giao thông đô thị và chuyên đề đường

7/30/2019 Giao thng th v chuyn ng

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AI HOC A NNGTRNG AI HOC BACH KHOAKHOA XY DNG CU - NG

----- & -----

BAI GIA NG:

TS PHAN CAO THO

a Nng, 12/2005

GIAO THNG THVA CHUYN NG

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TS Phan Cao Th B mnng t -ng thnh phHBK Nng

Giao thng th& chuyn ng Trang 2/ 100

MC LC

Trang

Chng 1: GIAO THNG TH V MNG LI NG PH ...............................4

1.2 Mng li ng ph .........................................................................................6

1.3 Chc nng ng ph v phn loi ....................................................................9

1.4 iu tra d bo nhu cu GTVT ng ph.......................................................15

Chng 2: THIT K MT CT NGANG, BNH V TRC DC NG PH17

2.1 Cu to MCN v chc nng cc yu t MCN ng th. ............................. 17

2.2 Kh nng thng hnh v mc phc v.........................................................24

2.3 Nguyn tc v trnh t thit k mt ct ngang ng th..............................30

2.4 Thit k bnh ................................................................................................ 33

2.5 Thit k trc dc............................................................................................... 35

Chng 3: THIT K QUY HOCH THOT NC V QUY HOCH MT NGNG PH ....................................................................................................................36

3.1 H thng thot nc th. .............................................................................. 36

3.2 Cc cng trnh cu thnh h thng thot nc ng th. ............................ 37

3.3 Cc nguyn tc chung thit k thot nc v t ng ng thot nc ma...43

3.4 Phng php tnh ton thot nc ma, nc thi............................................45

3.5 Thit k chiu ng ng ph ........................................................................ 463.6 Thit k chiu ng nt giao thng................................................................... 49

Chng 4: THIT K NT GIAO THNG......................................................................53

4.1 Phn loi v phm vi p dng...........................................................................53

4.2 Yu cu v nguyn tc cbn khi thit k nt giao thng ................................56

4.3 Trnh t quy hoch v thit k nt giao thng................................................... 59

4.4 Nguyn tc knh ho v phn lung .................................................................59



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4.5 Mt s cu to ca nt giao thng .................................................................... 62

4.6 Hng dn thit k mt s nt giao cng mc.................................................. 65

4.7 Tnh ton kh nng thng hnh ca nt. ...........................................................66

4.8 Nt giao thng hnh xuyn ............................................................................... 66

4.9 Nt giao thng c n tn hiu..........................................................................70

4.10 Nt giao thng khc mc................................................................................77

4.11 Thit k nhnh ni .......................................................................................... 83

Chng 5: THIT K T CHC GIAO THNG V AN TON GIAO THNG...........87

5.1 Mt s khi nim.............................................................................................. 87

5.2 Mt s gii php TCGT.................................................................................... 88

5.3 Phng php thng k phn tch tai nn giao thng (TNGT)............................ 90

Chng 6: CNG TRNH K THUT PHC V GIAO THNG TH....................93

6.1 Bi xe .......................................................................................................... 93

6.2 im dng xe cng cng..................................................................................96

6.3 Thit k chiu sng phc v giao thng............................................................ 97

6.4 Trng cy ng th .................................................................................... 99

Ti liu tham kho:...........................................................................................................100



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Chng 1: GIAO THNG TH V MNG LING PH

1.1 Mt s khi nim1.1.1 th (Urban):

1.1.1.1: nh ngha- th l trung tm a ngnh, a chc nng ca mt vng lnh th ca t nc, ca

tnh, thnh ca qun, huyn... th l mt qun thdn csinh sng c trao i lm n, bun bn, sinh hot vn

ha tinh thn nhng khng lm nng nghip.- Qu trnh pht trin:1. th x hi n l: C Ai Cp, Lng H, La m, Hy lp2. th x hi Phong kin: Th k XV - XVI (phc hng) in Vecxay Qung trng

Lui XIV. Vit Nam th c nht l thnh C Loa, Trung tm vn ha chnh tr nc uLc.

3. th hin i: u v gia th k 18 l Athen, Roma, Thng Hi, Newook,Wasington, London, Pari, Tokyo, Hanoi... Chui th, chm th: Boston-Newook-Philadenfia-Battimo-Wasington, Tokyo-Nagoaya - Kyoto-Asaka-Kobe

Vit Nam thc phn cp theo quyt nh s 171/CP nm 2001, th gm 6loi:

- Loi c bit ln: 2 th (H Ni v TP H Ch Minh)- Loi I: th cp Trung ng, quy m dn s trn 1 triu dn- Loi II: Cc th c dn s t 350.000 n 1.000.000 dn- Loi III: Cc th c dn s t 100.000 n 350.000 dn.- Loi IV: Cc th c quy m dn s t 30.000 n 100.000 dn l cc tnh l v thx thuc tnh- Loi V: Cc th c quy m dn s t 4.000 n 30.000 dn l cc th x nh vcc huyn l, th trn cn li.

1.1.1.2 Qui hoch th:( Planning of urban)Cng tc Qui hoch mng li ng th (QHMLT)c lin quan mt thit vi

cng tc qui hoch th (QHT), c tin hnh ng thi vi QH T.Mc tiu cbn ca cng tc QHT:

T chc sn xut: Phn b v gii quyt mi tng quan gia cc khu vc sn xutcng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng vn ti (GTVT), kho tng, bn bi...

T chc i sng: n, , sinh hot tinh thnT chc ngh thut khng gian kin trc: B cc khng gian, ngh thut, kin trc

ton thnh (m bo hnh thc cng trnh ph hp ni dung s dng, phong cch phi hini - dn tc, tit kim qu t, ph hp c im thin nhin phong tc tp qun aphng, gi gn v bo v mi trng).

Nguyn tc cbn trong cng tc QHT1 Phc vng li chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc.2 Kt hp cht ch QH nng thn, pht trin cn i thnh th - nng thn - ng bng -

min ni - min bin.3 Trit khai thc qut v iu kin t nhin.4 Bo v mi trng trong mi gii php thit k, thi cng.



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5 ng dng tin b KHKT hin i nhng phi ph hp iu kin thc t VN6 Nn phn ku t7 Nn ch phc hi ci to th hin c, bo tn di tch...8 Phi ly cc tiu chun, qui trnh, qui phm k thut hin hnh ca Nh nc nh

gi thm nh n QHT.c im cbn ca QHT: QHT c ni dung rng v phc tp lin quan cht ch

n: Chnh tr - Kinh t x hi - Khoa hc k thut - Vn ha ngh thut - Lch s.1. QHT c tnh chnh sch: nh hng pht trin ca cc th trong s pht trin

chung ca t nc (th mnh pht trin kinh t x hi, an ninh quc phng...)2. QHT c tnh tng hp: Lch s s dng t; nh hng u t ngn hn, trung hn

v di hn t (30 - 50)nm; v tr c th cc hng mc cng trnh; quan h KHOA HC KTHUT - KHOA HC X HI - TP QUN - TRUYN THNG - LCH S- A L- MI TRNG.

3. QHT c tnh a phng v tnh k tha4.QHT c tnh don v cng (Gest and dynamic)Cc giai on QHT1. Qui hoch vng - lnh th: Kinh t trng im (3 vng), B Sng Hng, B Sng

Cu long2. Qui hoch chung: (Tin kh thi - Prefeasibility)3. Qui hoch chi tit: (Kh thi - feasibility)4. Thit k xy dng:

1.1.2 Giao thng th (Urban Roads):

1.1.2.1 Giao thng ( Traffic - circulation):

Khi nim

Giao thng l s lin h, i li, vn chuyn, truyn thng tin t ni ny sang ni khc.Si li, vn chuyn c th thc hin theo cc hnh thc giao thng khc nhau: ngst, ng thu, hng khng, ng b...

Giao thng ng b nghin cu tng hp cc c trng ca phng tin v ngi i b,ch yu l phng tin ng b (xe t, xe gn my, xe p...)

Vai tr, chc nng, v yu cu

Vai tr:- Giao thng th l iu kin tin quyt pht trin th.- L thc o trnh pht trin ca mt quc gia, ca mt x hi.

- Giao thng chim mt v tr quan trng trong kt cu h tng k thut ca th.Chc nng:- Chc nng giao thng: lin h, vn chuyn, i li, trao i thng tin gia cc khuvc, vng, min, cc th vi nhau...

c im ca ng th:ng trong th c nhiu chc nng khc nhau nn ng th c nhiu b phn,

cu to khc vi ng t thng thng.- Giao thng: lu lng v mt cao => kch thc v quy m ln hn.- Mt mng li (t l gia din tch dnh cho ng v din tch ca th)

ng cao.- Cc ng giao nhau nhiu (do mt li ng dy c), tc dng xe gim,kh nng thng xe gim.



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- Giao thng phc tp: trong mt th c nhiu cp hng khc nhau, nhiu loing vi quy m khc nhau (ng cao tc, ng trc, ng ni b...).- Thnh phn giao thng phc tp: Dng xe hn hp nhiu thnh phn v b hnh. Tchc giao thng theo nhiu cch: i chung, i ring...- Mt pht trin kin trc hai bn ng cao.

1.1.2.2 Giao thng trong th.Cc loi hnh giao thng: Giao thng i ni, giao thng i ngoi.Giao thng i ni

L s lin h bn trong ca th, l s giao thng ni b ca th.Lu lng ngi v phng tin giao thng ln, thnh phn phc tp, phn b khng u

trn cc on ng, tuyn ng v d thay i.

Giao thng i ngoiL s lin h gia th vi bn ngoi, gia cc th vi nhau v gia th vi cc

vng khc trong v ngoi nc.

Trong giao thng i ngoi cn c th phn ra giao thng qu cnh l giao thng chiqua thnh ph, khng c nhu cu lu li trong thnh ph. Thnh phn giao thng nythng thit k cc ng trnh ring (trnh thnh ph, khu dn c) gim ti cho giaothng th.

1.2 Mng li ng ph

Khi nim:

- ML th l bao gm ton b cc tuyn ng nm trong phm vi th chod trn c hay khng c xy dng nh ca 2 bn.

- Thnh phn ML: cc tuyn ng thuc mng li c cp hng khc nhau,c lin quan cht ch cng tham gia phc v nhu cu vn ti.

1.2.1 Hnh dng mng li: Cn cqui m th, iu kin tnhin, a hnhv c im x hi --> quyt nh h.dng ML, cc dng s

Hnh 1-1ng, phtrong th



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Hnh 1-2 Mng li ng giao thng th

c ) S dng phng xa ) S bn c b ) S bn c cho

e )S nan qut f ) S hn hpd ) S phng x c vnh ai Hnh 1-3 Mt smng li giao thng th

1.2.1.1 Dng bn c(hnh a)



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Li ng dng bn cl li ng c b tr thnh cc hnh vung hoc ch nht.Tnh cht: cc ng ph vung gc vi nhau chia cc khu ph thnh cc hnh ch nht

hoc hnh vung.u im: n gin, thun tin cho vic quy hoch xy dng nh ca, cng trnh v t

chc giao thng. Khng gy cng thng giao thng cho khu trung tm.Nhc im: ng i thc t di hn nhiu so vi ng thng, tng 20-30% so vi s

xuyn tm. n iu v mng li.1.2.1.2 S bn ccho (hnh b)

S bn c cho l s bn c c thm cc ng cho ni n khu trung tm gim chiu di ng n trung tm.

u im: Tng t nh s bn cv khc phc c nhc im v chiu di ngthc t so vi ng chim bay.

Nhc im: Phn chia khu ph thnh cc khu tam gic lm kh khn cho quy hoch sdng t, xut hin cc ng t, ng nm... phc tp cho t chc giao thng.

1.2.1.3 Dng phng x v phng x c vnh ai (hnh c v d)

Li ng phng x ly trung tm th lm trung tm. Trung tm thc ni trctip vi cc vng xung quanh nhng phng x. Ni chung l khng th t chc ththeo loi ny do khng c s lin h tt ca cc vng ln cn ngoi xa khu trung tm vdo sau y ch bn n dng c vnh ai.

Li ng phng x c vnh ai l li ng phng x c s lin h gia cc vngxung quanh bng cc ng vnh ai.

u im: Lin h gia cc khu ph vi nhau v vi trung tm thun tin, thi gianchuyn i ngn.

Nhc im: Lung vo khu trung tm ln gy kh khn cho t chc giao thng khutrung tm, bi xe...

1.2.1.4 S hnh nan qut (hnh e)L mt na ca s hnh xuyn tm, do iu kin a hnh khng th pht trin thnh

h thng phng x c vnh ai c (sng, bin...).u v nhc im tng t nh s phng x c vnh ai.

1.2.1.5 Dng hn hp (hnh f)L hnh thc p dng ng thi mt s dng li ng nu trn, tn dng c u im

ca tng dng, khc phc c nhc im ca cc dng khc.

1.2.1.6 Dng tdo

Cc tuyn ng trong li c b tr t do, c s kt hp cht ch vi a hnh, ngkhng thng v khng theo mt dng no nu trn.Hng ca ng v ph t do theo hng phn b cc trung tm, khu chc nng, v tr

cc im kinh t.

1.2.2 Cc ch tiu cbn nh gi mng li v mt giao thng

1.2.2.1 H sgy khcH s gy khc l t s chiu di ca ng thc t v chiu di ng chim bay.H s gy khc nh gi mc m bo lin h vn ti gia cc b phn chnh ca

th, h s gy khc phn nh cng vn chuyn (Tkm).

Thng thng h s gy khc thit k 1.25 khng hp l.Tuy nhin cc gi tr ny cn ph thuc vo iu kin a hnh: vng i, ni h s gykhc tng i ln hn vng ng bng.



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H s gy khc yu cu ph thuc vo mc quan trng ca tng tuyn ng trongmng li (ng nhiu xe - ng chnh h, quan trng th c h s nh v ngc li,ng ph th yu h s gy khc c th ln hn, nhng khng nn ln hn 1.4) tng th s trin tuyn trong thit kng t.

Trong trng hp h s gy khc ln nn xem xt xy dng ng ni trc tip.

1.2.2.2 Mt li ng chnh (km/km2

)L t s tng cng chiu di ng chnh v tng din tch ca th.Mt cng cao th mc thun tin ca giao thng cng cao v gi thnh xy dng

cao, sng giao nhau nhiu nh hng n tc xe chy, KNTH; ngc li mt ng chnh thp xe c phi i vng mt thi gian.

Thng thng quy m dn s ca th quyt nh vic mt ng chnh. Ti khutrung tm, mt ng chnh cn phi ln hn cc vng xung quanh v ngoi .

Quy m dn s


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1.3.2.1 Mc ch v csphn loi, phn cp ng phH thng ng t c t chc thnh nhiu n v khai thc, cc phn cp theo chc

nng v yu t hnh hc khc nhau nhm mc ch qun l, quy hoch v thit k. Cc hthng phn cp ny l cscho s lin h gia cc nh quy hoch, ngi thit k, qun lv s dng.

Mc ch ch yu phn cp ng l:- Thit lp mt h thng thng nht logic bao gm tt c cc loi ng, v yu cuphc v ca chng, cn c cp chnh quyn qun l vi s quan tm ti a.- Nhng con ng c phn theo nhm i hi c cng mc v cht lng xydng, duy tu v phc v giao thng.

C s phn loi: da trn chc nng v mt giao thng (gi tt chc nng GT) c xtchc nng khng gianhnh 1.4

Phn loi theo chc nngPhn loi theo chc nng l xp cc loi ng vo tng nhm, hoc h thng tu theo

yu cu phc v giao thng. Tc l xt v to iu kin GT nhanh chng gia im i v

im n (Mobility) hoc l xt v to iu kin tip cn im i v n (Accessibility)Phn cp ng ph: cn c ngha chc nng GT, iu kin a hnh vLLXC v k kinh t

Phn cp hng k thut gn cc ch tiu k thut vo tng loi ng, mi loi ngc mt h thng ch tiu thit k. Nh vy xt cc iu kin a hnh, lu lng, quyhoch, iu kin xy dng...=> cn phi a ra mt s tiu chun k thut ng vi mt loing theo chc nng.

Bi v cc ch tiu k thut lin quan trc tip n vn kinh t, k thut nn gii quytvn kinh t-k thut (gi thnh phi tng ng vi cht lng ca sn phm, gi thnh

phi ph hp vi chc nng s dng)Cp hng k thut c trng l tc thit k.Tc thit k ca mt cp ng (theo chc nng) c th c nhiu cp, tu vo lu

lng, iu kin a hnh, khu vc thit k (khu th tc nh hn ngoi th), mt xy dng cc cng trnh hai bn ng

Chn tc thit k xc nh cc ch tiu hnh hc (qu trnh thit k), v ngc liiu kin hnh hc quy nh tc khai thc.

1.3.1.2 Vai tr ca phn loi, phn cp trong cng tc thit kv khai thcBc u tin ca qu trnh thit k l xc nh chc nng ca ng.Vic chn cp chc nng phi ph hp vi cc giai on trc (quy hoch).Quyt nh mc phc v thit kng vi lng giao thng d bo, thnh phn dng xe,

to cscho vic chn tc thit k (cp k thut), cc ch tiu hnh hc.1.3.1.3 Gii thiu khung phn loi@ Cch phn loi ca Vit Nam:Phn loi theo Quy phm kthut thit kng ph, ng v qung trng th20TCN 104-83.

- ng ph cp th:c chia thnh 3 cp: ng cao tc, ng ph chnh cpI v ng ph chnh cp II. c im: tc thit k ln 80-120 km/h, s dng loint giao khc mc i vi ng st v ng t khc.

- ng cp khu vc: c chia thnh 2 cp: ng khu vc v ng vn ti, tc thit k 80 km/h; cho php s dng giao ct cng mc.



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- ng ni b:c phn thnh 4 cp: ng khu nh , ng khu cng nghip vkho tng, ng ph tiu khu-ng xe p v ng i b; tc thit k 60 i ving khu nh , ng vn ti.

* Cn c vo c im v chc nng, loi phng tin vn ti, tc giao thng, thnh phndng xe...cn c cch phn loi sau (xem bng):

c im v chc nng tham kho 22TCN104 -83Bng 1-1 Mt sthng skthut ca cc loi ng ph

TT Loi ng phTc ti a(km/h)

S ln xe hocchiu rng lng

ng

Chiurng vah (m)

Chiu rngng ph

(m)1 ng t cao tc th 80-100 4-6 ln 80-1202 ng giao thng chnh ton thnh ph 60 4-8 ln 4-6 50-803 i l. 40-60 6-8 ln 6-8 65-804 ng giao thng chnh khu vc 40-60 4-6 ln 3-5 40-505 ng ph thng nghip. 40 8-9 m 6-8 20-256 ng xe p 12-15 0.9-1m/ln 1.5-3 15-207 ng ph ni b. 20-30 2-3 ln 1.5-3 25-30

8 ng ph khu cng nghip v kho tng 40-60 3-6 ln 1.5-3 30-509 ng t a phng 40-60 2-4 ln 1.5-3 30-4010 ng i b. 4-6 0.75m/ln

Bng 1-2 Phn loi ng phv ng ththeo chc nng giao thng v tc tnhton (phn cp ) - 20 TCN 104-83)

Phn loi Cp ng ph Chc nng chnh ca ng ph V (km/h)1 2 3 4

ng cao tcXe chy tc cao, lin h gia cc th loi I, giacc th v cc im dn c trong h thng chm

th. T chc giao thng khc cao

120

ng ph chnhcp I

Giao thng lin tc, lin h gia cc khu nh , khucng nghip v cc trung tm cng cng vi ng caotc trong phm vi th. T chc giao thng khc cao.

100ng phcp th

ng ph chnhcp II

Giao thng c iu khin lin h trong phm vi thgia cc khu nh , khu cng nghip v cc trung tmcng cng ni vi ng ph chnh cp I. T chc giaothng khc cao .

80

ng khu vcLin h trong gii hn nh , ni vi ng ph chnhcp th.

80

Cp khu vc

ng vn ti

Vn chuyn hng ho cng nghip v vt liu xy dng

ngoi khu dn dng, gia cc khu cng nghip v khukho tng, bn bi.

80

ng khu nh Lin h gia cc tiu khu, nhm nh vi ng khuvc (khng c giao thng cng cng)

60

ng khu cngnghip v kho

tng

Chuyn chhng ho cng nghip v vt liu xy dngtrong gii hn khu cng nghip, kho tng ni ra ngvn ti v cc ng khc.

60

Ng ph tiu khu,ng xe p

Lin h gii hn tiu khu. Giao thng bng xe p, iti ni lm vic, x nghip, trung tm cng cng, khungh ngi

-

ng nib

ng i bNgi i b ti ni lm vic, c quan, x nghip, ni

ngh ngi gii tr v bn xe t cng cng.

-



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Theo cch phn loi ng ph ca Vit Nam, tc k thut i vi cp chc nng cang cao hn so vi tiu chun ca cc nc, khi thit k nn lp lun chng chn tc thit k ph hp vi chc nng ca ng.

@ Phn loi theo chc nng ca mt snc:Tiu ch phn loi da trn nguyn tc th

hin s bn: chc nng, mt ng vora, nhu cu giao thng, chiu di hnh trnh, tc mong mun.

C ng tc l tc khai thc cao, nhanhchng, hnh trnh di, thng sut.

Tip cn tc l m bo vo ra thun li, tc khai thc thp, hnh trnh ngn, cc b

Hnh 1.4: Quan h gia loi ng v chcnng ca n

- ng trc chnh - ni hai thnh ph vi nhau: Mc phc v thit k cao chiu diln, tc cao, lu lng ln, khng ch ch vo ra, dng lin tc trn mt on di.Loi hnh ny gm 2 loi: ng trc chnh ch yu, ng trc chnh th yu.

ng cao tc c xp vo loi ng trc chnh ch yu c yu cu v khong cchgia cc nt giao v chiu di dng xe t do.

- ng gom - ni ng ni b vi ng trc chnh: Mc phc v tng i cao,tc thp trong mt s cc on ngn tp hp giao thng t cc ng ni b v sau ni vi ng trc chnh. C th c hai loi (chnh v ph)- ng ni b - L loi ng khng m bo cc iu kin ca hai loi trn. Gii

quyt giao thng trong mt khu vc, lng giao thng thng sut t.Mc quan trng v t l chiu di ca cc cp ng theo chc nng th hin trongbng sau (theo s liu thng k M).

Bng 1-3 T l cc loi ng trong th

T lLoi ngLu lng xe phc v Chiu di

ng ph trc ch yu 40-60% 5-10%ng ph trc th yu 65-80% 15-20%ng gom 5-10% 5-10%

ng ni b 10-30% 65-80%Phn loi theo ASEAN

Bng 1-4 H thng phn cp ng theo chc nng

Phn cp ngng trc

(4 ln trln, kim sot giao ct)Cp I (4 ln trln)

Phn cp a hnh B N B NTc thit k (km/h) 100-120 80-100 60-80 80-100 60-80 50-70

L gii 50-70 ((40-60)) 50-70 ((40-60))rng ln xe 3.75 3.75B rng (m)Lng 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.5

Rnm

min (m) 390 230 120 220 120 80Loi mt ng Btng Nha/BTXM Btng Nha/BTXMSiu cao ln nht (%) 7 ((6)) 8 ((6))

-ng gom

-ng khu vc

-ng trc chnh

Vng tip cn

Vng c ng

Mc phc v

(mobility)

(Accsessibility)



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Dc dc ln nht (%) 4 5 6 5 6 7Tnh khng min (m) 4.5 [5.0] 4.5 [5.0]Ti trng kt cu ti thiu HS 20-44 HS 20-44Phn cp ng Cp II (2 ln) Cp II (2 ln)Phn cp a hnh B N B NTc thit k (km/h) 80-100 60-80 40-60 60-80 50-70 40-60

L gii 40-60 ((30-40)) 30-40Ln xe 3.5 3.0 [3.25]B rng (m)Lng 2.5 2.0 1.5[2.0] 1.0[1.5]

Rnmmin (m) 200 110 50 110 75 50Loi mt ng Btng nha/BTXM X l hai lp nhaSiu cao ln nht (%) 10 ((6)) 10 ((6))Dc dc ln nht (%) 6 7 8 6 7 8Tnh khng ti thiu (m) 4.5 4.5Ti trng kt cu ti thiu HS20 -44 HS 20-44

Gii thiu phn loi ng t ca Japan:Loi I: ng cao tc ngoi th

Loi II: ng cao tc trong thLoi III: ng t ngoi th

Loi IV:ng t trong th:Cp 1, 2, 3, v 4 theo tc xe chy t 20km/h - 60 km/h, theo LLXC t 20000 xcq/ng v theo ngha phc v cp QG, T hay a phng.Phn loi v cp -ng th Indonesia:Phn loi:Cn c vo chc nng v khng ch ni vo ra tiu chun Indonesia phn -ng

th lm 2 loi:Loi I: Khng ch ch giao nhau, tt c cc nt giao khc mcLoi II: Khng ch mt phn, hoc khng khng ch, c c giao cng giao khc mc.

Phn cp: Theo chc nng, LLXC -c phn thnh 6 cpBng 1.5 Phn cp -ng thlo i I

Loi -ng (type) Chc n ng (Function) Cp -ng(class)

-ng trc (Arterial)Ch yu(Primary) -ng gom (Collector)

II

III

I

Th yu(Secondary)

-ng trc (Arterial) III

Bng 1.6 Phn cp -

ng thlo i I ILoi -ng(type)

Chc n ng (Fu nction) L-u l- ng xe ch y(volum) xe/ng

Cp -ng(Class)

-ng trcIII

10.000 IIICh yu -ng gom

< 10.000 IIII20.000 III

-ng trc


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Phn loi v phn cp -ng th theo AASHTO:H thng -ng v ph -c phn chia xut pht t s chc nng cho c -ng

ngoi th v trong th tun theo th t : Chuyn ng chnh, chuyn ngchuyn tip, phn phi, tp hp, tip cn v kt thc:

C s phn loi: Chc nng GT, LLXC, Chiu di (% tng cc hnh trnh trong

T), VTK, MPV (C &D), Ttnh ton (nm).

H nh 1.3 H thng cp bc chuyn ng theo AASHTO

Phn loi v phn cp -ng th theo tiu chun Canada:4 loi v 25 cpTheo loi: Cao tc, Trc chnh, Gom & a ph-ngTheo cp:

ULU 30: (Urban Local Undivided) l -ng a ph-ng trong th khng di phncch vi tc tnh ton 30 km/h

UCU 80: (Urban Collector Undivided) l -ng gom trong th khng di phncch vi tc tnh ton 80 km/h

UCD 80: (Urban Collector Divided) l -ng gom trong th c di phn cch vitc tnh ton 80 km/h

UAU 80: (Urban Arterial Undivided) -ng trc chnh trong th khng c diphn cch vi tc tnh ton 80 km/h (V=50,60,70,80km/h)

UAD 100: (Urban Arterial Divided) -ng trc chnh trong th c di phn cchvi tc tnh ton 100 km/h (V=80,90,100 km/h)

UFD 100: (Urban Freeway Divided) l -ng cao tc trong th c di phn cchvi tc tnh ton 100 km/h (V=80,90,100,110,120)

Phn loi v phn cp -ng th theo tiu chun Malaysia: Cn c c tr-ngvn ti (LLTK, L, V), MPV (C, D, E) v vng TK chia 4 loi l F,A,C v L; 6cp t U1 cp thp nht - U6 cp cao nht

Phn cp -ng th theo tiu chun Lin x c:-ng cao tc,-ng ph trc chnh: Ton thnh, khu vc-ng v ph c ngha a ph-ng: Khu nh , khu cng nghip, kho bi, ph i

b, tiu khuPhn cp -ng th theo qui phm 22TCN 273-01:4 cp: F, A, C & L theo chc nng, l-u l-ng xe chy v tc .

C chnhC C.tip

tp hp

Phn phi

Kt thc



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1.4 iu tra d bo nhu cu GTVT ngph.1.4.1 Lu lng giao thng thit k

1.4.1.1 Khi nim:Lu lng l s lng xe thng qua mt mt ct ngang, mt on ng trong mt n

v thi gian.Lu lng xe chy thit k l lu lng xe chy ca nm tng lai th 20 hoc 30 k t

nm gc - nm bt u a cng trnh vo khai thc.

1.4.1.2 Thnh phn:Giao thng qu cnh: cc xe c nhu cu s dng ng thuc mng li ng th,

khng c nhu cu lu li trong thnh ph (im xut pht v kt thc ca hnh trnh unm ngoi phm vi thnh ph)

Giao thng i ngoi: im xut pht hoc im kt thc nm trong thnh ph.Giao thng ni b: im xut pht v im kt thc u nm trong thnh ph.

1.4.1.3 Tnh cht:

Lu lng bin i theo khng gianTrn mt on tuyn lu lng ca tng on nh c th khc nhau do c cc im vo

ra trn dc tuyn.

Lu lng bin i theo thi gianLu lng thay i theo nm.Lu lng thay i theo ma, thng v tun, theo ngy

V lu lng thay i theo gitrong ngy.Khi iu tra giao thng thng ngi ta chn khong 15 pht, l khong thi gian tithiu dng n nh

Tuy nhin khi thit kng thng ngi ta chn lu lng thit k l lu lng theongy nm tng lai (lu lng d bo). V khi thit k cc nt giao thng th ly gi trlu lng theo gicao im.

1.4.2 iu tra lu lngDo cc c im ca lu lng l bin i nhiu theo thi gian v khng gian nu trn,

nn trc khi tin hnh iu tra phi xc inh thi im iu tra, thi gian iu tra v cc vtr, khu vc iu tra... theo mc ch iu tra

Hnh thc iu tra c th l s dng nhn lc hoc my m tng hoc cng c thpht phiu iu tra ti cc im xe, trm thu ph hoc cc u mi giao thng v tng hgia nh.

Ni dung iu tra: Lu lng, thnh phn, i u, qua u, tn sut i li...Mt cch c s liu nhanh v hiu qu l thu thp t cc cquan qun l ng, cc x

nghip vn ti v cc trung tm ng kim giao thng.

1.4.3 Dbo lu lngDa vo cc s liu iu tra nu c th d bo quy lut tng xe cng nh phn b ca lu

lng.

Cc m hnh d bo lu lng c th xem xt l- M hnh tuyn tnh- M hnh hm m



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- M hnh n hiLa chn m hnh cn c vo tc tng trng kinh t chi tit tham kho ti liu.Xc nh nhu cu i li ca ngi dn. Xc nh nhu cu vn chuyn hng ho. D bo

thnh phn v lu lng giao thng phc v Quy hoch v Thit k.



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TS Phan Cao Th B mn ng t - ng thnh phHBKNng


Chng 2: THIT K MT CT NGANG, BNH V TRC DC NG PH

2.1 Cu to MCN v chc nng cc yu tMCN ng th.2.1.1 Phn xe chy

2.1.1.1 Ln xe

Ln cbn ca ng (hai hay mt chiu)Chc nng: Phc giao thng trn ng, b rng ca ln xe tu theo loi ng, cp

ng,...c ba loi:- 3.75, 3.5, 3.0 ;m (Vit nam) .

- 3.5, 3.0, ...2.5 ;m (cc nc khc)i vi ng dnh cho xe p (tch ring) b rng ca mi ln xe t (0.75-1.0) m

Ln (dng)c cu to cng vi lng (mrng phn l).Chc nng: xe, cng v, khn cp...

Ln phChc nng: quay u xe, tng, gim tc, phng h (leo dc...)

Ln dnh cho xe butKhi lng xe but ln => dnh ring ln xe but. KNTH c tnh ring v cc

im n, tr khch.Vut thun:

L phn ni tip ln ph v phn khng c ln ph ca phn xe chy.

2.1.1.2 Cu to hnh hc cbn ca phn xe chy.

dc ngang:C th cu to theo hai dng: dc mt bn v dc hai bn tu theo b rng phn xe

chy.Mc ch: thot nc xung rnh bin. Cc dc ih, im tu thuc vo vt liu ca h

ng v mt ng, lng ma ca vng thit k v ph thuc vo dc dc id. Khi

dc dc id nh cc tr s trn cn phi iu chnh thot nc tt:- Trng phm vi cch mp 1.5 -:- 2.0m dc ngang cu to ln hn.- Thay i dc ngang ca an rnh.

Cc dng cu to ca dc ngang hai bn:- Dng 1: dng mi nh, phn tim ng c vut trn. c im: d cu to thot nc chm.- Dng 2: Dng ng cong parabol. c im: thot nc nhanh dc ngoimp ln => xe d trt ngang, xe tp trung gia.

Ghi ch: Thc tt lm dng parabol v phc tp trong khu thit kv thi cng.

Dng trc ngang dc mt bn:p dng khi b rng mt ng nh (


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2.1.2.1 Chc nng v phn loiDi phn cch dng phn cch cc yu t khc nhau ca mt ct ngang ng, ph.

Di phn cch c th trng cy xanh, t thit b chiu sng, thot nc, cp ttin....Cc loi phn cch: phn cch gia v phn cch bn.

- Phn cch gia: phn cch cc xe i tri chiu.

- Phn cch ngoi:phn cch cc xe i cng chiu.Thng thng, ng xe chy sut gia, phn ngoi dnh cho giao thng aphng, ng song song, cng c th l ng gom.

Chiu rng di phn cch tham kho bng sauBng 2-1 B rng di phn cch

Chiu rng ti thiu ca di phn cch (m)Vtr, chc nng ca di phn cch

Cao tc Cp th Khu vc Ni bPhn cch lung giao thng chnh vi:Giao thng ni b

Giao thng xe inGiao thng xe pGiao thng i bTch h vi ng xe inTch h vi ng xe pPhn cch cc dng giao thng ngcchiu trong lung giao thng chnh

8 (5)6(2)

3

4

6 (2)3 (2)33323

3 (2)2322

222

Gi tr trong ( ) p dng vi ng, ph ci to.

2.1.1.3 Cu to ca phn cch

Phn h Phn xe chy Phn phn cch

Hnh 2.1 Cu to di phn cchDi phn cch tch phn xe chy vi cc yu t khc phi cao hn phn xe chy 15-

20cm.

i vi di phn cch tch cc lung giao thng trn cng phn xe chy c th lmcng cao vi phn xe chy c vch sn hoc tng ro, di phn cch di ng(mm)...



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- Di phn cch 2a: b rng tu thuc cp ng. Chc nng ca di phn cch:m bao an ton, chng chi cho cc xe i ngc chiu vm, l ch quay uxe, chuyn ln, mrng phn xe chy trong tng lai (d tr qut), kt hp vicc chc nng khc (b tr cc cng trnh k thut: ct n, bin bo, mng thotnc h,...).

- Di an ton (di mp) 2b: gip li xe nhn bit phn xe chy yn tm khi iukhin xe. B rng tu thuc cp ng 0.25-:-1.0m. C cng kt cu phn xe chy.

2.1.2.2 Mthng di phn cch:Mc ch:

- M di phn cch gia: b tr ch quay u xe trong trng hp kh t chcquay u xe trong nt giao thng.- Mdi phn cch ngoi phc v xe ni b chuyn sang phn ng chy sut vngc li.

-ng a ph-ng

-ng chy sut

Phn cch ngoi

Ln gim tc

-ng chy sut

-ng a ph-ng

Phn cch ngoi

-ng chy sut

Phn cch ngoi

-ng a ph-ng

a )

b )

c )

Hnh 2.2: Cch thc mthng di phn cch

R1 v R2 ph thuc b rng W(m), R1 > R2

2.1.3 Lng (H ph)

2.1.3.1 Chc nng:- Phn dnh cho b hnh i li.- Thot nc, b tr h thng k thut: chiu sng, in, nc...

- To b rng cng vi di mp xe c th.- vt liu khi thi cng, duy tu, sa cha.

2.1.3.2 Cu to gm cc phn sau:



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3a: Phn i b (h ng)B rng mt ln i b c th 0,6-1.0m, tu theo tnh hung khc nhau: i do (0.6m),

mang vc hnh l (ga, sn bay, cng bin..) 0.75-1m. Trong tnh ton ly 0.75mBng 2.3 Chiu rng ti thiu ca phn i b theo 20TCN 104-83

Chiu rng ti thiu ca h (m)

t u Tng laiLoi ng ph

S ln Chiu rng S ln Chiu rngng ph chnh cp I, II 6 4.5 10 7.5ng khu vc 4 3.0 8 6.0ng nh 3 2.25 6 4.5ng khu cng nghip 2 1.5 6 4.5ng i b 4 3 6 4.5

Trong trng hp s ngi i b theo c hai hng


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Loi cy Chiu rng ti thiuCy trng 1 hng 1,25 - 2,0Cy trng 2 hng 2,5 - 5Di cy bi, bi c 1Vn cy trc nh 1 tng 4Vn cy trc nh nhiu tng 6

Ch khong cch n cc cng trnh ct in, ng dy in chiu sng, chiu caoti a cho php khng nh hng n cc cng trnh ln cn.

2.1.5 ng xe p:Trong th c th t chc ng xe p i ring hoc chung vi cc phn khc,

chn hnh thc b tr da vo chc nng ca ng, lu lng ca xe p.Cc ng ph cp cao nn tch phn xe p i ring, cc ng cp thp b tri

chung. i vi lu lng xe p khong 200xe/h th c th xem xt b tri ring

ng xe p tch ringB rng ca ng dnh cho xe p: B=n.b (m)

Trong n l s ln xe n = Nxep/Ptt- P l kh nng thng hnh thc t ca 1 ln xe p Ptt= K.Plt (xe/h)- Plt= 2000 xe/h/ln, K= (0.5 - 0.6) l h s gim KNTH ca mt ln xe p.- b l b rng mt ln xe p c ly nh sau (kt qu ngh ca PGS TS Luc Hi):ng xe p mt chiu: b=0.9mLn xe p gia cc ln cng chiu: b= 1.0mLn xe p st b va: b=1.1mLn xe p st ch xe t: b=1.5mb = 1.0m, thng thng cc loi xe hai bnh s dng phn xe chy rt linh ng(khng ph thuc vo s ln xe, m ch yu l ph thuc vo b rng), nghin cuca PGS TS Nguyn Quang o, Trng H Xy dng cho kt qu KNTH ca xep c th tnh theo cng thc sau:P=2000B (xe/h) trong B l chiu rng phn ng xe p (m). ng xe pchung :Thng thng phn ng dnh cho xe p, xe th sb tr st l.Lu :nn vch phn ln, xem xt nh hng ca xe p n KNTH ca ln xe cgiicnh l; dc ngang mt ng st l khng nn qu ln (tt cho thot ncnhng nh hng n xe p, xe th s)ng dnh cho b hnh

Phn ng dnh cho b hnh c th b tr trn va h (xem phn h ng) hoc ichung di lng ng, cch tnh ton b rng gii thiu trong phn h ng.

2.1.6 Cc dng cbn ca MCN ng, ph trong thTu theo loi ng, chc nng v tnh cht giao thng MCN c nhiu dng khc

nhau.

Dng mt dip dng cho cc loi ng gom v cc ng cp thp hn, lu lng xe khng ln,

din tch s dng t cho ng hn chDin tch chim t s dng nh, din tch mt ng c tn dng nhiu hn.Tc xe chy thp (do cc xe khc nhau nh hng ln nhau)

Dng hai di



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p dng cho ng gom v cc ng cp cao hn.ng xe chy c tch i bng phn cch gia, xe chy hai chiu.Mc an ton c nng cao, tuy nhin khng khc phc c nh hng ca cc

xe c tc chm.Nu thit k cho ng cao tc th thng khng cho php xe th svo, do vy hnh

thc ny vn c p dng cho ng cao tc.Dng nhiu di (hn hai di)p dng cho cc ng ph chnh => tch c ng xe chy sut v ng xe a

phng; tch xe cgii v cc loi xe th s; t v xe hai bnh; tch c ng xechy sut v ng song song.

Dng ba di:Thng thng di gia dnh cho xe cgii, hai di bn dnh cho xe th shoc t

chc xe ni b, xe chy sut (hnh 2.3)Khc phc c nhc im ca phng n hai di.p dng cho ng ph chnh, lu lng ln, b rng dnh cho ng khong > 40m

Dng bn diThc cht l dng ba di, nhng di gia c phn cch do vy nng cao an ton vtc xe chy.

Ch : Trong th cn c cc dng ng chuyn dng:- ng trong khu cng nghip, ng trong khu cng vin, ng quanh bh,dc sng...=> Thit k ch n chc nng m quan.

Thit k m quan gii quyt cc vn :- Quy hoch v tr.- La chn kch thc, kiu dng ca MCN, cc cng trnh k thut khc, cyxanh, chiu sng, cy trang tr...



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3 1 3

3 1 12 3

3 121 2 1 3

Mt ct mt di

MCN hai di

MCN ba di (nhiu hn hai di)

MCN bn di (nhiu hn hai di)

3 1 2 1 2 1 3

Xe chy sutXe a ni b Xe a ni b

Xe chy sutXe a ni b Xe a ni bXe chy sut

Hnh 2-3 Cc hnh thc mt ct ngang



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2.2 Kh nng thng hnh v mc phcv.2.2.1 KNTH - nh ngha tng qut (capacity)

KNTH l sut dng ln nht m ngi v xe c ththng qua mt vtr, mt onng ca mt ln xe hay ca mt nhm ln xe trong khong thi gian cho trcdi iu kin ng, iu kin giao thng v tchc giao thng nht nh.

nh ngha ny -c hiu cn k nh- sau:- i t-ng xt KNTH l mt ln hoc mt nhm ln m ng-i v xe thng qua

mt v tr (im) hay mt on -ng c iu kin ng nht. KNTH -c tnh chomt loi xe thun nht l xe con qui i, th nguyn l xe con qui i trong mt gi(xcq/gi).

- KNTH l sut dng ln nht qui ra gi m khng phi l l-u l-ng xe ln nhttrong mt gi, sut dng ln nht -c xt trong khong thi gian no nh hn

mt gi, thng th-ng khong thi gian xc nh xut dng l 15 pht, ring c chn 30 pht. y l thi gian va n gin trong tnh ton nh-ng li mbo chnh xc v dng xe t trng thi n nh.

- Sut dng phc v: L sut dng ln nht theo gi m ti ng-i hoc xe cc th thng qua ca mt ln xe hay mt nhm ln xe trong mt n v thi giand-i iu kin ph bin v -ng, giao thng v t chc giao thng -c xt ti mcphc v n nh. Nh- vy sut dng phc v -c xt vi khong thi gian 15 pht,mi loi i t-ng xt c 5 sut dng phc v t-ng ng trong 5 mc phc v t A

n E. mc phc v E sut dng phc v ng ngha vi KNTH v cng chung

mt gi tr, cc mc phc v khc l sut dng phc v, cn mc phc v Fkhng tn ti khi nim sut dng phc v. R rng khi nim KNTH cng chtnt i mc phc v E v KNTH v i mc phc v l hai kh i ni m lun i c ng nhautrong vic nghin cu phn tch v nh gi tr ng th i dng xe.

- KNTH -c xc nh d-i mt iu kin nht nh ng vi mt cht l-ngdng nht nh, l cc iu kin v -ng x, v giao thng v v t chc iukhin giao thng. M v cc n-c ph-ng Ty xem xt 2 loi iu kin: iu kin lt-ng phn tch KNTH ln nht (c th t -c) v iu kin ph bin phn

tch KNTH b thay i d-i tc ng ca cc yu t nh h-ng. Nga v mt sn-c ng u li s dng nhiu khi nim hn ng vi cc iu kin khc nhau:

Vi iu kin thun tu l m hnh l thuyt c KNTH l thuyt, vi iu kin lt-ng c KNTH ln nht, vi iu kin thc t c KNTH thc t...Khi nim sut dng dng xc nh KNTH thc t bng cch o, m ti hin

trng.Lu : sut dng v lu lng hon ton khc nhau:

15 pht u 1000xe15 pht tip 1200xe15 pht tip 2000xe15 pht sau 1000xe

Lu lng: 1000+1200+2000+1000=5200xe/h

Sut dng: 2000x4=8000 xe/hi tng nghin cu:



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L ng ph: KNTH ca mt on ng.L nt giao thng: KNTH ca nhm ln (group of lane), hoc ca nhnh dn (leg

approach).L mt ln chuyn dng: ln xe ti, xe but, xe ti chuyn dng... KNTH ca ln xe.

Cc yu tnh hng:

Cc iu kin ng: cc yu t hnh hc, b rng phn xe chy, bn knh ngcong nm, dc dc...

Cc iu kin v giao thng: thnh phn dng xe (thng quy i v xe con tiuchun),

Cc iu kin v t chc v iu khin giao thng.Cc iu kin v mi trng: iu kin thi tit, mi trng x hi...

a. Quan im l thuyt:Theo quan im ca Nga v cc nc ng u:Xy dng mt m hnh l thuyt (m hnh ng hc, m hnh trn my tnh, vt l...).

Cc iu kin cp trn y c gi thit => Khi nim KNTH l thuyt (Plt). Mhnh ng hc ( xem xt trong hc phn thit k ng)

Quan im ca HCM 2000 (Highway Capacity Manual): iu kin l thuytKNTH ln nht c tht c (Potential) hay iu kin chun (Basic Conditions) baogm cc iu kin:

Chiu rng ln ng l 12feet (3.65m), khong cch t mp phn xe chy n vtcn pha l hoc gii phn cch l 6feet; tc dng t do 60 dm/h; dng thun xe con,a hnh ng bng, khng c v tr cc ng giao ct, khng quay u xe...

ng dng:Nghin cu, nh hng (cc gi tr thc t bao gicng nh hn gi tr l thuyt),

pht trin lnh vc m hnh ho tnh ton v m hnh hoTrong mt s trng hp cn dng lm gi tr chn trn.

b. Quan im thc nghim:- iu kin thc t l tng - iu kin mu, chun, tt nht. => KNTH ln nht,l tng (Pmax).

Xc nh Pmax: theo thc nghim, xy dng cc on ng mu (mt mu ng vimt dng nht nh):

- ng 2 chiu 2 ln xe.- ng 2 chiu 4 ln xe khng c di phn cch.- ng 2 chiu 4 ln xe c phn di cch.

- ng 2 ln 6 ln xe.- ng 8 ln xe...Cc iu kin cp trn l l tng: dc dc id= 0, m bo tm nhn, ng thng,

b rng mt ln xe 3.66 (Nga 3.75)m, khong cch t mp phn xe chy n vt cn lhoc gii phn cch (6feet=1.83m)....

Theo HCM iu kin tnh ton l iu kin ph bin:Xt cho cc trng hp tnh ton c th: s ln, loi ng, mc pht trin hai bn

ng, chiu rng l v tm nhn ngang, tc thit k, trc dc v trc ngang, ln ph,loi xe v phn b cc ln xe, loi xe (kch thc) v tnh cng ca xe, mc phc v,cc iu kin viu khin giao thng...

Cng thc tnh ton:



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3

axi=1

.tt i m

P K P=

- iu kin tnh ton tu theo c im thit k ca tuyn ng xt thm cciu kin khc => KNTH tnh ton Ptt:

ng dng:

- Tnh ton s ln xe yu cu trong cng thc:Pz

Nn

=

N l lu lng xe thit k, Ptt l KNTH tnh ton:Theo phng php ca Nga ly P = Pmax (cha xt cc iu kin ca ng thit k)Theo phng php ca HCM tnh Ptt theo iu kin ph bin nh trnh by phn

trn. VN: TCVN 4054-98 N l lu lng gicao im, P l Pmax

- iu kin thc t => KNTH thc t Ptt

max1

.PKPn

i itte ==

Ki l h s trit gim KNTH do iu kin thc t thp hn iu kin chun (b rng

ln xe 3.0m, 2.75m..., mt ng khng phi l BTN, c ng cong nm, dc dc id0...

Theo phng php ca Nga, ngi ta xt n 15 yu t gim KNTH (n=15).- Xc nh KNTH trong iu kin thc t (Ptt) theo tng on ng c cc yu tnh hng KNTH ging nhau (cng thc) =>nh gi mc m bo KNTH(sc chu ti), mc gim st KNTH c bin php khc phc, v t chc giaothng. Nhng ni khng t Ptt da vo cc h s ki xem xt c bin php tng

cng KNTH, t chc giao thng.

P

tt

Ptt

Cn nng cao KNTH

Khi p dng tr s tnh ton Ptt ca HCM cn phi tham kho tng i tng ng v

cc h s trit gim Ki, thng mt i tng nghin cu HCM a ra cch tnh ton,cc ton , cng thc hiu chnh km theo.

Khi thit k theo quy trnh Vit Nam, vic chn cc h s trit gim cng phi cnnhc, l lun linh hot.

2.2.2 Mc phc v (level of service)

2.2.2.1nh ngha:Mc phc vc s dng nh thc o cht lng viu kin vn hnh ca dng

xe v s tip nhn ca ngi iu khin. Mc phc vc c xc nh thng quacc yu t: tc (v) v thi gian hnh trnh, mt , kh nng vn ng t do, tnh gin

on ca dng xe, mc thun li v tin nghi giao thng v h s s dng KNTH.Mc phc v k hiu: A, B, C, D, E, F. Tu theo i tng m nh gi cc ch tiu

khc nhau:



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- i vi ng: h s s dng KNTH (Z), mt dng xe (), tc (v).- i vi nt giao thng da vo thi gian chm xe v h s MPV z nh gimc phc v.- Z: l h s mc phc v (h s chu ti).

P

NZ=

Z c th nhn gi tr 0 -:- 1Z nh: mc phc v cao, mt xe t, kh nng chu ti d tr ln, tc rt cao =>

Dng khi thit kng cp cao.Z ln: mc phc v thp, mt xe nhiu, tc thp => Dng khi thit kng

cp thp.=> Trong thit kng cn xem xt chn Z ph hp vi chc nng v iu kin xy

dngKhi thit k, tnh ton N l lu lng thit k, P l KNTH tnh ton.

Khi nh gi mc phc v N l lu lng thc t, P l KNTH thc t.Mt v tc :

max

tt= ;

tdo

tte

v

vv =

Trong : vtt l vn tc thc t; vtdo l vn tc xe chy t do (theo mong mun)

Mc phc v:Mc A:Lu lng dng t, mt

dng thp, xe chy t do, cc xekhng b nh hng ca cc xekhc khi vn ng trong dng xe,kh nng xy ra tai nn v nhiudng d dng b loi b.



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Mc B:Mt dng xe mc cao hn

(vn mc thp), xe chy t do(theo tc mong mun) bt uc hin tng b cn tr, cc iu

kin v vt l v tm l ca li xel tt. nh hng ca tai nn vnhiu dng d dng b loi b.

Mc C:

Mt dng xe thp, s vnng ca xe trong dng bt u ccn tr, chuyn ln tng i khkhn, dng n nh, cc tai nnnh c th loi tr, tuy nhin, nuxy ra tai nn c th lm gim chtlng phc v, c th hnh thnhhng ch xe cc im tp trungxe.

Mc D:Mt dng xe trung bnh cao,

cc xe bt u kh vt, dng nnh, tc bt u gim nu lulng tng ln, kh nng vn ngca dng xe b hn ch ng k,

nh hng ca tm l, vt l ivi li xe bt u xut hin, mtnn nh xy ra c th lm xuthin hng ch xe, giao thng bngt.



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Mc E:Mt dng xe cao, cc xe rt

gn nhau, khng c khong gincch xe vt, chuyn ln, dng

khng n nh, ng lm vic ch KNTH (lu chn mcphc v E mi c khi nimKNTH). Mt s xo trn trongdng xe c th to thnh sng vnh hng n cc lung xe khc,khng th trnh c s nhiutrong dng xe, tai nn c th lmgin on giao thng.

Mc F:Mt rt rt cao, dng

khng n nh, tc xe, ti nngiao thng lm gim KNTH, cth xu ra tc xe nhiu ln ccon trn dng, nhp dng.

Khi phn tch d bo, y l

trng hp dng thit k vtKNTH tnh ton.

2.2.1.2 Mc phc v thit kMc phc v thit k tu theo cp chc nng ca ng, loi ng: ng cp cao

th mc phc v cao, ng khu vc ngoi th c mc phc v cao hn trong

th, iu kin a hnh thun li th mc phc ph thit k cao hn.Cc yu tnh hng n mc phc v: Mc ch s dng t hai bn ng, mt

xy dng cc cng trnh hai bn ng, mi trng, cc cng trnh kin trc, ditch

Thit k mc phc v cho cc on c iu kin ging nhau (theo hng dn caHCM).

Bng 2-2 Mc phc v thit kca cc cp ng chc nngMc phc v theo vng thit k

Loi ng ng ngoi thng bng

ng ngoi thvng i

ng ngoi thvng ni

Khu th v ven

ng cao tc B B C Cng trc B B C Cng gom C C D Dng a phng D D D D



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2.3 Nguyn tc v trnh t thit k mt ctngang ng th.2.3.1 CSTHIT K MT CT NGANG NG TH

1. Cn c vo chc nng v nhim v ca tuyn thuc loi no trong khung phn loi2. Yu cu v giao thng: Lu lng xe chy, mt , thnh phn, lng b hnh vs phn b theo gitrong ngy trong nm hin ti v tng lai

3. Cc cng trnh trn ng, yu cu chiu sng.4. H thng cc cng trnh ngm di mt t: cp, thot nc, cp quang, in,

ng ng ha cht, kht...5. Tnh cht v chiu cao cc cng trnh kin trc xy dng dc hai bn, cc yu cu

c bit v xy dng.6. iu kin a hnh a cht, thy vn...

2.3.2 NGUYN TC THIT K MT CT NGANG NG TH1. m bo giao thng an ton v thng sut cho ngi v xe

2. Phi ph hp vi tnh cht v cng dng ca tuyn ng3. Phi kt hp cht ch vi iu kin tnhin v cc cng trnh xy dng hai

bn, m bo hp l t l chiu cao cng trnh vi b rng ca ng H:B =1:1,5(2)

4. Phi m bo yu cu thot nc, kt hp tt vi thot nc khu vc5. Pht huy ti a tc dng ca di cy xanh: m quan, mi trng bng mt, an

ton giao thng.6. Phi m bo b trc cc cng trnh ni v ngm.

7. Phi kt hp cht ch gia yu cu trc mt v tng lai.2.3.3 La chn cc hnh thc mt ct ngang

Tu thuc loi, cp ng (loi ng, ph, cp k thut), chc nng, iu kin tnhin: a hnh a cht v cnh quan c th c cc phng n b tr khc nhau.

ng thi vi vic la chn hnh thc mt ct ngang l cng tc t chc giao thng(thit k mt ct ngang cng tc l thit k t chc giao thng).

Trnh tthit k:

- S b xc nh s ln xe tu theo lu lng: n=ZxP

N(N l lu lng gi cao

im thit k, P l KNTH ti a ca ln xe - ph thuc vo iu kin ng, tchc giao thng, thnh phn dng xe...)- Thit k t chc giao thng: da vo lu lng xe nm thit k, thnh phn dngxe... quyt nh cc vn lin quan n t chc xe chy mt hay hai chiu, viccho php xe bn ng, tch cc thnh phn xe chy sut, xe ni b, xe th s,cu to ln xe but dnh ring hay khng, b tr phn b hnh nh th no, phncch cc b phn bng vch sn hay gii phn cch cnh...- xut phng n b tr MCN: da vo phng n TCGT giai on trc, xut mt vi phng n so snh chn phng n tt nht, tho mn nhiu nht ccyu cu i vi ng trong thnh ph (chc nng ca ng, ph)

- Xc nh b rng cc thnh phn cu thnh mt ct ngang v tnh b rng ng.- Nghim ton KNTH ca phng n chn, cc gii php iu chnh: Da vo cciu kin thit k kim tra KNTH, cc gii php iu chnh tng KNTH.



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- Xt phn ku t (neu c).Cc lu khi t chc gia thng:

- Phng n t chc giao thng i chung (xe ni b v chy sut i chung hoc xeth sv xe cgii i chung) ch nn p dng khi lng xe chy sut (xe cgii)nh, khi lu lng ln nn xem xt tch ring v xe th s (xe ni b) thng c

tc nh c thnh hng n xe chy sut v ngc li km an ton. Khi sdng cch i chung, cc loi xe c th tn dng ti a din tch ng.- Phng n phn cch cc thnh phn dng xe m bo cht lng khai thc tt,nng cao KNTH, an ton, chim nhiu t, chi ph xy dng ln, trong iu kin txe s dng khng hiu qu.- Lu lng xe ln, b rng 4-5 ln xe nn xem xt phn chia phn xe chy thnhhai phn, xe chy chm v xe chy nhanh.

2.3.4 Cc bn v mt ct ngang: Cn cyu cu sdng, MCN ng thc th hin 3 loi sau:

MCN thit k (in hnh):Yu cu th hin cc b phn chnh ca MCN, phng php t chc giao thng, cc

cng trnh chnh, kch thc, cc yu t hnh hc khc ( dc ngang mt ng, ngcong vut dc ngang, ta luy...) ch gii xy dng...T l 1:200-:-1:00

MCN cu to (b tr cc cng trnh k thut):Th hin kt cu cc b phn ca MCN, hnh dng kch thc cc b phn. T l bn

v 1:200-:-1:00Cc cng trnh trn mt t: v trn chiu sng, cc cng trnh phc viu khin

giao thng, cy xanh, thot ncCc cng trnh ngm: ng ng cp thot nc, nhin liu, cp quang...

MCN thi cngMCN thi cng phc v thi cng v tnh ton cc khi lng.Yu cu th hin hin trng v gii php thit k: v tr ch gii xy dng hin ti v

ch gii thit k; kch thc cc b phn, dc ngang h v ng xe chy, phn cch,kt cu mt ng, cng trnh ngm...

2.3.5 Mt s vn ch khi thit k MCN ng th.

1. Thit km bo yu cu kin trc: nh hng ca chiu cao nh i vichiu rng ng v yu cu kin trc

Xut pht t yu cu v sinh, m bo chiu sng cho nh ca hai bn ng, chiucao nh H v chiu rng ng B nn t c t l H:B=1:1.5, tt nht H:B=1:2ng cng rng th b hnh c iu kin quan st nh ca hai bn ng: H>B,

khng thy y mt ng ca nh; H=B b hnh ch thy mt phn v H=0.5B bhnh c th nhn thy phn ln nh hai bn ng.

Hnh 2.1 m t b rng ng trong cc trng hp (H/B) khi chiu cao nh hai bnng khong 20m(4-5 tng).



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Hnh 2.4 Quan h gia chiu cao ca nh ca v chiu rng ca ng2.Thit km bo yu cu iu kin a hnh:

ng ven mt nc:Pha gip mt nc nn trng nhiu cy, to cc bn hoa, v tr trng b tr cc khu

vc do chi, ngm cnh kt hp vi ng dnh cho ngi i bXem xt b tr cc b phn ca ng theo cc cao khc nhau, s dng k, tng

chn.

ng dc theo sn dc:B tr cc b phn ng cc cao khc nhau: gim khi lng o, p, to dng

v t nhin cho ng ph hp vi a hnh. phn cch cao , c th s dng midc trong trng hp chiu rng, hn ch v chiu rng c th s dng tng chn.

ng c mt bn l nh cao tng:Trng cc loi cy cao to i trng, c th cu to nhiu hng cy.

3. Thit kc xtu tphn k:Nguyn tc u t phn k:

- m bo cp hng v chc nng ca ng, ph.

- Cu to cha s dng ht th cha xy dng (b rng phn xe chy, h ng...)- Phng n u t phn k xut pht t phng n tng lai (phng n tng laithit k trc, sau da vo tnh hnh c th cu to MCN ph hp vi yucu xe chy trc mt)- Phng n u t phn kc chn da trn nguyn tc: phng n tng laic th tn dng c cc hng mc ca phng n phn k.



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Xt u t- phn k i vi MCN

Xy dng tr-c mt

Xy dng trong t-ng lai

1. -ng xe c gii

4. Di cy xanh2. -ng xe p

3. H ph

Hnh 2-5 Thit kmt ct ngang theo giai on

2.4 Thit k bnh .

2.4.1 Cc yu t trn bnh tuyn ngThit k cc on thng, on cong (trn, chuyn tip).Tm nhn, siu cao, mrng.Cc nguyn tc thit k vng hc (cc ch tiu k thut) v cbn tng t nh

ng t, mt s yu cu khc i vi ng trong th, cng nh xem xt cc c

im giao thng trong thc tng hp trong cc nguyn tc cbn sau y.2.4.2 Nguyn tc cbn khi thit k bnh :

Bnh tuyn phi thit k theo quy hoch c duyt: quy m, cp hng...=> gii quyt ch ra, vo u v cui tuyn (da vo cp ng ca cc ng ln

cn quy hoch).nh cc ch tiu k thut (sau khi c cp hng), cn c vo iu kin c th v mi

mt (v tr trong mng li chung ca th, xt n cc yu ta hnh, iu kin xydng, gii phng mt bng, cc cng trnh khc c lin quan: cng trnh kin trc, khubo tn, di tch lch s...)

Pht huy ti a chc nng cbn: chc nng vn ti ph hp vi quy hoch chungca mng li.



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Xt u t phn k: phng n phn k phi bm st phng n tng lai cph duyt, kt hp vi mt ct ngang.

2.4.3 Ni dung chi tit ca thit k bnh tuyn

a. Cc bn v bnh Bnh tuyn: th hin cc yu t hnh hc ca tuyn ng trn mt bng:

- Chiu di on thng.- Chiu di on cong, bn knh- Phm vi x l c bit- Cao en ti cc cc, cao ca cc cc (nu c). Cao ghi pha trn,cao en ghi pha di.- Phm vi ch gii xy dng hin ti v ca phng n thit k.- Kch thc ca nn, mt, lng...- Cu to cc nt giao thng (cc nt thng thng).- V tr cc im , dng xe.- V tr, cu to ca cc di tng, gim tc, chxe, phn cch...

Cc bn v sau da vo bn v trn trnh by, lc b cc phn khng cn th hin:- Bnh thot nc:- Bnh b tr cy xanh, chiu sng:- Bnh san nn, thot nc:

Cc cao t nhin, cao thit k...Th hin cc hng mc ca cc cng trnh k thut: ng ng, ging thu, ging

thm...Bnh t chc thi cng:Bnh cc hng mc khc (tch t bnh chung nu khi lng tch hng

mc: cc nt giao c bit...)b. Xc inh cc v tr khng ch (mt bng v cao ):- im u, im cui tuyn: nh v bng to GPS.- Khng chcc v tr giao nhau (xc nh v tr giao vi ng st, vi ngb).- Khng ch ti cc cng trnh ngm.- Khng ch do iu kin t nhin.- Khng ch do iu kin x hi, mi trng...:ng qua khu bo tn, lng, miu,n, cha...- Cc im vt sng: sn lng, v tr v cao ; b rng cu phi tho mn yu

cu lu lng giao thng hai bn ng.c. Thit k ch giao nhau:- Giao vi ng st:

Xc nh mc giao nhau (loi giao nhau) cng mc hay khc mc.Cng mc th chn gc giao (cng gn vi gc vung cng tt).Nu khc mc th phi xc nh: gc giao, khc mc my mc, chui hay vt...X l ti cc v tr c nt giao thng:

- Trc khi thit k cn thng nht c vi thnh ph v vic giao nhau ca ccng ph vi tuyn ng ang thit k.- i vi nt cp thp: thit kng thi vi qu trnh thit k bnh tuyn.- i vi nt cp cao: thit kt tch ring thnh hng mc ring.



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Thit k nt giao phi m bo c nt lm vic ng chc nng v qu trnh vnng ca giao thng. p dng cc bin php k thut thit k ph hp tuyn ngv: lu lng xe, mc u tin ca cc nhnh dn, tc xe thit k...

- Thit k nt n gin:p dng cc nt giao ng cp thp. Tc xe trong nt nh v vy ch cn chn

bn knh b va R trong khong 5,10,12m. Trong trng hp tc c chnh nhau giacc ng giao, thnh phn xe phc tp, xe thit k l xe ti, xe con...ng cong ca bva c th l: mt ng cong trn, hai ng cong ghp, ng cong ba cung trn...Chitit xem cc nh hnh chon.

- Thit k nt cp cao:Thit kng cong chuyn tip, cc on r, ln chuyn tip ring, tc thit k

chn theo loi nt.

2.5 Thit k trc dc.

2.5.1 Quy nh chung:ng th gm nhiu khi (nhiu b phn: cc phn ng, phn cch, h ng,

b va, di cy xanh...). Trong trng hp ng i xng mt ct dc c th chcth hin bng mt ct dc tim ng.

Nu khng i xng: thit k mt ct dc cho tng b phn.Khi dc dc ca h, rnh khc vi dc ca ng, thit k mt ct dc ring

cho rnh, h...V t l bn v: trc dc c cng t l vi bnh , TL:TLN=10:1.

2.5.2 Ni dung cn th hin trn trc dc.ng : ng sau khi hon thnh.Cc hng mc khc: thit k cc mt ct dc ring, mt ct dc cng, hm...

Cao khng ch trn trc dc:ng khng ch bi cao khu vc c cp thnh ph duyt, bao gm cao

ti thiu, cao ti a.Cc cao khng ch thot nc: cao ca x, cao ni vo cc cng trnh tip

theo. Ch : phi tun th quy hoch thot nc chung ca vng.Cao ng st: ng giao nhau, ng xe chy chung, ring (nn) vi ng st.

Cc cao nt giao thng, c bit l cc nt giao khc mc (ch tnh khng ng).Ch m bo thot nc v xem ng trong th l nn ng o. D tnh ntrng hp ci to ng th (tn cao nn ng).

Thit k trc dcV nguyn tc thit k tng t nhng t.Khi c xe th scn xt n yu cu m bo giao thng: dc dc khng qu 4%

v chiu di dc khng qu 80mTrng hp dc dc thit k nh hn dc yu cu thot nc x l theo 2 cch:

- Thay i dc dc ca rnh bin.- Thay i dc ngang phn xe chy, lng st rnh bin trong phm vi 0.5-1m.- Xt quan h vi cc ng ph ln cn



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Chng 3: THIT K QUY HOCH THOTNC V QUY HOCH MT NG NG

PH

3.1 H thng thot nc th.3.1.1 Chc nng ca h thng thot nc:

Thu v thot nc ma khu chc nng; thot nc ti cy, ra ng, thot ncma t cc h thng bn trong cc cng trnh, h thng thu nc trn ng ph; thotnc thi sinh hot v thi cng nghip qua x l.

3.1.1.1 Nc sch khng qua xl:Thot nc ma trong cc khu chc nng, khu nh , khu cng trnh cng cng (y t,

gio dc, th thao...), thot nc khu cng s, khu cng nghip, khu quc phng, qun

s, khu du lch, ngh mt...Thot nc ma cho ng ph v h tng giao thng.Thot cc loi nc ti cy, nc ra ng.

3.1.1.2 Nc bn cn xl:Thot nc thi sinh hot v thot nc thi cng nghip..

3.1.2 Phn loi

3.1.2.1 Phn loi theo loi nc c thot:

a. H thng thot nc chung:(hnh 3.1)

Tt c cc loi nc c gom li mtng ng cng, dn ra ni x l.u im: Cu to ni ghp n gin,

thun li cho vic b tri ngm.Nhc im: ng cng kch thc ln,

khi lng nc x l ln.i vi th nh: h thng i chung, ch

c xt n tng lai (quy hoch lu di). Sng

Trm x l

-ng ng chnh

-ng ng nhnh

b. H thng thot nc ring: (hnh 3.2)

Cc loi ng ng khc nhau i theong khc nhau. Nc sch i ring mtng ra ca x, sng, h, ao...H thngnc bn (c th i chung n trm x lhoc i n trm x l ring) sau ra sng,h, ao...

Cc phng php x l c th l c hc(lng ng) n gin nht, hoc cc binphp ho, sinh khc.

Sng

Trm x l

Thot n-c thi

Thot n-cm-a

u: khi lng x l nh.Nhc: h thng ng ng phc tp.i vi khu th mi: nn i theo h thng ring.



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c. H thng thot nc hn hp (na chung na ring):Trong thi gian ma th kho cc van ng ng nc bn, ch cho nc ma thot

thng ra ca x, ao, h, sng...Bnh thng th mvan cho i chung nh phn bH thng hn hp ch p dng cc b, ph hp vi iu kin v h thng van, kho

kh phc tp m khi lng x l cng nh xy dng khng rt xung nhiu.

3.1.2.2 Phn theo v tr ca ng cng chnh.ng cng chnh l ng cng trc c kch thc ln, thu nc cc phm vi ln,

sau a ra cc trm x l hoc sng, ao, h...ng cng ph l ng ng gom nc t cc khu chc nng ni vi h thng

ng cng chnh.ng cng nhnh l ng cng a nc t cc h t, ging thu nc ra ng

cng ph, ng ng chnh.Cc dng ca ng cng chnh:

- Dng vung gc vi dng chy, ni tp trung nc:p dng a hnh dc v pha sng (nc t chy)

- Dng song song vi sng:p dng ni c a hnh nghing cng vi chiu dc ca sng.

- H thng thot nc ma hnh nan qutp dng khi a hnh c hng dc tp trung v mt pha

3.1.2.3 Phn loi theo c im cu to:

a. H thng thot nc dng h:ng dn nc i l thin, khng c che y.c im: thot nc nhanh, d duy tu, sa cha, bo dng, gi thnh thp >< mt

v sinh, m quan km, km an ton cho ngi v phng tin tham gia giao thng.

Cc cng trnh thuc loi hnh: knh, mng, mng, rnh xy, rnh t....p dng nhng khu dn c tha, mc th ho cha cao, xa trung tm thnh

ph, lm giai on u ca qu trnh phn ku t.

b. Loi i ngm:c im ngc li vi h thng thot nc l thin. nh hng n cc cng trnh

khc. p dng: trong th, c bit l khu trung tm mt dn s cao buc phi ingm.

c. Loi kt hp i ngm v i l thin

3.2 Cc cng trnh cu thnh h thng thot

nc ng th.Bao gm cc cng trnh, cu to ca ng, h thng phc v thot nc th.



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Hnh 3.3: S b tr chung h thng thot nc trn ng th1. dc ngang mt ng2. Rnh bin (an rnh)3. Li chn rc - H thu nc4. Mng ngang dn nc t h thu5. Mng ngang dn nc trong khu vc xy dng

6. Mng dc chnh7. H ga k thut (Ging thm)8. H thu nc thng h lu cng ngang9. Cng ngang ng

3.2.1 dc ngang dc ngang phc v thot nc thit k chn tu thuc iu kin vt liu lm mt

ng. Tuy nhin cng khng c chn ln qu v iu kin an ton v thun li choxe chy. Kinh nghim ly in= 2% l t nh hng n iu kin xe chy.

Bng 3-1 dc ngang phn xe chy tu theo loi mt ng

dc ngang phn xe chy (%o)Loi mt ngTrn ng v ng ph Trn qung trng

Loi cp cao ch yu:Btng nha, btng xi mngBtng ct thp lp ghpLoi cp cao th yuLoi qu ,Loi n gin

15-25

20-30

15-2520-30

25-40

15

15-2015-20

Vic b tr dc ngang trn phn xe chy tham kho hnh v 3.4.

1

2

4

5

6 7

8

9

3



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-ng 2 ln

-ng 4 ln khng c phn cch

-ng 4 ln c phn c ch gia hp

-ng 4 ln c phn c ch gia rng

-ng 6 ln c phn c ch

-ng 6 ln c phn c ch

Hnh 3-4 Dc ngang trn ng thng

ng cong trong th nn chn c dc ngang ln hn ng t (2-:-3%). Dotc ca ng th thng b hn ch, khi tng dc tuyn p hn.

Trong trng hp dc ngang khng m bo thot nhanh, thot ht th cn phi

thay i dc ngang trn tng mt ct. dc ngang ti cc on cong:Ti cc v tr giao nhau: thit k dc ngang theo QHM. Chn siu cao v hng

dc phi tu thuc vo hng i ca xe.

3.2.2 dc dc v rnh bin

3.2.2.1 Dc dc:Chn dc ln nht, nh nht tng t nhng t, v theo cc nguyn tc

cp trong phn thit k trc dc.Dc dc ln nht imax: khi chon cn xem xt n thnh phn dng xe, trong th c

nhiu thnh phn xe th s, xe c tc nh do vy dc dc b hn chDc dc ti thiu imin: cn chn dc theo yu cu thot nc, trong trng hp kh

khn c th chn dc dc 0.3% hoc id=0 lc thit k rnh bin dng rng ca hockt hp vi thay i dc mt ct ngang, ly dc ngang mt ng imax tu theo vtliu (m bo nhm).

i11i = 0

i2i2

Mp trn ca va

y rnh bin

L = Khong cch cc ging thu

l l

Ging thu

X

L = Khong cch cc ging thu

i

LX

Ging thu

2i

1i

y rnh bin

Mp trn ca va

i2

Ging thu

1

2i

Ging thu

i2 i2h1

h h

h1



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Hnh 3-5 Thay i dc dc rnh bin

Trong 2 trng hp dc dc i1=0% v dc dc i1


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Khong cch b tr ca cc ging thu ni chung c xc nh theo tnh ton phthuc vo dc dc ng ph v chiu rng mt ng cn thot nc. Cc gi tr cth tham kho bng 3.2

Bng 3.2. Khong cch gia cc ging thu(hoc hga)

dc dc ng ph i Khong cch gia cc ging thu (m)i 0.0040.004


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Hnh 3-7 Btr ging thu ng ba, ng tng ph

3.2.4 Ging thm

Mc ch v phm vi sdng- B tr ti nhng ni cc ng ng gp nhau.- Ti cc v tr thay i hng dng chy, thay i dc, thay i ng knh.

- Trn mt on cng di cn b tr ging thm kim tra.- Khong cch gia cc ging thm ph thuc vo ng knh cng dcBng 3.3: Khong cch gia cc ging thm (hga)

Khong cch L(m)ng knh cng dc (mm)

Bnh thng Ln nht

< 400500 - 600

700 - 1000> 1200

50606070

506070

< 100



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- Phi b tr thang ln xung (dng ch U).- Kch thc ca ging thm ph thuc vokch thc ca cc ng ng dn v, slng ng dn v.- Cu to gm c ca ging, np y, y

ging.Chi tit [3].

dD

Thang ln xung

Np ging

H lng cn 3.2.5 Ging chuyn bc

Phm vi sdngKhi cc ng ng gp nhau c chnh cao ln m bo tc ca nc chy

trong ging khng qu ln lm ging tiu nng (ging chuyn bc).Cu to chi tit [3]

3.2.6 Trm bm thot nc maTrm bm thot nc ma c thit k khi y cng c cao thp hn mc nc

trn sng, h.S lng my bm ty thuc vo cng sut v lu lng cn thot.

3.2.7 Ca x nc maL u ra ca cng, nc thot ra sng, sui, h ao.Cao ca x lin quan n ch chy ca ng cng.

3.3 Cc nguyn tc chung thit k thotnc v t ng ng thot nc ma.

1. H thng thot nc ma phi c thit k theo nguyn tc t chy. Trong cctrng hp kh khn mi dng my bm.



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2. m bo thot nhanh, thot ht nc trn din tch cn thot v bng cc ngng ngn nht. QCT > Qtt, tng chiu di ng ng, rnh nh nht.

3. Nc ma c th x trc tip vo ch trng gn nht khng cn lm sch. Trit tn dng cc dng chy t nhin sng, h, ao...hoc khu t trng, h cha thotnc ma.

4. H thng thot nc phi ph hp vi quy hoch thot nc chung ca thnh ph,quy hoch xy dng, kin trc, giao thng.5. B tr cc ng ng thot nc m bo giao thng, khi duy tu, sa cha: b tr

di h ng, di phn cch, mp mt ng...6. B tr h thng thot nc ma phi cch cng trnh xy dng mt khong cch

quy nh. Cng t di mt t phi m bo chiu dy t p khi xe i qua khnglm hng cng, khng cho php t ni, t treo.

7. dc dc ca h thng cng, rnh nn thit k theo dc t nhin ca a hnh,nhng phi m bo cc iu kin lm vic ca cng bnh thng.

Bng 3.4: Trs dc dc ti thiu ca cc ng cng

Bng 3.5: Trs dc dc ti thiu i vimng rnh thotncma

8. Khi b tr cc -ng cng p lc song song vi nhau, khong cch gia mtngoi ca ng phi m bo iu kin thi cng v sa cha khi cn thit. Khongcch gia cc ng khng nh hn cc tr s sau:

Khi 300mm th d = 0.7mKhi = 400 - 1000mm th d = 1.0mKhi > 1000 th d = 1.5m9. Gc ngot ni gia 2 -ng ng lin tip phi >900.10. Ti v tr i h-ng cn c ging thm c bn knh cong ca lng mng ging

> -ng knh ng cng. Khi >1200mm th bn knh cong khng uc nh hn 5v phi c ging thm 2 u on un cong.

11. Ni rnh vi -ng ng kn phi qua ging thm c h khcn v l-i chn

rc.

ng knh cng (mm) imin Ghi ch

150200300400

0.0080.0050.0040.0025

Trng hp c bit cho php i vi =150mm dng imin=0.007, v =200mm dng imin=0.004ng ni t ging thu n ng ngimin= 0.002

Loi rnhimin

Rnh bin khi mt ng ph BTN hoc BTXMKhi mt ng l dm, ltKhi mt ng ri cui siMng tiu nc

0.0030.0040.0050.005



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3.4 Phng php tnh ton thot nc ma,nc thi.3.4.1 Tnh ton thot nc ma

3.4.1.1 Ti liu vkh tng thu vn:- Cng ma q: l lng ma xung mt n v din tch tnh trong mtkhong thi gian (thng tnh l lt/ha.s)- Thi gian ma t: thi gian ma l thi gian ko di ca mt trn ma, tnh bngpht.- Chu k trn (tn sut thit k): l thi gian (thng tnh bng nm) m cng ma ro thit k xy ra.

q v t thng l s liu thu thp c t cc cquan kh tng thu vn, s liu cthng k trong mt thi gian di.

Tn sut thit k tnh theo tng khu vc thit k khc nhau. Thng thng chn chuk 0.3-1.0 i vi khu dn c v thnh ph nh, 1-3 nm i vi thnh ph v khu cngnghip ln, 5-10 nm i vi khu vc quan trng c bit. Vic chn chu k v tn suttrn lin quan n vn kinh t, quyt nh quy m cng trnh.

3.4.1.2a cht cng trnh:iu kin a cht lin quan n h s dng chy ()H s dng chy l t s lng nc ma chy vo cng v lng nc ma xung

khu vc thit k.

Bng 3-6 H sdng chy ca lp ph

Cc loi vt liu ph

Mt ng nha, btng ximng, mi nh 0.90Mt ng lt, lng nha 0.60Mt ng cp phi 0.45Mt ng dm 0.4Mt ng t 0.30Cng vin, thm c 0.15

Cng thc tnh ton:

=

i

ii

F

F.

Trong : Fi l din tch ph mt ca vt liu (t) c h s dng chy (i)

3.4.1.3 Ti liu kho sto c a hnh:Bn hin trng.Cao t nhin, cao thit k cc cng trnh xy dng.Cc ti liu lin quan n quy hoch thot nc.Cc quy trnh, quy phm hin hnh.Da vo cc nguyn tc thit k thot nc nu phn trc tin hnh phn chia khu

vc thot nc da trn bn a hnh, quy hoch ng ng, xc nh hng ncchy.

Phn chia ng ng, xc nh v tr ging thu, ging thm.Xc nh din tch thot nc ca mi v tr tnh ton Fi.



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3.4.1.4 Tnh ton thu vnSau khi xc nh c cc thng s tnh ton, tin hnh tnh lu lng cc i v

cng trnh, lu lng thit k tnh theo cng thc cng ma gii hn:Q = q . . F (l/s)

q: l cng ma, tnh theo mt trong 2 cch sau:

Nu c s liu thng k trong 10 nm th 166,7Hqt

=

Khi khng c s liu thng k c th dng cng thc sau:2020 . (1 lg )

n

n n

q C pAq

t t

+= =

Trong : H l lng ma trung bnh hng nm, mm/nm.t l thi gian ma tnh ton (pht)p l chu k trn cngC l h s kh huq20 l cng ma ng vi thi gian ma 20 pht

q20= 0,071 H. d1/2 trong d tr s bnh qun ca lch trung bnh H.Cc thng s H, Ao, bo, C, m, n tra bng tnh ph thuc vng thit k

Tnh ton thu lc ng cngSau khi c lu lng tnh ton xc nh kh nng thot nc ca cng trnh b tr.Cng thc tnh ton thu lc ng cng: Q = ' . v (m3 /s)Trong :

Q l kh nng thot ca cng trnh (m3 /s)' l din tch mt ct t ca ng (m2) (lin quan n khu )v l tc tnh ton (m/s)

V d: Tnh ton khu cng dc cho mt on tuyn ph (lp bngtnh Q cho tng on Qij cho tng lu vc tp trung nc v lu lng cngdn Qij =Qij

o +Qi-1j-1.3.4.2. Tnh ton thot nc thi:3.4.2.1 Cschung:Ni chung khi thit k thot nc th k c nc ma v nc thi u phi da vo n qui hoch th, xem xt qui m pht trin hin ti v tng lai d bo dn strong vng qui hoch.S ngi s dng nc cho ti cui thi gian tnh ton l N=M.F vi M l mt dns v F l din tch khu dn c. H thng thot nc t hiu qu kinh t khi M > 45 -

50 ngi / ha.

3.5 Thit k chiu ng ng ph3.5.1 Khi nim v cc giai on thit k

3.5.1.1 Khi nimBn v thit k mt ng l bn v mt bng trn th hin v tr cc cng trnh,

kch thc cc cng trnh trn mt bng v cao thit k ca cc cng trnh.

Nu ni cc im cng cao ta c ng ng mc (ng ng mc thit k)3.5.1.2 Cc giai on



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QH vng: quy hoch cho mt vng lnh th bao gm cc khu vc trong v ngoi th.

QH chung: Quy hoch cho mt th - Quy hoch tng th.QH chi tit: Quy hoch cho mt khu vc trong th, qung trng, khu chc nngGiai on thit k xy dng.

3.5.2 Mc ch v yu cu ca thit k chiu ng3.5.1.3 Mc ch

Bn v thit k chiu ng c th th hin nhiu ni dung ca cc bn v mt ct dc,ct ngang, bnh v l bn v tng hp ca ba bn v trn. Do vy d hnh dung hn va hnh, mt ct ngang, ct dc v nh c cc im b tr cc cng trnh thot nc.

Bn v thit k chiu ng to iu kin thun li hn cho thi cng, c bit i vint giao thng; l bn v s dng trc tip khi tnh ton khi lng o p, iu phit.

Do vy bn v Thit k chiu ng cn gi l bn v thit k san nn, thot nc.

Trong giai on thit k k thut hoc thit k t chc thi cng nht thit phi c bnv Thit k chiu ng.

3.5.1.4 Yu cu:m bo thot nc t khu vc h ng, phn xe chy, cc cng trnh hai bn

ng.Cao ca rnh v h ng phi xt n cao ca ng vo khu nh , b tr

cng trnh ngm v cao khng ch ti cc v tr gio vi ng st, ng t... cao ca cc cng trnh xy dng hai bn ng.

Xem xt phng n thay i cu to MCN t hai mi sang mt mi m bo thotnc theo cng rnh.

3.5.3 Ni dung thit k chiu ng ng ph v nt giao thng3.5.1.5 Cc sliu cn thit (cc h s):

Cc bn v v h sv thit k chiu ng cc giai on trc.Cc bn v v h sQH h thng thot nc trong vng c lin quan.Cc bn v v h sthit k k thut: mt bng, mt ng, mt ct ngang.

3.5.1.6 Quy nh v quy c ca bn vthit kchiu ngChnh cao cc ng ng mc thit k (ng ng mc ) l 10-20cm tu mc

phc tp ca a hnh v tu vo giai on thit k chiu ng tng ng vi cc t lbn v l: 1:200; 1:500 hoc 50cm khi t l bn v l 1:1000; 1:2000.

Trong nt giao thng c th c chnh cao ng ng mc l 5cm.

3.5.4 Trnh tthit k chiu ng ng ph:Thit k rnh (cng thot nc) ca phn xe chy, xc nh v tr b tr cng trnh

thot nc, cng trnh ngm.Xc nh dc v cao ca rnh dc.Cn c vo dc dc, dc ngang ca cc b phn trn MCN, tnh ton cao cc

thnh phn, vng ng mc.



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A

B

A

i4

i2

i4

i

2

i 1

i 3

i 1L1L2

L3

50 60 70 80 90

40 50 60 70 80

50 60 70 80 90

h

h 1

h 2 Xc nh khong cch gia hai ng ng mc thit k tnh theo tim rnh:

L1=1i

hvi h l chnh cao ng ng mc; i1 l dc dc ca rnh dc

Xc nh chnh cao gia tim ng v y rnh bin

h1=2

2iB. vi B l chiu rng phn xe chy, i2 l dc ngang phn xe chy (hnh v)

Tim ng xe chy cao hn y rnh nn ng ng mc lch v pha hng dc

ca tim ng mt on L2=3

2

3

1

2iiB

ih

.

= , i3 l dc dc ca tim ng

Sau khi c L1; L2 ta vc ng ng mc phn xe chyVng ng mc phn h ng, da vo cao ca rnh dc v chiu cao b va

hTnh dch chuyn ca ng ng mc pha h ng so vi ng ng mc

mp rnh L4=1i

hd h l chiu cao va; xc nh khong cch ca im trong v im

ngoi ca ng ng mc phn h ng L3 =1

4

1

2

i

iA

i

h .= vi h2 l chnh lch cao

phn mp ngoi ca h ng v cao nh b va. Lu do dc ngang ca h ngv mt ng ngc nhau nn ng ng mc phn h ng dc theo chiu ngc livi phn mt ng.

Theo nguyn tc tnh ton va trnh by, i vi cc trng hp thay i dc carnh bin, ca phn xe chy hoc cu to MCN c nhiu b phn khc c th thc hintng t.

Ngoi phng php trn, c th v bng phng php gii, sinh vin tham khothm TL Nguyn Xun Vinh -Thit k nt giao thng v t chc giao thng th.

3.5.5 Cc v d thit k chiu ng ng ph:Cc v d trong ti liu "Quy hoch giao thng v thit kng th".



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3.6 Thit k chiu ng nt giao thng3.6.1 Yu cu

Thit k chiu ng nt giao thng phi m bo iu kin xe chy tt: xe chuynhng mt cch d dng, m thun.

m bo thot nc mt: nc mt thot nhanh, thot ht, kh ro phn b hnh.m bo m quan: cc cao ca rnh, ca ng, h ph.. hi ho hp l.

3.6.2 Nguyn tc thit kTrc khi thit k chiu ng nt giao thng cn xc nh cp ng giao nhau, dng

mt ct, dc v hng dc dc ca ng v dc ngang a hnh ti nt.m bo cc yu cu thit k trn, cc nguyn tc thit k:

m bo xe chy thun li i vi ng chnh (khng thay i dc dc, cu to c siucao theo hng r ca ng chnh) c xt ti xe trn ng ph.

- Hai ng giao nhau u l ng chnh th gi nguyn dc dc.- ng cng cp giao nhau, dc dc khc nhau th thay i dc ngang, mt ctngang (ng c dc dc nh hn) ph hp vi ng c dc dc ln.- Khi hai ng khc cp giao nhau, vic thay i dc dc, dc ngang phi toiu kin thun li cho xe trn ng chnh.- Phi c t nht mt nhnh dc ra m bo thot nc, trng hp kh khn cth b tr cng ngm, ging thu.- Khi b tr ging thu phi m bo iu kin kh ro cho b hnh qua ng,khng ng nc, khng chy vo cc nhnh khc

3.5.3 Mt s sin hnh* Nt c cc nhnh dc ra ngoi:Khng cn b tr ging thu, ch cn iu chnh dc

ngang ca cc phn ng tip gip.Thit k ging nhau trong cc trng hp ng

cng cp, khc cp giao nhau.

* Thit k nt trong trnghp c bn hng dc vo:

B tr cc ging thu ti ccon vo nt (trc di bhnh qua ng), b tr cngngm thu nc

Cu to phn gia cao hn:d thot nc nhng trc dcxu, s dng khi thit k cho

2 ng cng cp (hnh a)

a) b )



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Gi nguyn dc dc, ch n ng chnh (hnh b giao ng chnh v ngcp thp hn)

* Nt c ba nhnh dc ra, mt nhnh dc vo:Trng hp mt tuyn nm trn ng t phn thu, ging thu ch b trnhnh dc

vo, hai ng chnh giao nhau thit k theo hnh a, nt c mt ng chnh v mt

ng th yu giao nhau thit k theo hnh b, c.

b )a) c )

* Trng hp nt c hai nhnh dc vo, hai nhnh dc ra:Nt nm trn yn nga, trng hp a, b thit k khi hai ng chnh giao nhau, c, d

thit k trong trng hp mt ng chnh v mt ng th yu giao nhau.

b )a) c) d )

Nt nm trn a hnh nghing:thit k gi nguyn dc dc ca hai tuyn ng

(hnh a s dng khi hai tuyn ng chnh giao nhau, b,c s dng cho trng hp ngchnh v ng th yu giao nhau.

a) b ) c )

* Nt c ba nhnh dc vo v mt nhnh dc raNt giao thng nm trn ng t thu, dc dc ca ng th yu thay i trong

nt, bt li cho xe chy, hnh a s dng trong trng hp giao nhau ca hai ng chnh,b, c, d s dng trong trng hp mt ng chnh v mt ng th yu.

a) b ) c) d )



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* Trng hp thit k nt trong a hnh bng phng: c th s dng bin php thayi dc rnh bin hoc nng cao v tr gia nt ln th c trng hp thun li nhtrng hp bn nhnh dc ra.

3.6.4 Cc phng php thit k chiu ng

3.6.1.2 Phng php ng ng mc thit k:Xc nh ng nh (ng phn thumt ng), tnh cao trnh cc im trn

ng nh v cc ng tnh cao trnh, da vo cao cc im va tnh vngng mc thit k v tnh cc cao thi cng.

u im: phn nh c a hnh thit k, thy c cc hng nc chy (phnthu, t thu...), hiu chnh cc ng ng mc d hn; nhc im kh tnh c to cc im ng mc trn thc a.

3.6.1.3 Phng php vung:Ly tim ng giao nhau lm trc to, cnh vung song song vi tim ng (nu

ng giao khng vung gc, nn chn sao cho cc li vung c nh trng vi cc

v tr do c, kim tra trn thc a), vung c kch thc 5x5 hoc 10x10m tuthuc giai on thit k, phm vi thit k.

Xc nh cao t nhin, cao thit k, cao thi cng ca cc nh.Xc nh cc cao cc v trc trng ca nt (im giao ca ng giao, cc

mp b va...)

3.6.1.4 Phng php hn hp:S dng phng php ng ng mc thit k v dng phng php li vung

kim tra, tnh cao thi cng.Thng thng s dng thit k cc qung trng, nt giao thng ln.

3.6.5 Trnh tthit chiu ng theo phng php hn hpa. Thu thp ti liu phc v thit k:

Bnh tuyn ng t lh ln 1:500 hoc 1:200.Cp ng giao nhau, chiu rng, dc dc, dc ngang, cao trnh khng chnt.V tr cc cng trnh thot nc c hoc thit k.

b. V mt bng nt giao thngTh hin cc yu t: tim tuyn ng giao nhau, cc kch thc cc b phn (h

ng, phn cch, phn xe chy...), bn knh b va...

c. nh phm vi thit k

Thng thng ly phm vi thit k cch tip tuyn ca b va 5-10m (phm vi chuyn tip mt ct ngang, bng mt cnh vung)

d. Xc nh s thit k:Da vo cc c im a hnh, cp ng giao... chn cc hnh thc b tr (cc s

in hnh trnh by phn trn)

e. Xc nh cc cao trnh thit k trn ng dn vo ntXem mc thit k Thit k mt ng ng ph

f. Xc nh cao trnh thit k ti ntXc nh ng nh (ng c cao trnh cao nht - ng phn thu ca cc ng

dn vo nt)Giao cc ng nh l cao khng ch.



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Xc nh mng ng tnh cao trnh v thc hin tnh cao trnh thit k trn mngng tnh cao trnh.

Cc phng php thc hin: (tham kho ti liu Nguyn Khi - ng v giao thng th), c cc phng php: Phng php li vung, tm vng trn, ng songsong

g. Vng ng mc thit kDa vo cao ca cc im trn mng li ng tnh cao trnh vng ngmc.

h. Hiu chnh ng ng mc (cao trnh)Xem xt cc yu cu v xe chy m thun, thot nc... iu chnh mc dy, tha

ca ng ng mc (dc dc v dc ngang)

i. Tnh cao thit k, cao thi cngTnh cao thit k ti cc li vung da vo ng ng mc, sau khi c cao

thit k tnh cao thi cng.

Vch ranh gii o, p.



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Chng 4: THIT K NT GIAO THNG

4.1 Phn loi v phm vi p dngMt s khi nim

4.1.1.1 Nt giao thng:

Nt giao thng l ni giao nhau ca t nht 2 ng hoc 3 nhnh hoc l ni giao nhauca ng v cc tuyn ng st.

Cc ng i n nt gi l ng vo nt hay nhnh.Nhnh dn l phn ng dnh cho xe c hng i vo nt.c im giao thng ti nt1. Ti nt giao thng, xe c thi theo cc hnh trnh mong mun, thc hin chuyn

hng hay tip tc hnh trnh.C th ni, chc nng ca nt giao thng l khu vc xe chuyn hng. Trong mt s

trng hp khng cho php chuyn hng v mt l do TCGT no (nt khng lin thng(trn ng cao tc), nt giao vi ng st, nt khng cho php r tri (gim nh hngca xe r tri i vi cc xe trong nt...)

2. V nt giao li xe trong mt khng gian hn ch, mt khong thi gian nht nhphi thc hin nhiu thao tc: quan st, gim tc, dng xe, tng tc, chuyn hng...Do vynt giao thng l ni tp trung nhiu tai nn, gim kh nng thng xe, tc xe...

Mc tiu ca thit k nt giao thng l gim kh nng xy ra xung t nguy him giacc xe vi nhau, xe vi b hnh v vi cc cu to, thit b khc trong phm vi nt giaothng ng thi lm cho b hnh v xe c th di chuyn trong nt d dng, thun li.

4.1.1.2im xung t - vng xung tXung tl s tranh chp v tr, thay i v tr ca cc xe khi chuyn ng.Thng thng xung t c phn ra thnh bn loi: tch, nhp, ctv trn. Tuy nhin

xung t loi th t - trn dng l tng hp ca hai xung t nhp v tch. Nn thngthng ngi ta ch cp n ba loi xung t u tin.

Trong quy hoch v thit kng th, nt giao thng trong th cn xut hin xungt ca xe v ngi i b.

Nu xt tng quan ca cc xe n chic vi nhau ta c khi nim im xung t, cnkhi xem xt di gc ln xe, lung xe ta c khi nim vng xung t(khng gian xy racc xung t). Vng xung t chng ln nhau gi l vng giao thoa xung t.

Mc nguy him ca cc xung t ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:- Loi xung t: ct > nhp > tch;- V tr tng quan ca cc xe: bn tri nguy him hn bn phi;- Gc: i vi giao ct cng nh cng nguy him, hai xung t cn li gc giao cngb cng t nguy him.

Khi lu lng xe qua vng xung t ln th xc sut xy ra tai nn cng ln, vng giaothoa cng nhiu th mc tp trung tai nn cng cao, cn quan tm hn trong chn cc giiphp tho gxung t.

Xung t cng l csnh gi mc an ton tai nn ca mt nt cng nh ccbin php cu to (chn loi nt) nhm tho gcc xung t, gim tai nn, tng KNTH cant...

Nh vy xung t trong nt c th xt theo hai phng din: khng gian v thi gian.



54/100



kha cnh khng gian, c th gii quyt bng cch tch cc xung t bng o, vchsn (cng cao ) v cch na l phn tch khc mc cao . Ln lt ta c cc loi ntgiao thng c phn lung, knh ho v loi nt giao khc mc.

kha cnh v thi gian, c th tho gxung t bng cch lm lch pha cc xung t,tc l cc v tr tng quan ca cc xe (m ta gi l xung t) xy ra cc thi im khcnhau, ta c nt giao thng c iu khin (bng n tn hiu, bng bin bo hoc bng cnhst.).

C th ch tho gc mt phn hay hon ton (giao ct) v cng c th kt hp cccch tho gtrn cho mt nt giao thng c th.

Bn phi Bn tri i xng Kp

Bn phi i xngBn tri Kp

Thng gc bn phi Xin bn phiThng gc bn tri Xin bn tri

im tch

im nhp

im ct

Trn n

Trn kp

Mt bn Hai bn

Vng xung t ctVng xung t tchVng xung t nhp Hnh 4-1 Xung t trong nt giao thng



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Phn loi v phm vi p dng

4.1.1.3 Tng quanTrong cc cch phn loi c cp di y, mc phc tp ca nt tng dn trong

mi cch phn loi v do vy phm vi p dng v yu cu v quy m ca loi nt tng ngcng tng dn. Cs chn hnh thc nt (cu to) l da vo lu lng, cp ng, mc

u tin v yu cu giao thng i vi nt.4.1.1.4 Cch phn loi n gin

Cch phn loi n gin nht l gi tn nt theo sng dn vo nt: ng ba, ng t,ng nm..., ng ba ch T, ch Y...

4.1.1.5 Phn theo cu to:Da vo mc phc tp ca nt (phc tp ca cc thnh phn cu thnh).

a. Nt n gin:Loi 1: hai ng giao nhau khng c cc thit b, cu to no iu khin giao thng,

cc ng cong s dng l ng cong n. p dng trong cc trng hp hai ng a

phng, ng cp thp giao nhau, lu lng xe khng ln.Loi 2: Trong trng hp dng nt loi 1, tai nn trong nt xy ra tng i nhiu ngi

ta c th dng 2 bin hoc 4 bin STOP.Loai 3: Khi lu lng trn mt ng nhiu hn ng kia, cp ng khng tng

ng, c th s dng loi ny vi cc cu to cc ng cong phc tp hn (ng congghp 2 hoc 3 ng cong1) kt hp vi vic dng 2 bin iu khin trn ng ph (ngc lu lng t hn hoc cp thp hn), bin ny c th l bin nhng ng (xe phi gimtc ) hoc bin STOP v vch dng xe (xe phi dng khi n nt).

Nh vy l c su tin trong nt giao do vy nt ny cn c th gi l nt u tin chnhph hoc nt hai vch dng xe.

Nu mc u tin ny cn c nhn mnh th ngi ta c th lm thm ln tng tc, gimtc trn ng chnh m bo giao thng trn ng chnh c thng sut.

giao thông đô thị và chuyên đề đường

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