giáo trình tiếng anh 4 (dành cho sinh viên ngành toán – tin.) trường Đại học Đà...

8/13/2019 Giáo trình Tiếng Anh 4 (Dành cho sinh viên ngành toán – tin.) Trường Đại học Đà Lạt, 2001

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TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC ÑAØ LAÏT

GIAÙO TRÌNH

TIEÁNG ANH 4(Daønh cho sinh vieân ngaønh Toaùn – Tin)

KHOA NGOAÏI NGÖÕ

2001



Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 2 –

CONTENT LÔØI TÖÏA ............................................................................................................................ 3 UNIT 1: MATHEMATICS............................................................................................ 4

UNIT 2: WHAT IS A COMPUTER?............................................................................... 11 EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 12 UNIT 3: NUMBERS AND MATHEMATICS ............................................................... 16 UNIT 4: CHARACTERISTICS ....................................................................................... 22

EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 23 UNIT 5: STATISTICS..................................................................................................... 31 UNIT 6: MAINFRAMES ................................................................................................. 37

EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 38 UNIT 7: CALCULUS...................................................................................................... 44 UNIT 8: STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING .................................................................... 50

EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 52 UNIT 9: DISCRETE MATHEMATICS .......................................................................... 56

EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 57 UNIT 10: PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ................................. 62

EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 63 GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................... 70




LÔØI TÖÏA

Nhaèm ñaùp öùng kòp thôøi nhu caàu hoïc Tieáng Anh chuyeân ngaønh cuûa sinh vieân Toaùn –Tin, chuùng toâi bieân soaïn, bieân taäp moät soá baøi hoïc coù lieân quan in trong giaùo trình naøy.Vì khaû naêng coù haïn, giaùo trình taát khoâng traùnh khoûi nhöõng sai soùt, kính mong nhaänñöôïc söï goùp yù töø phía baïn ñoïc ñeå laàn taùi baûn sau seõ toát hôn.

Thaùng 12 – 2001Khoa Ngoaïi NgöõTröôøng Ñaïi hoïc Ñaø Laït




UNIT 1: MATHEMATICS

Pre-reading:1. Would you like to do science?2. Which branch of science do you like?3. You are studying mathematics, why do you like it?

Mathematics plays an important part of your lives. Today mathematics is of the greatuse to many sciences, so more and more mathematical books are printed in many

languages, especially in English.Anyone who works with any branch of science or technology needs to be able to talkabout numbers and shapes. Notice how following numbers and shapes are said inEnglish.

Numbers: 28% : Twenty-eight per cent.

10.3 : Ten point three

9

4 : Four ninths (four over nine)

42 : Four squared53 : Five cubed54 : Five to the power of four1.623.457 : One million, six hundred and twenty-three thousand,

four hundred and fifty seven.2+ : Absolute value of two.

Derivation of y’= 4x+1 (y’ equals four x plus 1)Function of y = 2x2 + x + 1 (y equals two x squared plus x plus 1)+2 : Positive number two

-2 : Negative number two

4

3 : Three is numerator and four is denominator

10

3 : Fraction three over ten

10

32 : Mixed number of integer two three over ten




AxB/(A)(B) :Parentheses (A)(B)AxB/A.B : Dots A.B

How we can read the following mathematical formulas in English: 2x + 3y – 2 = x

Z

4

3

(Two x plus three y minus 2 equals three Z devided by four x) Four basic operations of arithmetic are:Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.

6 x 7 = 42 (six times seven is forty two)

The symbols and their expressions:a. + (Plus) k. % (percent)b. - (minus) l. > (is more than)c. x (multiplied by) m. ∈ (is an element of)d. : (divided by) n. ∞ (infinity)

e. = (is equal to) o. 3 (cube root)f. ≈ (is equivalent to) p. (square root)

g. ≥ (is more than or equal to) q. x2 (x squared)h. ⊂ (is a subset of) r. x3 (x cubed)i. < (is less than) s. x4 (x to the power four) j. ≤ (is less than or equal to) t. Π (pi) ∞ (infinity)

How would the names of the shapes below be read in English?- Two dimensional shapes:

- Three dimensional shapes ED

C

AA

A A

B

B CC

C

Pentagon

D

squareRectangle

Triangle

B Circle

O

B

Oval

D’ DCubeC’ C

A APyramidA’

CA’

B

B




Teaching points: Active: The simple presentPassive: The simple presentSuffix: - ion

(2)

WORKING WITH VOCABULARY

A. Focus on the reading:Arithmetic LivesEquals MultiplicationFormulas TimesDimensional SaidPlays Who

Choose the best words or phrases above for each sentence, if you need help, look

at the reading again (use each word only once)1. Any one _______ works with any branch of science or technology needs to be ableto talk about numbers and shapes.2. Notice how the following numbers and shapes are______ in English.3. Mathematics ______ an important part of our ________4. Six _______ seven is forty two5. How we can read the following mathematical _________ in English.6. Four basic operations of ___________ are.7. Addition, subtraction, _________ division.8. Two x plus three y minus 2 ______ three z divided by four x.

9. Two ______ shapes are…

B. Focus on new context:Here is more practice with the new words from the reading choose the best wordfor each sentence (use each word only once)

Arithmetic PlaysDimensional Multiplication




Equals TimesFormulas SaidLives Who

1. If we want to say, for example, that in any circle the diameter is twice the radius wecan write: d ______ 2R2. _____ is one branch of mathematics.3. Do you know the girl_______ is standing outside the door.4. It is _______ that English is an international language.5. It’s difficult to read mathematical ________ in English6. When she was seven, she learnt by heart the______ table.7. _______ out of number today he is absent from lesson again.8. Because we are students our _______ are different from theirs.9. Some students don’t understand the term of _______ analysis.

UNDERSTANDING THE READING

A. Comprehension questions:* Answer the questions about the reading:1. Why are more and more mathematical books printed in English?2. Why do scientists and technologists need to be able to talk about numbers andshapes in English?3. Why does mathematics play an important part of our lives?4. Can you read: +2; -2 in English?

5. Can you do the algebraical maths: If 3a+4 is greater than 16, then a must bea. greater than 4 c. equal to 4 e. greater than 3b. less than 4 d. less than 5

B. Details: Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is False1. Mathematics is necessary for us because it helps to research2. Sciences need mathematics3. Some branches of science don’t need mathematics4. Two halves of a circle can be called semi-circle5. A rectangle has four right angles6. The symbol: ≥ can be read: more than or equal to

C. Main idea: Checkb the two most important ideas from the reading1. Some mathematics symbols2. How to do maths3. Mathematics and its use in our lives




4. The names of shapes5. The methods of studying mathematics

D. WritingWrite two following basic properties of numbers in English1. 2 x 2 = 4 or (-2)(-3) = +62. (+5)(-10) = -50 or (-6)(+8) = -48

WORD STUDY A. The passive and active in the simple present tense

1. In passive, we are more interested in the objects of the active sentence.

2. This is because the subjects are not important at the moment or because wedon’t know who or what is responsible for the eventForm: The passive is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the activeverb. The subject of the active verb becomes the “agent” of the passive verb Example: Active: My grandfather plants this tree

Passive: This tree is planted by my grandfather(The example above indicates that the passive of the simple present requires thesimple present form)The simple present is used: - To express a habit

- To express a fact which is always trueEx: Vegetarians don’t eat meat

- To express a fact which is always true for a long timeEx: We study at Dalat University

Practice: Put the verbs in the correct forms, all the verbs are in simple present, either inthe active or in the passive1. Complex algebraical fraction ________ by the same method used in arithmetic(simplify)2. The oldest villagers ________ to attend a meeting (invite)3. They ________ science books in English (print)4. English ________ in many parts of the world (speak)5. The doctor ________ on the patient (operate)6. She ________ from bad headaches (suffer)7. She ________ in touch with her family by phoning home every Sunday (keep)8. Wood ________ in water (not sink)9. Three persons ________ in a car cash (injure)10 Water ________ from the rivers by women and children (bring)11. That film ________ on TV tonight (not show)




B. Word forms: Nouns Sometimes verbs and nouns are the same forms; sometimes we can change

verbs to nouns by adding suffix.

ION SAME FORMVerbs Nouns Verbs Nouns

Subtract - Subtraction Play - PlayCommunicate - Communication Change - ChangeAct - Action Work -WorkRetract - Retraction Use - Use

PRACTICE: Choose the correct forms of the words above to complete each sentence(use each word only once)

1. We can ________ the form of y-x by factoring out -12. The government plans to make important ________ to the tax system3. In the serf system people could ________ a sheep for a hammer4. Casino is a place where people ________ gambling games for money5. Youth is the time for ________, Age is the time for repose6. I didn’t get into ________ with him for long7. If we _______7 from 10, we have 38. Many of Shakespear’s ________ are tragedies under the feudalism9. He is a person who ________ kindly toward everyone10. I saw her last on the flight to Hanoi since then we haven’t ___________for years

11. The boss ________ the workers too hard12. The ________ of building the bridge spaning Danh River took two years13. Ten from seven is a very simple ________

BUILDING VOCABULARY SKILLS Vocabulary reviewMatch each word in column A with the word in column B that has opposite meaning:

A B1. Negative number Less than or equal to2. Subtracting Is the same as3. Greater than Positive number4. Absolute value Less than5. Negative infinity Multiplication6. Not equal to Minimum value7. Greater than or equal to Positive infinity

Adding




CONTEXT CLUESChoose the answer that is closest in the meaning to each word or phrase

underlined use context clue:1. He knew it was a waste of time to carry on studying archaeology and the moment hestarted gaderning again

a. conitnue b. beginc. finish d. start

2. It is very dry today will you help me water the plants?a. moisten b. wetc. irrigate d. sprinkle

3. Can you please tell me a little about yourself?a. speak b. talk

c. say to d. explain4. Do you mind my turning the TV on now?

a. show b. disapprovec. want d. like

5. The enjoyable thing about travelling by train rather than by car is that you can sleepor read during the journey

a. cheerful b. pleasurablec. interested d. pleased

6. She had taken over the cooking at home for her father’s dinner parties and she hadstarted to make up her own recipes

a. discover b. doc. invent d. work

7. She has always enjoyed taking care of her sistera. training b. looking afterc. bringing d. training




UNIT 2: WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

1. A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits thatoperate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, arecapable of being in one of two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized ordemagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters,and characters. The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do whatwe want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or thatmagnetize or do not magnetize the cores.

2. The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason,computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form ofinstructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or

logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. Theprogram, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which providethe information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a placecalled memory.

3. Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. However, mostcomputers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities. First, computers havecircuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division,multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicatingwith the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed information in and get results back, thesemachines wouldn’t be of much use. However, certain computers (commonly

minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots,aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc.

4. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use punchedcards, magnetic tape, disks, and terminals. The computer’s input device (which mightbe a card reader, a tape drive or disk drive, depending on the medium used in inputtinginformation) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information, twocommon devices used are a printer which prints the new information on paper, or aCRT display screen which shows the results on a TV-like screen.

5. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisionswhich computer circuits can make are not of the type: ‘Who would win a war betweentwo countries? or ‘Who is the richest person in the world?’ Unfortunately, the computercan only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are twonumbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?

6. A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands,of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored. It can find the solution to aproblem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job. A computer canreplace people in dull, routine tasks, but it has no originality; it works according to the




instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgements. There are timeswhen a computer seems to operate like a mechanical ‘brain’, but its achievements arelimited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person

tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information; but because electric pulsescan move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do everything a computer cando, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.

EXERCISES1. Main ideaWhich statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminatethe other choices?

_______ 1. Computers have changed the way in which many kinds of jobs are done._______ 2. Instructions and data must be given to the computer to act on._______ 3. Computers are machines capable of processing and outputting data._______ 4. Without computers, many tasks would take much longer to do.

2. Understanding the passageDecide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to theinformation in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the falsestatements become true._______ 1. A computer can store or handle any data even if it hasn’t received

information to do so._______ 2. All computer accept and process information in the form of instructions

and characters._______ 3. The information necessary for solving problems is found in the memory

of the computer._______ 4. Not all computers can perform arithmetic operations, make decisions,

and communicate in some way with the user._______ 5. Computers can still be useful machines even if they can’t communicate

with the user.

_______ 6. There are many different devices used for feeding information into acomputer._______ 7. There aren’t as many different types of devices used for giving results

as there are for accepting information._______ 8. Computers can make any type of decision they are asked to._______ 9. Computers can work endlessly without having to stop to rest unless there

is a breakdown.




3. Locating information Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give linereferences.

_________1. Computers accept information, perform mathematical and/or logicaloperations then supply new information._________ 2. All computers have three basic capabilities._________ 3. A computer is a machine that can be made to operate by receiving

signals._________ 4. A computer cannot work without being told what to do._________ 5. A computer can make three types of decisions._________ 6. The fundamental job of a computer is processing information._________ 7. A computer can do the work of hundreds of people in a very short

time.

_________ 8. The memory of a computer is used for storing information.

4. Understanding words Refer back to the text and find synonyms (i.e. words with a similar meaning) forthe following words.

1. complex intricate____________2. fundamental ___________________3. a way ___________________4. uninterested ___________________5. accomplishment ___________________

Now refer back to the text and find antonyms (i.e. words with an opposite meaning)for the following words.

6. large tiny________________7. receiving ___________________8. reject ___________________9. unusual ___________________10. small ___________________

5. Content review

Try to think of a definition for each of these items before checking them in theGlossary. Then complete the following statements with the appropriate words(some can be used more than once). Make sure you use the correct form, i.e.singular or plural.

core device datacircuit terminal switchprogram memory medium




CRT display1. Every computer has circuits for performing arithmetic operations, operating

_____________ or magnetized _____________.

2. A ___________ with a screen is normally referred to as a __________ unit.3. A computer is a ___________ that processes information in the form of__________ and ______________ and can store this information in a_____________.

4. Card readers, tape drives, or disk drives are different _______________ forinputting information.

Focus: Contextual reference

Transitional markers are words used to link ideas together so that the text is

smoother to read. When pronouns such as it, they, them, I, he, she, which, who,whose, that, such, one and demonstrative adjectives such as this, that, these andthose, are used as transitional markers, they refer to a word, or words, mentionedearlier in the sentence or paragraph. Their function is to take your thoughts back tosomething that has already been mentioned. Thus they serve as synonyms orsubstitutes. Other words which are often used to refer backwards are the former,the latter, the first, second, etc., the last. Sample paragraphA computer like any other machine, is used because it does certain jobs better and

more efficiently than humans. It can receive more information and process it faster

then any human. The speed at which a computer works can replace weeks or even

months of pencil-and-paper work. Therefore, computers are used when the time

saved offsets their cost which is one of the many reasons they are used so much in

business, industry and research.

Exercise 1.Using the sample paragraph as a model, draw a rectangle around the word, or

words, that the underlined words refer to. Then join the underlined and the witharrows.

Computer are electronic machines that process information. They are capable of

communicating with the user, of doing different kinds of arithmetic operations and




of making three kinds of decisions. However, they are incapable of thinking. They

accept date and instructions as input, and after processing it, they output the results.

When talking about computers, both hardware and software need to be considered.The former refers to the actual machinery, whereas the latter refers to the

programs which control and coordinate the activities of the hardware while

processing the data.

The first computer was built in 1930 but since then computer technology has

evolved a great deal. There are three different kinds of computers in use today: the

mainframe, the minicomputer and the microcomputer. These all have one thing in

common: they operate quickly and accurately in solving problems.

Exercise 2Now look back at the text ‘What is a computer?’ and find out what the words inbold typeface refer to.1. that operate switches (p. 1) electronic circuits___2. which accept information (p. 2) __________________3. or part of it (p. 2) __________________4. which tells the computers (p. 2) __________________5. which prints the new information (p. 4) __________________

6. which shows the results (p. 4) __________________7. which can make decisions (p. 5) __________________8. It can find the solution (p. 6) __________________9. it has no originality (p. 6) __________________10. tells it what to do (p. 6) __________________




UNIT 3: NUMBERS AND MATHEMATICS

It is said that mathematics is the base of all other sciences, and that arithmetic,the science of numbers, is the base of mathematics. Numbers consist of wholenumbers (integers) which are formed by the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 andby combinations of them. For example, 247- two hundred and forty seven- is anumber formed by three digits. Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are sometimesexpressed in terms of fractions, but in scientific usage they are given as decimals.This is because it is easier to perform the various mathematical operations ifdecimals are used instead of fractions. The main operations are: to add, subtract,multiply and divide; to square, cube or raise to any other power; to take a square,

cube or any other root and to find a ratio or proportion between pairs of numbers ora series of numbers. Thus, the decimal, or ten-scale, system is used for scientificpurposes throughout the world even in countries whose national systems of weightsand measurements are based upon other scales. The other scale in general usenowadays is the binary, or two-scale, in which numbers are expressed areexpressed by combinations of only two digits, 0 and 1. Thus, in the binary scale, 2 isexpressed as 010, 3 is given as 011, 4 is represented as 100, etc. This scale isperfectly adapted to the ‘off-on’ pulses of electricity, so it is widely used inelectronic computers: because of its simplicity it is often called ‘the lazyschoolboy’s dream’!

Other branches of mathematics such as algebra and geometry are alsoextensively used in many sciences and even in some areas of philosophy. Morespecialized extensions; such as probability theory and group theory, are nowapplied to an increasing range of activities, from economics and the design ofexperiments to war and politics. Finally, a knowledge of statistics, is required byevery type of scientist for the analysis of data. Moreover, even an elementaryknowledge of this branch of mathematics is sufficient to enable the journalist toavoid misleading his readers, or the ordinary citizen to detect the attempts whichare constantly made to deceive him.

I. Comprehension 1. What is the relationship of mathematics to the other sciences?2. What’s the science of numbers called?3. Name a two-digit integer.4. Name two ways of expressing parts of the number one (unity)




5. Name the common arithmetical operations. Using actual numbers, giveexamples of each.

6. What are the two number-systems commonly used throughout the world?

7. Give examples of numbers in the binary system.8. What are the advantages of each system?9. Name some other branches of mathematics.10. What branch of mathematics is very useful to the ordinary citizen? Why?

II. Word study

Synonyms

Find words in the passage which mean approximately the same as:1. entire __________ 2. simpler ____________3. usually __________ 4. in the place of ____________5. widely __________ 6. be put to use in ____________7. lastly __________ 8. continually ____________9. discover __________ 10. kind, sort ____________11. system of measurement _________________________12. action of trying to do something _________________________13. cause someone to make a mistake by

giving wrong or incomplete information _________________________

Word building

∗ Use the suffix –ion, -ment, -ity to form nouns from the following words:add calculate simple equipsubtract isolate able adjustdivide explain available improvemultiply measure stable move

∗ Add the prefix-suffix –en to form verbs from the following:able wide large lengthstrength tight weak looseshort deep height

Revision exercise

Complete the following by choosing appropriate words from the above exercises.The main ____________ of the scientist is the _________ and _________ of theworld around us. To ____________ him to do this, he uses many different kinds of_____________, and in order to make them more _________ to his purposes hefrequently makes ____________ to them which lead to their __________. For




example, he may ___________ a part which is too weak, __________ one which istoo short and _____________ something which is too loose, and thus causes toomuch ___________, so that the instrument does not have the necessary

_____________. So even the most specialized scientist needs to be an engineer,sometimes!

Vocabulary in context

Use appropriate words from the text to complete the following:1.Many scientists consider _____________ as the base of mathematics.2.We can form numbers from ____________ (or ______________).3.An integer is usually formed by ________________.4.____________ are parts of numbers smaller than 1, which are in some other

usages expressed in terms of fractions.5.It is easier to perform__________ if decimals are used instead of

______________.6.The scale in which numbers are expressed by combination of two digits 0 and1

is called _____________.7.In the field of mathematics, __________ and ____________ are considered to

be specialized extensions.8.In the binary scale 3 is _______________ as 011.9.Algebra and geometry are ______________ of mathematics.

10. The branches of mathematics are _____________used in both natural andsocial sciences.

III. Revision Use correct prepositions to complete these sentences.

1.Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are represented _________ fractions, but inscientific usage ______________ decimals.

2.It’s not easy to find proportion __________ pairs of numbers.3.The ten-scale is used ____________ the world.4.Some countries use systems of weights and measurements based ________

other scales.

5.Another scale ____________ general use is the binary one.6.Some mathematical extensions are being applied ___________ an increasingrange of activities.

7.In computer science, people use some other scales _________ the ten one.

IV. Structure study




A. It preparatory subject

Study the example:It’s easy to perform various mathematical operations.

In this sentence, It is not the real subject. It stands for ‘to perform variousmathematical operations’ which is the real subject. So the above sentence meansTo perform various mathematical operations is easy

When the subject of a sentence is a To-infinitive or a That-clause, we usually beginthe sentence with It and put the real subject later.

It’s nice to be with you.It worried me a bit that she didn’t phone.

Exercises:Complete these pairs of sentences using It as a preparatory subject.

1. Set theory is difficult. We can’t study it well.

………………………………………………………………………………2. We can’t go on like this. This fact is obvious.

………………………………………………………………………………3. Peter didn’t tell anybody where he was. It shocked me.

………………………………………………………………………………..4. We all missed the train. It was a pity.

………………………………………………………………………………..5. Statistical methods are useful. It’s worth studying this branch.

…………………………………………………………………………………Complete the following sentences in a suitable way.

1. It appears ……………………………………………………………2. Is it customary ……………………………………………………….3. Will it suit you ………………………………………………………..4. It cost me $ 5…………………………………………………………5. It would be much to his annoyance…………………………………

B. Participle as adjective

Both –ing form and –ed form can be used as adjectives. Care must be taken not toconfuse them. –Ing forms mean ‘having this effect’; -ed forms mean ‘affected in

this way’

ExerciseComplete these sentences with –ing form or –ed form. The first letter(s) of theparticiple are given each time.1. I’m starting a new job next week. I’m quite ex___________ about it.2. The s___________ jewelry was recovered.3. Success in one’s work is a sa___________ experience.




4. The te_____________ villagers ran for their lives.5. I found myself in an em_____________ situation last night.6. A da_____________ earthquake occurred recently.

7. I elbowed my way through the cr____________ room.8. Why do you always look so b____________? Is your life really so b________?9. No one lives in that d__________ house except a few ghosts.10. Parents have a la___________ effect on their children.

C. Revision: Passive Voice

Exercise:(a) Make the following sentences Passive thus eliminating the unspecifieddoer of the action and emphasizing the object or the main verb.1. People apply mathematics in many different activities.

2. People use the binary scale in electronic computers.

3. People from the square of a number by multiplying the number by itself.

4. In the binary scale, people express numbers by combination of 0 and 1.

5. People usually use decimals rather than fractions for scientific purposes.

6. People develop new products everyday.

7. People call mathematics ‘the language of science’

8. People use the decimal system even in countries with non-decimalized systems

of weights and measurements.

9. It is easier to perform mathematical operations with computers if we use the

binary system instead of the decimal system.

10. People use electronic computers for many different purposes.

11. People often find relationships in incomplete data.

12. People make attempts to deceive the ordinary citizen.

Note: If the doer of the action has some importance (though less than the object),or is needed to complete the sense of the sentence, it is given, e.g.

‘A knowledge of statistics is required by every type of scientist’Notice that there is a small problem of word-order in all but the most simple formof this type of sentence




e.g. The scientific investigator applies logical and persistent thought to hisproblems (active sentence)becomes:

Logical and persistent thought is applied by the scientific investigator to hisproblems (passive sentence).The order of words is thus: object-verb in the Passive-subject-rest of sentence.

(b) Make the following sentences Passive, mentioning the doer of the actionbut shifting the emphasis to the object:

1.A combination of the digits 0-9 forms integers.

2.Engineers require an advanced knowledge of algebra and geometry.

3.Scientists, especially physicists and engineers, often use electronic computers.

4.Journalists, who seldom have a knowledge of statistics, frequently mislead the

ordinary citizen.

5.Every day, applied scientists and technologists produce new drugs, fibres,

chemicals and equipment.

6.A combination of two elements forms a chemical compound.

7.The ordinary citizen often requires an elementary knowledge of statistics.

8.Economists also use mathematics.

9.Every type of scientist requires a knowledge of statistics.

10. Scientists use accurate systems of measurements.

11. Philosophers employ specialized extensions of mathematics.

12. Physicists also use probability theory.

(c) Make up sentences similar to the ones given in Exercises (a) and (b)above, and then change them from Active to Passive.




UNIT 4: CHARACTERISTICS

1. Computers are machines designed to process, electronically, specially preparedpieces of information which are termed data. Handling or manipulating the informationthat has been given to the computer, in such ways as doing calculations, addinginformation or making comparisons is called processing. Computers are made up ofmillions of electronic devices capable of storing data or moving them, at enormousspeeds, through complex circuits with different functions.

2. All computers have several characteristics in common, regardless of make ordesign. Information, in the form of instructions and data, is given to the machine, afterwhich the machine acts on it, and a result is then returned. The information presented

to the machine is the input; the internal manipulative operations, the processing; andthe result, the output. These three basic concepts of input, processing, and output occurin almost every aspect of human life whether at work or at play. For example, inclothing manufacturing, the input is the pieces of cut cloth, the processing is the sewingtogether of these pieces, and the output is the finished garment.

INPUT ----------------> COMPUTER -----------------> OUTPUT

SEC. STORAGE

3. Above figure shows schematically the fundamental hardware components in acomputer system. The centerpiece is called either the computer, the processor, or,usually, the central processing unit (CPU). The term ‘computer’ includes those partsof hardware in which calculations and other data manipulations are performed, and thehigh-speed internal memory in which data and calculations are stored during actual

execution of programs. Attached to the CPU are the various peripheral devices suchas card readers and keyboards (two common examples of input devices). When data orprograms need to be saved for long periods of time, they are stored on varioussecondary memory devices or storage devices such as magnetic tapes or magneticdisks.

4. Computers have often been thought of as extremely large adding machines, butthis is a very narrow view of their function. Although a computer can only respond to a




certain number of instructions, it is not a single-purpose machine since theseinstructions can be combined in an infinite number of sequences. Therefore, acomputer has no known limit on the kinds of things it can do; its versatility is limited

only by the imagination of those using it.5. In the late 1950s and early 1960s when electronic computers of the kind in usetoday were being developed, they were very expensive to own and run. Moreover,their size and reliability were such that a large number of support personnel wereneeded to keep the equipment operating. This has all changed now that computingpower has become portable, more compact, and cheaper.

6. In only a very short period of time, computers have greatly changed the way inwhich many kinds of work are performed. Computers can remove many of the routineand boring tasks from our lives, thereby leaving us with more time for interesting,creative work. It goes without saying that computers have created whole new areas of

work that did not exist before their development.

EXERCISES

1. Main ideaWhich statement or statements best express the main idea of the text? Why did youeliminate the other choices?_______ 1. Computers have changed the way in which we live._______ 2. All computers have an input, a processor, an output and a storage device._______ 3. Computers have decreased man’s workload._______ 4. All computers have the same basic hardware components.

2. Understanding the passageDecide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to theinformation in the text. Then, make the necessary changes so that the falsestatements become true.________ 1. All information to be processed must be prepared in such a way that the

computer will understand it.

________ 2. Because of the complex electronic circuitry of a computer, data can beeither stored or moved about at high speeds.________ 3. Not all computers can process data given to them and produce results.________ 4. The basic concepts of data processing are restricted to computers alone.________ 5. The processor is the central component of a computer system.________ 6. All other devices used in a computer system are attached to the CPU.________ 7. Memory devices are used for storing information.




________ 8. Computers are very much restricted in what they can do.________ 9. Computers today cost less, are smaller, and need fewer people to

operate them than in the past.

________ 10. Computers haven’t changed our working conditions very much.

3. Locating informationFind the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give the linereferences________ 1. All computers are basically the same.________ 2. The arithmetic and/or decision-making operations are performed.________ 3. Computers are limited by man’s imagination more than anything else.________ 4. All the equipment used in a computer system is the hardware.________ 5. Computers are electronic machines used for processing data.

________ 6. If programs or data need to be kept for a long time, they are stored ontapes or disks.________ 7. First the computer accepts data.________ 8. Finally, new information is presented to the user.

4. Contextual referenceLook back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to.1. which are termed data (paragraph. 1) ________________2. or moving them (paragraph. 1) ________________3. the machine acts on it (paragraph. 2) ________________

4. they are stored on (paragraph. 3) _________________5. it is not a single-purpose machine (paragraph. 4) _________________6. the kinds of things it can do (paragraph. 4) _________________7. of those using it (paragraph. 4) _________________8. they were very expensive to own (paragraph. 5) _________________9. Moreover, their size and reliability (paragraph. 5) _________________10. that did not exist (paragraph. 6) _________________

5. Understanding words Refer back to the text and find synonyms (i.e. words with a similar meaning) for thefollowing words.

1. called _______________2. tremendous _______________3. ideas _______________4. react _______________5. take away _______________




Now refer back to the text and find antonyms (i.e. words with an opposite meaning)for the following words.

6. taken away _______________

7. wide _______________8. limited _______________9. immovable _______________10. after _______________

6. Word formsFirst choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences. Then checkthe differences of meaning in your dictionary.1. imagination, imagine, imaginable, imaginative, imaginary

a. A computer is limited in its ability by the __________ of man

b. Some people are good at inventing __________ stories.c. It is practically impossible to _________ the speed at which a computercalculates numbers.

2. addition, add, added, additional, additionally, additivea. Many terminals can be _____________ to a basic system if the need arises.b. ____________ and subtraction are two basic mathematical operations.c. When buying a system there is often no ____________ charge for theprograms.

3. complication, complicate, complicated, complicating, complicatedlya. There can be many ____________ involved in setting up a computer in and

old building.b. It is sometimes a very ______________ process getting into a computerinstallation for security reasons.

c. It is sometimes very _____________ to explain computer concepts.4. difference, differ, different, differently, differential, differentiate

a. There isn’t a very big ____________ in flowcharting for a program to bewritten in Cobol or Fortran.

b. There are many ______________ computer manufacturers today, and abuyer must be able to _______________ between the advantages anddisadvantages of each.

c. The opinions of programmers as to the best way of solving a problem often____________ greatly.

5. reliably, rely on, reliable, reliabilitya. Computers are ____________ machines.b. If you don’t know the meaning of a computer term, you cannot always__________ an all-purpose dictionary for the answer.

c. Computers can do mathematical operations quickly and ____________.




7a. Content reviewTry to think of a definition for each of these items before checking them in Glossary.Then complete the following statements with the appropriate words (some can beused more than once). Make sure you use the correct form, i.e. singular of plural.processing hardware magnetic tapeinput processor magnetic diskoutput secondary memory personnelsingle-purpose1. Information ____________ takes place in the _____________ not in the

___________ device or ______________ device.

2. The ____________ refers to all the electromechanical device used in acomputer installation.3. __________ and ______________ units are used as _____________ storage

devices.4. A computer isn’t usually a _____________ machine and may require quite

specialized _____________ to operate it and all it related equipment.

7b. Content reviewSummarize the text on ‘Characteristics’ by completing the following table

SYSTEM COMPONENTS PARTS1.

2. Control Unit

3.

1.Peripheral devices

A. 2.

3.

4.

Hardware

B. others

5.




6.

Organizing informationA paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop an idea. In nearly everyparagraph, there is one idea that is more important than all the others. This idea iscalled the main idea of the paragraph and is usually found at the beginning of theparagraph.

Sample paragraphAll computers, whether large or small, have the same basic capabilities. They

have circuits for performing arithmetic operations. They all have a way of

communicating with the person(s) using them. They also have circuits for makingdecisions.In sample paragraph, the first sentence ‘All computers, whether large or small,have the same basic capabilities’ expresses the main idea of the paragraph.All main idea sentences have a topic and say something about the topic ExampleAll computers, [topic] whether large or small, have the same basic capabilities.[about the topic]In some of your reading, finding main ideas may serve your needs but in much ofyour studying you need to grasp details. It is sometimes more difficult to grasp and

understand details than main ideas. You will find it helpful if you think of details asgrowing out of the main idea. In sample paragraph, there are three major details growing out of the main idea. These are the major details:

1. They have circuits for performing arithmetic operations.2. They all have a way of communicating with the person(s) using them.3. They also have circuits for making decisions.

A major detail often has minor details growing out of it. These minor details tell moreabout a major detail, just as major details tell more about a main idea. In studying,you often find a paragraph that has many small details that you must grasp andremember. Breaking up a paragraph of this kind into its three components: the main

idea, major details and minor details will help you to understand and remember whatit is about.

Exercise 1Practise finding the main idea, major details and minor details by completing theblock diagram after reading the following paragraph.




The computer has changed the production of copy in the newspaper industry.There are three steps involved in the process: input, correction and output. First, thecomputer numbers each story, counts words and gives a listing of the length of each

story. Then a page is made up, advertisements are placed in, the copy is shifted ordeleted and corrections are made. Finally, the computer hyphenates words and theresult of all this is a newspaper page.

MAINIDEA

The computer has changed the production of copy in thenewspaper industry.

MAJORDETAILS

MINORDETAIL

Exercise 2Practise finding the main idea, major details and minor details by completing thediagram after reading the following paragraph.

Railways use large computer systems to control ticket reservations and to giveimmediate information on the status of its trains. The computer system is connectedby private telephone lines to terminals in major train stations and ticketreservations for customers are made through these. The passenger’s name, type ofaccommodation and the train schedule is put into the computer’s memory. On atypical day, a railway’s computer system gets thousands of telephone calls aboutreservations, space on other railways, and requests for arrivals and departures. A

big advantage of the railway computer ticket reservation system is its rapiditybecause a cancelled booking can be sold anywhere in the system just a few secondslater. Railways computer systems are not used for reservations alone. They areused for a variety of other jobs including train schedules, planning, freight andcargo loading, meal planning, personnel availability, accounting and stock control.




MAINIDEA

MAJOR Terminals for ticketDETAILS reservations

MINOR 1000s of

DETAILS calls forreservations,space, arrivalsanddepartures




UNIT 5: STATISTICS

Statistics is the scientific method of collecting information in a form of numericaldata and drawing conclusions by analyzing the information. Consider, for example, thefollowing problems:

1. deciding whether or not a certain game is fair;2. estimating the number of fish in a lake;3. determining the unemployment rate;4. deciding whether or not a drug is effective;5. comparing mileage obtained using several different brands of gasoline;6. testing the possible relation between the length of the ‘life-line’ on the hand

and life expectancy;7. deciding whether or not cigarette smoking causes cancer; or8. estimating the yield of wheat for different amounts of a standard fertilizer

applied.In each of the above problems, the only practical scientific approach is to performsome sort of experiment or survey and base the solution on the information obtained.But what kind of information and how much? And after we have the information, whatdo we do with it to solve the problem? Statistics deals with answering these kinds ofquestions by specific techniques.

Statistics usually consists of four broad processes, although there are not always

clear boundaries between them: collection, organization, analysis of numerical data,and the decision process.

Collecting data is the process of obtaining measurements or counts after some sortof experiment or survey is conducted. Valid conclusions can result only from properlycollected data.

Organization of data is the process of preparing and presenting the collected data ina form suitable for description as well as for further analysis.

Analysis of data is the process of performing certain calculations and evaluations inorder to extract relevant and pertinent information buried in the data.

The decision process is the task of interpreting and reaching valid conclusions based

on the analysis of the data and the mathematical theory of probability.Statistical concepts and methods are widely applied in many areas of human

activity. They are extensively used in the physical, natural, and social sciences, inbusiness and public administration, and in many other fields.

In the sciences, the applications are far-ranging, extending from the design andanalysis of experiments to the testing of new and competing hypotheses. In industry,statistics makes its contributions in short- and long-range planning and decision making.




Many firms use statistical methods to analyze patterns of change and to forecasteconomic trends for the firm, the industry, and the economy as a whole. Such forecastsoften provide the foundation for corporate planning and control; areas such as

purchasing, production, and inventory control depend on short-range forecasts, andcapital investment and long-term development decisions depend on long-rangeforecasts. Statistical methods are also employed in areas such as production control,inventory control, and quality control. In order to control the quality of manufacturedproducts, for example, statistical methods are used to differentiate between variationattributable to chance causes and variation too great to be considered a result ofchance. The latter type of variation can be analyzed and remedied. A large number ofcases have been recorded in which applications of these statistical quality controlmethods have resulted in substantial improvements in the quality of products and inlower costs because of reduction in rework and spoilage. Such statistical quality control

methods have been considered a major factor in the vast improvement in the quality ofJapanese-manufactured products in the post-World War II period.

I. Vocabulary in contextComplete the following sentences using the words from the text.

1.Information used in the statistics is often in a form of ____________.2.Drawing conclusions, which can be obtained by __________, is one of the four

processes of __________.3._________ and __________ are only practical scientific approaches in statistics.4.In data organization, the collected data is usually presented in a form suitable

for ____________ and ______________.5.The process of performing some ____________ is the third process of statistics.6.The __________ plays an important role in making decisions using statistical

methods.7.To control the quality, __________ methods are used to distinguish the chance

___________ and too great ____________.8.________ depends on short-range forecasts, meanwhile ________ on long-

range ones.9.Statistical methods are used to analyze and forecast __________ for the firms.

10. Quality control methods have resulted in __________ improvements.

II. Understanding the textDecide whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F) or no information(NI) by referring to the information in the text.

_______ 1. Valid conclusions can result from analyzing data._______ 2. Mathematical theory of probability can be used in decision-making._______ 3. Statistics deals with data of various forms.




_______ 4. In quality control, great variation is usually paid much more attention._______ 5. Statistical methods are applied in most aspects of human activities._______ 6. Statistics is much more used in natural science than in social science.

_______ 7. New and competing hypotheses should always be tested._______ 8. Statistical methods provide both long-range and short-range forecasts._______ 9. Statistical quality control methods were first used in Japan._______ 10. Statistical methods show themselves effective methods in qualitycontrol.

II. Understanding the details1. Statistics consists of four process: ________, _________, _________,

_________.2. The process of collecting data = _____ or _____ --->_____ or ______ ---> taking

notes3. Statistics deals with answering the questions:a. _____________________________b. _____________________________c. _____________________________

4.

Applications ofstatistics

in industry in business

corporateplanningand control

kinds of control




5. Give some problems to which statistical methods can be used to find solutions_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. In statistics, people usually consider two kinds of variation:______________________________________________________________________________________________________

IV. Understanding structuresGerund

Study the sentences:∗ Statistics is the scientific method of collecting information.∗ The testing of new hypotheses seems to be his interest.∗ Thinking fast is difficult.

In these sentences V-ing is used more like a noun though it can act like a verb.Some common uses of the ing-form:

+ Subject:Smoking is bad for you.Drawing conclusions is considered the last process.

+ After prepositions:Organization of data is the process of preparing the data.

+ The + ing-form + of:The sinking of the Titanic has never been forgotten.

+ After some verbs:

I dread visiting the dentist.All of us enjoy studying statistics.

Exercise: Put the words in brackets into the correct form.1.If you go on ________(let) your dog _______ (chase) cars, he’ll end by

_________ (be) run over.2.________ (lie) on this beach is much more pleasant than _______ (sit) in the

office.3._______ (estimate) of the number of fish in a lake is a typical problem in

statistics.4.I appreciate _________ (you/ analyze/ careful) of data.

5.________ (prepare) and _______ (present) the ________ (collect) data seem tobe his main task.

6.By ________ (perform) experiment or __________(survey) and _______ (base)the solution on the information ________ (obtain), we can draw validconclusions.

7.We really don’t fancy ________ (carry out) any measurements and counts.8.Do you object to _________ (make decisions) without any proofs?




9.How long do you intend __________ (go on) __________ (deal with) thatproblem?

10. I’m annoyed about __________ (John/ put forward) these conclusions.

Too …………. ToStudy the example:

∗ The variation is too great to be considered a result of chance.Too comes before the adjective and has the sense of ‘excessive’ (c.f very, whichmerely strengthens the adjective). With to-infinitive, too often combines negativeideas:

∗ He isn’t strong. He can’t lift it. ---> He is too weak to lift it.∗ He’s too heavy. I can’t lift him. ---> He is too heavy for me to lift.

Exercise: Combine these pairs of sentences1.He only supplies general data. We can’t believe his conclusions.

2.This statistical problem is difficult. All of us are not able to find solution to it.

3.Very little information is obtained. Variation of many kinds can’t be

differentiated.

4.The representing of data is not simple. None of us can understand it.

5.The applications of statistics are far-ranging. We can’t classify them.

Revision:Use appropriate prepositions

1.The scientific method of collecting information ________ a form of numericaldata is called statistics.

2.We usually present data in a form suitable ________ description.3.People use statistics to forecast economic trends _______ a firm.4.Long-term development decisions depend on long-range forecasts.5.We should differentiate ____________ chance variation and great variation.6.Quality control methods have resulted __________ substantical improvement.




UNIT 6: MAINFRAMES

1. Large computer systems, or mainframes, as they are referred to in the field of

computer science, are those computer systems found in computer installations

processing immense amounts of data. These powerful computers make use of very

high-speed main memories into which data and programs to be dealt with are

transformed for rapid access. These powerful machines have a larger repertoire of

more complex instructions which can be executed more quickly. Whereas smaller

computers may take several steps to perform a particular operation, a larger machine

may accomplish the same thing with one instruction.

2. These computers can be of two types: digital or analog. The digital computer or

general-purpose computer as it is often known, makes up about 90 per cent of the large

computers now in use. It gets its name because the data that are presented to it are

made up of a code consisting of digits- single-character numbers. The digital computer

is like a gigantic cash register in that it can do calculations in steps, one after another at

tremendous speed and with great accuracy. Digital computer programming is by far the

most commonly used in electronic data processing for business or statistical purposes.

The analog computer works something like a car speedometer, in that it continuously

works out calculations. It is used essentially for problems involving measurements. It

can simulate, or imitate different measurements by electronic means. Both of these

computer types- the digital and the analog- are made up of electronic components that

may require a large room to accommodate them. At present, the digital computer is

capable of doing anything the analog once did. Moreover, it is easier to program and

cheaper to operate. A new type of scientific computer system called the hybrid

computer has now been produced that combines the two types into one.

3. Really powerful computers continue to be bulky and require special provision

for their housing, refrigeration systems, air filtration and power supplies. This isbecause much more space is taken up by the input/ output devices- the magnetic tape

and disk units and other peripheral equipment- than by the electronic components that

do not make up the bulk of the machine in a powerful installation. The power

consumption of these machines is also quite high, not to mention the price that runs into

hundreds of thousands of dollars. The future will bring great developments in the




mechanical devices associated with computer systems. For a long time these have been

the weak link, from the point of view of both efficiency and reliability.

EXERCISES1. Main ideasWhich statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminatethe other choices?_________ 1. Hybrid computers are a combination of digital and analog computers._________ 2. Digital computers are used more than any other type of computer._________ 3. There are three types of mainframes._________ 4. Analog computers can do more varied work than digital or hybridcomputers.

2. Understanding the passageDecide whether the following sentences are true or false (T/F) by referring to theinformation in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the falsestatements become true._______ 1. A mainframe is the type of computer that can sit on top of a desk._______ 2. Mainframes are very powerful and can execute jobs very rapidly andeasily._______ 3. Digital computers are used more than analog computers.

_______ 4. The analog computer is far smaller than a digital computer andtherefore occupies very little space.

_______ 5. The hybrid computer is a combination of both the digital and the analogcomputer.

_______ 6. The analog computer does its calculations one step at a time._______ 7. The digital computer continuously works out calculations._______ 8. Mainframes are huge powerful machines whose peripheral equipment

takes up a lot of space._______ 9. Mainframes are expensive to buy and to operate._______ 10. Mainframes technology has reached the end of the road. No further

development is needed.

3. Locating informationFind the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give the linereferences._______ 1. Smaller computers may take longer to perform an operation.




_______ 2. More technological development is necessary in the mechanical devicesassociated with computer systems.

_______ 3. Mainframes can operate quickly and execute more complex instructions.

_______ 4. The hybrid computer is a combination of both digital and analogcomputers._______ 5. Digital computers are used more than analog computers._______ 6. Mainframes are large powerful computers._______ 7. An analog computer is comparable to a car speedometer in the way it

operates._______ 8. Digital computers do calculations, one after another, quickly and exactly.

4. Contextual referenceLook back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to

1. which can be executed (p. 1) __________________2. as it is often known (p. 2) __________________3. that are presented to it (p. 2) __________________4. in that it can do calculations (p. 2) __________________5. in that it continuously works out (p. 2) __________________6. Both of these computer types (p. 2) __________________7. that may require a large room (p. 2) __________________8. that combines the two types (p. 2) __________________9. require special provision for

their housing (p. 3) __________________10. that runs into thousands of dollars (p. 3) __________________

5. Understanding wordsRefer back to the text and find synonyms for the following words

1. area __________________2. acted on __________________3. do __________________4. composed of __________________5. principally __________________

Now refer back to the text and find antonyms for the following words6. ignored __________________7. seldom __________________8. little __________________9. Small __________________10. weak __________________




6. Word forms

First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences. Thencheck the differences of meaning in your dictionary.1. permission, permit, permissible, permitted

a. It is usually not _______________ to smoke in a computer installation.b. Computers ______________ people to use their time more effectively.c. Building _______________ is usually required before starting any

renovations to a building for a computer department.2. continuation, continue, continuing, continuously

a. If microcomputer sales ______________ to increase, it won’t be long beforeevery household has one.

b. Computers can do repetitive operations _________________ without gettingbored.

c. There is a ______________ interest in discovering new areas wherecomputers can be used.

3. measurement, measure, measured, measurablea. The analog computer is essentially used for problems involving

_______________ .b. Because computer equipment is often bulky, the area used for a computer

installation must be _____________ out carefully.c. The number of employees a computer company has can be seen as a

_____________ of its success in the business world.

4. association, associate, associateda. Computers are ________________ with speed and accuracy.b. There are many computer _______________ around the world to which

computer professionals belong.c. Business _______________ in different cities often communicate with each

other via their computers.5. efficiency, efficient, efficiently

a. Using a hand calculator to do simple mathematics is an ____________ way of

thinking.b. Computers can solve problems faster and more ____________ than humans.c. _____________ is important in any service industry.

7. Content reviewTry to think of a definition for each of these items before checking them in theGlossary. Then complete the following statements with the appropriate words (some




can be used more than once). Make sure you use the correct form, i.e. singular orplural.

Mainframe computer installation digits

Hybrid computer code programmingDigital analog1. The ______________________ system is a computer which has combined the

features of both the _________________ and _______________ computer. It isused mainly in scientific research.

2. _______________ computers get their name from the word _____________.These are single character numbers that make up the ______________ in whichthe data are presented to the computer for processing.

3. _____________ are usually found in large ________________________.4. The most commonly used language of ____________ in the business community

is _______________.

8. Focus review1. Focus: Organizing informationOn a separate sheet, organize the information in Unit ‘Mainframes’, under mainidea(s), major details and minor details.2. Focus: ListingIt is important when reading to recognize and understand the relationship in whichsentences and groups of sentences combine to present information. Thisinformation may be linked by means of a connective word and marker.

Making a list, enumerating, and giving instructions, indicates a cataloguing ofwhat is being said. It is important to note that most enumerations belong to clearlydefined sets. The following table is a list of the markers that can be used to showthe order in which things are to be said.

LISTING MARKERS1, 2, 3, etc.one, two, three, etc.first(ly), second(ly), third(ly)in the first/second/ third placeanother, next, then

furthermore, afterwards, moreoverlastly, finallyto begin/ start with, and to concludefirst and foremost marking the beginningfirst and most important(ly) of a descending orderabove all marking the end oflast but not least an ascending order




There are many ways of showing sequential relationships. Those given in thetable above are not the only ones, they are the most common ones used in listingor enumerating. The –ly forms are usually used when listing.

Sample paragraphMore and more police departments are now using sophisticated devices to help

control the increasing crime rate. Some of these devices are: firstly, a computer

terminal inside a police vehicle to answer an officer’s questions; secondly, a

computer-controlled display unit for displaying fingerprints; and thirdly,

educational systems for police officers such as terminals, enabling them to verify

changes in laws, rules and regulations.

The computer memory of many law enforcement systems contain all kinds of

information. First and foremost, it has data on stolen items such as cars, licenseplates and property. Second, it has information on missing persons and wanted

fugitives. Last but not least, it contains information on political extremist groups

and their activities.

It goes without saying that computers have certainly revolutionized police

work by providing access to millions of items of information with the least

possible delay and speeding up the process of apprehending suspicious-looking

characters.

Exercise 1

The following paragraph is an excerpt from paragraph 3 of Unit ‘What is acomputer?’ While reading this paragraph underline the listing markers.

Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. However, most

computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities. First,

computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as addition,

subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers

have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed

information in and get results back, those machines wouldn’t be of much use.Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The computer can

only decide three things: 1. Is one number less than another? 2. Are two

numbers equal? and 3 . Is one number greater than another?

Exercise 2




Complete the following paragraph by filling in the blank with appropriate listingmarkers.

Computers can do wonders, but they can waste a lot of money unless careful

consideration goes into buying them. Any businessman thinking of buying acomputer system should ______________ admit he knows very little about

computers. _____________, he must realize that the computers salesman

doesn’t know how his business works.

____________, that he should get outside advice is a must, not necessarily

from consultants but from other executives who have had recent experience in

buying a computer system.____________ he should try to see systems similar to

ones under consideration in operation. Because his operations will have

differences that must be accommodated, he should _____________ find outwhat would be involved in upgrading a system. ___________ important thing to

know before buying a computer is the financial situation of the supplier because

computer companies come and go and not all are financially stable.

______________, the prospective buyer should demand that every detail be

covered in writing, including hardware and software if they are supplied by

different companies. There’s nothing wrong with computers, it’s how and why

they are used that can cause problems.




UNIT 7: CALCULUS

1. Calculus was invented in the seventeenth century as a tool for investigating

problems that involve motion. Algebra and trigonometry may be used to study objects

that move at constant speeds along linear or circular paths, but calculus is needed if the

speed varies or if the path is irregular. An accurate description of motion requires

precise definitions of velocity (the rate at which distance changes per unit time) and

acceleration (the rate at which velocity changes). These definitions may be obtained by

using one of the fundamental concepts of calculus- the derivative.

2. Although calculus was developed to solve problems in physics, its power and

versatility have led to uses in many diverse fields of study. Modern-day applications of

the derivative include investigating the rate of growth of bacteria in a culture,

predicting the outcome of a chemical reaction, measuring instantaneous changes in

electrical current, describing the behavior of atomic particles, estimating tumor

shrinkage in radiation therapy, forecasting economic profits and losses, and analyzing

vibrations in mechanical systems.

3. The derivative is also useful in solving problems that involve maximum or

minimum values, such as manufacturing the least expensive rectangular box that has a

given volume, calculating the greatest distance a rocket will travel, obtaining themaximum safe flow of traffic across a long bridge, determining the number of wells to

drill in an oil field for the most efficient production, finding the point between two light

sources at which illumination will be greatest, and maximizing corporate revenue for a

particular product. Mathematicians often employ derivatives to find tangent lines to

curves and to help analyze graphs of complicated functions.

4. Another fundamental concept of calculus- the definite integral- is motivated by

the problem of finding areas of regions that have curved boundaries. Definite integral

are employed as extensively as derivatives and in many different fields. Someapplications are finding the center of mass or moment of inertia of a solid, determining

the work required to send a space probe to another planet, calculating the blood flow

through an arteriole, estimating depreciation of equipment in a manufacturing plant,

and interpreting the amount of dye dilution in physiological tests that involve tracer




methods. We can also use definite integrals to investigate mathematical concepts such

as area of a curved surface, volume of a geometric solid, or length of a curve.

5. The concepts of derivative and definite integral are defined by limiting processes.

The notion of limit is the initial idea that separates calculus from elementarymathematics. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-

1716) independently discovered the connection between derivatives and integrals and

are both credited with the invention of calculus. Many other mathematicians have

added greatly to its development in the last 300 years.

6. The applications of calculus mentioned here represent just a few of the many

considered in this book. We can’t possibly discuss all the uses of calculus, and more are

being developed with every advance in technology. Whatever your field of interest,

calculus is probably used in some pure or applied investigations. Perhaps you willdiscover a new application for this branch of science.

I. Vocabulary in contextComplete the following sentences using the words from the passage.

1.Calculus is used as a _______________ to solve problems of many kinds.2.Definite integral and derivative are defined by _________________.3.Some objects move along ___________, _____________, or even _________

paths.

4.In pure investigation, people can find ____________ at which the derivative = 0.5.The speed of an object can be _____________ but usually ______________.6.One can differentiate calculus from _______________.7.The center of mass is called ______________ of a solid.8.People use _____________ to give description of changes in motion.9.Finding tangent lines and analyzing ___________ are typical mathematical

problems.10. Finding areas of regions that have __________ may involve fundamental

concepts of calculus.11. ______________ are usually analyzed thanks to the application of

derivatives.12. Elementary mathematics and calculus might be separated thanks to____________.

13. _______________ and derivative are two fundamental concepts of calculus.14. Manufacturing the least expensive box that has a given volume is a problem

about ________________.15. Mathematicians use derivatives to find __________ to curves.




II. Understanding wordsRefer back to the passage and find synonyms for the following words:

1. to make something happen __________ 7. different __________2. to be used __________ 8. immediate __________3. unchanging __________ 9. income __________4. to change __________ 10. complex __________5. accurate __________ 11. first __________6. having various uses __________ 12. to differentiate __________

III. Understanding the passageDecide whether the following statements are True, False or No Information byreferring back to the text. Make any necessary changes so that the false statements

become true.______ 1. Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried W. Leinibz both discovered derivativesand integrals independently.

______ 2. Calculus chiefly deals with studying objects moving at constant speeds.______ 3. To investigate mathematical concepts related to the volume of ageometric solid or length of a curve, the notion of limit should be involved.

______ 4. The notion of limit is found in many other branches of mathematics______ 5. There are many ideas that can distinguish calculus from elementary

mathematics.______ 6. Calculus was invented because algebra and trigonometry couldn’t be used

to solve many problems.______ 7. We- students- might discover some new applications for this branch.______ 8. Calculus was first invented to solve physical problems.______ 9. Although definite integral and derivative are two fundamental concepts of

calculus, they are independent.______ 10. More uses of calculus are being developed nowadays.

IV. Understanding the details Complete the blanks with appropriate information from the text.

1.Velocity is ______________________________________________.

2.Acceleration is __________________________________________.3.Two fundamental concepts of calculus are ____________________.4.One of the differences between calculus and elementary mathematics is

______________________________________________________.5.Traditional applications of calculus are in ____________________.6.Modern applications of calculus are in many diverse fields. Give some examples

of:




Problems related to

forecasting

Problems related to max-min

values

Problems related to

curves

V. Understanding structuresExpressing degrees of certainty.

Present timeWhy isn’t John in class? ____ ∗ He is sick 100% sure

∗ He must be sick 95% sure(He is usually in class everyday, but when I saw him

last night, he wasn’t feeling good. So my best guess isthat he is sick today. I can’t think of anotherpossibility)∗ He may be sick less than 50% sure∗ He might be sick. less than 50% sure∗ He could be sick. less than 50% sure(I don’t really know. He may be at home watchingTV. He might be at the library. He could be out oftown)

What are the negative forms of the above sentences?

Past timeWhy wasn’t Mary in class?____ ∗ She was sick. 100% sure

∗ She must have been sick 95% sure∗ She may have been sick less than 50% sure∗ She might have been sick less than 50% sure∗ She could have been sick less than 50% sure

What are the negative forms of the above sentences?




Exercises:A1. Supply suitable forms to express degrees of certainty.

1.He knows a lot about flying planes. He __________(be) a pilot when he wasyoung.

2.Vera ____________ (be) at the supermarket this morning. I didn’t see her there.3.There are so many nice things for tea. I think you ________ (expect) us right

now.4.Someone is knocking at the door. Mary is in New York. So it ________ (be)

Mary.5.“Someone told me that Jane quit school”

“ You’re kidding. That _____________ (be) true”6.Look at that big bird. It ____________ (be) an eagle.

7.Jack didn’t stay home last night. He _______________ (go) to a movie.8.Adams wears something green everyday. He ____________ (like) green very

much.9.He bought his wife a diamond necklace with matching earrings. He ________

(win) a lottery.10. There’s no one here by that name. You ___________ (make) a mistake.

A2. Read the passage then supply suitable forms to express degrees ofcertainty.

I’m in a hotel Lobby. I’m looking at a man with a briefcase. He is talking withsomeone at the registration desk, so he ___________ (register) to stay in the

hotel. He _____________ (check-out), because people have to check out at adifferent desk. He _______________ (simply/ask) a question, but I doubt it.Judging from his clothes, I’d say he ___________ (be) a businessman. But he___________ (be) a doctor, or a professor. He has salt-and-pepper hair and nottoo many wrinkles. He __________ (be) about 50 to 55. He doesn’t have anyluggage with him. The porter _____________ (take) his luggage. The hotel clerk just handed the man a key. Aha! I was right. He is registering to stay at the hotel.

As and Like

1. Like (preposition) is followed by a noun, pronoun or –ing, and can have differentmeanings.∗ There’s no business like show business (to compare with)∗ Why don’t you try something like doing a bit of work for a change. (such as)

The opposite is unlike ∗ The holiday was unlike any others.

2. As can be used as a preposition and means ‘in the position of, in the capacity of’

∗ I work as a hotel receptionist. (I’m in the position of a hotel receptionist)




Also, As can be a conjunction introducing a clause. But it can have differentmeanings.

∗ As the last bus had left, we returned on foot. (because)∗

As I left the house, I remembered the key. (when/ while)∗ Type this again as I showed you. (in the way I showed you)

Exercise: Use As or Like respectively1.When in Rome, do ___________ the Romans do.2.He fought ___________ a madman.3.Let me speak to you __________ a father.4.There were lots of people we knew, _________ the Smiths and the Johnsons.5.It was __________ a dream.6.There’s no one ____________ you.

7.He acts _____________ a King.8.__________ a lawyer, I wouldn’t recommend it.9.__________ I told you, it’s an offer I can’t refuse.10. __________ he was tired, he stopped working.




UNIT 8: STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING

Can a computer solve problem? Definitely not. It is a machine that carries out the

procedures which the programmer gives it. It is the programmer then who solves the

problems. There are a few steps that one has to follow in problem solving:

Step 1. The programmer must define the problem clearly. This means that he or she

has to determine, in a general way, how to solve the problem. Some problems are

easy, while others take months of study. The programmer should start by asking:

‘Do I understand the problem?’.

Step 2. The programmer must formulate an algorithm, which is a straightforward

sequence of steps of instructions used to solve the problem. Constructing an

algorithm is the most important part of problem solving and is usually time-

consuming. An algorithm can be described by a flowchart, which may be started in

terms of a sequence of precise sentences, or a block diagram. The latter is a

diagrammatic representation of the sequence of events to be followed in solving

the problem. The relationship between the events is shown by means of a

connecting arrow ---->. A block diagram can show if a process has to be repeated

or if there are alternative routes to be taken.

Step 3. The programmer must translate the algorithm or flowchart into a computerprogram. To do so, he or she writes detailed instructions for the computer program,

using one of the many computer languages available following the exact sequence

of the flowchart algorithm. The program is usually written on coding sheets which

have a specific format drawn on them.

Step 4. The programmer must then keypunch the program, or give the coding sheets

to the keypunch operator to do it. The program is either punched on cards or

entered into the computer at a terminal with a visual display unit.

Step 5. The program must then be tested. To do so, the computer operator puts thedeck of cards in the card reader and presses the ‘read’ button. This transfers the

information to the memory of the computer. Next, a printout shows if the program

works or if it has errors (called bugs). If the programmer is using a terminal instead

of cards to enter the instructions it is possible, with the aid of a few commands, to

store the program in the memory of the computer and get a printout.




Step 6. The last step is to add the data to the program and run the job completely.

The computer will then perform the calculations necessary to solve the problem. It

will follow the instructions in the program to the minutest details. Therefore, one

can say that the computer is a robot. It doesn’t think, but simply does what it is told




EXERCISES1. Main idea

Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did youeliminate the other choices?

________ 1. Constructing an algorithm is the basic step in solving a problem.________ 2. Solving problems becomes easier if certain steps are followed.________ 3. The computer does what the programmer tells it to do.

2. Understanding the passageDecide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to

the information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false

statements become true.________ 1. The computer is a great help to people because it solves their

problems.________ 2. All problems are equally difficult to solve.________ 3. An algorithm is a sequence of instructions used to solve a problem.________ 4. The most important part of problem solving is defining the problem

clearly.________ 5. Block diagrams cannot show relationships.________ 6. Coding sheets are used for writing programs.________ 7. Punched cards are the only way of transferring the program to the

computer memory.________ 8. If the data is not added to the program, the computer cannot

perform calculations.________ 9. It is a good idea to test the program before adding the data.________ 10. A computer is very intelligent. It is capable of thinking.

3. Locating informationFind the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give the

line references.

________ 1. Programs are usually written on certain lined forms.________ 2. A block diagram can show a decision with two different outcomes.________ 3. The programmer is the one who solves the problems.________ 4. Even if the programmer is using a terminal instead of cards, it is

possible to get a permanent copy of his program.________ 5. Not all problems are of the same level of difficulty.

4. Contextual referenceLook back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to

1. It is a machine ________________2. which the programmer gives it ________________




3. who solves the problems ________________4. which may be started _______________5. The latter is a diagrammatic representation _______________

6. operator to do it _______________7. this transfers the information _______________8. or if it has errors _______________9. It will follow the instructions _______________10. does what it is told _______________

5. Understanding wordsRefer back to the text and find synonyms for the following words.

1. construct ________________

2. takes a lot of time ________________3. exact ________________4. mistakes ________________5. help ________________

Now refer back to the text and find antonyms for the following words6. ambiguously ________________7. specific ________________8. partially ________________

6. Word formsFirst choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences. Then

check the differences of meaning in your dictionary.1. procedure, proceed, proceeding

a. The machine carries out the ___________ which the programmer givesit.

b. You should ____________ with care when using a calculator.2. program, programmer, programmed, programming

a. I would like to ____________ in COBOL.b. There were quite a few errors in my _______________.

c. My calculator is ___________. It plays a tune on the hour.d. Fortran is one of the many _____________ languages available on themarket.

e. Computer __________ is a new field of study at the university.f. He is a good _________ because he always constructs algorithms for his

problems.3. relationship, relate, related

a. The first two steps in your program are not ________. They are basicallydifferent.

b. In a flowchart, the _____________ between events is shown by means of

connecting arrows.4. code, coding




a. Do you have any ___________ sheets left?b. I have to ____________ my program.c. Assembler is one example of a machine _______________.

5. printer, printing, print, printeda. _______________ your name and address in block letters.b. ___________ was introduced by Gutenberg in Germany in the 1400s.c. The quality of the ______________ output from a daisy wheel printer is

superior to that from a dot matrix.d. _______________ provide a hard copy of the results of data processing

operations.

7a. Content reviewTry to think of a definition for each of these items before checking them in the

Glossary. The complete the following statements with the appropriate words. Makesure you use the correct form, i.e. singular or plural.

algorithm coding sheets flowchartrobot printout bugs

1. Special forms which are usually used for writing programs are called____________.

2. Another word for program errors is _____________.3. A number of steps used in solving a program is called an

_______________.

4. A machine which is incapable of thinking but follows instructions is calleda _______.

5. A __________ is either a group of exact sentences to solve a problem or ablock diagram.

7b. Content reviewSolving a problem is a process involving various steps. Complete the following

diagram to show the sequence of these steps.




Define

theproblemclearly

8. Focus reviewFocus : Cause and effect/ resultThe following sentences were taken from the text on ‘Steps in ProblemSolving’. While reading these sentences underline the cause once, the effect/

result twice, then circle the causal-effect/ result maker.1. If the programmer is using a terminal instead of cards to enter hisinstructions, he can, with the aid of a few commands, store the program in thememory of the computer and get a printout.2. The computer will follow the instructions in the program to minutestdetails. Therefore, one can say that the computer is a robot




UNIT 9: DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

Pre-reading

1. What is discrete mathematics?2. Would you like to study discrete mathematics?3. Why do you like to study discrete mathematics?

Discrete mathematics is the part of mathematics devoted to the study of

discrete objects. (Here discrete means consisting of distinct or unconnected

elements.) The kind of problems solved using discrete mathematics includes: How

many ways are there to choose a valid password on a computer system? What is the

probability of winning a lottery? Is there a link between two computers in a

network? What is the shortest path between two cities using a transportation

system? How can a list of integers be sorted so that the integers are in increasing

order? How many steps are required to do such a sorting? How can a circuit be

designed that adds two integers? You will learn the discrete structures and

techniques needed to solve problems such as these.

More generally, discrete mathematics is used whenever objects are counted,

when relationships between finite sets are studied, and when processes involving a

finite number of steps are analyzed. A key reason for the growth in the importance

of discrete mathematics is that information is stored and manipulated by computing

machines in a discrete fashion.

There are several important reasons for studying discrete mathematics. First,

through this course you can develop your mathematical maturity, that is, your

ability to understand and create mathematical arguments. You will not get very far

in your study in the mathematical sciences without these skills.

Second, discrete mathematics is the gateway to more advanced courses in

all parts of the mathematical sciences. Math courses based on the material studied

in discrete mathematics include logic, set theory, linear algebra, abstract algebra,

combinatorics, graph theory, and probability theory (the discrete part of the subject).

Discrete mathematics provides the mathematical foundations for many computer

science courses, including data structures, algorithms, database theory, automata

theory, formal languages, compiler theory, computer security, and operating

systems. Students find these courses much more difficult when they have not had

the appropriate mathematical foundation from discrete math.




Also, discrete mathematics contains the necessary mathematical background

for solving problem in operations research (including many discrete optimization

techniques), chemistry, engineering, biology, and so on. In the text, we will study

application to some of these areas.

EXERCISESI. Focus on the reading:Locate the equivalent information in the text then choose the best word for eachsentence1. Is there a ________________ between 2 computers in a network?2. _________________ is used whenever objects are counted.3. Discrete mathematics provides the mathematical foundations for many

computer science courses, including data structures, _______________,database theory…

4. How can a list of integers be ________ so that the integers are in increasingorder?5. More generally, discrete mathematics is used when relationships between

___________ are studied.6. Math courses based on the material studied in discrete math include_________.

7. Discrete math is the ________________ to more advanced courses in math.8. Discrete math provides the ______________ for many computer sciencecourses.9. When processes involve a __________________, we use discrete math.

10. This course can create your _________________.

II. Vocabulary in new contextChoose the best word for each sentence.1. Discrete mathematics chiefly deals with _________________ objects.2. There is always a close ____________ between math and other branches ofscience.3. To access to a special applied computer program, you must give it a valid

signal. This is called ________________.4. The process of augmenting a basic data structure to support additional

functions occurs quite frequently in _________________ design.5. People use discrete math when objects are _________________.6. The government’s _____________ is that they must first aim to beatinflation.7. Means to gain more advanced courses should be _______________.

8. Computer science really needs _____________ which discrete math canprovide.




9. We can find out many optimization techniques if we have necessarymathematical background of _______________.

10. We can’t ____________ in our studies without mathematical background.

III. Understanding wordsRefer back to the text and find the words that mean:1. Unconnected ______________________ 2. Connection ______________________3. Suitable ______________________ 4. Separate ______________________ 5. Basis ______________________6. Information needed to understand a problem ______________________7. Ability to understand something ______________________ 8. Discussion based on reasoning ______________________9. Means of gaining something desired ______________________ 10. Arranging things in group ______________________

IV. Understanding the textDecide whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F) or noinformation (NI) by referring back to the text.______ 1. Students will find many computer science courses difficult.______ 2. Discrete optimization techniques are worked in operation research

courses.______ 3. Discrete math can only be used under some conditions.______ 4. You can use discrete math to do many kinds of sorting.______ 5. Elementary math is much simpler than discrete math.

______ 6. Discrete math is used when there is a limit of objects.______ 7. It’s difficult to study other branches of math without discretemathematical background.

______ 8. Discrete math has no application in other natural sciences.______ 9. Discrete math helps study math, in general, better.______ 10. Students of English don’t need discrete mathematics.

V. Understanding the details 1. Discrete math helps solve problems such as:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




2. Studying discrete math, students will work on the following math courses:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Applications of discrete math

1 2 3 4. Giving backgroundfor solving:--

4. In general, three elements that should be gained when we want to usediscrete mathematics are:

a. ________________b. ________________c. _________________

5. The importance of discrete math is that ___________________________

VI. Understanding structuresA. The use of Whenever, Wherever, However, Whoever, Whatever. The

words above mean “no mater when, no mater where…”Example:

- My roof leaks whenever it rains- Whoever cleans the windows, doesn’t make the floor clean- I would rather have a room of my own, however small it is,

than share a room.Practice: Rewrite the following sentences, using Whenever, Wherever,

However, Whoever, Whatever.1. You can eat anything you like... .............................................................................................................................................2. You’ll see this product advertised every where you go.. .............................................................................................................................................3. It doesn’t mater who you are, come and sit down... .............................................................................................................................................4. It doesn’t mater how hard I worked, she was not satisfied.. .............................................................................................................................................5. He says he’ll come to us any time he has spare-time

.. .............................................................................................................................................




B. The use of “Between” and “Among”

- Between is used with two nouns.

- Among is used with three or more nouns or a phrase noun.Practice: Fill in the gaps, using “Between” and “Among”.1. Rich and his wife can usually solve their problem __________ them.2. Profits are decided __________the stockholders of corporation.3. The votes were evenly decided __________ the Democratic candidates and the

Republican candidates.4. The property was decided equally __________ his son and daughter.5. There is a link __________ two computer in a network.6. The work is distributed __________ the secretary and receptionist.

BUILDING VOCABULARY SKILLSA. Vocabulary review:

Choose the best word for each sentenceDimension FunctionEven ElementsOdd EquationTriangle PaidReduces

1. x – y = 3

2x = 2y + 6How many solutions does the system of __________ above have?2. The high cost of advertising is invariably __________ by the consumers.3. If a, b, c are the lengths of sides of the right __________ with C greater than a,

b then …4. If the argument of a __________ f runs through a set M, in which the function

also takes its value, then f is called an algebraic operation on M.5. If the orders of all __________ of a periodic group are bounded, then the

lowest common multiple of their orders is called exponent of the group.6. The figure shows the __________ of a rectangular box that is …

7. Every mathematical theory __________ ultimately to study two kinds ofobjects: sets and function on sets.

B. Context clues:Choose the answer that is closest in meaning to each word underlined1. They set out a dramatic journey.

a) Spectacular b) cheerful c) exciting d) interesting2. They spent her first day in Hanoi and took a sightseeing tour around thisfascinating city

a) Boring b) exciting c) absorbing d) busy




3. The fact lies in that every one assumes heavy tasks assigned and fulfil with ahigh sense of responsibility

a) work b) duty c) profession d) job

4. The whole relationship changed and they became tremendous friends.a) close b) friendly c) wonderful d) awful

5.The British parliament’s Big Ben clock tower is starting to tilt slightly and couldbecome London’s own leaning tower

a) Tighten b) fasten c) slant d) lift6. Thousands of protesters marched on Saturday in front of White House

demanding the United States’ lifting embargo against Cuba.a) Paraded b) operated c) walked d) moved




UNIT 10: PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

1. Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right

instructions for what to do. Instructions are first written in one of the high-level

languages, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, PL/1, PASCAL or BASIC,

depending on the type of problem to be solved. A program written in one of these

languages is often called a source program, and it cannot be directly processed by

the computer until it has been compiled, which means interpreted into machine

code. Usually a single instruction written in a high-level language, when

transformed into machine code, results in several instructions. Here is a brief

description of some of the many high-level languages:

FORTRAN acronym for FORmula TRANslation. This language is used

for solving scientific and mathematical problems. It consists

of algebraic formulae and English phrases. It was first

introduced in the United States in 1954.

COBOL acronym for Comon Business-Oriented Language. This

language is used for commercial purposes. COBOL, which is

written using English statements, deals with problems that do

not involve a lot of mathematical calculations. It was first

introduced in 1959.

ALGOL acronym for ALGOrithmic Language. Originally called IAL,

which means International Algebraic Language. It is used for

mathematical and scientific purposes. ALGOL was first

introduced in Europe in 1960.

PL/1 Programming Language 1. Developed in 1964 to combine

features of COBOL and ALGOL. Consequently, it is used for

data processing as well as scientific applications.

BASIC acronym for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction

Code. Developed in 1965 at Dartmouth College in the United

States for use by students who require a simple language to

begin programming.

Other such languages are APL (developed in 1962) and PASCAL (named after

Blaise Pascal and developed in 1971)




2. When a program written in one of these high-level languages is designed to

do a specific type of work such as calculate a company’s payroll or calculate the

stress factor on a roof, it is called an applications program. Institutions either

purchase these programs as packages or commission their own programmers to

write them to meet the specifications of the users.

3. The program produced after the source program has been converted into

machine code is referred to as an object program or object module. This is done by

a computer program called the compiler, which is unique for each computer.

Consequently, a computer needs its own compiler for the various high-level

languages if it is expected to accept programs written in those languages. For

example, in order that an IBM system 370 may process a program in FORTRAN, it

needs to have a compiler that would understand that particular model and the

FORTRAN language as well.

4. The compiler is a systems program, which may be written in any language,

but the computer’s operating system is a true systems program which controls the

central processing unit (CPU), the input, the output, and the secondary memory

devices. Another systems program is the linkage editor which fetches required

systems routines and links them to the object module (the source program in

machine code). The resulting program is then called the load module, which is the

program directly executable by the computer. Although systems programs are part

of the software, they are usually provided by the manufacturer of the machine.

5. Unlike systems programs, software packages are sold by various vendors and

not necessarily by the computer manufacturer. They are a set of programs designed

to perform certain applications which conform to internationally accepted rules,

irrespective of the particular specifications of the user. Payroll is an example of

such a package which allows the user to input data – hours worked, pay rates,

special deductions, names of employees − and get salary calculations as output.

These packages are coded in machine language (0s and 1s) on magnetic tapes or

disks which can be purchased, leased or rented by users who choose the package

that most closely corresponds to their needs.

EXERCISES

1. Main idea




Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did youeliminate the other choices?________ 1. Without software packages, it would be difficult to use the

computer in solving problems such as payroll.________ 2. Compilers are indispensable to a computer.________ 3. Source programs written in high-level languages have to be

changed to machine code before the computer can operate on them.

2. Understanding the passageDecide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring tothe information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the falsestatements become true.

________1. BASIC was developed to help students________2. FORTRAN is very wordy and therefore not as efficient a

computer language as COBOL in solving scientific problems.________3. All high-level programs must be translated to machine code

before the computer can execute them.________4. The best place to buy software packages is from the

manufacturer.________5. An example of an application program is calculating the stress

on a roof.________6. An operating system program controls input and output

operations.________7. Software packages are not written in high-level languages.________8. Different high-level languages suit different problems.________9. IBM machine code is the same as that of CDC.________10. It is a must for a programmer to be able to understand machine

code.

3. Locating informationFind the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Givethe line references_______1. Systems programs control the work of the computer system._______2. Software packages are not always sold by the manufacturer._______3. Usually, every high-level instruction translates into many more in

machine code._______4. Systems programs are usually provided by the manufacturer._______5. Programmers may be required to write software for their

employers.

4. Contextual reference




Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to1. If they are given the right (paragraph.1)_________________

2. it cannot be directly processed (paragraph.1)_________________3. it is called an applications program (paragraph.2)_________________4. commission their own programmers (paragraph.2)_________________5. to write them to meet (paragraph.2)_________________6. that would understand (paragraph.3)

_________________7. which controls the central (paragraph.4)_________________8. links them to the object (paragraph.4)__________________9. They are a set of programs (paragraph.5)__________________10. which can be purchased (paragraph.5)__________________

5. Understanding wordsRefer back to the text and find a synonym for the following words

1. converted ________________2. buy ________________3. brings ________________4. agree with, comply with ________________5. rented ________________

Now refer back to the text and find an antonym for the following words6. lengthy _________________

7. unchanged __________________8. separate __________________9. reject __________________10. depending on __________________

6. Word formsFirst choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences.Then check the differences of meaning on your dictionary.1. instruction, instruct, instructed, instructor

a. Our maths ____________ explained to us the principles of binaryarithmetic.




b. We were ____________ to document our programs very carefully.c. Both _______________ and data have to be changed to machine code

before the computer can operate on them.

2. compilation, compiler, compile, compileda. Our university computer does not have a PASCAL ____________.b. Usually, a programmer _____________ his program before he puts in

the data.c. A source program cannot be directly processed by the computer until

it has been ____________.3. description, describe, described

a. Our introductory programming text included a brief ____________ ofthe many high-level languages.

b. It is difficult to ______________ the memory of a microcomputer

without referring to ‘chips’4. result, results, resulting

a. The linkage editor links systems routines to the object module. The______________ program, referred to as the load module, is directlyexecutable by the computer.

b. The _____________ of these mathematical operations were obtainedfrom the university mainframe and not from my micro.

5. specification, specify, specific, specified, specificallya. Our company brought three packages with very _____________

applications: payroll, accounts receivable and accounts payable.b. And applications program is designed to do a _____________ type ofwork, such as calculating the stress factor on a roof.

c. Did the analyst give the new programmer the ____________necessary to start on the project?

7a. Content reviewMatch the following words in column A with the corresponding informationin column B.

A B1. source program2. high-level languages3. applications program4. software packages5. object program6. compiler7. systems program8. operating systems

9. linkage editor10. load module

a. to solve a particular problemb. can be executed by the computer

directlyc. program translated to machine coded. connects routines with programs in

memorye. examples are COBOL and

PASCAL

f. directs the processes of thecomputer CPU, and peripherals




g. groups of programs designed tosolve a specific problem

h. written in a high-level language

i. computer needs one for each high-level language

j. deals with the running of the actualcomputer not with programmingproblems

7b. Content reviewSummarize the information on different high-level computer languages by

completing the table below

LANGUAGE DEVELOPED FUNCTION CHARACTERISTICFORTRAN

1959

LANGUAGE DEVELOPED FUNCTION CHARACTERISTIC

Mathematical

and scientificpurpose




Combines features ofCOBOL and ALGOL

BASIC

1962




8. Focus reviewRead paragraphs 1 and 3 of ‘Programs and Programming Languages again-

they are re-written below. What do the words in italics signify?

Computers can deal with different kindsof problems if they are given the rightinstructions for what to do. Instructionsare first written in one of the high-levellanguages, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL,ALGOL, PL/1, PASCAL, OR BASIC,depending on the type of problem to besolved. A program written in one ofthese languages is often called a sourceprogram, and it cannot be directlyprocessed by the computer until it hasbeen compiled, which means interpretedinto machine code. Usually a singleinstruction written in a high-levellanguage, when transformed to machinecode, results in several instructions.

Here is a brief description of some ofthe many high-level languages…

The program produced after the sourceprogram has been converted intomachine code is referred to as andobject program or object module. This isdone by a computer program called thecompiler, which is unique for eachcomputer. Consequently, a computer

needs its own compiler for the varioushigh-level languages if it is expected toaccept programs written in thoselanguages. For example, in order that and IBM system 370 may process aprogram in FORTRAN, it needs to havea compiler that would understand thatparticular model and the FORTRANlanguage as well

a. Cause-effect

b. ______________

c. ______________

d. ______________

e. ______________

f. ______________

g. ______________

h. ______________

i. ______________

j. ______________

k. ______________

l. Cause -effect

m. ______________




GLOSSARYAAcceleration gia toác Application program trình öùng duïng

Analog computer maùy tính vaät lyù Arithmetic soá hoïcAlgorithm thuaät toaùn Argument ñoái soá-goùc cöïcAlgebra ñaïi soá Augment taêng theâm-boå sungtheâm

BBlock diagram sô ñoà khoái Branch ngaønhBoundary bieân

CCalculate tính toaùn Compact thu goïnCalculation söï tính toaùn Compile bieân dòchCalculus pheùp tính vi tích phaân Circuits vi maïchCard reader boä phaän ñoïc phieáu Cores coát loõiChance ngaãu nhieân Curve ñöôøng congCombinatorics toaùn hoïc toå hôïp Curve surface maët congCoefficient heä soá(Leading coefficient heä soá soá haïng cao nhaát)Central processing unit ñôn vò xöû lyù trung taâm

DData döõ lieäu Digit chöõ soáDecimal thaäp phaân Digital computer maùy tính kyõ thuaät soáDecompose phaân tích Dimension soá chieàu, chieàuDecisor soá chia, öôùc soá Discrete rôøi raïcDefinite integral tích phaân xaùc ñònh Disk ñóaDerivative ñaïo haøm Disk drive oã ñóaDevice thieát bò Display screen maøn hình hieån thò

EElementary math toaùn sô caáp Equal baèng nhauElectronic circuit vi maïch ñieän töû Equation phöông trìnhElectric pulses xung ñieän Exponent soá muõ, phöông trìnhmuõ

FFactor thöøa soá Foundation cô sôûFinite set taäp hôïp höõu haïn Fraction phaân soáFlow chart löu ñoà Function haøm soá




GGeometry hình hoïc Group theory lyù thuyeát nhoùmGraph ñoà thò

HHardware component boä phaän phaàn cöùngHigh-level language ngoân ngöõ baäc caoHypothesis giaõ thuyeát

IInput nhaäp vaøo Internal memory boä nhôù trongInstallation caøi ñaët Inventory kieåm keâInstruction chæ thò Investigate khaûo saùt

Integers soá nguyeân

LLimit giôùi haïn Linkage editor bieân taäp noát keátLimitting process quaù trình giôùi haïn Load module trình ñaõ naïpLinear tuyeán tính

MMagnetic tape baêng töø Minimum cöïc tieåuMainframe maùy ñieän toaùn lôùn Mixed number of integer hoãn soá

Manipulate thao taùc Moment of inertia moâ-men quaùn tínhMaximun cöïc ñaïi Multiple boäi soáMedium phöông tieän-trung bình

OObject program chöông trình ñoái töôïng Operating system heä ñieàu haønhOperations toaùn töû-thao taùc Optimization toái öu hoaù

PPackages chöông trình soaïn saün Prime number soá nguyeân toáPartial fraction phaân thöùc toái giaûn Probability xaùc xuaátPentagon hình nguõ giaùc Process xöõ lyùPeriodic tuaàn hoaøn Processor boä xöõ lyùPeripheral devices thieát bò ngoaïi vi Proper fraction phaân soá thöïc söïPoint ñieåm Proportion tæ leä thöùcPolynomial ña thöùc Punched card phieáu ñuïc loã

RRandom ngaãu nhieân Rational fraction phaân thöùc höõu tæ

Ratio tæ leä Rectangle hình chöõ nhaät




SSample space khoâng gian maãu Storage device thieát bò löu tröõSecondary memory boä nhôù phuï Subset of hôïp con cuûa

Semi-circle hình baùn nguyeät Statistics thoáng keâSoftware phaàn meàm System program trình heä thoángSource program chöông trình nguoàn

TTangent line tieáp tuyeán Terminal traïm cuoáiTape drive boä phaän ñoïc baêng töø Trigonometry löôïng giaùcTerm soá haïng

VVariation söï bieán thieân Versatility tính ña naêngVelocity vaän toác

WWhole number soá nguyeân

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