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Bio treh

Bieb vie; ^hfe Weh Heb

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MHEB 6; I MEB W M HM LS MHP

6.6. Peh hm lu mht6.6.6. Peh mht mf mht leb

Mht leb l teb l mht leb hoe toe dheb j ee p, dhi ehit vp sut th! "i th# th$ t%mh m& mh'eb dheb th! "i, bi( mm ph)e t* lebdheb m+ st, dheb m+ t%eh eh-t.

Mht leb th/m 6 mht leb eh-t, bi( mm ph:e t* m+ st dhi mhu!$eeb, m+ s/ ji=e "i th$ t%mh dhi th! "i ehit v p sut.

6.6.:. Mm theb s m !e

f. "hi l#eb ri$eb

0h3i l7eb 2i8eb l dh3i l7eb m& mht leb ho9m dh% t%eh mho t ;e vth$ t%mh

4

1

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2i8eb biS v eb7m lWi.

. Preb l#eb ri$eb

?2Reb l7eb 2i8eb l t2Reb l7eb m& mht leb t%eh mho t ;e v th$

t%mh

4

X1

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>>

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?11

o iGu die ti8u mhue 5

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mhiGu mo mt mht leb l h th# p l/m tm @Peb l8e ! j#eh X H .4

4 ?h$ t%mh mht leb t2oeb j#eh YZND

Peb mP o p sut bRi l p d=.

Up sut o 7m t2oeb thi=t j m+ th$ l p sut @ v p sut mh)e dheb.

XRi

\ l p sut th/m

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\tH \>I h ZND5 Up sut tm @Peb t28e jG 9t mht leb

h Up sut @o mt mht leb tWo 2

Up sut th&! txeh m+ 9m i$

- ?m @Peb thgo ph;eb php tu!=e v h-eb vo t2oeb lBeb mht leb

- ?Wi 1 i$ jt d# t2oeb mht leb, p sut th&! txeh m+ bi t2 jèb ehuthgo Ri h-eb.

- 6 h tR \ H z< V,!,{5 e8e tWi eh(eb i$ dhm ehu t2oeb mhtleb s| m+ mm bi t2 dhm ehu.

. 7heb treh m !e

b

pz

+ H moest

b

pz

b

pz

>

>+1+ MhiGu mo j#eh lRm tWi D i$ t Vt so v-i 9t mhue soseh.

b

p

b

p

>, 9m t2eb mhiGu mo p sut th&! txeh h! mhiGu mo \g{ogt tWi D

i$?2oeb dh3i mht leb Eeb eht t2Web thi txeh, th# Ri i$ mOeb e`

t28e 9t phkeb e` ebeb Gu m+ m}eb t p sut th&! txeh.

MhiGu mo \g{gt MhiGu mo \g{t l mhiGu mo m& vt mht leb m+dhS e]eb tWo 2 t p sut jèb p sut tWi i$ t eb Vt. Z=u i$ t Vt m+p sut tu!t 3i th# mhiGu mho \g{t eb v-i p sut tu!t 3i v e=u i$ +m+ p sut @ th# m+ mhiGu mo \g{gt m}eb v-i p sut @.

m. Ph9 e)eb ;4 th9 e)eb ri$eb mf mht leb

Mht leb t2Web thi m)e jèb h! mhu!$e eb Gu m+ mh t e]ebl7eb m; hRm eht eh v m+ dhS e]eb sieh meb. Web e]eb l7eb mh t2oebmht leb eb !8e 7m bRi l th= e]eb. Z=u e+ 7m t%eh t28e t ;e v dh3il7eb m& mht leb bRi l th= e]eb 2i8eb. ?h= e]eb mht leb 7m mhi l Dph:e.

L ?h= e]eb v t2% mh~ mhiGu mo h#eh hRm tA i$ t Vt =e 9t mhue $ so

Q

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seh.

L ?h= e]eb p sut t%eh j`eb mhiGu mo

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X H \.r H I bh 5.r t2u!Ge vo mht leb =e Ri i$ t2ueb

j#eh m+ t2 s3 eh ehuL 6/m @o p sut mt mht leb h! p sut @ hb b)! 2 th# th! "i thgo

theh j#eh, meb s)u t2 s3 meb l-e

6.:. /eb hm lu mht.6.:.6. >eh lu5t !o to4e e)eb l#ebf. M?e Neb ;5t mht.Mho h th3eb eh h#eh v|

eh lut jSo toe vt mht 7m tS eh su?"eb vt mht i vo h th3eb < dbNs5 t2A i l7eb vt mht 2 dhi h th3eb

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bD

D

L Z]eb l7eb @o ve mhu!$e mht leb L Z]eb l7eb @o t"e tht @Beb mhS!

b^.

L M)e j`eb e]eb l7eb mho hi v t2% 1 v D thgo h#eh v|

hb

zb

^H

bz

b

^j

+++1+++D.D

.

.

D

D

DD

D

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1

11

1

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@Web

:

a

wH h

:b1 +

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4! :p l

w `

1 1

o +

: :

6p w l wh . .b :b ` :b

1 1 1

,>nQ >,1

1>

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eb beb H >,DQ

eb thp, beb m} H >,Q

eb seh H >,n 1

eb thp j ]e Be Weh H >,

eb jSe H 1 D

s3 st phP thum vo g v eh m& 3eb. M]e m vo bi t2g mhi ue h phP thum e! l j dhu v/m.

Heh 6.6. Mu to b eha eb `e

@ "hu ;2m C

_eb mht leb mhS! @Beb. MhiGu @! m& eb eb[ , e8e hoe toeph& d%e b eh, @Beb mht leb s| t27t @Rm thgo eb mht leb. s3 st dheb phP thum vo eh m& theh 3eb.

Beb mht leb mhS! t2oeb 3eb v-i lu l7eb:`

W w,0

1

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Heh 6. . !" #h$ thu%& &'f h( ) v*o +% eha v* ,-

L?2eb h7p ti=t @ie 3eb dheb phSi h#eh t2Be, v-i g wDF>> , th# moe s3nY t2oeb meb thm

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s3 phP thum vo t2 s3 g v eh t;eb 3ir

, tm l

g Zc,r

1

?2 l/m @o st m+ ty l jm 3i v-i ve t3m v t2oeb bi-i hWe >,fQww D

L 4Oeb F MhiGu @! l-p eb 2t j, tm w w . Xi t2 g 1>Q, smmSe @o @Beb Vo! Wt bi t2 dheb "i, dheb phP thum vo g mh~ phP thumvo N2, eh t;eb 3i m& theh 3eb, tm

gr

1

phW v e! t2 l/m th&! l/m ty l jm hi v-i ve t3m. s3 st 9mt2eb ji mm eb j8e phSi 5 7m t%eh thgo meb thm m&Zimu2t{g

:

:

r !,:36,#0 :lb

=,#`lb

1 + 1

ho9m!,:3

r!,6 ,

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6 7,86,8lb c

Zc

1 +

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!eb 6.: ^ HI s trJ l2m mho 1/t +JO 1/t thu ;4 +4eb mhEe

reNz1

1 >.q >.q >.f >.n >.Q >.Y >.F >.D >.1 >.>1 w>.1

t > >.>1 >.>Y >.>q >.1n >.DQ >.Fn >.Yq >.nY >.1 >.q 1.>

t thu > >.>q >.1Q >.D >.DQ >.F >.FY >.F >.YQ >.Yf >.Q 1.>

_eb mh^e > >.>n >.Dq >.fq 1. F.ff .1Q 1.F Q1.D DYF L L

@ "huVu ;4 1oDe eb ;Zeb

s3 t2 l/m phP thum vo b+m ebhi8eb v ehe m& theh dhuyu.

3i v-i 3eb vBeb D 1> 1Q F> YQ n> q>

eb ehe >.>D >.>F >.>Y >.1F >.DY >.Yf 1.1F

eb eh >.>F >.>Y >.>n >.1f >.FD >.Q 1.Dn

?h! bi t2`

Zv H q>>, t m+

`

Z1 >.DQ >.Y >.n >. 1

1Q

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>.1F >.1Y >.1n >.D> >.Dq

?2eb h7p 3eb m+ 2| eheh, h s3 t2 l/m mho tho jSeb D.Q.

Heh 6.. f./eb >huu: =. /eb v0eb

3i v-i 3eb m+ ti=t @ie vueb, t2oeb t2eb h7p vBeb ho9m 2| eheh, h s3 t2l/m 7m t%eh

=,3 !

!

`!,6:0 !,:#0

Z $!

1 +

F> Y> YQ Q> n> f>

H >.DY >.QD 1.QY F.q1 1>. 1.f FD.n 11 fQ1

4-i dh+ e't, h#eh D.Fnj, t m+ thgo +eb

H Q 1> D> F> Y> YQ Q> n> nQ

H >.>Q >.Dq 1.Qn Q.Yf 1f.F F1.D QD.n D>n Yn

1n

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Heh 6.3. f. vfe ti7t 2u: =. >h8f e9t

!eb 6.R^ HI s trJ l2m mf ;fe mhEe J heh 6.3R

%

`

_hoetoe

6

8

:

8

=

8

0

8

3

8

7

8

#

8

Bebhoetoe

>.>Q >.>f >.Dn >.1 D.>n Q.QD 1f.> qf.

!eb 6.X^ HI s trJ l2m mf mm Ai%u ;fe

0i$u ve ?hkeb ?i8u mhue Zbhi8e mtv )!

#eh D.Fnj Y 1 F D

>.YY >. D.q Q 1.Y D.Q D.> D.f

?2oeb d thut, i dhi ebi t Vg t2 l/m mPm j l @o t2 l/m st m&t oWe @i t;eb ;eb m& 3eb b)! 2 v ji$u @ie j`eb ue h

&`l.`

1 >v eb d%eh 3eb @ H q n>

th# lt@H F>@. 3i v-i 3eb 2| eheh mhWm j m+ eb d%eh @ H DQ 1>>

th# lt@H q>5@. 0hi + t2 l/m toe ph:e m& eb 3eb 7m t%eh

1f

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:&`

a 6 '

l l wh h h .

` :b

+ 1 + 1

:

a &`: 3

8 )h (l l *.

b `

1 +

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%

+

w 6w .

% %

w 6w .

+ +

w 6w b .

1 1

1 1

1 1

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)! l ph;eb t2#eh g2euulli mho mht leb l teb mhu!$e eb "e ehdheb m+ st, ebhx l dheb j t e]eb l7eb .

?2oeb ph;eb t2#eh, { 9m t2eb th= e]eb 2i8eb h#eh hRm, &&p

hb

1

9m

t2eb mhiGu mo p sut th&! txeh, mBe bRi l th= e]eb 2i8eb p sut v:w

:b1 hl

9m t2eb eb e]eb, ji$u th eb e]eb m& mht leb mhu!$e eb

:

&p

p wH '-e&

b :b1 + + 1

L> ehsu

: :6 6 : :

6 :

p w p w '-e&

b :b b :b+ + 1 + + 1

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?hA s3 th eht { 9m t2eb dhoSeb mmh bi( i$ o v-i 9t mhueJ

thA s3 th hi lp

b7m o j`eb 3eb pg{t, mBe thA s3 th j 7m o

j`eb 3eb pitpo2e.

?2oeb th/m t= t theb b9p mht leb th/m, e8e dhi mhu!$e eb Vut hiel/m st @o eh-t m& mht leb, @o 9m t2eb m& mhu!$e eb v @o stv-i theh 3eb b)! 2 l mSe t2 mhu!$e eb m& mht leb, l ti8u t3e tph:e e]eb l7eb. o +, $ thkeb t2 l/m e! mht leb phSi ti8u t3e th8 tph:e e]eb l7eb m+ t2oeb e+. ?2oeb t2eb h7p e! ph;eb t2#eh g2eoulli m+@Web

:

a

w p h '-e&

:b b+ + + 1

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?h= e]eb 2i8eb p sut m+ bi t2 l-e eht :u 3eb @ce, mBe :u mOeb 3eb th#j`eb dheb

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Heh 6.66. J# >7 vi #he

Up sut eb l/m tWi i$ t o 7m t%eh thgo meb thm

/

:/ ! :

`l

h ( *bpwpbh p , E " a

: 6!!!

1 1 1 5

ho9m /:

/ !h ( *wh , a

:b 6!!!

1 1

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Heh 6.6@. /eb v-etuNi

6u l7eb mht leb mhS! u 3eb 7m Vm eh t28e m; s m& ph;ebt2#eh lu l7eb v ph;eb t2#eh g2eoulli.

\h;eb t2#eh jg2eoulli hi 9t m^t z1v zD7m vi=t

: :6 6 : :p w p w

b :b b :b+ 1 +

ho9m: :

6 : : 6p p w whb :b

1 1

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s3 iGu mh~eh phP thum vo mu tWo m& eb mh^e tWi 9t m^tzD

@D eb d%eh lC eb mh^e

?h! bi t2 m& 1vo ph;eb t2#eh

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Heh 66C. f. G*eb &he: =. /eb 2ofm. '2 mh!8 mf mht leb

?%eh ve t3m v lu l7eb m& mht leb mhS! u lC j#eh dhi /m mht lebt2oeb j#eh dheb "i. ? ph)e jit hi t2eb h7p lC ! j#eh

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?2 l/m dhi mht leb mhS! u lC 7m t%eh

::

a

wh

:b1

4-i h s3 t2 l/m

?2oeb t2eb h7p e! ph;eb t2#eh g2eoulli m+ @Web mhueb

: :6 6 : :

6 : a

p w p w > h

b :b b :b+ + 1 + +

e8e tA ph;eb t2#eh

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vi ph)e

`W W :bH1 ,

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u lC )! m+ ti=t @ie z @ H z>@

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?%mh ph)e t2oeb bi-i hWe > =e D t 7m

8 Z Z,

= g b 1

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?2oeb meb ebhip h+ mht v th/m ph, j; 7m @Oeb 2t ph" ji=e v

@Web. 4# v!, j; 7m mhi l ehiGu loWi tO! 9m t2eb mu tWo, t%eh e]eb v

phW vi eb @Peb.

/ vo ebu!8e l l vim t mhi j; theh mm loWi su

L ; th$ t%mh o j phe teh ti=e h! u! m& j; l th! "i th$ t%mhj8e t2oeb tWo e8e p sut ) :u h't v p sut @;eb :u !, @o + th= e]ebv p sut m& mht leb dhi u j; t]eb l8e.

L ; l! t) Zh l/m l! t) tWo 2 t2oeb mht leb dhi buEeb u! mht leb7m h't vo v ! 2 dhi j;.

L ; 9m jit o bE mm loWi j; dheb m+ j phe @ce eb eh eb m;ie, ! h;i e-m , @Oeb luEeb dh% h! h;i l ebuEe eb l/m $ ! mhtleb. 4% @P j; ti, j; sPm dh%, thOeb ee, Vipheb v.vK

6.3.:. Mm theb s m !e mf +.

0hi t%eh toe, eh bi mht l7eb j; t theb @/ vo mm theb s39m t2eb mh%eh bE Z]eb sut, p sut toe ph:e, meb sut v hiu sut

f. _)eb sut mf +

4-i Ri loWi j;, e]eb sut 7m t%eh jèb th$ t%mh mht leb 7m j; muebmp t2oeb t ;e v thi bie, FNsa ho9m FNha.

. Meb sut mf +

7m t%eh jèb e]eb l7eb ti8u t3e $ j; l vim, v-i mm loWi j; m+ jphe @ce eb eh eb m; ie, ! h;i e-m, meb sut m& eb m; 7m t%ehjo bE mm @Web meb sut su )!

MVeb )ut hZu &h

6 e]eb l7eb j; ti8u t3e $ t]eb p sut mho mht leb, jèb t%mh s3 bi(p sut toe ph:e

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h&r

E .b.H.)E

1 1

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ph:e 7m t%eh

b

wwzz

b

^^H h

D.

D

1

D

D

1D

++

1

>M, j; 7m 9t ebeb /me-m ji$e, th# mhiGu mo h't dheb v-t u 1>, v# t 1> D. eheb e=u9t j; mo D>>> so v-i 9t e-m ji$e th# mhiGu mo h't mh~ mBe ,1, v#tWi )! 1 t ,1 D.

Up sut h;i jo hB m& mht leb t]eb thgo ehit v ehit si m& mhtleb e+ j`eb p sut dh% u!$e. o +, dhi ehit m& mht leb t]eb, mhiGu moh't s| biS. Zboi 2, dhi t%eh toe mhiGu mo h't m& j;, ebi t m:e t%eh t"ethp p sut @o st t28e 3eb h't, ue t%eh meh buEeb v hie t7eb V) th/m.

`eb s3 t2 l/m @o V) th/m 7m t%eh thgo meb thm th/m ebhi

: : " =

%&

().e *h !,!6$ ,a

H1

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e 3 vBeb u! m& t2Pm j;

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Heh 6.F. !? +S ebue 2 =?a #ittVeb

.Meh tf8 i$ej 6.8lfehj :. 7istoej 3. ]fe 1`8j S. ]fe hntj R. Lu 1`8jX.]fe hntj c. \eb hntj g. \eb 1`8.

4 t2% ji8e m& pitteb vG ph% phSi v t2i m& Vi leh bRi l v t2% mh=t. 0hipitteb mhu!$e vG ph% phSi l t]eb th$ t%mh t2oeb Vileh, e8e p sut biS thp

h;e p sut dh% u!$e. -i tm @Peb m& p sut dh% u!$e l8e 9t thoeb j$mh, mht leb @)eb l8e t2oeb 3eb h't, u ve h't vo mhoe :! Vileh, + lu t2#eh h't. 0hi pitteb mhu!$e eb eb7m lWi, ve ! 2, mht leb 7m! tA Vileh vo 3eb !, + l u t2#eh !.

6.:. 7h?e loDi + itteb

?u! bi3eb ehu vG ebu!8e t^m l vim eh e8u, eheb tO! thgo Pm %mh,iGu die l vim v t%eh mht m& mht leb m:e ve mhu!$e j; pitteb m+ehiGu loWi mu tWo dhm ehu v m}eb m+ ehiGu mmh ph)e loWi dhm ehu.

Heh 6.6.

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j; t!

?hgo mmh s^p 9t v t2% m& pitteb, mhi 2 j; e` ebeb h! thkebeb.

?hgo mmh l vim, j; mhi theh j; tm @Peb ;e, tm @Peb dp, tm@Peb j h! j3e, j; vi si. ? i s)u t# hi$u mu tWo v ebu!8e t^m l vim m&j; pitteb thgo mmh ph)e mhi e!.

6.:.6. + tm &

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Heh 6.:3. + +4eb

?2oeb j; eb, pitteb v Vileh tmh 2i dhi hp ve j`eb t eb ehEi. ; e! @Oeb $ j; mm loWi @ueb @mh ]e Be Weh, v# pitteb v Vilehdheb ti=p V'm v-i i t2eb ]e Be, mBe ve, hp ve v eb 7m jSo vj`eb l-p vt liu mh3eb ]e Be.

6.:.:. + tm &

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Heh 6.R.

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Heh 6..

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?2oeb th/m t= mht leb 7m h't vo s| %t h;e, v# j t"e tht t l7eb @o B umhC e3i, ve +eb dheb tm thi, ho9m dheb dh% lRt vo th)e j; mhi= mhCm& mht leb. 4# v! $ t%eh e]eb sut th/m t= ebi t eh)e th8 h s3 iGumh~eh, 7m bRi l hiu sut th$ t%mh >. Wi l7eb e! 7m t%eh j`eb ty s3 bi(

e]eb sut th/m t= v e]eb sut l thu!=t

&!

)

) 1 . H >. n>.r.s.e ,qQ

6.3.:. _)eb sut mf + tm &,qQ.Z=u e]eb sut thp FNh 5 th# >H >,Q =e >,q>. 3i v-i mht leb uehm+ eh-t mo, hiu sut thp h;e j#eh theb tA Q =e 1>. t s3 j; m+d=t mu dheb t3t, hiu sut mh~ Wt Y> ho9m eh h;e.

6.R. 0 sut to4e hLe ;4 mhi*u mfo hnt mf + itteb

$ t%eh p sut toe ph:e m& j; pitteb t ve @Peb meb thm

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L bii oWe h't

ilah

vl hhHb

M

b

p

bb

p++++1+ 1

DD

1

DD

, th# p sut toe ph:e 7m t%eh

: : h : 6

!

p p w wp

hb b :b

1 + + 5

?;eb t/ ph;eb t2#eh

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mht leb v s3 vBeb u! Me,vbNph

> D> F> Y> Q> n> f>

Q>n>q>1D>1Q>1>

n.QQ.QY.QF.QD.Q

n.Qn.>Q.>Y.>F.>D.>

n.>Q.QY.QF.QD.Q1.Q

Q.QQ.>Y.>F.>D.>1.>

Y.>F.QD.Q1.Q>.Q>.>

D.QD.>1.>>.Q>.>>.>

>>>>>>

6.3.3. + l8 t?+.

6.3.3.6. Mu tDo ;4 ebu8$e l l4+ ;iIm mf + l8 t?+

?2oeb meb ebhip, j; l! t) 7m @Oeb 2eb 2i v m+ ehiGu loWi dhmehu vG mu tWo v ve heh. ; l! t) 7m ph)e loWi thgo ehiGu mmh, ehthgo s3 jm

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; l! t) l vim thgo ebu!8e t^m l! t). Mht leb 7m h't v ! m}ebeh ehe th8 e]eb l7eb

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j; phSi Ei mht leb vo :! j; v 3eb h't ho9m e=u m+ th$ 9t j; thph;e m mht leb t2oeb j$ h't mho mht leb t/ eb mhoe :! th)e j;.

Up sut m& mht leb @o l/m l! t) tWo 2, mhiGu mo ! m& j; phPthum vo ve t3m u! m& buEeb.

4e t3m meb l-e th# p sut v mhiGu mo ! meb l-e. ?u! ehi8e dhebth$ t]eb s3 vBeb u! jt d# 7m, v# l'm ! eb sut t2oeb vt liu l buEeb s|t]eb l8e Eeb thi t2 l/m m}eb t]eb l8e mOeb ve t3m u!. o + j; t mp mh~Wt 7m p sut t3i Y> =e Q>, mBe u3e t]eb p sut mht leb l8e h;e e(phSi @Oeb j; ehiGu mp eh h#eh D.1Q.

Heh 6.A.

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46/215

Heh 6.4. ^he t&h 2"& tNe &eh =?a 2 ta

1, D ve t3m mhu!$e eb m& mht leb tWi m* vo m& 3eb h't v m* 2m& 3eb !

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47/215

o dheb m+ t"e tht e8e m:e j`eb e]eb l7eb 3i v-i mht leb l

D

D

11

+

pH

D

D

DD

+

p

0hi buEeb u!, mht leb 7m j" sueb th8 e]eb l7eb @o meb l/m l! t)tWo 2, e8e ph;eb t2#eh m)e j`eb e]eb l7eb m+ @Web

ID

D

11

+

pH

D

D

DD

+

p

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: : : : : :: 6 6 : : 6

l&

2 2 w w H

:b :b :b

1 + +

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49/215

bi t2 ), v::

l&

2H

b5

L ?2eb h7p meh buEeb thkeb b+m, >. 0hi + motbDH >

Heh 6.@F. M& >i1u &eh buSeb

v::

l&

2H

b1

u ph)e t%mh mhiGu m& meh buEeb, vG l% thu!=t th# p sut @o j; tWo 2 m+ bit2 l-e eht dhi meh buEeb moeb vG ph% t2-m v j eht dhi moeb vG ph% su.?u! ehi8e t2oeb th/m t= meh buEeb lue 7m l moeb vG ph% su, v# eh v!t2 l/m eh eht.

6.3.3.3. 0 sut to4e hLe ;4 mhi*u mfo hnt mf + l8 t?+.

MhiGu mo h't m& j; l! t) 7m thi=t lp t28e m; s m& ph;eb t2#ehg2eoulli hi 9t m^t, t i u 9t thoeb m& mht leb t2oeb j$ h't, t iu m* vo m& meh buEeb

: : :9 6 6 6 6

6

p w p wH .

b :b b :b :b+ 1 + + +

't 2 mhiGu mo h't

: : :9 9 6 6 6

6p p w wH .

b b :b :b 1 + +

15

Up sut p1l p sut m& mht leb m* vo m& buEeb. Z=u p sut h;i jo hom& mht leb ehit t>M l pjh, th# p1pjh, dhi +

Y

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: : :9 h 6 6 6

6

p p w wH .

b b :b :b

+ +

D5

\h;eb t2#eh

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51/215

6.3.3.R. >eh lu5t tV lI. ,m tu89e mf +O 1,m tu89e +Deb ebO mhe

1i%+ l4+ ;iIm mf +.

0hi s3 vBeb u! th! "i t2oeb u t2#eh l vim m& j; th#

e]eb sut v p sut m}eb th! "i.: : r : : 6 6

: : r : : : :

2 e " 7! e

2 e " 7! e

1 1 1 1

?A ph;eb t2#eh

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eht eh. 4% @P, 5 eb v-i hiu sut L>,D m+ e]eb sut Hq>>lNs, psut HfQ, meb sut 11>> l/m.

u 5 t th!, v-i s3 vBeb eH qf>vbNph, $ j; l vim v-i hiu sut>,fQ th# lu l7eb m+ th$ th! "i t2oeb dhoSeb H n>> =e 1D>> lNs, v p sutt;eb eb H Q =e n>. Zh v! tA ue h L 2 2eb s3 vBeb u!dheb "i, th# t]eb dhi biS, t2A bii oWe :u l bii oWe l vim dheb "eeh

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,m tu89e +Deb eb ;4 1i%+ l4+ ;iIm mf +

0hi mhRe j; v iGu die l vim, eboi 9m tu!=e m& j; t mBe phSi @/ vo9m tu!=e Web 3eb

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\h;eb t2#eh I d.D

o9m H I d.D 5

4-i hI >H H moest

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th# 9m tu!=e mhueb m& mS hi j; ehe 7m j`eb t"eb e]eb sut

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Xhp j; e3i ti=p 7m @Oeb dhi m:e t]eb p sut @o j; tWo 2 t j;dheb p eb 7m. ?2oeb t2eb h7p e! e]eb sut mhueb m& j; bi3eb ehe]eb sut tAeb j;, mBe p sut th# t]eb bp i j`eb t"eb p sut m& tAeb j;tWo 2, e8e 9m tu!=e mhueb m& hi j; bhp e3i ti=p j`eb t"eb p sut

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6oWi j; e! m+ e]eb sut tA m+ e]eb sut tA >,1> =e DQ FNs, p sut tA Y =en, hiu sut Wt q>.

Heh "#$%# &'a h()eb tr*+

+ ko8 lm

; Vo! l3m 7m @Oeb dhi dheb m:e e]eb sut l-e FNh5,eheb p sut mo , bp D =e Q l:e j; l! t) m+ mOeb s3 vBebu!5

Mu tWo j; bE m+ buEeb D t2oeb m+ mm h3m eh thgo h-eb je d%eh,buEeb 9t t2oeb th)e h#eh t2P 1, bi( buEeb v th)e j; m+ 2eh F

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Heh 6.3c. + ko8 lm

; Vo! l3m 7m @Oeb v-i meb sut eh, m vi mhPm dilot, $ j;mm mht leb %t eh-t, dheb m+ m9e je. 0hm v-i j; l! t) e( l j; Vo! l3mh't v ! mht leb Gu thgo ph;eb ti=p tu!=e . u i$ m& j; Vo! l3m lmu tWo ;e biSe, d%mh th-m eh, p sut l-e. 9m i$ dhi e]eb sut biS t %ts| t]eb eheh p sut v meb sut, v Wt bi t2 m/m Wi dhi H>. 4# v! m:e mh' ve mh^e t28e 3eb ! t2-m dhi !.

Bi hi phSi m+ t2W ee dh% v phSi @u! t2# t mt mht leb eht eh jSoS eh'eb s)u m& 3eb 1, @o + dheb h't mWe 7m. _u3e h't mWe phSi @Oebph;eb php h't mh)e dheb. 6oWi j; e! @Oeb $ h't mm loWi mht leb d$ mSVit.

+ tif dtu8-

; ti 7m tS h#eh D.Dn. 0hi @Beb mht leb

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Heh "#$,# &'a ti- .tu/>6

u i$ m& j; ti m+ mu tWo ;e biSe, ve mhu!$e 7m mm mht leb

m+ ]e Be mo, eh m+ s/ t2e h;i v-i mht leb m+ tm @Peb ue e+eb ho9ml ebui t2oeb u t2#eh l vim. o + e+ h! 7m @Oeb $ j; e-m vo eEih;i.

Zh7m i$ l mh~ j; 7m mht leb eo mho php t2e lce v-i mht leb>, FQ> ho9m Q>> t. ?2i lWi t2oeb t s3 u t2#eh eh m 9m,s!, mheb lu!e mh)e dheb th# phSi @u! t2# p sut 2t thp, m >,D =e >,Y t.Zboi 2 $ theb bi+, dhu! t2e, phue jPi ho9m ve mhu!$e vt liu ebi tm}eb @Oeb dh% ee.

?t mS mm u t2#eh e8u t28e Gu phSi ti=e heh ee, th"i dh% ho9m h't mh)edheb. 0hi ee dh% ho9m h't mh)e dheb th# m+ s/ th! "i th$ t%mh d thgo s/th! "i p sut v ehit m& dh%.

ue h bi( th$ t%mh, p sut v ehit m& dh% l teb 7m th$ hie uph;eb t2#eh t2Web thi.

p4 H e.? q5

t2oeb +

p Up sut m& dh%,

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L u t2#eh keb ehit Zhit bi( dheb "i t2oeb su3t u t2#eh ee ho9m h'tdh%, eh m+ s/ t2o "i ehit v-i j8e eboi. Meb ee keb ehit 7m t%eh

6bH p141le:

6

p

p,

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ehit t;eb ;eb m; hRm

dh3i l7eb m& dh%

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62/215

4G mu tWo, ! ee pitteb hoe toe bi3eb j; pitteb, tm l bE m+ Vi leh 1,pitteb D mhu!$e eb teh ti=e, t28e pitteb m+ l^p t vi vBeb

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; E m& ! ee pitteb hi mp eh h#eh D.FF, bE Vileh p sutthp 1, Vileh p sut mo D. 0hi pitteb mhu!$e eb vG j8e t2i dh% 7m h't vou ve F. 0hi pitteb mhu!$e eb vG j8e phSi, dh% 7m ee lWi v ! 2 dhiVileh m+ p sut thp 1 u ve Y, i u j phe l ebui t2ueb bie Q $ 7m

h't vo Vileh p sut mo D u ve n. eb mhu t2#eh su, dhi pitteb mhu!$eeb vG j8e t2i, Vileh 1 h't l7eb dh% -i, Vileh D ee dh% =e p sut mo v! vo 3eb ! u ve f.

Heh 6.RF. !? +S Heh 6.R6.

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64/215

e

6

p% e

p1

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

65/215

?hgo meb thm 41

XRi l h s3 mueb mp, 7m t%eh j`eb ty s3 bi( th$ t%mh th/m 7m ! ee

h't 4gv th$ t%mh l thu!=t pitteb i u, tm l

-W

W- 11

4-i H >, >,qQ, m+ ebhx h s3 mueb mp lue lue eh h;e hiu sut th$t%mh >

0hi +, e]eb sut ! ee su t vBeb u! m& t2Pm j`eb

:

c

6

`W .. .

W

1

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vBeb

pie Up sut t2ueb j#eh t%eh thgo E th mh~ th m& ! ee

a 6

a:

:e 6

6

pa^ p 6 ,E " aa 6 p

1 ,fQ

Z=u dheb m+ j phe l ebui t t%eh meb oWe ehit

Zo H o.Zmt, ,qF >,qf

Meb sut ti8u t3e t28e t2Pm ! 7m bRi l meb sut t2Pm Zt, 7m t%eh

'&&

&

EE .4,qQ

9m t2eb s/ t t vG m; hRm eh st t28e b3i t2Pm, " ji, st m& pittebv-i Vileh v.vK.

Meb sut t28e eb m; ie m+ s/ t t j phe t2u!Ge eb v eb m;.

&'

' &r

EE .4,qn >,qq

Meb sut eb m; m+ th$ t%mh t%eh b:e 'eb @/ vo meb sut eb ehit

b

'

EE .4,nD

nQ

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?2oeb th/m t= phSi mhRe eb m; m+ @/ t2( meb sut, v# v! meb sut thi=t d=m& eb m; j`eb

Z H Zm, =e F> FNphJloWi l-e h;e t28e F>FNph.

- ?hgo p sut ee p sut thp @-i 1>tJ p sut t2ueb j#eh 1> =e >tJp sut mo > =e 1>>>t

- ?hgo tm eh)e ee J ! ee dheb dh%, oV!, ZFv.v..

6.S.:.3.Mm loDi +8 ee ;4 thFi Ah

6. a8 ee ;4 thFi Ah Ai%u meh tr#t6oWi e! m+ mu tWo v ebu!8e t^m l vim bi3eb j; meh t27t, mh~ dhm m+ v

e-m l lWeh

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Heh 6.R. G eXe v* thLi >h >i1u &eh tN\t

6.S.:.S. Mm loDi + mh?e Aheb

6. + mh?e Aheb Ai%u itteb Mu tWo m& j; mh)e dheb di$u pitteb b:e bi3eb eh ! ee pitteb.Xi-i hWe p sut phP thum mh& !=u vo dh%t bi( pitteb v Vileh v h s3dhoSeb hWi. ; mh)e dheb di$u pitteb 7m @Oeb ehiGu t2oeb meb ebhip h+mht v th/m ph. 4G mu tWo, hi loWi dheb m+ b# dhm ehu.4# ve t3m mht lebt2oeb j; loWi -t eh h;e ve t3m dh%, e8e d%mh th-m mm ve h't v ! phSil-e h;e loWi dh v dhoSeb hWi m}eb l-e h;e. o + mh)e dheb @o j; -ttWo 2 j`eb dhoSeb > =e Q v loWi dh dhoSeb qn =e qq,q.

?2oeb t2eb h7p m:e h't mh)e dheb mm thi=t j mh mht h+ hRm th$leb m+ t%eh ]e Be th# m:e j3 t2% t2-m j;

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Heh 6.R. !? +S h( theb =?a &he >hVeb v0eb eQ&

1. 4J D.Meh buEebJ F. 4Beb mht lebJ Y. M* h'tJ Q.0hoebJ n. M* !J f.eb !J . eb h'tJ q. eb VSJ 1>J ?hOeb mh J11. eb tho m9eJ 1D.eb @ce

e-m voJ 1F. 4e iGu mh~eh

0h% 7m h't vo u 3eb , ee lWi v ! 2 u 3eb f. 0h% m+

eb thgo mm biRt e-m i vo thOeb 1> 2Ei 7m VS 2 u 3eb q, mBe e-m

ho9m u! t2 lWi j; ho9m tho 2 u 3eb 11. Z-m j" sueb vo j; u

3eb 1D v ve 1F.

6.S.S. uDt bi

6. uDt l8 t?+

Zbu!8e l l vim m& uWt l! t) bi3eb eh ! ee tujie h! j; l!t). M]e m vo p sut l vim ebi t ph)e l j loWi

L uWt p sut thp m+ p sut tA n =e 1>>D

L uWt p sut t2ueb j#eh m+ p sut tA 1>> =e D>> D

L uWt p sut mo m+ p sut tA D>> =e 1Q>> D

L uWt p sut mo m+ p sut tA D>> =e 1Q>> D

6oWi uWt l! t)

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1, l jèb thp t. 8e t2oeb th)e m+ buEeb D bE 2t ehiGu meh ebê 7mu3e moeb lWi. 0heb dh% h! dh% 7m h't vo u m* F t) meh buEeb 2i jmm meh buEeb mu3e thgo, eh l/m l! t) v]eb 2 theh v v 7m ! 2 dhiuWt u m* Y v-i p sut l-e h;e p sut h't t mh't. ?2eb h7p m+ ]e Be

h+ hRm th# mm j phe j8e t2oeb m& uWt m+ ti=p V'm v-i dh% phSi 7m jSo vjèb mmh ph& t l-p vt liu mh3eb ]e Be ho9m l jèb vt liu dheb ]eBe.

6.R@. Uut 2 ta 2 ta

6.Ph?ej :. Buebj 3. MGf hnt d;4oj S. MGf 1`8 drf

0 sut mf QuDt

Zbu!8e l l vim m& uWt l! t) hoe toe bi3eb ! th"i dh% di$utujie, mh~ dhm p sut dh% th! "i 2t %t, e8e m+ th$ j u s/ th! "i m& dh3il7eb 2i8eb m& dh%. 4# v! m+ th$ t%eh p sut m& uWt l! t) bi3eb eh j; l!t).

$ t]eb p sut !

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eb d%eh m& buEeb theb theb j`eb ho9m l-e h;e t %t so v-ieb d%eh m* h't.

Up sut uWt l! t) tWo 2 $ th^eb mm t2 l/m t2oeb 3eb h't v ! I hhI h I hv,

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0hi uWt l vim mh= th%mh h7p eht, h s3 u! eheh 7m t%eh thgomeb thm

? =0

!

e. )e

(p "b*

1 > b, pdH 1,D dbNFl dh3i l7eb 2i8eb m& dheb dh%5

ebhx m& h s3 u! eheh l s3 vBeb u! dhi uWt l vim m+ hiu sut moeht $ Wt lu l7eb 1FNs tWo 2 p sut j`eb F> D. Z=u e[ 1>> t e8e@Oeb uWt h-eb t2Pm, mBe ew 1>> @Oeb uWt l! t) th%mh h7p h;e

Heh 6.RR. GV t +[& tu7e &'f Iut

uDt heb tr,Q.

f1

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Heh 6.RC. Uut hQeb tN$&

1. 4J D. Meh buEebJ F. eb h't

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MHEB :; MFM VSF PZEH ^HE ZIEB HDHEB EB EHP

:.6. 7h?e ri$eb Neb heb h lEeb

:.6.6. M sJ l thu89t

L dh% dheb Eeb eht l h mm hWt jPi h! leb l; l*eb t2oeb it2eb dh%. / vo s/ h#eh theh h dheb Eeb eht 7m mhi theh h m;hRm v h ebeb tP.

L m; hRm 7m h#eh theh @o u t2#eh ebhiGe eh hWt 2ê ho9m mm jPie, biRt mht leb li ti, ho9m @o mm u t2#eh dhm l ph)e te mm ph:e t* 2êho9m leb t2oeb dheb dh%. 0%mh mm hWt jPi @o eb tA Q 1> .

L ebeb tP Vut hie t2oeb u t2#eh mm dh% h;i ho9m @o mm phSe eb

h+ hRm tWo theh mm hWt dh% ho9m h;i @Web 2ê ho9m leb. Z=u @Web 2êmho 2 h dh+i mBe e=u @Web leb s| mho 2 h s;eb O. 0%mh th-m m& mmhWt ebeb tP tA >,F >,>>>1 .

:.6.:. Mm theb s m !e mf Qu treh lEeb

:.6.:.6. Eeb troeb +i trYeb treb l2m

dheb Eeb eht jo bE ph li8e tPm

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0hoSeb thi bie @Beb hCe h7p i h=t mhiGu @i 6 phBeb l^eb 7m bRi lthi bie lu, v Vm eh eh

`v

=11 , w

H1 ,

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!h, !m, !l ZEeb ph 2^e t2oeb hu!Ge phO, m9e l^eb v e-m t2oeb.

X , 4 0h3i l7eb v th$ t%mh ph li8e tPm t2oeb hu!Ge phO

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D

D>

D

wGD

D

w`

D

D w`

( )b

`.

n

.D1

F

1

D

D1>

5,D

s3 t2 l/m

g

DY1

?2oeb mh= lêb @Beb th# sm mSe m& i t2eb tu)e thgo eh lut tomdgs

1

5< D1D

>

1

`w , ,D, d%mh th-m hWt l-e eht 7m t%eh g w >,D l

L Mh= lêb u >,D w g w Q>>.

N !,768,3

Zc

L Mh= lêb mhS! 23i Q>> w g w 1Q>.>>>

N !,00

?h! mm bi t2 vo t m+ meb thm t%eh ve t3m lêb

D

D1>

5 t%eh g, 2Ei Vm eh h s3 , thgo bi t2 t# t3m >. 4imt%eh l9p th/m hie mho =e dhi Wt d=t uS.

:.6.S.:. 7heb h km 1>eh mh9 1/ lEeb

ff

( ) ( )F

D1D

D

F

D1D

D

V

.F,F1,q.n,F

1

1`

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

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* @Peb theb s3 th hi mu 6!sgemo

5rF

YgD 1

?2oeb +

2 l mhue s3 2sit=

r:

` ( * br

1

?h! bi t2 m& F mh= lêb vo t# 7m bi t2 bi-i hWe m& 2sit, ebhxl

g w >,D 2 w F,n mh= lêb @Beb

>,D w g w Q>> F,n w 2 w Y>>> mh= u Q>> w g w 1Q>>>> 2 [ Y>>> mh= 23i

Zh v! e=u ji=t 9m t%eh h hu!Ge phO t%eh 2 tA + Vm eh mh= lêb, vt# bi t2 , biSi 2 t# t3m lêb.

:.6.S.3. Keb 1 th> dH.:.6

Zbi t @/eb E th s/ phP thum g H z

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:.6.S.S. 'G &

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

81/215

L Mho @Beb mhS! m& hCe h7p thgo ph;eb ebeb

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

82/215

!a9%

WG 1

w1 1 ,

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

83/215

1L ? mh^eJ D,nL m* iGu mh~ehJ Y,Q 2eh @ce dh%J f m* tho jPi.

:.6.c.:. Phi9t > lEeb hu8*e h dhI leb q rEe

?A meb thm t%eh t3m l^eb

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84/215

h#eh mh+p e+e t2oeb thi=t j @Web t2P

:"=

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

85/215

W N W. !N W.!a9%

h

w,

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

86/215

4j ?h$ t%mh ph:e mh m9e m& thi=t j < F5

4m ?h$ t%mh m9e l^eb thu 7m t2oeb thi bie l^eb >

! h h 6'

r

W (+ + *W

1

,

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

87/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

88/215

:.:.6. PrYeb l2m l8 t?+ ;4 tm 1/ lEeb

Zbu!8e t^m mhueb _t vt dh3i l7eb eb mmh t) dhoSeb 2 vu! Vueb ueh t) + v-i t3m b+m th# sieh 2 l/m l! t)

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

89/215

!mle 7m mu tWo jo bE mm ph:e mh& !=u eb t)

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

90/215

1 e d%eh eboi m& 3eb t) I e d%eh t2oeb 3eb t),

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

91/215

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h-eb @Beb hCe h7p u! t3t h;e

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

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?A .Q.1 m+ th$ th! eb l/m u t2#eh \, t;eb eb v-i Wi l7eb t"etht p sut m& @Beb mhS! u l-p j v vmh eb]e, ebhx l 7m ji$u @ie

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X1, 41 0h3i l7eb v th$ t%mh m& ph li8e tPm t2oeb hCe h7p.

X, 4 0h3i l7eb v th$ t%mh j tWo theh.

X, 4 0h3i l7eb v th$ t%mh e-m lRm thu 7m.

?hgo eh lut jSo toe vt mht m+ th$ vi=t

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

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j lRm j ee p th# s [ > J s [ > v s > 1J s 1?2oeb jSeb Y.1. bi-i thiu t%eh mht vi loWi j lRm.

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

98/215

Heh .6F. c& tNe a[t tN$

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

99/215

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j 0h3i l7eb 2i8eb V3p m& vt liu, ?NFa X+m m& b bi t3m t2Reb t2eb, NsDa

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

148/215

M@eb su8t aL/ ebhie

al,..1>.YFn,>

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

149/215

XC theb > Y> 1,>1,D >,>QQMo su L >,>>>Xeb L 11,Q1n Y,Q?hp me L D>D1 ,1

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

150/215

3.:.S. a8 ebhi*e eeM+ j loWi ! ebhiGe e+eL 6oWi t2Pm m3 eh.L 6oWi t2go j`eb m; mu ji m:u $ ebhiGe th.

L 6oWi moesol 9t m:u ph% @-i $ ebhiGe t2ueb j#eh v ebhiGe eh.f.Mu to

Heh @.. !? +S &u to a ebhiPe e8e1. eb m; D. Z+e ebhiGe txeh F. Z+e ebhiGe

ebY. ?2Pm u! Q. m:u n. Se ph

XE e+e m3 eh ph% eboi. 8e t2oeb l e+e @i eb. Z+e @i eb 7mt2go ho9m t28e 9t m:u t27t. Z+e @i eb l^p t28e t2Pm lmh t).

=. _bue 2T 2*a vi(&

4t liu ebhiGe vo dheb bie bi( hi e+e ebhiGe. 0hi l vim e+eeb u! ueh t2Pm lmh t), l dhg h bi( e+e m3 eh v e+e @i eb l'mt]eb l'm biS @o + vt liu s| j ee p v mh st v 2. Wt m+ d%mh th-m jh;e dhg ebhiGe thgo t2Reb l7eb s| lRt Vu3eb 2 eboi theh sSe ph. Wt m+d%mh th-m l-e ti=p tPm ebhiGe t2oeb juEeb ebhiGe.

m.u i$ Z]eb sut l-e, l vim 8, %t j 2ueb, sSe ph Eeb Gu,e]eb l7eb ebhiGe eh h;e so v-i ! ebhiGe .

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

151/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

152/215

q >,Q f>> F >,FQD>>VQ> F DQ nD,Q Yf YQ> 1QDQ 1>DQ>V1>> YY Fq f,Q qF Y>> DQY> 1QFDQV11DQ Q> nF f,Q 1D FfQ Q>fQ DD,QY>>V1Y>> fQ 1D> 1>> 1fn FQ> n>1>> F1Q>>V1f>> f,Q 1QD 1DQ DYQ FF> fQ1DQ YffQ>VDDQ> 1>> DFQ 1nD,Q 1Q> FDQ 1DQ1f

QQ

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3.:.R. a8 ebhi*e tr

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

153/215

Heh @.3 . !? +S &u to a ebhiPe tN$&1. ?2Pm ebhiGe @i

ebD. 6B Vo F. 0hg

ebhiGeY. \hu ehp liu Q. t2Pm ebhiGe m3 eh n. Se ph

XE hi t2Pm ebhiGe 9t soeb soeb v u! eb7m mhiGu ehu, t3m hit2Pm dheb j`eb ehu. _t t2Pm u! m3 eh, t t2Pm u! m+ th$ @i eb 7mv 7m bi( ji h th3eb lB Vo.

_bue 2T 2*a vi(&0hi hi t2Pm u!, l/m st bi( t2Pm v vt liu s| do vt liu vo dhg h

bi( hi t2Pm sieh l/m ee p. Zboi 2 @o hi t2Pm m+ t3m dhm ehu s| sieh l/mmh st d=t uS l vt liu j ebhiGe eh t-i d%mh th-m dhg h bi( hi t2Pm vlRt 2 eboi. 6B Vo $ jSo v ! dhi vt liu u meb ho9m u l-e.

u i$ Mu tWo ;e biSe, mh^m mh^e, ! l vim 8, d%mh th-m sSeph Gu, eh e.

Zh7m @i$ Z]eb sut dheb mo, m ebhiGe dheb mo hP

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1

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

154/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

155/215

Heh @.A . !? +S &u to a ebhiPe =9f1. _9t seb D. ' F. ? pY. _eb ti=p liu Q. x n. Mh3tf. ?2Pm . 4 ! q. Se ph

Heh @.4 . Mu to =9f ebhiPeXE v ! jèb beb h! thp. 8e t2oeb m+ t2Pm u! e` ebeb m+

bê mm x. ?28e x m+ l^p ehiGu j' eb. ?oe j tWo theh juEeb ebhiGe ph%t28e l mm t p, ph% @-i l 9t seb.

_bue 2T 2*a vi(&Zbu!8e liu i vo juEeb ebhiGe thgo ph;eb ti=p tu!=e. -i tm @Peb

m& j' u! v mm t p, ebu!8e liu s| j v eh jèb l/m v p, st.Wt m+ d%mh th-m eh h;e lC 9t seb s| thot 2. Wt m+ d%mh th-m l-e ti=p tPm

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

156/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

157/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

158/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

159/215

j dh3i l7eb 2i8eb V3p m& vt liu, dbNFaD ve t3m v mhW m& vt liu vo vBeb 2]eb th D, NsaM@eb su8t +- aL/

al,. d:33

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

160/215

Heh @.66 . !? +S &u to a ebhiPe &hpu &oe 2e1. eh 2]eb D. Mhu F. Moe l]eY. ?2Pm u! thkeb

ebQ. ?2Pm moe l]e

_! bE ehiGu moe l]e l^p t28e t2Pm u! e` ebeb. ?2Pm u! moe l]eb^e mh9t vo t t2Pm u! thkeb eb l moe l]e l]e t2oeb mhu ebhiGe._bue 2T 2*a vi(&0hi moe l]e u!, vt liu e` bi( mhu v moe l]e s| j ebhiGe eh j`eb

l/m ee p v mh st m& t2Reb l7eb moe l]e v mhu ebhiGe.u i$ ;e biSe, @ ve heh v s* mh(, m+ th$ ebhiGe 7m ehiGu

loWi ebu!8e liu.Zh7m i$ Z]eb sut thp, l vim bie oWe, t2Pm ebhiGe j tm eb

ji l/m l! t) m& moe l]e.

eb @Peb ebhiGe e ho9m 2t e mm loWi vt liu -t, , dh, d=t @%eh,e+eb.Eeh toe

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

161/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

162/215

?2oeb +Z meb sut ! ebhiGe, daZ1 meb sut $ dh^m phPm st l]e uS l]e v-i vt liu, daZD meb sut $ dh^m phPm st t27t uS l]e v-i vt liu, da

al,.1>>>... 1

1 d:rBgwi3 tj1 >>

..D d:

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3.:.. a8 ebhi*e iMu to

1n1

i m:u i theh i e+e

1 YFD

Q

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

163/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

164/215

X dh3i l7eb vt liu v ji t2oeb thOeb u!, dba eb d%eh thOeb u!, aM h s3 th/m ebhi t2 jSeb F.1>.

,1 >,D >,F >,Y >,Q

i s 1F,F 1D,DQ 11,1 q,Q f,i thp eh 11,q 11,1 q,q ,Q f,>i thp l-e 11,Q 1>,n q,Q ,D n,

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1,QV1,D DQ>> Dq > QQ F> F>Y>1,QV1, FfQ> Dq 1D> Q Q> Y>Q>1,V1, n>>> DQ DQ> 1fQ 1>> q>1D>1,VF,n 1D>>> DQ Q>> FY> D>> 1Q>D>>FVD,f Ff>>> 1f 1Q>> 11>> nQ> QQ>n>>

G ebhiPe =i tN$ hfi +]u &Ve

1nF

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

165/215

>,nV>,Y F>> Y> Y F D D>,qV>,Y QQ> FQ 1D 1> q Q>,qV>,n 1>>> FQ 1f 1Q 1F 1>1,QV>,q YfQ> D 1>> > n> Y>Q>D,1V1,D 1FQ>> DF F>> DD> 1Q> 1DQF,nV1, QQ>>> 1n 1>> 1Y>> 1>>> f>>>>

3.:.6. [eb &eh s hDt ;4 &iIe tmh * +,t ri$eb

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

166/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

167/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

168/215

ph)e dh3i l7eb hWt m+ d%mh th-m tA h1=e hD

3.3.:._bu8$e tEm s4eb

Mho vt liu i u 9t seb m+ d%mh th-m lC Vm eh. Mm hWt m+ d%mhth-m eh h;e lC seb s| lRt u 9t seb, mm hWt m+ d%mh th-m l-e h;e s| j bi(

lWi t28e jG 9t seb, d=t uS l su dhi seb s| 7m hi loWi sSe ph loWi lRtseb v loWi t28e seb.\h;eb php ph)e 2i8eb j`eb seb th%mh h7p $ tmh hCe h7p vt liu 2i

m+ d%mh th-m tA 1 t2 l8e.f. Mm heb h h?e ri$eb Neb s4ebL \h)e 2i8eb tA eh t-i l-e Mm seb V=p e3i ti=p, lC eh t2-m, l-e su.

1nf

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169/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

170/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

171/215

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

172/215

Heh @.F. M& `eb a[t )*eb 2Qi +fe

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

173/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

174/215

0%mh th-m lC H 5

0hoSeb mmh bi( D p lC li8e ti=p l

l q,>1 ,fQ. H Q 1> s H >,f. [ 1> s H >,nDQ.MhiGu @! t3i seb s w 1D

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Heh @. . M& `eb a[t )*eb thfeh bhi

0%mh th-m mh& !=u H @ j H ,D >,F5.@ b+m ebhi8eb lRt H n 1>o

9m i$ jGe, mhu 7m l/m l-e eheb e9eb, jG 9t t/ @o eh, t3e vtliu, dh+ mh= tWo, bi theh mo.

Meb @Peb /;m @Oeb dhi hi loWi 9t seb t28e dheb s* @Peb 7m,ph)e loWi vt liu l-e @ [ >.3.3.R. Mm theb s +,t s4eb

f. "mh thm lU s4eb

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0hi d%mh th-m vt liu lRt seb @ w Q th# H @ I ,Q 150hi d%mh th-m vt liu lRt seb @ [ DQ th# H @ I

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

175/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

176/215

Heh @.@ . !? +S 2"& t& `$eb 2e ht vpt 2i(u tNe =P a[t )*eb?2oeb +

X t2Reb l7eb hWt, Za je d%eh lC seb, a2 je d%eh hWt, a\t l/m ue t%eh, ZaiGu die $ hWt dheb j%t lC

\t.h [ X. Q> n> f> >N2H1Nsie

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

177/215

3.3.X. 7h?e loDi thi9t > s4eb

7h?e loDi thi9t > s4eb th-o mu tDo^ L eb phkeb.

L eb mhu!$e eb teh ti=e.

L eb mhu!$e eb t2Be.L eb 2ueb.L eb t2P.

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

178/215

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?2oeb +r @ie t%mh ti=t @ie ebeb m& dh3i vt liu t28e seb, Da

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

179/215

7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

180/215

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7/24/2019 Giao Trnh KTTP1 02-2014

181/215

XE t thOeb u! h#eh t2P, l]eb t2P n mWeh , e+e, t28e 9t thOebu! b^e mm 9t seb. ?hOeb 9t ebhi8eb t b+m H D qo

=._bue 2T 2*a vi(&4t liu tA 3eb eWp liu 7m v%t tSi vo thOeb u!, @-i tm @Peb

u! v ebhi8eb m& thOeb, vt liu mhu!$e eb t27t t28e 9t seb thgo h#ehVo! t-i mu3i thOeb, th/m hie u t2#eh ph)e loWi thgo d%mh th-m theh hi loWit28e seb v loWi lRt seb . 4-i 9t seb l]eb t2P th# eboi mhu!$e eb t27tt28e 9t seb mBe mhu!$e eb v p m& hWt dhi 2;i tA 9t seb e! t-i 9t sebdhm.

&.su +i1a6C seb %t j j%t d%e, vt liu t;i, dheb v+e mPm.`._h\& +i1a\h)e loWi vt liu d seb l^m, e9eb eG, Ee o, ehiGu jPi, vt liu j

ebhiGe v dhi seb, hiu sut s* @Peb jG 9t seb thp

.mos

1>.F

..... D

YD d:

eZabeZ3 W

+1

ZF meb sut th^eb st b3i t2Pm, da.

1>

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a,1>.F

....5..>,1

..

DF

1

dw>eB

3 s1 5

?2oeb +Xs t2Reb l7eb m& seb, Zae t3m t2Pm lmh t), vNphag je d%eh lmh t) m& t2Pm, aZD meb sut $ th^eb l/m st, da

alJ1>.f,D

.....f

F

D d:erZBg

3 e

1 YWi Wmh F,Q 1D>> f08 1,Q 1Q> Y

3.3.66. [eb &

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?2oeb ! t2e m+ e] ph;eb php t2eL ?2e @Beb Mm l-p mhu!$e eb t;eb 3i.L ?2e 3i lu ?Aeb eh+ hWt mhu!$e eb t;eb 3i.L ?2e dhu=mh te Mm hWt mhu!$e eb t;eb 3i.

L ?2e v p \h)e te @o v p.L ?2e ebhiGe i=e @Web hWt.

3.S.:.Mm 89u t !eh hJeb ti tr/e ;5t liIu rYiL \h)e ph3i m hWt \h)e ph3i hp m hWt Seh heb t3t, ph)e ph3i 2eb

m hWt Seh heb Vu =e u t2#eh t2e.L 0h3i l7eb 2i8eb v dh3i l7eb 2i8eb V3p 0h3i l7eb 2i8eb bi3eb ehu

th# u t2#eh t2e t3t. 0h3i l7eb 2i8eb V3p th! "i li8e tPm t2oeb su3t u t2#eht2e, theb biS Vu3eb.

L #eh @Web hWt Wt m+ ehiGu h#eh @Web eh h#eh m:u, t2eb, lp

ph;eb, di, v!, tieh th$ h#eh @Web jt d. Wt @Web t2Be t2e t3t, @Web di, v!t2e Vu.L 9m t%eh jG 9t ie t%mh. 6/m txeh ie Seh heb Vu t-i u t2#eh

t2e.L 9m t%eh lu mhu!$e l/m st t2oeb meb l-e th# dhS e]eb lu mhu!$e

meb d, Seh heb Vu t-i u t2#eh t2e.L ?%eh mht m; hRm m& vt liu 4t liu @Be dhi t2e s| j v et. Mm hWt

mOeb loWi m+ dhu!eh h-eb @%eh lWi v-i ehu s| mSe t2 u t2#eh t2e Gu.L vt liu vt liu meb mo meb dh+ t2e Gu. ?u! ehi8e

m}eb m:e m+ t eh $ mh3eb tWo jPi.L \hP bi leb th8 vo s| Seh heb t-i u t2#eh t2e.L Zhit bi-i hWe M:e mh' t-i ehit t3i dheb sieh mm phSe

eb t2oeb dh3i hWt.4# v! m:e Vg Vt d mm t%eh mht t28e m& vt liu t2-m dhi g t2e.

3.S.3.Phi9t > tr/e

3.S.3.6. Phi9t > tr/e m meh Quf8

f. Mu tDo

1n

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t eb d%eh :u 't meh t2e, a. j-m v%t, a.e s3 vBeb u! t2Pm t2e, vNpha.

dh3i l7eb 2i8eb vt liu, dbNFa.

h s3 mh :! t2oeb thOeb t2e.01 h s3 liGe meh.

h s3 th/m ebhi ,Q >,qQ

MVeb )ut

Z H Z1 IZD, da 15

?2oeb +Z meb sut ! t2e, da

Z1 meb sut dh^m phPm t2 l/m vt liu thgo ph;eb ti=p tu!=e, daZD meb sut dh^m phPm t2 l/m vt liu thgo ph;eb @Rm t2Pm, da

3.S.3.:. Phi9t > tr/e Ai%u ;t koEe

f. Mu tDo

Heh @.RA. !? +S &u to a tN%e vt1. Meh So D. eb @ce liu t28e F. Ee mh

1

D

F

Y

Q

1

n

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6 mhiGu @i v%t Vo^e thgo ph;eb ebeb, a. mhiGu @i v%t Vo^e thgo ph;eb thkeb eb, a.d h s3 t2 l/m.

3.S.3.3. Phi9t > tr/e Ai%u theb Quf8.

f.Mu tDo

Heh @.R4. !? +S &u to a tN%e thOeb Iuf1. 4%t eWp liu D. \hu liu F. 4%t tho liuY. ?! bWt Q. M* eWp liu n. ?hOeb t2ef. Meh bWt . _eb tho liu q. M* tho liu

1q>

D F Y

n f q

1 Q

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Y. ?eb m]eb j]eb Q. Moe l]e n. \hu tholiu

f. m]eb j]eb . eb m; q. p s3

]eb 7m t28e mm moe l]e @Rm thgo j]eb. ]eb l D t2mh ehi lj phe do, vA l j phe ve mhu!$e.

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6 t h#eh t23eb jèb di loWi, 9t t2P teb h;i lEi ,>>Q mhiGu @i teb5.1O+h th()+ +' j]eV(eb dOeh t-eb

H 1DQ.{, a , a

X+m m& j]eb v-i teb v l/m m]eb j]eb s| u!=t eh l/m do m& j]eb.Meb @Peb $ do j]eb mhu!$e eb. $ t2u!Ge eb mho teb m+ th$

@Oeb hp biS t3m ho9m h th3eb t2u!Ge eb i.M? &u &eb =ebM8u t9o

Heh @.C@. Mu to &? &u &eb =eb

M+ hi loWi m; mu m]eb j]eb m]eb j]eb jèb m; dh% v m]eb j]eb jèb 3it2Reb.

1qQ

M]eb j]eb m; dh% M]eb j]eb 3i t2Reb

6B so 3i t2Reb

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Meb @Peb $ tWo l/m m]eb mho j]eb, tWo l/m do m& j]eb v l biS veb j]eb.

Moe 2e +wMu tWo M+ hi loWi moe l]e moe l]e lBeb eb v moe l]e thkeb.

1qn

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Heh @.CR. Moe 2e +w

Meb @Peb $ j]eb, S jSo v t2% m& t j]eb thgo mhiGu @i ve

mhu!$e v tWo h#eh @Web t j]eb t28e eheh m+ tSi.

M? &u ehp# 2i(u v* tho 2i(u^hQu ehp liCuMu tWo

Heh @.CC . M? &u ehp# 2i(u

X+m ebhi8eb m& eb ehp liu

H 2I o5 ,f5., a

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Heh @.C3. !? +S &u to b]u ti1. \hu eWp liu D. 4 F. i, V%mhY. X:u Q. ?eb @ce n. \hu tho liuf. m]eb i . p biS t3m

XE m+ mm b:u b^e t28e V%mh ho9m j]eb. %mh ho9m j]eb mhW! t28e x V%mhho9m teb thgo ph;eb thkeb eb. ?oe j 9t t2oeb hp d%e. M* tho liu ph%t28e, m* ehp liu ph% @-i. X:u tSi 9t thkeb eb h! h;i ebhi8eb.

Xo

]eb ]eb vSi mo su m+ l-p vSi H Y f.%mh 0hi tSi t2Reb l-e, i t2eb m+ @:u th# s* @Peb V%mh.B]u

D>1

1

D

F

Y

Qn

f

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eb d%eh eboi meh v%t, a.e s3 vBeb u! t2Pm v%t, vNpha.

j dh3i l7eb 2i8eb vt liu, ?NFa. h s3 mh :!.

Wt, H >,FQ >,YQ4t liu ebhiGe, H >,YQ >,QQ

0hoi t)!, m& mSi, H >,n >,fM h s3 biS e]eb sut dhi v%t ebhi8eb t2 jSeb Q.1.

YQ n> fQXi t2 M >,q >, >,f >,n >,Q

_eb )ut vt ti +eb

aN,......1,Yf D hPdeQ

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MVeb )ut vt ti +eb

al5,1.>>

...d:

dHbD3 +1

,Q >,qQ h s3 t2 l/m.3.R.R. ]5e mhu8%e ;5t liIu Neb Ah thFi

f. "hi ei$+

4e mhu!$e vt liu 2i j`eb dheb dh% 7m eb @Peb tA e] 1nf. Zhm+ ehiGu u i$ eh e]eb sut ve mhu!$e @o eb t2oeb t phW vi dh 2eb> ?Nh5, dhoSeb mmh V >5, mo ve mhu!$e m+ th$ Wt t-i 1>>,ve mhu!$e t2oeb Ri h#eh mm ph;eb php ve mhu!$e dhm dheb l7m, e8e eb! e! d thut e! eb th! th= @:e mho ph;eb php ve mhu!$ej`eb m; dh%.

. 7h?e loDi

M+ ehiGu h th3eb ve mhu!$e.L th3eb p sut thp t"e tht p sut eh h;e Q.1>FZND.L th3eb p sut t2ueb j#eh t"e tht p sut tA Q.1>FZND=e Q.1>Y

ZND.L th3eb p sut mo t"e tht p sut l-e h;e Q.1>YZND.L th3eb h't p sut t2oeb h th3eb eh h;e p sut dh% u!$e.L th3eb ! p sut t2oeb h th3eb l-e h;e p sut dh% u!$e.m. ]5e tm ti thi%u mf &Zeb Ah

D>n

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4e mhu!$e vt liu jèb @Beb dh% m:e ve t3m dh% t;eb 3i mo, Eeb thim}eb tWo e8e biS p sut l-e @o st bi( mm hWt v l Be eb 3eb.$ biS thi$u mm Seh heb su e!, ve t3m dh% e8e bi( m thp m+ th$ 7m,t28e ebu!8e t^m vt liu 2ê dheb lêb t28e eb 3eb.

&. / bi!+ sut mf &Zeb Ah

^h?eb tNeh tLeb Iut teh # )ut tNe +eb eb

asr

r pB

vhhbppp ++11D

.5.

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?2oeb +

ps t"e tht @o st, ZNDa dh3i l7eb 2i8eb hCe h7pve mhu!$e, dbNFab bi t3m t2Reb t2eb, NsDa

z2 h s3 st F> Y>

vi=eF,D

eb eèbeb Q1

>,>D> >,>1f >,>>Y >,>>FF >,>>FF >,>>FF

_u3ifnDQD

eb eèbeb YY,Y

>,>F> >,>>nQ L L L L

eb thkebeb YY,Y

>,>FQ >,>1 >,>1n L L L

Mt>,1,Y

eb eèbeb YY,Y

>,>1 >,>>Q >,>>YQ L L L

?he>1

eb eèbeb DQ,Y

L L >,>>1Y >,>>11 >,>>11 L

ELe tht af )t #a)&8 th1 teh eh )fu

psH psdI ps2, ZNDa

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Y DQ4e mhu!$e hWt thgo 3eb e` ebeb 1 Y DD4e mhu!$e jt thgo 3eb e` ebeb 1Y 1

Yeb >eh eb `eal,

.D>>a

v

D

o

1 hVeb >h

0h3i l7eb2i8eb V3p,dbNF

4e t3m dheb dh%,Ns

0h3i l7eb 2i8ebV3p, dbNF

4e t3m dhebdh%, Ns

1n> 1Y,Q> 11D> F,Q>DY> 1f,qQ 1D>> Y>,>>FD> D>,n> 1D> Y1,DQY>> DF,>> 1Fn> YD,Q>Y> DQ,DQ 1YY> YF,Q>

Qn> Df,Q> 1QD> YQ,>>nY> Dq,D> 1n>> Yn,>>fD> F>,q> 1n> Yf,DQ>> FD,Q> 1fn> Y,Q>> FY,>> 1Y> Yq,Q>qn> FQ,fQ 1qD> Q>,DQ1>Y> Ff,DQ

ELe tht # )ut h( theb

?"e tht p sut t%eh toettH1,1. ZND5 H 1,1.

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vm ?"e tht p sut $ ve mhu!$ep ?"e tht p sut t2oeb mm j phe phP?"e tht p sut $ ve mhu!$e vmL ?"e tht p sut t2oeb ! v h th3eb eb 3eb @ce dh% t-i m;

mu ehp liuL ?"e tht p sut tWi m; mu ehp liuL ?"e tht p sut tWo eb e]eb hWtL ?"e tht p sut st eb 3ebL ?"e tht p sut mPm jL ?"e tht p sut e)eb vt liuL ?"e tht p sut tWi m; mu tho liu

giao trình kttp1 02-2014

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