ghg emissions in japan - envadditional materials provide more details about the ghg emissions in...

30 31

Annual Reporton the Environment

in Japan 2020

7.9%

40.1% 25.0% 17.8% 5.6% 4.6%4.1%

0.3%

35.0% 18.5% 17.2% 14.6% 4.1%2.5%

2.5%

0.3%

CO291.7%

NF3 0.02%

SF6 0.2%

PFCs 0.3%

HFCs 3.8%

N2O 1.6%

CH4 2.4%

0

100

200

300

400

600

500

(mil. t-CO2)

(FY)

CO2

emis

sion

s am

ount

220 196 (11.1% decrease)238 196 {17.6% decrease}

166 166 (2.8% increase)166 166 {20.3% decrease} 98 89 (8.8% decrease)

103 89 {13.0% decrease}

Figures in parentheses show change {%} from FY 2013

Figures in parentheses show change (%) from FY 2005

20102005200019951990

Globally, fossil fuel combustion produces massive amounts of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, particularly CO2, which accounts for approximately 92% of Japan’s total greenhouse gas emissions in FY 2018.

�e sector with the largest CO2 emissions in indirect emissions in FY 2018 was industries sector, accounting for approximately 35.0% of Japan’s total.

Breakdown of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Japan (FY2018) Breakdown of CO2 Emissions by Sector

Energy originated CO2 Emissions by Sector (Indirect Emissions)

Directemissions

Indirectemissions

Industries sector(Plant, etc.)(Power Plant etc.)

Energy Industries sector Transport sector(Automobiles etc.)

Residential sector

Others(Leakage from fuel etc.)

Waste(Incineration of plastic and waste oil)

Commercial and other sectors(Commerce, Services and O�ces etc.)

Industrial Processes and Products Use(Consumption of limestone etc.)Total CO2 Emissions FY2018

1,138million tonnes

2015

(Commerce, Services and O�ces etc.) (Power Plant etc.)Commercial and other sectors Residential sector Energy Industries sector

Source: Ministry of the Environment



Gre

enho

use

gas

emis

sion

s

(mil. t-CO2 equivalent)

1400

1500

1000

1100

1200

1300

0

Japan’s total greenhouse gas emissions in FY 2018 were equivalent to approximately 1,240 million tonnes of CO2, a 3.9% drop from the previous year. �is was due to the decrease in energy consumption through energy conservation, and the increase in the share of non-fossil fuels within the domestic energy supply.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Japan


1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 (FY)

244 210 (13.8% decrease)224 210 {6.2% decrease}

(Automobiles etc.)Transport sector

467 398 (14.9% decrease)463 398{14.0% decrease}

Plotting energy originated CO2 emissions by sector reveals that emissions in every sector decreased from FY 2013.

Industries sector(Plant etc.)

1,240 million tonnes

Total greenhouse gasemissions (FY2018):

CO2 equivalent

NF3SF6PFCsHFCsN2OCH4CO2

GHG Emissions in JapanAdditional materials provide more details about the GHG Emissions in Japan.

Additional materials from the 2020 Annual Report on the Environment

32 33

Extinct [EX]: Species that are likely to already be extinct / Extinct in the Wild [EW]: Species that exist only in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its natural habitat / Endangered Class I (Critically Endangered + Endangered) [CR+EN]: Species that are threatened to extinction / Endangered Class I A (Critically Endangered) [CR]: Species that are facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future / Endangered Class I B (Endangered) [EN]: Species that are facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future / Endangered Class II (Vulnerable) [VU]: Species with and increasing risk of extinction / Near Threatened [NT]: Species that are not currently endangered, but may possibly qualify for “endangered” status with changes in their habitat conditions / Data Deficient [DD]: Species with data insu�cient for adequate evaluation / Endangered Local Population [LP]: Species with a population isolated regionally, and face a high risk of extinction


*: In FY 2016, estimated number in Hokkaido was approx. 450,000, and number culled was approx. 120,000 (Hokkaido data).


2.0

1989 2002 2017 (Year)

4.0

1.0

0

3.0

Pop

ulat

ion

450 thousand(Number culled in FY2017)

90% confidence interval

50% confidence interval

Median

Approximately

2.20 million(Lower limit of 50% confidence level)

Approximately

2.44 million (Median)

Approximately

2.73 million(Upper limit of 50% confidence interval)

Approximately

(milion)

Range of distribution of Sika deer

Range of distribution in 1978

Expanded range of distribution by 2014

Extinctin

the Wild

Extinct

Mammals

Faun

aFl

ora

34(33)

25(24)9(9)

13(12)12(12)

7(7)

160

(160)0

(0)

15(15)

Approx. 700(Approx. 700)

0(0)

0(0)

100(100)

0(0)

0(0)

91(76)

0(0)

3(3)

Approx. 400

(Approx. 400)1

(1)

4(4)

Approx. 32,000

(Approx. 32,000)

0(0)

19(19)

Approx. 3,200(Approx. 3,200)

0(0)

1(0)

Approx. 5,300(Approx. 5,300)

0(0)

49(48)

1(1)

17(18)

5(5)

63(63)

22(21)

17(17)

152(151)

17(17)

3(4)

57(58)

19(22)

1(1)

67(52)

35

(35)

37

(37)

245

(245)

351

(350)

153

(153)

875

(870)

440(445)

89(89)

1177(1169)

42(42)

44(44)

152(151)

943(950)

349(350)

2787(2759)

Threatened Species

EndangeredClass II

NearThreatened

Class IA Class IB

Endangered Class I

CR EN VU NT DDEX EW

DataDeficient

Total of listed

species

EndangeredLocal

PopulationTaxonSpeciesTargeted

forEvaluation

LP

Birds

98(98)

55(55)43(43)

31(31)24(24)

Reptiles37(37)

14(14)23(23)

9(9)5(5)

Amphibians47(29)

25(17)22(12)

20(13)5(4)

28(16)39(33)

2(2)0(0)

Brackish water and freshwater fish

169(169)

125(125)44(44)

54(54)71(71)

Insects

Shellfish

Other invertebrates

Subtotal of Fauna

367(363)

182(177)185(186)

328(328)

43(43)

697(688)

107(106)75(71)

629(616)

301(288)

28(28)

Approx. 7,000

(Approx. 7,000)

11(11)

0(0)

Approx. 1,800

(Approx. 1,800)0

(0)

297

(297)

37

(37)

2163

(2159)

21(21)

21(21)

282(283)

Vascular plants

Bryophytes

1790(1786)

1049(1045)741(741)

103(103)

520(520)529(525)240(241)

137(138)

4(4)

Approx. 3,000

(Approx. 3,000)1

(1)41

(41)40

(40)202

(202)Algae

21(21)

116(116)

95(95)

4(4)

Approx. 1,600

(Approx. 1,600)0

(0)41

(41)46

(46)154

(152)Lichens

20(20)

63(61)

43(41)

25(26)

Approx. 3,000

(Approx. 3,000)1

(1)21

(21)51

(50)159

(160)Fungi

24(23)

61(62)

37(39)

61(62)

13(13)

421(421)

195(194)

2961(2956)

Subtotal of Flora909(908)

2270(2266)

1361(1358)

110(110)

14(14)

1364(1371)

544(544)

5748(5715)

26(23)

2(2)

5(5)

0(0)

15

(15)

2

(2)

13(13)

0(0)

63(60)

0

(0)

0(0)

0(0)

0(0)

0(0)

0(0)

63(60)

Total of thirteen taxonomic groups1606(1596)

3716(3676)

2110(2080)

65(65)22(22)

1446(1410)

749(722)

(Reported in March 2020)

* Numerals within parentheses indicate the respective numbers of species (including subspecies, variety (only for flora) and form (only for algae and fungi)) from the Red List 2019. The numbers in the LP column are the numbers of local population. ** The number of species excluding those that cannot be evaluated by the naked eye.

The categories are considered as follows:

By implementation of various approaches, the number of capturing of sika deer increases, and the estimated number of individuals tends to decrease.

Growing Range of Sika Deer

Estimated Number of Sika Deer in Japan (excluding Hokkaido prefecture*)

While certain �ora and fauna are endangered, there are also issues with other species, such as Sika deer and wild boar, that are rapidly expanding their range of habitat and growing their populations. Such species are causing increasing damage, resulting in an increasingly serious situation for the agricultural, forestry, and �shery industries. For example, the habitat range of Sika deer expanded approx. 2.5 fold from 1978 to 2014.

With an increasing number of species being put on the Red List, which publicizes threatened species, it is clear that the circumstances of wild fauna and �ora in Japan continue to be severe.

Source: Red List 2020 by the Ministry of the Environment

Threatened Species in Japan

BiodiversityAdditional materials provide more details about biodiversity in Japan.


in Japan 2020


34 35

(mil. tonnes)

*1 Water content: water contents of wastes (sludge, livestock waste, night soil, waste acid, waste alkali) and sediments dumped in association with the process of economic activities (sludge in mining, construction and in waterworks as well as slag)

Export (120)

Compost(16)

Final disposal(56)

Imported products (48)

Net additions to stock(1,071)

Food consumption (97)

Reduction (241)

Recycled amount (213)

Natural return (85)

Energy consumption andindustrial process emissions

(535)

Import(796)

Importedresources

(748)

Input ofnatural resources

(1,921)

Domesticresources

(1,125)

Waste generation(595)Water content etc. *1

(299)

Total material input(2,134)

In order to establish a sound material-cycle society, it is necessary to comprehend material �ows (or substance �ows) to understand the extent of material extraction, consumption, and disposal in Japan. Japan uses material �ows to determine targets for the four indicators of resource productivity, cyclical use rate(resource base), cyclical use rate(waste base), and �nal disposal amount.

Material Flow in Japan

FY2017FY2000 (for reference)

Total generated waste and waste generated per person per day are declining year by year.

Total Volume of Waste Generation and Waste Volume Per Person Per Day

Final disposal amount of waste and �nal disposal amount per person per day are trending downwards.

Final Disposal Amount and Final Disposal Amount Per Person

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

6,000

(ten thousand tons/year)

Tota

l vol

ume

of w

aste

gen

erat

ed

Volume of w

aste generated per person per day

(g/person-day)

5,500

900

1,000

1,100

1,200

1,300

1,400

1,500

4,272

918

1987 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 (FY)0

300

600

900

1,200

1,500

1,800

2,100

(ten thousand tons) (g/person-day)

Final disposal amount per person per day

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

2003 2004 2005

732

2006

681

2007

635

2008 2009 2010

484

2011

482

2012

465

2013 20152014

417430454

(FY)

44

340

Final disposal amount after intermediate treatmentDirect final disposal amount

The final disposal volume per person per day

The final disposal volume per person per day(Includes non-Japanese citizens from FY 2012 onwards)

Fina

l dis

posa

l am

ount

845 809

553 507

20172016 2018

386398 384

Source: Ministry of the Environment Source: Ministry of the Environment

(mil. tonnes)

Imported products (64)

Export (182)

Food consumption (86)

Reduction (222)

Recycled amount (237)

Final disposal(14)

Natural return (76)

Energy consumption andindustrial process emissions

(510)

Import(771)

Input ofnatural resources

(1,353)

Water content etc. *1

(259)

Importedresources

(707)

Domesticresources

(582)

Net additions to stock(506)

Waste generation(548)

Total material input(1,590)

Compost(17)


Total volume of waste generatedVolume of waste generated per person per day

8482

Sound material-cycle societyAdditional materials provide more information about current e�orts to form a sound material-cycle society.


in Japan 2020


36 37

01975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 (FY)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Ach

ieve

men

t rat

e

Oxi

dant

den

sity

2015

100

(%)

Total

Rivers

Lakes

Sea areas

2001 2014201320122011201020092008200720062005200420032002 2015 2016(FY)

(FY)

2017 2018

Total

Sewerage system

Johkasou

Agricultural drainage facilities, etc.

100

(%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

54.3

94.6

91.4

79.3

2.7

9.3






In FY2018, the rate of compliance with ambient air quality standards for �ne particulate matter (PM 2.5) was 93.5% for ambient air pollution monitoring stations and 93.1% for roadside air pollution monitoring stations throughout Japan. �e annual average was 11.2 µg/m³ for ambient air pollution monitoring stations and 12.0 µg/m³ for roadside air pollution monitoring stations. By region, the rate of compliance with environmental standards remains lower in mainly urban areas of the Kanto and Kansai regions, in parts of the Chugoku and Shikoku regions that face the Inland Sea, and in Kyushu.

Fine particulate matter

Photochemical oxidant densities (the highest value within a region of the 3-year average of the 99th percentile values of highest 8-hour daily values) had been tending to decline since around FY2006 to FY2008, but in recent years they have tended to be almost �at.

Photochemical oxidants

An overall level of 89.6% has been achieved for the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) environmental standards relating to the maintenance of living environments. BOD and COD are leading indicators of water quality in respect of organic pollution.

Achievement of Environmental Standards (BOD or COD)

�e population coverage of wastewater treatment systems in Japan is 91.4%. Wastewater treatment facilities are being installed to cover the population not yet served by the wastewater treatment systems.

Coverage of Population Served by Wastewater Treatment System

89.6

79.2No. of vaild stations

No. of vaild stations compliant with ambient air quality standards

Fiscal year 2018

818

232

765

93.5%

216

93.1%

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

492 672 765 785 814

181 198 219 223 224

79 254 570 696 732

16.1% 37.8% 74.5% 88.7% 89.9%

24 51 128 197 193

13.3% 25.8% 58.4% 88.3% 86.2%

Kanto region Tokai region Hanshin region Fukuoka / Yamaguchi region

Additional materials provide more information about atmospheric and water environments.


in Japan 2020

21～30 µg/m³ or less18～21 µg/m³ or less15～18 µg/m³ or less12～15 µg/m³ or less10～12 µg/m³ or less

AmbientRoadside

0～10 µg/m³ or less

Ambient

Roadside

Ambient

Roadside

140

120

100

80

60

(ppb)

1990

- 199

2

1991

- 199

3

1992

- 199

4

1993

- 199

5

1994

- 199

6

1995

- 199

7

1996

- 199

8

1997

- 199

9

1998

- 200

0

1999

- 200

1

2000

- 200

2

2001

- 200

3

2002

- 200

4

2003

- 200

5

2004

- 200

6

2005

- 200

7

2006

- 200

8

2007

- 200

9

2008

- 201

0

2009

- 201

1

2010

- 201

2

2011

- 201

3

2012

- 201

4

2013

- 201

5

2015

- 201

7

2016

- 201

8

2014

- 201

6

Atmospheric and water environmentsAdditional materials from the 2020 Annual Report on the Environment

38 39

0 50 100(thousand tonnes/year)

Toluene

Xylene

Ethylbenzene

Polyoxyethylenealkyl ether

n-hexane

Dichloromethane (DCM)Methylene chloride

Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonic acidand its salts

D-D

Benzene

0.11

Chloropicrin

The Total Amount ofReported Releases and

Estimated Releases

From mobile sources

16%

Reported Releasesby industry

40%From households

11%

From industries notsubject to reporting

20%

Fromindustriessubject toreporting

12%Estimated Releases

60%


40%

369,000 t/year

JECS is a large-scale, long-term prospective cohort study to examine the impact of the exposure to chemical substances during pregnancy and childhood on children’s health.

- Policy development to provide parents with the safe and secure child-raising environment- Development of better strategies for chemical risk assessment and management that considers children’s vulnerability

Expectedoutcomes

Study protocols

Organization

Ministry of the Environment (MOE)Considers environmental policies incorporating results of the study, and

conducts coordination with other ministries as well as on an international level.

Programme O�ce(National Institute for Environmental Studies)

Leads the study, manages the collected data and bio-specimens,and conducts exposure analysis

Accreditation from the MOE (April 2010)[1] Hokkaido [2] Miyagi [3] Fukushima [4] Chiba [5] Kanagawa [6] Koshin [7] Toyama [8] Aichi [9] Kyoto [10] Osaka [11] Hyogo [12] Tottori [13] Kochi [14] Fukuoka [15] South-Kyushu / Okinawa

Regional Centers(15 universities and institutes)

Recruit participants and conduct follow-up study(in cooperation with local health care providers)

Medical Support Center(National Centre for Child Health and Development)

Provides medical expertise

Chemical analysis on bio-specimensLong-term storage of bio-specimens

Multivariate analysis of the environmentalfactors on children’s health includinghereditary, lifestyle, and social factors

Identification of the impact ofenvironmental factors on children’s health

- Questionnaire- Collection of maternal blood, urine, and hair samples as well as paternal blood samples

Pregnancy

At birth

One month old

Until 13th birthday

Follow-up completes in 2027 / Study concludes in 2032

FY 2010:Recruitment

(3 years)

Follow-upperiod

(13 years)

March 2014:January 2011:

- Health check of the babies- Collection of cord blood samples

- Physician’s examination and questionnaire- Collection of breast milk and babies’ hair samples

- Physician’s examination and questionnaire- Collection of children’s bio-specimens

Establishment of national and regional organizations and formulation of research protocolsStart of recruitment period (100,000 pregnant women)

Completion of the recruitment

Reported releases

Estimated releases

In March 2020, the government compiled data reported from businesses concerned on release and transfer of chemical substances complying with the Act on Con�rmation, etc. of Release Amounts of Speci�c Chemical Substances in the Environment and Promotion of Improvements to the Management �ereof (PRTR Law). Releases that were not subject to reporting were estimated.

Breakdown of Reported Releases by Industry and Estimated Releases of Chemical Substances in FY 2018

Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Ministry of the Environment

Top 10 Chemicals with High-volume of Reported Releases and Estimated Releases(FY 2018)


�e Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS), a large-scale, long-term national birth cohort study involving 100,000 mother-child pairs, was launched in FY 2010. �e Sub-cohort study, which includes home visits for environ-mental measurements, medical examinations and children’s bio-specimen collection, began in November 2014, involving 5,000 participants selected from the Main Study.

The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)

The reported releases are from the business entities categorized as subjected to reporting. Releases are estimated for businesses that do not meet the reporting requirements, such as number of employees, annual handling quantity, etc., and are exempted from reporting.

Notes:


50 43 93

25 38 64

15 14 29

21 21

0.005

9 9

0.0138.9 8.9

0.626.6 7.2

0.0026.9 6.9

7.211 18

10 2 12

Environmental risks of chemical substancesThe following data provides information on action regarding chemical substance emissions into the environment and initiatives for children’s environmental health.

Cover: Bandai-Asahi National Park

Published by Ministry of the EnvironmentEnvironmental Strategy DivisionMinister’s Secretariat

Annual Report on the Environment,the Sound Material-Cycle Society and Biodiversityin Japan 2020

Copyright©2020 Ministry of the Environment, Japan. All rights reserved.

Published in December 2020

[email protected]/en/

In terms of land area, Bandai-Asahi National Park is the second largest National Park in Japan. With its richly varied tapestry of natural beauty, including heavily wooded mountains, impressive volcanic areas, and lakes and marshes �lled with abundant water, as well as the traditions of mountain worship carried on from generation to generation, the park is full of charm. In the area of the colorful Goshiki-numa ponds, a 4 km nature trail allows visitors to enjoy more than 10 ponds and marshes, whose colors vary depending on the weather and the time of day, making this a place that people love to visit again and again.


in Japan 2020


Hemerocallis dumortiei

38 39

0 50 100(thousand tonnes/year)

Toluene

Xylene

Ethylbenzene

Polyoxyethylenealkyl ether

n-hexane

Dichloromethane (DCM)Methylene chloride

Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonic acidand its salts

D-D

Benzene

0.11

Chloropicrin

The Total Amount ofReported Releases and

Estimated Releases

From mobile sources

16%


40%From households

11%

From industries notsubject to reporting

20%

Fromindustriessubject toreporting

12%Estimated Releases

60%


40%

369,000 t/year

JECS is a large-scale, long-term prospective cohort study to examine the impact of the exposure to chemical substances during pregnancy and childhood on children’s health.

- Policy development to provide parents with the safe and secure child-raising environment- Development of better strategies for chemical risk assessment and management that considers children’s vulnerability

Expectedoutcomes

Study protocols

Organization

Ministry of the Environment (MOE)Considers environmental policies incorporating results of the study, and

conducts coordination with other ministries as well as on an international level.

Programme O�ce(National Institute for Environmental Studies)

Leads the study, manages the collected data and bio-specimens,and conducts exposure analysis

Accreditation from the MOE (April 2010)[1] Hokkaido [2] Miyagi [3] Fukushima [4] Chiba [5] Kanagawa [6] Koshin [7] Toyama [8] Aichi [9] Kyoto [10] Osaka [11] Hyogo [12] Tottori [13] Kochi [14] Fukuoka [15] South-Kyushu / Okinawa

Regional Centers(15 universities and institutes)

Recruit participants and conduct follow-up study(in cooperation with local health care providers)

Medical Support Center(National Centre for Child Health and Development)

Provides medical expertise

Chemical analysis on bio-specimensLong-term storage of bio-specimens

Multivariate analysis of the environmentalfactors on children’s health includinghereditary, lifestyle, and social factors

Identification of the impact ofenvironmental factors on children’s health

- Questionnaire- Collection of maternal blood, urine, and hair samples as well as paternal blood samples

Pregnancy

At birth

One month old

Until 13th birthday

Follow-up completes in 2027 / Study concludes in 2032

FY 2010:Recruitment

(3 years)

Follow-upperiod

(13 years)

March 2014:January 2011:

- Health check of the babies- Collection of cord blood samples

- Physician’s examination and questionnaire- Collection of breast milk and babies’ hair samples

- Physician’s examination and questionnaire- Collection of children’s bio-specimens

Establishment of national and regional organizations and formulation of research protocolsStart of recruitment period (100,000 pregnant women)

Completion of the recruitment

Reported releases

Estimated releases

In March 2020, the government compiled data reported from businesses concerned on release and transfer of chemical substances complying with the Act on Con�rmation, etc. of Release Amounts of Speci�c Chemical Substances in the Environment and Promotion of Improvements to the Management �ereof (PRTR Law). Releases that were not subject to reporting were estimated.

Breakdown of Reported Releases by Industry and Estimated Releases of Chemical Substances in FY 2018


Top 10 Chemicals with High-volume of Reported Releases and Estimated Releases(FY 2018)


�e Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS), a large-scale, long-term national birth cohort study involving 100,000 mother-child pairs, was launched in FY 2010. �e Sub-cohort study, which includes home visits for environ-mental measurements, medical examinations and children’s bio-specimen collection, began in November 2014, involving 5,000 participants selected from the Main Study.

The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)

The reported releases are from the business entities categorized as subjected to reporting. Releases are estimated for businesses that do not meet the reporting requirements, such as number of employees, annual handling quantity, etc., and are exempted from reporting.

Notes:


50 43 93

25 38 64

15 14 29

21 21

0.005

9 9

0.013

8.9 8.9

0.62

6.6 7.2

0.002

6.9 6.9

7.211 18

10 2 12

Environmental risks of chemical substancesThe following data provides information on action regarding chemical substance emissions into the environment and initiatives for children’s environmental health.

Cover: Bandai-Asahi National Park

Published by Ministry of the EnvironmentEnvironmental Strategy DivisionMinister’s Secretariat

Annual Report on the Environment,the Sound Material-Cycle Society and Biodiversityin Japan 2020

Copyright©2020 Ministry of the Environment, Japan. All rights reserved.

Published in December 2020

[email protected]/en/

In terms of land area, Bandai-Asahi National Park is the second largest National Park in Japan. With its richly varied tapestry of natural beauty, including heavily wooded mountains, impressive volcanic areas, and lakes and marshes �lled with abundant water, as well as the traditions of mountain worship carried on from generation to generation, the park is full of charm. In the area of the colorful Goshiki-numa ponds, a 4 km nature trail allows visitors to enjoy more than 10 ponds and marshes, whose colors vary depending on the weather and the time of day, making this a place that people love to visit again and again.


in Japan 2020


Hemerocallis dumortiei

ghg emissions in japan - envadditional materials provide more details about the ghg emissions in...

Documents