculture to meet international commitments and in support of sustainable agriculture
CH4 CO2
CH4
N2O N2O
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Greenhouse gas emissions from Canadian agroecosystems
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Trends in Agricultural Management Practices in Canada
What is the impact on of these changes on soil carbon?
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-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Annual to Perennial Intensive to reduced-till Reduction in Fallow
WoodyBiomass FL-CL (SOC only) Liming
Histosols GL-CL Net
2004 1990 C
Ch
an
ge
Mt C
O2 y
r -1
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Global sources of nitrous oxide
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Agricultural soils
Histosols Synthetic
fertilizer
Animal
Manure as
Fertilizer
Crop
residue
Grazing
animals
Manure storage
Indirect Emissions
Leaching/Runoff NH3 + NOx
N2O
Emissions from
Agriculture
Direct Emissions
Major sources of agricultural N2O emissions in Canada
Summerfallow Burning of
Residues
Management
(irrigation and
tillage)
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Regional N2O emission factors
Emission factors are Ecodistrict specific, and are dependent
upon regional climate, expressed as the ratio of precipitation
(P) to potential evaporation (PE) or P/PE.
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
P/PE (mm/mm)
EF
(kg
N2
O-N
/kg
N)
Average for brown
and dark brown soils
Average for black and
grey soils
Average for
Ontario and
Quebec soils
EF = 0.022 (P/PE) – 0.0048
Therefore, as climate is
dryer, EF decreases.
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P/PE in Canada
Low P/PE associated
with dryer climate, high
P/PE associated with
wet climates
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Eco-stratification of N2O emission factors
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N2O Emissions Estimates in Canada (2004)
Category NCGAVS Tier II Tier I Change
Mt CO2 Equivalents
Synthetic N 7.84 9.32 -1.48
Crop Residue 5.83 6.57 -0.74
Animal Manure 2.10 1.92 0.18
Pasture, Range and Paddock 3.79 3.25 0.54
Summerfallow 0.65 N/A 0.65
Irrigation 0.39 N/A 0.39
Organic Soils 0.06 0.06 0.00
Animal Waste Management 4.67 4.12 0.55
Indirect Emissions 11.79 7.48 4.31
Total 37.1 32.5 4.6
Source: Rochette et al. (2008); Hutchinson et al (2007)
Uncertainty in national Tier II estimates is
approximately +/- 40%
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Morewood
Casselman
N
0 5 km5 km
Morewood
Casselman
N
0 5 km5 km
N
0 5 km5 km
Verification of N2O emissions at a regional scale
soy
cereals
pasture/grass
alfalfa
forest
corn
town
LEGEND
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Vent (Dead band)
PTFE
Sample Bag
DC Power supply
3-way
Valve
Mass-Flow
Controller
2-m
Filter
Relief
valve
Diaphragm
Pump 12 l/min
Inlet
UP
DOWN
¼” PTFE
tubing
Aircraft REA
system
Laboratory
TDL Laser
Relaxed eddy accumulation system
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Large scale verification of N2O fluxes during and right after
snowmelt from two regions in Eastern Canada in 2001
Each data point represents the average of 3 runs 10 km in length collected from two regions each about
100 square kilometers in area approximately 20 km apart
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25
50
75
100
125
15-M
ar
25-M
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13-J
un
N2O
Em
issio
ns (
g N
2O
-N h
a-1
d-1
) Casselman
Morewood
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Multi-year comparison of N2O emissions using aircraft-based
systems and model estimates (Desjardins et al. 2010)
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25
75
125
175
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ar
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DNDC
Casselman
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25
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N2O
Flu
x (
g N
2O
-N h
a-1
d-1
)
2000 2001
2003 2004
Total emissions
(kg N2O-N ha-1)
DNDC: 0.34
Aircraft: 0.53
Total emissions
(kg N2O-N ha-1)
DNDC: 0.76
Aircraft: 0.55
Total emissions
(kg N2O-N ha-1)
DNDC: 1.44
Aircraft: 1.87
Total emissions
(kg N2O-N ha-1)
DNDC: 1.11
Aircraft: 1.77
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Measured Modeled
(DNDC)
% difference
kg N2O-N ha-1 period-1
2000 0.53 0.34 +20
2001 0.55 0.76 -38
2003 1.87 1.44 +22
2004 1.77 1.11 +37
Measured and modeled N2O flux estimates
In three out of the four measurement years, measured emissions exceeded
modeled emissions by an average of 26%. In 2001, DNDC predicted a longer
‘spring burst’ than was measured, and total modeled emissions were 38%
greater than measured emissions.
Measurements incorporate indirect emissions, whereas DNDC does not. The
IPCC methodology assumes that indirect emissions are in the range of 25 to
30% of total emissions.
Desjardins, R.L., Pattey, E., Smith, W.N., Worth, D., Grant, B., Srinivasan, R., MacPherson,
J.I., and Mauder, M. 2010. Multiscale estimates of N2O emissions from agricultural lands.
Special Issue of Agriculture and Forest Meteorology 150 (6) 817-824.
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Use of process based models to generate emission factors
for changes in management practices (Ecodistrict Level)
DNDC - MFT Interface
User can modify inputs
DNDC
Simulation
processes
OutPut
Estimated N 2 O, CO 2
and Net GHG
emission factors
ecodistrict level
for each management
practice and rotation
Ecodistrict
Database
Daily
Meteorological
Data
Soil
Properties
Crop Rotations
DNDC-MFT Interface
Construct default input files
from database
DNDC
Simulation
processes
OutPut
Estimated N 2 O, CO 2
and Net GHG
emission factors
ecodistrict level
for each management
practice and rotation
Ecodistrict
Database
Daily
Meteorological
Data
Soil
Properties
Crop Rotations
Compare model
estimates to
Tier II factors
Estimate Tier II/III factors Combined and reversible factors
Smith, W. N., Grant, B. B., Desjardins, R. L., Worth, D., Li, C., Boles, S. H., & Huffman, E. C.,
Gameda, S. 2010. A tool to link agricultural activity data with the DNDC model to estimate GHG
emission factors in Canada. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 136(3-4), 301-309.
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N 2 O - N Factors (20 years) Carbon Factors (20 years)
Rotation Combined Additive Change
(%) Combined Additive
Change
(%)
(kg ha - 1
y - 1
) (Mg C ha - 1
y - 1
)
A-A-A-A-Sf-Ws-C - 0.14 - 0.19 29.5 0.122 0.129 5.4 Gr - Sf - Ws 0.47 0.60 26.1 0.085 0.080 - 5.2 P - C - Sf - 0.06 - 0.10 53.7 0.091 0. 092 0.4 Ws - Sf - P - 0.11 - 0.14 22.2 0.091 0.091 0.3
Comparison of linearly additive factors for conversion of CT to NT and
removal of fallow versus factors for the combined management change
Note: A, alfalfa; Sf, summer-fallow; Ws, spring wheat; P, peas; C, canola; Gr, grain.
Source: Smith et al. (2010)
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Global Carbon Project 2013; Figure based on Kirschke et al. 2013, Nature Geoscience
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CH4
Methane is emitted where organic material decomposes without enough
oxygen Ruminants produce about 2 billion tons of carbon dioxide
equivalent per year. This is equal to about 4% of the anthropogenic
emissions of GHGs. Ruminants accounts for about 44% of the globe
anthropogenic methane emissions.
87 %
13 %
Manure
Management
Enteric
Fermentation
Anthropogenic sources of CH4 from agriculture in Canada
so so ces
National scale uncertainty in agricultural CH4 emissions was
estimated at 38 and 73% for enteric fermentation and manure
management, respectively (Karimi-Zindashty et al. 2012).
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Measuring methane emissions from livestock
62% N2O
Chambers Young 1974 Kelley et al. 1994 Amon et al. 2001
Micrometeorology - Isolated Groups of Cattle Leuning et al. 1999 Harper et al. 2000 Van Haarlem et al. 2008
Tracers Johnson et al. 1994 Lassey et al. 1997 Boadi et al. 2002
• Diet • Inventories
Modelling Dispersion
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Methodology for inverse modeling technique
bLS inverse-dispersion technique
Unknown
Flesch 2011
Measured
Boreal lasers and reflectors
Anemometer ultrasonic CH4 concentration and wind data synchronized
WindTrax model
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CH4 emissions from animals in a feedlot
Diurnal Cycle in CH4 emissions,
corresponding with feeding times
Source: Van Haarlem, Desjardins et al. (2008)
Average daily emission rate: 320 g
CH4 animal-1 d-1
The CH4 emission factor estimated
using the IPCC methodology is
approximately 240 g CH4 animal-1 d-1
EFCH4 = GEI × Ym
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Enteric
Fermentation
Manure
emission
Cattle (dairy & non dairy)
Hogs - Sheep
Goats - Horses
Cattle (dairy & non dairy) - Hogs
Sheep - Goats - Horses - Poultry
IPCC methodology - CH4 emissions
Tier 1 Tier 2
Tier 2
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CH4 emission estimates at a regional scale (2011)
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The NRC Twin Otter
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Instrumented nose boom
in-flight REA sample
collection & post-flight
REA sample analysis
using Picarro G1301
CH4 Analyzer (G2301) and real-time
display
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Location of the 7 transects flown at 150 m high
33 Kljun, N., P. Calanca, M. W. Rotach and H. P. Schmid (2004). "A Simple Parameterisation for Flux Footprint Predictions."
Boundary-Layer Meteorology 112(3): 503-523.
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Comparing Inventory-based and Measurement-
based Estimates of CH4 Emissions
Flight track
Farms
Wastewater treatment
50% of footprint
80% of footprint
99% of footprint
REA 21
EC 18
INV 15
mg CH4 m-2 d-1
30 ppb
11 km
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Continental sites with multiples years of
observations and multiple GHG tracers
Source: Chan (2015)
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Source: Chan (2015)
Use atmospheric dispersion model(s) to link
observations to GHG sources and sinks
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GHG emission estimates using inversion techniques
compared to EC National Inventory - Preliminary results
To
ns C
H4 /
0.1°
× 0
.1°
/ y
r
Source: Chan (2015)
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3. GHG emissions intensity of agricultural products
Presentation of the three calculators (Unified Lifestock Industry and Crop Emission Estimation Systems – ULICEES, Canadian Food
Carbon Footprint – (cafoo)² and Fossil Fuel for Farm Fieldwork Energy and Emissions – F4E2) and the way they interact between
each other. Verge et al. 2015
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Schematic diagram of controlling resources and activities of fossil fuel use for farm fieldwork that
affect the GHG emissions from fossil fuel on a typical farm in Canada.
Fossil Fuel for Farm Fieldwork Energy and Emissions (F4E2) Model
Dyer, J., and R.L. Desjardins. 2003. Simulated farm field work, energy consumption and related
greenhouse gas emissions in Canada. Biosystems Engineering 85(4):503-513.
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GHG emissions from energy use in Canada for agricultural purposes
Fossil fuel
consumption by
agriculture is a
source of GHG
emissions, however
these emissions are
usually allocated to
other sectors of the
economy
(transportation,
industrial processes)
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Source: Dyer et al. 2008
Agricultural Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions by
Source in Canada, 1981 and 2011
1981 2011
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Canadian Food Carbon Footprint
calculator (Cafoo)²
Unified Livestock Industry and Crop
Emissions Estimation System (ULICEES)
Two Calculators: On-Farm and Off-Farm
42
Cradle
Farm-
Gate
Processor-
Gate
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Carbon footprint calculations using ULICEES and (cafoo)2
43
“Top-down” approaches using national and provincial statistical data.
Canadian Foods Carbon Footprint
(cafoo)2
•GHG emissions from:
– Transportation from the farm to
the processor
– Electricity and Natural gas use at
processor
– Inputs of water, chemicals
– Wastewater management
– Other emissions (refrigerants)
•Allocation: economic, mass
Unified Livestock Industry and Crop
Emissions Estimation System
(ULICEES)
•GHG emissions from:
– all crops used to feed animals
– fertilizer production
– animals and manure
management
•Allocation of co-products
(e.g., oil and meal)
•Allocation of linked sectors (e.g., dairy
cattle beef)
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GHG emissions intensity for crops in Canada
Source: Dyer et al (2010)
On an area basis, crops that are heavily fertilizer (e.g. corn) tend to have a
high carbon footprint, where as crops that can fix nitrogen and are not fertilized
(e.g. soybean and alfalfa) tend to have a small carbon footprint.
On a dry matter production basis, the heavily fertilized crops do not have the
highest carbon footprint, as they are also highly productive crops.
Dyer, J.A., et al. 2010
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“Crop Complex”: Linking Livestock and Crops
• A central concept in the model.
• Uses animal diets on a regional basis (from periodic surveys).
• Determines hectares of crop, pasture, and rangeland for feed.
N2O
CO2
CH4
CO2
“Crop Complex”
Crops (tonnes/yr)
Wheat 0.5
Oats 3.8
Barley 13.5
Corn 0
Dry peas 0.2
Soybean 0.2
Canola 0.2
Straw-Silage Census Pasture
Alberta Beef cattle (2001)
45
Herd
Size
Animal Diet Crop
Yields
+ +
Crop
Emission
Factors
Animal Emission
Factors
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46
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Dairy Beef PorkGH
G e
mis
sio
ns
pe
r k
ilo
gra
m o
f m
ilk
or
liv
e w
eig
ht
pro
du
ce
d
1981 1986 1991
1996 2001 2006
GHG Emissions Intensity in Canada
Improved breeds, adoption of BMPs such as no-tillage and increased
feeding of leguminous crops have led to a reduction in emissions intensity
dairy, beef and pork production in Canada.
-25 %
-56 %
-56 %
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GHG emissions intensity: kg CO2e / kg of protein
47
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Beef Milk Pork Broilers Eggs
GH
G F
oo
tpri
nt
for
an
imal
pro
tein
so
urc
es
(k
g C
O2e
kg
pro
tein
-1)
2006 data
Dyer, J.A., X.P.C. Vergé, R.L. Desjardins and D.E. Worth. 2010.
The protein-based GHG emission intensity for livestock products
in Canada. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 34(6):618-629.
Doi:10.1080/10440046.2010.493376.
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More food for less GHG emissions
This decrease in emissions intensity has been possible through the breeding
of higher yielding and more productive animals, improved crop production,
feeding of leguminous crops, and the adoption of improved land management
practices. Due to a drastic industrialization GHG emission intensities have
decreased enormously during the last 25 years.
Many of these gains in productivity have not yet been
achieved in the developing world, where significant
increases in productivity and decreases in GHG
emissions intensity can be achieved.
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49
An estimate of the carbon footprint of milk
production in Canada
Crop
production
Milk
production Processing Packaging Transport/
distribution Retail
GH
G E
mis
sio
ns (
Mt
CO
2e)
All emissions, CO2 (estimated)
Electricity, CO2
Manure management, CH4 + N2O
Enteric fermentation, CH4
Fuel use, CO2
Fertilizer supply, CO2
Soil, N2O Crop and milk production represent
about 80% of total emissions
It is now pretty clear that big food company (General Mills, etc.) are
now in the camp of believers that climate change is real and a threat
to business. Substantial reduction in GHG emissions are promised
but most companies have no idea how to achieve these reductions.
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50 Warming Cooling
Greenhouse gases
Biogeochemical
impact
Land-use change
Biogeophysical
impact
Source: IPCC (2007)
4. Total radiative forcing also includes change in albedo
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51
How can we assess the impact of agricultural
land management on biophysical forcing?
1. Identify fields with known crop type and management, estimate annual
albedo from satellite imagery and scale up to national scale using
crop/management distribution
Canada
Spring wheat, no till
Barley, min till
Summerfallow
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Anticipated results: Albedo for corn under
conventional and no-tillage in eastern Canada
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Cro
p A
lbe
do
(%
)
Corn CT
Corn NT
Difference
Desjardins et al. 2016 Impact of management
practices on radiative forcing.(to be submitted)
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Anticipated results: Albedo for corn under
conventional and no-tillage in eastern Canada
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
So
lar
Rad
iati
on
(W
m-2
)
Incoming solar radiation
Corn CT reflected solar radiation
Corn NT reflected solar radiation
Average annual difference in radiative forcing
4 Wm-2
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Agricultural Practice Biogeophysical
effect
Biogeochemical
effect
Net Effect
Reduced tillage − − − − −
Afforestation + + + − − +
Deforestation − −
Plant forage crops − − − − −
Irrigation − − + −
Biochar + − − −
Leaf albedo bio-
geoengineering
− − − −
Biofuel − − + −
Reduce meat consumption − − − − − −
Reduced fallow − − − − − −
Plant fall crops − − − −
Leave long stubble for
snow trapping
− − − −
Biophysical and Biochemical Forcing of
Agricultural Management Practice
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55
Summary
•The agriculture sector accounts for 10 -30% of the total national GHG emissions
•. Enclosures, tower-based systems and models have been very useful to quantify
nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane emissions as a function of management
practices
•The inverse modeling technique is very useful to quantify methane emissions from point
sources such as manure storage and /or animals in a feedlot or in a barn
•The combination of aircraft- based flux measurements of nitrous oxide and models
provided an independent estimate of indirect nitrous oxide emissions
•Aircraft-based flux measurements of methane emissions provides a verification of
methane inventory at the regional scale. Use of inversion techniques for quantifying
regional methane emission estimates is providing interesting results but unlikely to
provide emission estimates by sector
•Presented estimates of the C footprint / emission intensity (GHG/unit protein) of
agricultural products
•Big food suppliers are announcing goals to reduce GHG emissions from farm to fork to
landfill. Example: General Mills just announced its reduction goal of 28% within 10 years
but the food industry is a very complex system because of the 7 billion players .
•In order to minimize the impact of agriculture on climate change, the impact of a change
in albedo needs to be considered because of its importance in radiative forcing.
.
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Potential recommendations to WMO
•To promote an “integrated system approach” toward environmental and societal
impacts of mitigation strategies that incorporates all geophysical and biochemical
processes. This would include linkages between:
– crop and animal productions, including e.g. manure digestion to produce
biogas
– integrated (CO2 equivalent) GHG emissions
– land-use change (albedo, etc) and GHG production/absorption
– model verification through measurement programs
– achievement of the “best estimate” of a GHG inventory or a mitigation strategy
by judicious integration of models and measurement.
• to continue to promote the synergism between CAgM and CAS. CAgM scientists
have excellent experience in flux measurements (data sets) and crop modelling and
CAS scientists have excellent experience in concentration measurements (data sets)
and atmospheric transport models.
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Thank you very much for your attention