gideon mantell in the brighton press 1834 – 38 :a ... · transcription john a. cooper, royal...

Gideon Mantell in the Brighton Press 1834 – 38 :a transcription John A. Cooper, Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton & Hove The life and career of Gideon Algernon Mantell (1790-1852), the pioneer Sussex geologist, has been extensively researched and published. He is, perhaps, best known for his fossil vertebrate discoveries in the Wealden strata of Sussex, especially Iguanodon and Hylaeosaurus, which helped Richard Owen formulate his major new grouping the Dinosauria in 1842. Major biographies on Mantell were published by Spokes (1927) and Dean (1999). His relationships with many of his contemporaries have also been extensively covered, particularly that with Richard Owen (Cadbury 2001, McGowan, 2001) and his curator George Fleming Richardson (Torrens & Cooper 1986). Research on Mantell benefits from two major contemporary sources: first is his own Journal, which he kept on a regular, though varying basis from 1818 until days before his death in 1852. Approximately half of this was published by Curwen (1940), while the remaining unpublished parts are variously available as typed transcripts, although the original is held within the extensive collection of the Mantell Family Papers, in the Alexander Turnbull Library in New Zealand. These unpublished entries are now available online on the website for the Royal Pavilion & Museums, Brighton (Cooper 2010): http://www.brighton-hove-rpml.org.uk/HistoryAndCollections/aboutcollections/naturalsciences/Pages/Theunpublishedjournalofgideonmantell.aspx Additionally, Dell (1983) published some previously unavailable 1852 Journal entries. Second is the correspondence between Mantell and his contemporaries, especially his American friend Benjamin Silliman of Yale (1779 – 1864) and Charles Lyell (1798 – 1875) and which has yielded a great deal of primary information. This correspondence is housed in the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. But many of these publications and sources also refer to articles, which from time to time appeared in the Brighton local press. It is the intention of this document to provide as complete a transcription of all these newspaper accounts as practical, from the time Mantell first relocated to Brighton at the end of 1833, until his removal to Clapham in 1838. In particular, unlike Dean (1999) who regularly paraphrased newspaper accounts for the purpose of narrative, the present paper will quote the original text; for as Benjamin Silliman was reported by Spokes (1927) to have said: ‘...that he liked to read the Brighton newspapers and learn of Mantell’s

http://www.brighton-hove-rpml.org.uk/HistoryAndCollections/aboutcollections/naturalsciences/Pages/Theunpublishedjournalofgideonmantell.aspx





doings and he specially mentioned “the sketches of the various lectures” which he always read with profit as well as pleasure because they contained much information conveyed in a highly lucid and delightful style’. The transcriptions here are presented without comment as a resource for future researchers. Readers may also care to read Cooper 2009 which discusses the role of the Press in Mantell’s Brighton career. Any errors are purely the author’s who would be delighted to here of any substantial omissions other than those described. The Brighton Press During the 1830s there were three major newspapers which served Brighton and its hinterland. The Brighton Herald was the first newspaper to become established in the town: published from 1806, it soon became the leading provincial newspaper of its day. Reputedly, it was the first newspaper to report the escape of Napoleon from Elba in 1815, the start of the French Revolution of 1830, and the arrival of Louis Phillipe at Newhaven in 1848. It survived for 165 years until 1971 when it merged with the Brighton Gazette. The Brighton Gazette was a weekly paper, published on a Thursday by E H Creasy from 1821, which survived in one form or another until 1985. The Brighton Guardian was a radical newspaper, published from 1827 by Levy Emmanuel Cohen, owner and editor until his death in 1860 and well-known for his “verve and pugnacity”. The Guardian published until 1901. It effectively ignored Mantell for all of 1834 and almost all of 1835 – there are no articles whatsoever concerning Mantell or his Museum. Some of the newspaper reports are too extensive to reproduce in full. Many include almost verbatim reports of lectures and meetings of little concern because they add next to nothing to our knowledge of matters affecting Mantell and his affairs. There are, perhaps, hitherto unnoticed glimpses of contemporary debates and attitudes that bear directly on Mantell’s life and manner. Although both Spokes (1927) and Dean (1999) drew occasionally on newspaper accounts, neither seem to have explored fully, or perhaps even noticed, every report; or, did not choose to include certain aspects of contemporary comment in their respective biographies (Spokes 1827; Dean 1999). In particular, the Brighton press covered the rise and fall of the Sussex Royal Scientific Institution and Mantellian Museum (variously named) and, from time to time, revealed some polarised views.

Mantell arrives in Brighton During the autumn of 1833 Gideon Mantell had become more and more convinced that a move from his house in Castle Place, Lewes to Brighton, for himself, his now famous fossil collection and his family, was in his best interests, both professionally as a surgeon and scientifically as a geologist. This decision was made easier by the offer of a gift of £1000 from his patron, the elderly Earl of Egremont, of Petworth House. And so, as Mantell recorded in his Journal for 20 December 1833: My family and all my servants etc. take up their abode in 20 Steyne – farewell for ever to Castle Place. …So ends 1833 and I begin the world de novo!

Transcribed Newspaper accounts Abbreviations:

BG: Brighton Gazette BH Brighton Herald B Guardian: Brighton Guardian

1834

Jan 9 1834 BG We understand that Mr Mantell’s celebrated museum will not be open to the public; but his friends and men of science will be admitted every Tuesday from twelve till three, applications for tickets of admission to be made three days previously. A descriptive catalogue will shortly be published.

Jan 16 1834 BG Mr Mantell FRS Surgeon etc of Castle Place Lewes is removing to 20, The Steine, Brighton, where he will in future practise the various branches of his profession.

Jan 30 1834 BG On Tuesday the Museum of Mr Mantell was opened for inspection…The suite of rooms on the first floor are appropriated to the Museum, which is arranged in cases round the room and also in glass cases occupying the floor of the apartments. On entering the room, the left side is occupied by specimens from Tilgate Forest, consisting of rare and valuable fossils, as well as fossil plants but rendered more remarkable by the enormous fragments of the Iguanodon, an extinct reptile of the lizard species, for the discovery of which, Geology is entirely indebted to the unwearied researches of Mr Mantell. We were particularly pleased by the judicious plan of placing close by the enormous fossil thigh bone of this monster, the comparatively tiny corresponding bone of a recent iguana, about 3½ feet long – the one measured 1¾ inch, the other above 30 inches and by the rule of proportion, the length of the Iguanodon, which was unseen by human eye, and whose fragments are deep in the bosom of the earth, must have been about 70 feet………….. We shall probably revert to this interesting museum. In the meantime, we cannot but express our gratification at the generous liability of the scientific proprietor, who gratuitously throws open his museum, and devotes it one day in the week to the public, for the advancement of science and the inspection of the curious.

Jan 30 1834 BG The Friends of Gideon Mantell, at Lewes, have presented that gentleman on his removal to Brighton a handsome piece of plate bearing the following inscription:- “Presented to Gideon Mantell Esq. FRS FGS &c on his leaving Lewes, Christmas 1833, by his Friends as a token of gratitude for his assiduous attention as their medical advisor, and for his successful treatment of various diseases the human frame is liable; also of admiration for his talents as a man of science by whose sole and extraordinary labours the Geology of Sussex has been first made known.”

Feb 6 1834 BG Mr Mantell’s museum was again visited on Tuesday by a large number of distinguished persons. This gentleman has announced his intention of giving a lecture for the benefit the County Hospital…

[Feb 13: £20 was presented]

April 24 1834 BG Mr G Mantell is preparing for the press, in one volume octavo, “Records of Practice in Medicine and Surgery, the result of an extensive experience of upwards of twenty years”. We understand it will appear in the course of a few months.

Sept 18 1834 BG We noticed some time since the discovery of a very considerable portion of the skeleton of an enormous animal imbedded in stone in a quarry near Maidstone, in Kent, and subsequently mentioned that it had been examined by Mr Mantell, of this town, who ascertained that the remains in question were those of the Iguanodon, a fossil reptile, which existed in a very remote period of the earth, and whose bones are occasionally being discovered throughout the Wealds of Kent and Sussex. It is with great pleasure we announce that this extraordinary and most interesting specimen is now in Mr Mantell’s museum, having been purchased of the proprietor of the quarry, Mr Benstead, and presented to Mr M, by some gentlemen of this town, whose zeal for science and respect for a gentleman who has done so much for the advancement of medical science and comparative anatomy and geology………

1835

Feb 26 1835 BG The anniversary of the Geological Society of London was held on Friday last, at their apartments in Somerset House, on which occasion the Gold Wollaston medal was awarded to Dr Mantell of this town, for the important services he has rendered to science by his extraordinary discoveries in fossil comparative anatomy. ………….[long report follows] [Editor notes that “Above 3000 have visited [the museum] since it has been at Brighton”]

June 18 1835 BG Two papers from the pen of Dr. Mantell of this town were laid before the Geological Society of London at its last meeting. The first was on the fossil remains of birds from the strata of Tilgate Forest…….The other memoir was on the fossil bones of horses discovered in the cliffs beyond Kemp Town…..We are happy to state that Dr. M. is recovered from his late severe indisposition.

Nov 5 1835 BG We are glad to find our distinguished townsman Dr Mantell has announced his intention of giving another lecture on Geology. Those who had the gratification of attending the two lectures he gave last year – or rather all that know – and who does not? – the fame of Dr M. in the scientific world, will hail this announcement with delight. We understand that, in consequence of the lecture, visitors will not be admitted to Dr Mantell’s Museum till the week after next.

Nov 11 1835 B Guardian Advertisement Lecture on Geology On Friday, November 13th 1835 a lecture on Geology and on the organic remains of a former world will be delivered at the Assembly Room, Old Ship Street, Brighton, at three o’clock, by Gideon Mantell. [also in Brighton Gazette 12 Nov]

Dec 10 1835 BG Dr Beck, librarian to the King of Denmark, arrived here on Monday to inspect Dr Mantell’s Museum, and avail himself of the information afforded by this unique collection. An eminent artist is also residing here for the express purpose of making drawings of many objects in Dr Mantell’s collection to illustrate a celebrated foreign work on fossil fishes. The skeleton of the gigantic whale now to be seen in a caravan on our level is well worthy the inspection of every intelligent observer. Dr Beck of Copenhagen, accompanied by Dr Mantell and other scientific gentlemen visited it on Tuesday….

Dec 17 1835 BG We are gratified in being able to state, that our highly-gifted townsman, Dr Mantell, has most kindly consented to deliver a lecture on Corals, and on the Animals which form them, on Saturday the 26th instant. Tickets 2s 6d each, will be sold at the different libraries, and the proceeds of the lecture will be devoted to the establishment of an Association, which is very much needed, for the fishermen of this place.

Dec 2 1835 BG

A meeting of the members of the Brighton general Subscription Library and Literary and Scientific Institution was held last night, when Dr Mantell was elected president …

Dec 31 1835 BG A lecture on Corals and other Zoophytes was delivered by Dr Mantell …on Saturday last…About 300 persons were present. [Long report] At the close of the lecture Dr Mantell made a short address, expressing his regret at being compelled to close his museum to visitors from the increasing number of applications (upwards of six thousand having visited it during Dr M’s residence in this town); but at the same time he was happy to state, that arrangements were making to render it more accessible to the public, in the hope that it would lay the foundation for a Scientific and Literary Institution. Dr M, in the course of his address, passed a warm eulogium on a “nobleman, whose name, he with much feeling emphatically remarked, could not be mentioned without exciting respect and veneration; and whose increasing years seem but to render him more active in works of benevolence and more anxious for the advancement of science and art,” – sentiments which were warmly applauded by the audience. [The Earl of Egremont]

1836

Jan 9 1836 BH The anniversary dinner of the Brighton Literary and Scientific Institution will take place at the Albion Hotel on Tuesday the 12th inst. Mr G Mantell, the newly elected president will take the chair.

Jan 16 1836 BH The Members of the Brighton Literary and Scientific Institution held a dinner in commemoration of their ninth anniversary at the Albion Hotel on Monday. About 70 members sat down to a most excellent dinner provided by the liberal host of the Albion Hotel. Dr Mantell, the president of the Institution presided, supported by the two Borough Members. …In giving as a toast “Prosperity to the Institution”, Dr Mantell reverted to a plan now in contemplation of the foundation of a County Scientific Institution, and expressed a hope that the present Institution might form a basis for the one about to be established. Dr Mantell observed that it had been long urged as an objection to the formation of a similar institution, that the character of the town was not suited to give countenance to it; but Dr Mantell observed the success which had attended the one of which they were now met to celebrate the 9th anniversary, showed that these fears were ill-founded. Dr M in allusion to the objections urged by the little-minded persons against the diffusion of knowledge, showed what additional stimulus would be imported to the labour of the mechanic if he could be taught to avail himself of his full mental powers – the labour of the field would then no longer lazily follow his plough not one jot more elevated in the scale of nature than the horse he was directing – he would see something more than clay and stones in the soil he was tilling, and his mind gradually elevated by the employ of his mental faculties would assume a richer and philosophical turn. The labourer employed in the chalk-pit would turn over the heap before him with a feeling of interest – his eye would discover embedded in its heart some fossil remains of a remote age – to which his mind, brought to be interested in the enquiry would direct its force. Dr M showed how easily geological collections might be formed – with materials placed under our hands, inexhaustible and without bounds to their variety.

Jan 28 1836 BG The prospectus of the proposed Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution, based on the public exhibition of Dr Mantell’s collection of the organic remains of a former world, from the strata of the south-east of England, and more particularly from the county of Sussex, is now before the public. It is unnecessary to remark that Dr M’s museum stands unrivalled as a local collection, and is celebrated throughout Europe and America for the extraordinary nature of the relics it contains, and for the admirable manner in which these remains of the early ages of our globe have been developed. It is, in truth a collection which as the President of the geological Society in presenting the Wollaston medal last year to Dr Mantell emphatically remarked, the mere industry of a collector could never have brought together, and which wealth alone could never have purchased. It required his zeal, inspired by genius and directed by science, to bring to light and as it were call into existence so many monuments of the former state of the animate creation. To exhibit this collection in a manner worthy of its interest and importance, and if possible ultimately to secure its remaining in this town as a public monument of Dr Mantell’s scientific researches, and a splendid exhibition of the natural productions of our county, will we trust, be the chief end and aim of the gentlemen who have taken the lead in this undertaking. We would have the Museum contain every object that can in any way illustrate the natural history and antiquities of Sussex, and we

feel assured that numerous contributions will be made by the gentry of the county when once a proper place for the reception of antiquities &c is obtained. If we mistake not, Dr M’s collection of Sussex antiquities is very considerable, and this would form a nucleus for the collection of great interest. A permanent County Library embracing works of a higher order than can be met with in the subscription libraries of the town, is an object not less desirable, and will, we are confident, meet with every encouragement. We are anxious that the present attempt should be successful – and we believe it will be so, if the gentlemen who conduct it take a high ground, and resolve that it shall be in reality a County Scientific and Literary Institution, and not a mere local establishment – that we cannot refrain from expressing these opinions, which we know are in unison with the general feeling upon the subject. That an institution of this kind will be of great advantage to Brighton as offering an attraction of no ordinary character to visitors, there cannot be the slightest doubt. Dr Mantell’s Museum will, at the very outset, give it an interest of which no provincial museums could boast at their first formation, and there can be no question that the large body of eminent men who reside among us will soon enable it to acquire a celebrity, and make it one of the most desirable places of resort for distinguished visitors that this town has ever been able to offer. We perceive an earnest (?) of this already, in one of the names in the list of donors; we allude to that of Sir Francis Chantrey, the eminent sculptor, who although rarely a visitor here, has presented the Institution with a handsome donation as a testimony of his opinion of its claims to support. So many abortive attempts have been made in this town to establish a public Museum and Scientific Institution, upon a scale worthy of the first of watering-places that we know many persons are unwilling to come forward less this too should end in disappointment. We candidly acknowledge that such was our feeling when the present plan was first mentioned; but when we see the venerable and munificent nobleman, the Earl of Egremont, giving it his powerful patronage and support, that a museum containing upwards of twenty thousand specimens, almost all from Sussex, may be immediately exhibited and that so many of our leading and influential residents have taken it upon themselves the labour of carrying into execution, we feel confident of success…….

Feb 4 1836 BG; Feb 6 BH; Feb 10 B Guardian

Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution & Mantellian Museum

Patron, The Right Hon. The Earl of Egremont At a meeting held at Brighton, - the Vicar in the chair, was resolved to establish a Sussex County Museum and Scientific and Literary Institution. The Earl of Egremont has consented to be its Patron, and has made a munificent donation in aid of its funds, in the hope and expectation that the gentlemen of the county will come forward liberally in its support. The plan embraces the public exhibition of Mr Mantell’s Museum in an appropriate situation in Brighton, the formation of a permanent Library with a Reading Room, and the delivery of Lectures on various subjects. Subscribers and Donors to be divided in four classes. 1st CLASS Annual Subscribers of £1 to be entitled to free admission to the Museum on Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday…but not to have admission to the Library, Reading Room or Lectures. 2nd CLASS Annual Subscribers of £3 or Donors of £15 in addition to the above privileges, to have the right of daily admission to the Library and Reading Room. 3rd CLASS Annual Subscribers of £5 of Donors of £25, in addition to the above privileges to be Members of the General Committee, to have free admission to the Museum on [Monday – Friday]….and of attending the Lectures gratuitously

4th CLASS Annual Subscribers of more than £5 or Donors of more than £25, in addition to the above privileges, to have the right of issuing free admission Tickets to the Museum for Tuesday and to the Lectures. Ladies to be eligible as members of the Society; an Annual Subscription of £2 or a

donation of £10 to entitle them to all the privileges of class 2; and of £3 annual or £15

Donation to those of class 3.

[Members of provisional Sub-Committee and List of Donors and Subscribers follows]

Feb 24 1836 B Guardian

Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution and Mantellian Museum

Several rumours are afloat to the prejudice of the Institution which it is proposed to establish under the foregoing title, and calculated to impede its progress; and we therefore mention them in our columns, to afford an opportunity to the gentlemen who are interested either of refuting or explaining them. The various objections that have reached us through different channels may be thus embodied, - that Mr Mantell is to be guaranteed £300 per annum, for three years certain for the use of his Museum, and is to receive a further sum for lectures; - from which the unfavourable inference is drawn, - that the project is set on foot rather to benefit an individual than promote the interests of science. Till the refutation or explanation of the managing committee appears we shall abstain from comment; we will however, observe that the interests of the promoted institution require that one or the other should be given without delay.

March 9 1836 B Guardian (also Mar 10 BG) A Lecture on Fossil Crocodiles will be delivered at the Old Ship Hotel on Saturday next, March 12th at half-past two precisely by Gideon Mantell, Esq., LLD FRS &c. This Lecture will be illustrated by specimens of recent and Fossil Crocodiles, and the extraordinary remains of a crocodile lately discovered imbedded in a block of stone at Swanage, will be exhibited.

March 10 1836 BG (also briefly March 12 BH) A numerous meeting of the general Committee of the Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution was held at the Town Hall on Monday last [7th March]…and it was unanimously determined that the plan submitted to the meeting should be carried into immediate effect. By this arrangement Mr Mantell agrees to give up his house on the Old Steine (a most eligible situation) at a considerable reduction of the rent, for the purposes of the Society. The ground floor is to be appointed to the Reading Room, and Library, and the two principal floors to the exhibition of the Museum. Our fellow townsman Mr G F Richardson was appointed Curator and Librarian and will reside in the house. By the adoption of these measures Mr Mantell who intends removing to another residence, will be protected from those encroachments upon his professional time, to which his liberal gratuitous admission of visitors exposed him – nearly seven thousand of our nobility and gentry having been admitted to his Museum during the two years of Mr Mantell’s residence amongst us.

March 16 1836 B Guardian (also Mar 17 BG and Mar 19 BH)

Sussex Literary and Scientific Institution and Mantellian Museum

…At a meeting of the Members of this Society held at the Town Hall, March 10 1836…the following resolutions were passed: - [Appointments of Officers and Members of the Council followed by thanks to various individuals]

March 16 1836 B Guardian (also at length BG March 17 qv) Mr Mantell’s Lecture at Brighton. On Saturday last this gentleman delivered a lecture at the Old Ship on the Fossil Remains of a Crocodile lately discovered embedded in a block of stone at Swanage in Dorsetshire. The attendance was extremely good, the room being crowded to excess. Mr Mantell commenced his discourse by refuting the objections absurdly entertained by some narrow minded persons against the study of Geology on the ground that it led to conclusions which were at variance with the testimony of the sacred scriptures. He proved however in the most satisfactory manner that while Geology in no instance tended to invalidate the statements of Holy Writ, it served in many important instances to strengthen and confirm them. His arguments were extremely ingenious and conclusive, and extended to a very considerable length. Indeed candour compels us to acknowledge that we thought them somewhat too extensive, and we regretted that a man of his high philosophical attainments should devote so much of his time and talents to combat a prejudice which can have no place in any liberal mind… …Having concluded his lecture, Mr Mantell proceeded to advocate the claims of the Literary and Scientific Institution about to be established in this place; and adverting to some remarks which recently appeared in this journal, he declared that he was actuated by no considerations of a selfish or pecuniary nature, but that he was influenced solely by the wish to extend the advantages of science.

April 2 1836 BH


We are happy to notice the favourable progress of this Institution. The donations now amount to £1722; the annual subscriptions to nearly £400; and both are daily on the increase. The library and reading rooms will be opened very shortly, and the museum, when re-arranged will likewise be thrown open to the public. To show how favourable a feeling with regard to this Institution prevails, we may mention that, in three days of last week, £50 was added in yearly subscriptions to its funds.

April 28 1836 BG It is expected that the Mantellian Museum of the Sussex Scientific Institution will be open to the members in the course of two or three weeks, the new cases being nearly finished, and the rearrangement of the collection going on as rapidly as Dr Mantell’s leisure will permit.

May 11 1836 B Guardian (also May 12 BG; May 14 BH)


The Members, Subscribers, and the Public in general are respectfully informed that an opening lecture on the subject of Local Antiquities will be delivered by G. Mantell Esq., LLD FRS in the Commissioner’s Room, Town Hall Brighton on Monday next, the 16th inst.

May 19 1836 BG Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution and Mantellian Museum The opening lecture of this Institution was delivered by Dr M on Monday last… The study of local antiquities, altho’ it had been the delight of his boyhood, had long been abandoned for other pursuits; added to which, his professional avocations, and an unexpected call to town (owing as we understand, to the illness of his daughter) had prevented him from making such preparations for the occasion as the subject required. …Dr M afterwards gave a sketch of the new arrangement of his museum, which is now open to inspection, and in conclusion expressed his regret that the Society had not found that liberal support from the public, to which it was so eminently entitled.

May 21 1836 BH …The lecture on the whole did not strike us as being equally marked with the spirit of perspicuity and boldness which generally distinguish Dr. Mantell’s exertions, but we understand that an apology was made at the commencement of the lecture, on the ground of the press of professional engagements, and an unexpected call to town…

May 26 1836 BG


Geological and Antiquarian Excursion to Lewes. On Monday, notwithstanding the unfavourable state of the weather, about sixty ladies and gentlemen, members of the Institution proceeded to Lewes on the invitation of Dr Mantell to inspect the antiquities, and examine some of the chalk quarries in the vicinity of the town. [Report follows]

May 28 1836 BH [Report on Lewes excursion] …The chair was taken by the venerable president of the Institution, Davies Gilbert, Esq., who entered into the proceedings of the day with all the ardour of a youthful votary of science. On the removal of the cloth he proposed the health of Mr Mantell, on whom he passed a very high eulogium for his general attainments as a philosopher and a man of science, observing that to him the country and the public at large were eminently indebted for the zeal, perseverance, and genius with which he had developed the geology of this county, with its highly interesting remains. Previous to the efforts of Mr Mantell, all had been confusion, disorder and darkness; by his genius all had been brought to a state of arrangement, order and light…

May 28 1836 BH


This establishment seems to be proceeding with that energy which we recommended last week as likely to conduce to its prosperity. …The Museum is now open with its stores of geological fossils and antiquarian remains. The collection is of unrivalled interest to naturalists and men of science, from the curious and antique character of its contents, while from the order, purity and excellent arrangements of the whole, it is no less attractive and pleasing to the general public…The first Conversazione of the

Institution took place of Tuesday evening last, and will be continued we understand every succeeding Tuesday.

June 1 1836 B Guardian Dr Mantell delivered a lecture at the Town Hall…on the subject of Corals… The discourse had evidently been better studied and was of a more elaborate character than his previous lecture.

June 2 1836 BG


Dr Mantell’s second lecture on behalf of the above Institution was delivered on Monday, in the great room of the Town Hall, before a very numerous and highly respectable auditory, comprising the greater part of our fashionable visitors and residents. [Short report follows] …On Tuesday evening a highly interesting meeting of the members of this Institution was held at the house of the Society. [Report follows]

June 4 1836 BH


…Mr Ricardo [Vice President and Trustee] described the efforts of himself and friends in establishing the Association, and the difficulties which they had to surmount, and over which they seem completely to have triumphed. In alluding to the present resources of the Institution, he stated that its subscribers and donors amounted to about 130, its annual subscription revenue to £460 and the donations to £1830; its library, the whole of which consisted of presents to nearly 300 volumes …and he named among other particulars that the Society had a sufficient balance at their Bankers, together with £1300 invested in the funds. …The Museum still continues highly attractive; and from the numerous applications for admittance, it is now found necessary to open it to the public every day of the week, with the exception of Wednesday.

June 15 1836 B Guardian

Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution

On Saturday afternoon the last lecture of the session was delivered by Dr Mantell at the Town Hall…At the conclusion of his lecture Dr Mantell said he would not enter into a defence of himself or his science, as he intended, had the company been more numerous, from an attack of the most unwarranted kind which had been made upon him by a Reverend gentleman; but he would only say the imputation of having attempted to undermine the scriptures or weaken the faith of sound believers was most improper. “no one who has ever read one line of my writings,” continued the lecturer, “can think it just; however I will bear this calumny in silence as I have borne many others, and extend to this gentleman the charity which he refuses me.” The Rev. gentleman alluded to is the Rev. Mr Fennell of the Temple who has published a pamphlet on the subject, which also contains some of his poetry (?) [Italics and ? sic]

June 16 1836 BG [Report on Mantell’s third lecture] …At the close Dr. M. announced that he should not appear again as a lecturer for some months, the state of his health rendering it necessary that the little leisure which his professional engagements might allow him should not be intruded upon for the present; but it was his intention on some future occasion to give a course of lectures on Geology on behalf of the Institution…

June 18 1836 BH EXTAORDINARY OCCURRENCE [Amusing fantasy about ‘Dr. Mantell’s Museum in which creatures come to life, in which GF Richardson features and Rev. Fennell’s ‘new work’ is mentioned.

June 23 1836 BG (Also June 25 BH)


[Report of Conversazione on Organic Remains from North America presented by GAM.] The number of visitors to the Museum continues on the increase, and it is now arranged that persons shall be admitted every day except Sunday and Wednesday. A new case has been added to the upper room, in which a beautiful series of polished ammonites and nautili is placed. Further additions are contemplated, but even then the rooms will not admit of the exhibition of Dr M’s entire collection. Several thousand specimens of minerals and fossils still remain in drawers, but from time to time the objects will be changed so as to afford the public an inspection of the whole.

June 25 1836 BH A WEE BIT OF ADVICE TO A CERTAIN LEARNED PHYSICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER In vain Dr M you may strive to enlighten The pedagogue bigots who buzz about Brighton And in vain you may lecture, for school or for church By your orthodox friends you’ll be left in the lurch For the ‘larum is sounded by meek Mr Fennell – Lucky man! Should you ‘scape being thrust in the kennel, As the ‘goose’ of the ‘Temple’ has ‘shouted’ his ‘cackle’ If you’re wise, you’ll be off with your hammer and tackle. A.B. As the cackling of a goose once saved the capitol, and if by my shouting I can call attention to the sappers and miners, I shall be no vain babbler – Mr Fennel’s remarks.

June 30 1836 BG The Conversazione on Tuesday evening was more numerously attended than on any previous occasion and several ladies and strangers were present. [Report follows] A copy of a little work, with a coloured plate. “Thoughts on a pebble, or a First Lesson in Geology” was placed on the table….

July 9 1836 BH


The Museum continues to attract numerous visitors…

July 14 BG 1836 (Also July 16 BH) [Report of Conversazione]

July 23 1836 BH CONVERSAZIONE EXTRORDINAIRE [Humorous account of fantasy meeting with allusions to Mantell and Fennell – see above]

July 28 1836 BG


[Brief report of Conversazione] …A beautiful collection of agates, the property of Mr Dyer of Littlehampton was also exhibited; and some remarks on them by Mr Mantell closed the entertainment of the evening. The company was more numerous than on any previous occasions... [Same edition] Literature Thoughts on a Pebble; or a First Lesson in Geology We shall err little, we believe, in ascribing this delightful little book to the pen of Dr Mantell. The “first lesson” consists of remarks upon a common flint pebble, respecting which the author discourses most pleasantly. It would be unfair to quote from so small a work; and we therefore refer our readers to it. A beautiful engraving is given by way of a frontispiece.

July 30 1836 BH

Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution

The Conversazione of Tuesday evening was more fully attended than on any previous occasion…{report on Mr Hawkins’ lecture on Electro-magnetism]

Aug 6 1836 BH


The number of visitors has materially increased during the few days past….The next Conversazione will take place on Tuesday next when Mr Richardson the Curator and Librarian will read a paper on the German language and Literature and Dr Mantell will address the company on the Derbyshire Marbles and the animals which compose them.

Aug 18 1836 BG


The visitors to the Museum during the last week have been very numerous; and on Monday alone between 30 & 40 persons inscribed their names in the visitors book….Numerous additions have been made to various departments in the Museum….the beauty and variety of the corals….the case of minerals is also very rich. The excellent arrangement and labelling of these specimens reflect great credit on the Curator, Mr Richardson.

Aug 13 1836 BH (also Aug 11 BG)


The Conversazione of Tuesday evening was the most brilliant of the whole series…Mr Richardson, curator and librarian, read a portion of a paper illustrative of the language and literature of Germany…he was compelled to defer the conclusion of the essay to the next Conversazione…. we thought that the introductory matter, able as it was, might have been curtailed to advantage…Mr Richardson was ..honoured at its close with unanimous expressions of applause. Dr Mantell…delivered one of the most brilliant, scientific, and delightful lectures we ever had the pleasure of hearing…a striking illustration of the amazing fertility of mind and of talent possessed in so eminent a degree by this remarkable man...At length his observations were brought to a close amid the plaudits of his delighted hearers, and a termination was thus put to one of the most intellectual and delightful evenings with which we have ever been favoured.

Aug 25 1836 BG


[Report on Richardson’s conclusion to his ‘essay on the German language and literature] [Mantell showed drawings of Maidstone Iguanodon, Hylaeosaurus and the Swanage crocodile, which he was sending to the British Association of Science meeting in Bristol.]

(also BH Aug 27)

The Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution and Mantellian Museum

[Report on Conversazione – as above – but Mantell also on Chalk fish. Some criticism of Richardson’s talk – the essay being ‘too short and sketchy’ and that ‘the Council with much liberality have determined to print it for general publication.”]

Aug 27 1836 BH continued

Lines Written on visiting the Mantellian Museum.

“Praises on tombs are vainly idly spent,

For a good name is man’s best monument”

‘Tis true’, Yet Mantell, in thy life’s career

We see both what is good and wise appear.

Hold! Cries the critic, does it fail to strike

Your mind, that good and wise are both alike?

Yes, in one sense, I grant the axiom true,

“The good alone are wise” I think of you;

But oft has human wisdom borne a part (?)

Which injured rather than improved the heart.

Not so, thy fame, O Mantell – thou hast shed

Thy rays of light, and genial brightness spread

Where darkness, doubt and ignorance held sway,

And not a beam of truth illum’d the way.

In all thy actions – converse – we behold

The Christian mind in conscious virtue bold,

Yet humble and adoring Nature’s God,

Owning his mercy and his sovereign rod,

Like the great Newton, we, in Mantell see

Deep Science with pure piety agree,

Enhanced yet more by Galen’s healing cut

Of medicine practice for the sinking heart;

And numerous hours in life’s short transient scene

Spread peace around and happiness serene.

But where shall end the tide of joy we find

When we contemplate thy exalted mind –

The stones of ancient days and brought to light

And lost in admiration and delight

We look around these walls, and here we see

Enough to form a monument to thee

T.S

Brighton Aug 26 1836

Sept 1 1836 BG [Announcement of publication of Richardson’s Essay.]

Sept 3 1836 BH Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution and Mantellian Museum

Among those who have inspected it [the Museum] this week we are gratified in observing that the Misses Stone, who have a seminary for young ladies in Regency Square, indulged their pupils...with a view of its interesting contents. We trust that other principles of establishments for the instruction of youth will be induced to follow this example, since an examination of these stores of natural and scientific knowledge cannot fail to prove highly interesting to the youthful mind….

Sept 8 1836 BG {Report of Conversazione – miscellaneous acquisitions and guest specimens, including British Urns, a bronze Roman Cupid, Roman coins, fossil fish and fossil horse bones form the Brighton Cliffs.]

Sept 15 1836 BG [Sonnet “WRITTEN IN THE MANTELLIAN MUSEUM” noticed by Mantell in his Journal and published in Curwen 1940]

Sept 22 1836 BG Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution & Mantellian Museum

The soirée of this Institution held on Tuesday evening last was the most brilliant of the season, the spacious reading room being crowded to excess. [Paper by Horace Smith on steam locomotion] The proceedings were closed by a brief address from Dr Mantell descriptive of various presents made to the Museum since the last fortnightly meeting… The scientific and antiquarian remarks suggested by these objects which were described by Dr Mantell in his usual happy style of eloquence closed the proceedings of an evening marked by the purest and most intellectual enjoyment.

Sept 24 1836 BH

The Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution & Mantellian Museum

It is with feelings of unmingled satisfaction that we allude to the brilliant prospects of this yet infant institution. The establishment of a similar association had long formed a desideratum….and the removal of Dr Mantell and the transfer of his Museum to Brighton, afforded an opportunity…Such have been the attractions of the Museum that upwards of 1,400 persons have paid for admission since its opening in May…[Long report of Paper by Horace Smith, Mantell etc].

Oct 8 1836 BH

The Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution & Mantellian Museum

[Report of Conversazione of previous Tuesday: Smith, Babbage] SONNET WRITTEN IN DR MANTELL’S MUSEUM Wrecks of the past; memorials of a time When nature vig’rous from her recent birth Poured on the teeming sea and glowing earth Her giant creatures and her tropic clime! O who can gaze on relics so sublime Nor spurn the bounds by pigmy man assign’d, And scorn the blindness of the bigot mind That deems enquiry guilt, and knowledge crime! And who but feels, while with one vast declaim The great – the ceaseless anthem soars on high, That poured at once from ocean, earth and sky, Breathes at each close the great Creator’s name, O who but feels, while all their tribute raise, These noblest of his works, the noblest in his praise. [Incorporates corrections by author and announced in BH Oct 15, attributed to illegible handwriting.]

Oct 22 1836 BH


Dr Mantell delivered the first lecture of the winter session of this Society at the Town Hall on Monday last. His subject was the Iguanodon…Dr Mantell commenced by congratulating his auditory on the gratifying prospect of permanency and success already assumed by this yet infant Institution. The members he observed exceeded 150, the Museum had been visited by upwards of 2000 persons, the lectures and conversaziones had been fully attended…After vindicating Geology from some of the objections which had been urged against its study, by persons who were practically ignorant of the science, he addressed himself to the immediate subject of his discourse…The subject will be continued on Monday week… The Conversazione of the Sussex Institution, on Tuesday evening was extremely well attended, upwards of one hundred persons being assembled…

Oct 27 1836 BG [Delayed reports of Conversazione and lecture] …Dr Mantell…vindicated the decision of the founders of the Society in selecting Geology as its basis, on the grounds suggested by Professor Babbage, that as a provincial institution is obviously incapable of cultivating the whole circle of the sciences, it becomes expedient to select one particular branch of knowledge as its object…. …he demonstrated, with equal soundness of scientific knowledge and felicity of illustration, the various modes of reasoning, by which the philosophic enquirer into nature is enabled to restore the forms and describe the characters and habits of creatures long since extinct. …At the conclusion, Dr Mantell displayed some large and very effective drawings of the head and leg of the Iguanodon, which were so colossal in size, and so imposing in effect, as to call forth a burst of admiration from the startled auditory.

Oct 29 1836 BH (also advertisement) …Dr Mantell intends giving an evening as well as a morning lecture on Geology at the Town Hall on Monday next, to which the members of St. James’s St Literary and Scientific Institution of which he is President, will be entitled to gratuitous admission. We are authorised to state the evening discourse will by no means consist of a mere repetition of that of the morning, but though the beautiful principles and deductions of comparative anatomy will form a leading feature of the lecture, it will be so varied as to form an elementary discourse on the principles of Geology. This being the only occasion when it will be in Dr Mantell’s power to lecture in the evening a full attendance is expected.

Nov 5 1836 BH On Monday morning Dr Mantell delivered the second lecture of his course on Geology at the Town Hall. [Report follows] In the evening of the same day Dr Mantell repeated the lecture of the morning to the members of the Literary Society of St James’s Street, or rather, we should say, he so varied it as to form a new discourse. His illustrations were of a local, as those of the morning were of a general character, and, selecting the chief geological peculiarities exhibited in the South-East of England… The members of the Sussex Institution enjoyed a mental treat of the highest and most valuable character at the Conversazione of Tuesday evening. {report follows: Faraday on Electro-Magnetism; Richardson on Lewes Priory]

Nov 10 1836 BG Dr Mantell, at the close of his lecture on Monday week, mentioned the discovery of fossil bones of the Hippopotamus, which were found last week in a cellar at South Bourne and observed that this was the first instance, within his recollection of the remains of this creature of the torrid zone having been found in this county, or he believed in any locality south of London… Ditto [Report of Mantell’s second lecture and conversazione, held over from previous week’s editions.] …Dr Mantell’s lecture on Monday next, will be on the Geology of the Cliffs between Kemp Town and Rottingdean, and on fossil elephants, mammoths etc…..

Nov 12 1836 BH Essay on the Antiquities of Lewes Priory Read at the Sussex Institution and Mantellian Museum on Tuesday Nov 1 1836

By G F Richardson, Curator and Librarian

[Long essay follows]

Ditto LITERATURE A Descriptive Catalogue of the Objects of Geology, Natural History, and Antiquity, (Chiefly discovered in Sussex) in the Museum attached to the Sussex Scientific and Literary Institution, at Brighton, by Gideon Mantell Esq LLD, FRS

We have much pleasure in calling the attention of our readers to the work before us, which contains matter far more important than the mere dry catalogue of a collection, and, from the interest and variety of its details and descriptions, affords a highly valuable addition to our previous stores of geological and scientific information. It is arranged according to the suite of apartments now exhibiting at the Museum, commencing at the drawing-room floor, which contains the organic remains of the gigantic saurian animals discovered by Dr Mantell in the Wealden formation, together with the zoophytes, sponges, and shells of the chalk, followed by a similar enumeration of the contents of the upper rooms, which exhibit other fossil remains from the chalk, particularly the celebrated and unique collection of fish from that formation, with other trophies of the perseverance and success of their scientific discoverer….The “getting up” of the pamphlet calls for our commendation….[refers to former edition and lack of account of geological history]

Nov 17 1836 BG

Sussex Royal Institution and Mantellian Museum

The Conversazione on Tuesday evening was very numerously attended. [Brief notice follows] Dr Mantell delivered a second lecture on the Nervous System at the town Hall on Monday last. The room was nearly filled with fashionable company….[long report follows].

Nov 18 1836 BH Sussex Institution and Mantellian Museum Third Lecture on Geology We regret that a pressure of other matter compels us to exclude a detailed report of the interesting discourse delivered by Dr Mantell.…[on] the geology of this locality…. The exordium struck us as peculiarly spirited and eloquent, the description of the various extinct animals, once natives and inhabitants of this locality, exhibited all that soundness of scientific principle and grace and power of description for which Mantell is so justly celebrated as a lecturer, and his conclusion, in which, adopting an Arabian legend, he presumes some superior intelligence to have re-visited this earth at different intervals of its existence, and to have witnessed its succession of changes and conditions from the age of reptiles to that of the palaeotheria; of the recent large

mammalia; to the occupancy of this county by the Britons, and lastly of its possession by its present inhabitants when this spot is become one of the chief towns of the empire and the residence of its monarch, while its inhabitants are devoted to the pursuits of philosophy and science, and in particular to the investigation of the earth and its condition, changes, and revolutions, the whole passage we cannot but consider as a splendid specimen of eloquence, remarkable, no less for the justice and accuracy of its scientific principles and induction that for the beauty and grace of its oratorical embellishments and descriptions.

Nov 24 1836 BG (also Nov 26 BH)


At a Special Meeting of the Council held November 19, 1836. The Chairman having communicated to the Meeting, letters received from Sir Herbert Taylor, and the Hon W Ashley, announcing Their Majesties’ gracious acquiescence in the wish of the Council to be permitted to entitle the Institution the Sussex Royal Institution. On Wednesday Nov 30th1836 A popular lecture on the nervous system will be delivered at the Town Hall Brighton…by Gideon Mantell…. The Conversazione of the Sussex Royal Institution on Tuesday evening was very fully attended….

Dec 3 1836 BH


On Monday December 5th 1836 a second lecture on the Nervous System will be delivered at the Town Hall Brighton at two o’clock precisely by Gideon Mantell. … A series of four lectures, three on Electro-Magnetism and one on Light will be delivered at the Town Hall Brighton by R Addams Esq… The Anniversary of the Institution will be celebrated on Monday Dec 19th. A Meeting will be held at the Town Hall …when a report of the present State and Prospects of the Institution will be read, and a discourse will be delivered by Dr Mantell on the Organic Remains of the Megatherium.

Local and Provincial News

The Royal College of Surgeons, in testimony of their high sense of the value of Dr Mantell’s researches, and of his contributions to the science of comparative anatomy, have presented him with a model of the pelvis of the megatherium, discovered by Woodbine Parish Esq at Buenos Ayres. The gigantic relic is placed on the lobby leading to the Museum, and forms one of the most striking features of this interesting collection.

Dec 8 1836 BG


Dr Mantell delivered at the town Hall, on Monday last, a third lecture on Geology, which was very fully and fashionably attended. … Dr Mantell commenced by observing that he was compelled to postpone his lecture on the Nervous System, from the impossibility of getting the requisite drawings in time, and in allusion to some observations which had been made on the subject, remarked that each lecture delivered under the auspices of

the Institution would be of a popular character, and would be particularly adapted for ladies, with whose presence it was hoped they would continue to be favoured. ..[Report continues at length]

Dec 17 1836 BH

Advertisement: Sussex Royal Institution

The Anniversary of this Institution will be celebrated on Monday December 19th, being the Birth-day of the Earl of Egremont [Details follow] The anniversary of the Sussex Royal Institution on Monday next cannot fail to afford matter of much interest to the friends of Science and Literature. The proceedings of the day are arranged as follows – the members meet at 20 Steyne at 12 o’clock for the election of officers..etc. At two, a meeting will be held at the Town Hall at which members and their friends are to be admitted gratuitously...and a discourse delivered on the remains of the megatherium….The whole will conclude with a dinner at the Old Ship…

Dec 21 1836 B Guardian (also Dec 22 B Gazette and BH Dec 24)

Sussex Royal Literary and Scientific Institution

[Report of business meeting] At two a meeting took place at the Town Hall. [The report]..afforded ample details of the past progress of the Society, while it presented the most flattering prospects of its future success. Various works of value and importance have been given to the Library, the Museum has been visited by nearly 3000 persons thus evincing that its attractions are unfailing and new – and the Conversaziones were represented as having afforded opportunities highly favourable to the cultivation of Science and Literature. ..Dr Mantell then came forward and delivered an interesting lecture on the Megatherium… The Dinner [Long report of dinner, toasts and speeches] Rev H M Wagner rose to propose a toast…of the many benefits {the Earl of Egremont] had conferred on the town, it was not the least which had brought among us one who ranked among the highest and most distinguished persons, in point of science of the day. Dr Mantell’s collection, which he (Mr Wagner) trusted they should hereafter purchase, and which he believed had been visited by 7000 persons consecutively and by 3000 since the opening of the Museum, was a speaking proof of the research, industry and talent of the proprietor. But the clearest display of talent was shewn, and abundantly shewn, in the peculiarly mode which he had of imparting information in his animated lectures. It was his hope that Brighton’s gain might not be Mantell’s loss; and that while Dr Mantell was occupied in advancing the interests of science, his own interest as a medical practitioner might not be injured. Many persons had supposed that Dr Mantell’s time had been so exclusively devoted to science as not to leave him sufficient opportunity to the duties of his own profession; but that was not the case. Dr Mantell had made a recreation of science, and the hours devoted to it had not been stolen from the day, but from the night. The talent which enabled him to trace out the forms of animals now extinct also enabled him to trace the germs of disease and stop its growth; and the medical journals bore ample testimony to his first employment of those remedies now in common use, and in one instance his scientific objections preserved the life of a woman condemned to death and whose innocence was subsequently

established. She was now living. (Cheers) Mr Wagner then proposed Dr Mantell’s health which was drunk with considerable applause. Dr Mantell, in returning thanks, said the feelings which filled his bosom were those which no language could express; but whatever might be his lot, he never could regret having left his native town and the society of those who esteemed and loved him, for this place which but a few months since he entered comparatively a stranger, but where he now found himself surrounded by friends. No-one could be more grateful than himself for the kind and generous reception he had met with. (Cheers) Wherever he went, he was received with kindness; and from no one had he received more kindness than from his respected, much valued friend who proposed his health. Dr Mantell then proceeded to observe that his collection was not to be looked upon so much as the result of superior talent, as the effect of perseverance. Every stone there was simply a record of an idle moment; and though it might appear extraordinary from the accumulation being so great, and more extraordinary when it was known what a life of anxiety he had passed for the last 20 years, yet much remained undone which might have been accomplished, had he known at an earlier period the value of time. ……[more]

1837 Jan 5 1837 BG Advertisement for GM’s third lecture on the Nervous System (postponed from Saturday last).

Jan 12 1837 BG Sussex Royal Institution Dr Mantell gave his concluding lecture on the Nervous System on Saturday last at the Old Ship. [Report follows] His discourse lasted very nearly two hours, terminating only with the close of day. The profound attention with which it was received interrupted only by the plaudits of the company, afforded the best proof of the interest & value attached to such subjects. We regretted that Dr M. announced that this was the last lecture he intended to deliver, but trust he will be induced to alter his determination, such discourses as being calculated not only to benefit the interests of our local Scientific Institution, but also to promote the extension of knowledge, the cultivation of scientific pursuits in general.

Jan 14 1837 BH The tenth anniversary dinner of the Brighton Literary Institution was celebrated on Tuesday evening at the Sea House Hotel by the members dining together. ….On the health of the President being proposed, Dr Mantell returned thanks and expressed his regret at not being able to do more for the Institution, though at the time he had accepted the office of their president he had told them that from his numerous duties, that must be the case….{more].

Jan 18 1837 BGuardian NEW YEAR’S GIFTS The following have, we understand, been selected as the most appropriate, and, to the parties receiving, the most acceptable that could have been bestowed; and as in all cases of real charity, the name of the benevolent donor is studiously concealed. [List of 11 follows, the last being:] To the Royal Sussex Institution, we are informed it was intended to present a scientific member; but as the search for one proved abortive, the spirited donor obtained at great expense and presented to the Museum the whole of the Paraphernalia of the late Mr Richardson’s Show!

Jan 19 1837 BG (also BH Jan 21) Sussex Royal Institution At the Conversazione on Tuesday……Dr Mantell stated that he had intended to discourse on the Nebulae but had exchanged his subject for the prevailing influenza…..He did not wish to introduce Geology in matters with which it had no concern; but they were all aware that there was a mutual connection between the sciences, and it was evident that Geology was, in an important degree, connected with medical knowledge….[account of typhus in Glynde etc]

Jan 25 1837 B Guardian The State of Science in Brighton Perhaps there are few places in which a greater stir has been made than in Brighton to get up Scientific Institutions. Why then has failure so universally attended upon every endeavour? Why is it that every society got together with this view has proved so miserably deficient? Let us examine the subject, let us enquire why this has been and is likely still to be the case. For this purpose we must submit the “Sussex Royal Institution” to that scrutiny which its publicity warrants; and from an examination of its pretensions we shall most likely understand the reason of the continual failures alluded to. [Account follows of subscription charges, divisions on distinctions of wealth and lack of science] The only perhaps really scientific man belonging to this Institution is Dr. Mantell for whose attainments we have the greatest respect and whose noble geological collection possesses, as it deserves, a European celebrity. Now this in our opinion is the only feature which warrants the Institution to assume to itself the title of “Scientific”. ….The Conversaziones are in general poor and meagre, and with the exception of Dr. Mantell’s eloquent impromptus, Mr. Farraday’s desultory observations, Professor Babbage’s discourse and one or two other favours from scientific men, have been below par. [The article continues to pour scorn on the Institution] …The only points of merit, we repeat are Dr. Mantell and his Museum; and whenever his eloquence shall be silent and his Museum withdrawn, down will go the “Royal Sussex Institution”. …Can Brighton do nothing? Does it not contain one single scientific inhabitant? Must we have a Mantell from Lewes as our only specimen of native talent – and that in only one department?

Jan 28 1837 BH PROSPECTUS OF A NEW INSTITUTION [22 verse poem humorously paraphrasing the content of the article above] I’ve got a complaint, - I’ve got a complaint – ‘Twould worry a parson, a sage, or a saint ‘Tis all about fossils, and folks that go see ‘em ‘Tis all about Mantell, and Mantell’s Museum! I never myself liked the first constitution Of the “Sussex”, the “Royal”, the Learn’d “Institution”; I don’t like their lectures, discourses, orations And am even displeas’d with their mere “Conversations” Why the noodles! They ought to make science a passion With poor folks as well as with people of fashion; And open, free, gratis, all day their collection, To patrons too lib’ral to pay for inspection I became a subscriber, and so “made pretend” (As the little folks say) that I came as a friend; I took minutes of all that was coming and going, And noted them down for my friend – Mister Cohen! [3 verses omitted]

I saw what they were, and I said so at once, Their lecturers dolts – their Curator a dunce; - They know nothing of sciences, languages, letters, And they ought to leave things of the sort to their betters! They know nought of hydraulics, nor yet hydrostatics, Nor voltaics, galvanics, nor yet mathematics; But they’re only a set of vile Aristocratics, Who look down upon poor folks that live up in attics! And whenever they meet they’ve such desperate sprees, Why the five pound subscribers they thrash all the threes; And the threes in return they attack the one pounders, And floor ‘em by dozens like so many flounders [2 verses omitted] ‘Tis true that on Mantell I pour my palaver, But ‘tis only to eat up the being I slaver; As the Boa Constrictor first slobbers its victim, Then gobbles him down when it’s carefully lick’d him! And even supposing that Mantell were clever, What then, why we all know he can’t live for ever; And when Dr. Mantell is lost in eternity, What then will become of the learned fraternity? [9 more verses] ………etc

Feb 4 1837 BH Conversazione of Sussex Royal Institution We do not remember to have witnessed so rich a display of presents on any former occasion, as was exhibited on Tuesday last, when a beautiful assemblage of minerals, the gift of W. Tennant Esq, and a splendid collection of fossil shells from Palermo presented by the Marquis of Northampton, were placed upon the table. Mr Richardson first addressed the company on the subject of printing…..his discourse was rather too extensive for a single evening…….. Mr R. in conclusion paid a high tribute to our local press, and cited as one proof of its useful and beneficial character the success of the Institution…….but for the kind and able assistance afforded by the papers in giving publicity to its proceedings and exertions. “And if”, said he “one journal has chosen to criticise our efforts rather severely, and, if I, as one have not been so fortunate as to please that paper, why I can only say that far from being offended with its castigation, I should only attribute it to a little “over anxiety” to promote science and letters, and as we have been told by a contemporary print that these parties are themselves about to open an institution, give lectures etc, I shall be most happy to attend to their instruction……… Dr. Mantell next addressed the company on the minerals, shells etc before them……The subject grew so much under his hands that he was compelled to defer the continuation of his remarks to the next meeting which will take place on Tuesday week 17th inst.

Feb 8 1837 BG THE STATE OF SCIENCE IN BRIGHTON In the remarks we made in our last article, we had in view to expose the pretensions of the Sussex Royal Institution. The severity of those observations we felt to be justified by a regard for the honour of our County and the reputation of the Town. Our object in exhibiting to public notice the nature of the proceedings at the Conversaziones was chiefly to show that they are not such as to entitle the society to be called a Sussex Royal Institution. We said the gentlemen who formed this establishment had got an Institution, but that Brighton had none; and we see no reason to change our opinion. If Brighton is to have an Institution for its general good, such an Institution must be formed on a more liberal and extensive scale. It must be one which provides more fully for the general diffusion of knowledge. It must be one, which, acting the part of a patron to Literature, Science, and the Arts, are open to all without distinction. It must be one where rewards are offered for inventions in the arts and for useful mechanical discoveries – where, in fine, encouragement is held out with a kind and friendly hand. It must not be a party concern, a place for old gallants and faded beaux to act the scientific before a bevy of young ladies, making them “poor innocent lambs” …. Now we have no objections to Conversaziones, we have no objection to elderly gentlemen retailing their scientific reminiscences or palming off their obsolete knowledge before a company of youthful spinsters. Nor do we think any great harm results to the world from their displays. Such meetings are doubtless highly agreeable and amusing to those elderly gentlemen; but we do think that they should not form the only meetings of a society of men who claim to be called scientific. We do think that the Sussex Royal Institution should occasionally have other kinds of meetings of a more scientific character. It would, we are perfectly aware, be both Quixotic and ridiculous to read abstruse papers or to enter into discussions on difficult points of science before an assembly of young women, as we once witnessed in the case of a simple young man at one of the conversaziones; but it is quite possible for the members of the Sussex Royal Institution to appoint one evening a week for such a purpose. This they ought to do, and do it they must, if they would escape a comparison with some other Royal Institutions which will not be very highly to their advantage. We would tell the gentlemen of the Sussex Royal Institution that such is the opinion which is very prevalent in this Town, and elsewhere, with respect to their establishment. We have no objection to any set of gentlemen getting up an Institution; nor do we think their proceedings are to be blamed, so long as they are harmless. We think they have a perfect right to hold conversaziones and to read without obstruction any papers they like, however superficial they may be; as long as they keep it to themselves, all well and good. But when they call themselves a Scientific Institution for a whole county, and yet hold no scientific meetings, but only give a few popular lectures and twaddling conversaziones, we do think that as inhabitants of the county whom they profess to instruct, we are justified in saying that we do not acknowledge them as a county Institution. When their lectures are given only with reference to the convenience of a certain set of the inhabitants, viz., the more wealthy, and that conversaziones are only suitable to that particular class, we feel perfectly justified in saying that the Institution is not a Brighton Institution, and not one calculated to benefit the Town at large. A certain noble peer gave £1000 towards the establishment of an Institution in Brighton; and we are not aware that any stipulation was made by the noble donor, that the benefits to be derived from such an Institution were to be reserved for the exclusive advantage of a certain clique, and that the inhabitants generally were not included in the terms of the grant. It is in this respect that we think that the Sussex Royal Institution is chiefly deserving of reproof. In criticising the papers read by certain gentlemen at the conversaziones, we wished to show upon what sort of foundation the Literary and Scientific reputation of the Institution is based, we wished to ridicule their pretensions as a county Institution, - to show how insignificantly the scientific information of the town and county was likely to be advanced by their labours. Had there been any other

meetings of this society, we should not have taken the trouble to remark upon the superficialities of those gentlemen; we should have left them to that obscurity which their merits commend. But this Scientific, this Philosophical and Literary Institution seems to have considered the delivery of a few popular lectures and the reading of a few indifferent papers to be amply sufficient to warrant it in taking to itself the title of an institution for a county; we have therefore been compelled by necessity to exhibit those essays delivered before the young ladies of the conversaziones. We have no hostility to the Sussex Royal Institution, we hope to see it prosper; but we do expect that it will render itself more worthy of the name it would bear, we do hope that it will show a more liberal spirit and a greater anxiety to benefit the town of Brighton. We hope it will take our hints as they are intended, and not confine their labours merely to Popular Lectures and lady-like conversaziones. ………… The low state of Science in Brighton is really deplorable; perhaps no town is more behind hand in this respect. If nothing more could be done, it would be a great benefit to establish a society for the purpose of getting up popular Lectures at a reasonable rate, and to have such Lectures delivered in the evening after 8 o’clock, in order to suit the convenience of those who most require the advantage of such instruction. We were glad to see Dr. Mantell come forward so willingly to deliver a Lecture to the members of the St. James’s street Society; and we cannot but strongly deprecate their want of exertion on that occasion. These gentlemen want spirit, they want energy. Surely if they could exert themselves, they might find many ready and willing to assist them. How long will the enemies of Brighton be able to…with the poet – “Fair science frowned not on her humble birth” We hope our appeal will not be in vain. We trust either that the two Societies will drop their party feelings – for there are merits on both sides – and unite for the real interest of the town, that some more liberal and enlightened society may spring up in their stead. We are happy to see the exertions making by the young mechanics of this town to get up a society for themselves; we most cordially wish them that success which their meritorious exertions deserve, and we hope some liberal patron will step forward to assist them -–a patron too, who will be content to do them good without having his name and deeds proclaimed by sound of trumpet to all the world. STAT NOMINIS UMBRA

Feb 11 1837 BH (also BGuardian Feb 15; BG Feb 16) [Advert:]

A lecture on the geology of the south downs and the organic remains of the Chalk formation will be delivered at the Assembly Rooms of the Old Ship on Saturday the 18th inst. by Gideon Mantell………. [in Local news] We have much pleasure in announcing that Dr Mantell in compliance with the wishes of many of our distinguished visitors who are on the point of leaving us, intends giving a lecture on the Geology of the South Downs, at the Old Ship, on this day week. The Chalk formation and the many beautiful and extraordinary fossils which have therein been discovered by Dr Mantell afford subjects for a highly interesting discourse, which we feel persuaded the talents of the lecturer will not fail to illustrate to the highest advantage. We cannot but hail with peculiar pleasure this announcement, since it tends to break the gloom imposed by the late epidemic, and to excite us to the contemplation of the attractive and interesting objects around us.

Feb 16 1837 BG (also BH Feb 18)

Brief reports on Conversazione of the Institution

Feb 25 1837 BH [Brief report on GAM’s lecture on the Chalk Formation] [Also] Extract from the Lancet giving favourable review of GAM’s lectures on the nervous system: …..The discourses appear, from the notices given of them in the Brighton journals, to have been very attractive; and we are informed by a medical friend who was present at their delivery, that they were heard with the greatest attention. …..We refrain from attempting to give a report……..because although so well suited to a non-professional audience, and an assembly the major part of which consisted of ladies, the matter would not possess sufficient novelty for the great mass of the readers of a medical journal. We cannot but desire that the example set by Dr Mantell should be as judiciously followed in other towns.

March 2 1837 BG Dr Mantell’s Lecture Report on Chalk lecture, remarks on religious matters and poem ‘To the Nautilus’

March 9 1837 BG (Also March 11 BH) [Brief report on first annual meeting of the Sussex Institution] ….a financial statement was also presented, by which funds of the Society, its general prospects appeared to be in a flourishing state, its conductors having been able to fit up the Museum, library, house etc, defray all the expenses incidental to the establishment of the institution, and at the same time to reserve the splendid donation of the Earl of Egremont £1000, and to add to it £300 more which £1300 with the interest accruing are vested in the funds and also to have a balance at the banker’s sufficient, with the incoming revenue, to provide for the expenses of the current year.….

March 18 1837 BH Fossil tree found in Quarry [Note re Binstead’s Quarry at Maidstone] [Also note re addition of Hylaeosaurus to Mantell’s collection]

March 30 1837 BG, April 1 BH Brief report on Conversazione of Tuesday evening last.

Dr Mantell apologised for period of indifferent health.

[Various remarks]

April 13 1837 BG The Council of the Sussex Institution having determined on a recess of some weeks for the Conversazione, the closing one of the present session was held on Tuesday evening….Dr Mantell, though labouring under indisposition gave a series of observations illustrative of the presents recently made to the Institution…..We understand that Dr Mantell will deliver a lecture on the Fossil Reptiles of the Weald at the Royal Institution (London) Albemarle Street in the course of the ensuing month.

April 15 1837 BH [Brief note about same meeting] Sussex Royal Institution Dr Mantell – (not well) – sometimes too rapid and brilliant to be followed – referred to Roman pottery at Southwick [etc]…. …Concluded by opposing Council’s decision – but disappointed he had had to take such an active part – all remarks had fallen on a few – hoped more members would participate.

May 6 1837 BH Royal Institution of London On the evening of the 12th instant, Dr Mantell of this town delivered a lecture in the theatre of this institution to a very numerous auditory, including many of the most distinguished scientific men in the metropolis. The subject of the lecture was the geological structure of the south-east of England, which Dr Mantell illustrated in a most attractive and highly interesting manner….. [report follows]

May 11 1837 BG Sussex Royal Institution & Mantellian Museum [Advertisement] The public are respectfully informed that the Museum is open daily from Ten o’clock till Five. Admission one shilling each person. [Further details follow] [This advertisement is reprinted on May 18, June 1, June 8, June 15, June 22, June 29] [Also in BH May 13]

May 24 1837 BGuardian [also in BG May 25] [Advert] Sussex Royal Institution and Mantellian Museum Lecture on Geology A lecture on the Geology of the Country between Brighton and London will be delivered at the Old Ship Assembly Rooms by Gideon Mantell, Esq. LL.D;, F.R.S. on Saturday May 27th at 3 o’clock precisely……….

June 1 1837 BG [Report of lecture] ……….The Company was rather select than numerous…….

June 3 1837 BH [Report of lecture] …The discourse was marked by the sound philosophical knowledge and the ever-ready eloquence which characterise the addresses of this popular lecturer, and the audience testified their sympathy and admiration by loud and frequent expressions of applause…………. We have been favoured with a view of a portrait of Dr Mantell painted by J.J. Masquerier Esq. It exhibits a striking likeness of the original and has been presented to Dr Mantell by the artist on the condition of its being placed in the Museum, and being permanently attached to Dr Mantell’s interesting and highly valuable collection.

June 10 1837 BH Sussex Royal Institution The Conversazione were resumed after a short recess on Tuesday evening last, under highly favourable auspices, the room being crowded with elegant company while the tables were covered with objects of antiquarian and geological interest…….. Mr Richardson commenced the proceedings…….. Dr M. followed, and after alluding to the antiquities and geological specimens which we have mentioned above, detailed some observations which he made during a visit the previous day to Newhaven Cliffs… Dr M. concluded a very brilliant address….by mentioning that the Magazine of Natural History for the present month contained an essay on the fossil Saurians, from the German of Von Mayer, translated by Mr Richardson….

June 24 1837 BH Geological and antiquarian excursion of the Sussex Royal Institution This highly interesting excursion took place on Thursday last when about 50 of the members of the Society, with their friends, under the able guidance of Dr Mantell paid a visit to Shoreham, Bramber and Steyning, inspecting on their way the various sites of antiquarian and geological interest presented in the area. [Long report follows] Day was now declining and Dr Mantell was bringing his observations to a close, when he threw the only cloud over the proceedings which at all obscured the gratification of the day by stating that circumstances compelled him to declare that this would be the last occasion on which he should have the pleasure of meeting them in an excursion of this nature. Cries of “no, no” and expressions of regret followed this announcement and Dr M. was entreated to re-call his declaration; but he persisted in it and bade his auditors farewell in the closing words of the last canto of Childe Harold.

[Extracted from internet:]

My task is done, my song hath ceased, my theme Has died into an echo; it is fit The spell should break of this protracted dream. The torch shall be extinguish'd which hath lit My midnight lamp -- and what is writ, is writ; Would it were worthier! but I am not now That which I have been -- and my visions flit Less palpably before me -- and the glow Which, in my spirit dwelt is fluttering, faint, and low.

Farewell! a word that must be, and hath been --

A sound which makes us linger; -- yet -- farewell! Ye! who have traced the Pilgrim to the scene Which is his last, if in your memories dwell A thought which once was his, if on ye swell A single recollection, not in vain He wore his sandal-shoon and scallop-shell; Farewell! with him alone may rest the pain If such there were -- with you, the moral of his strain.

[same edition]

Sussex Royal Institution The usual conversazione was held on Tuesday evening when Dr Mantell, at the opening of the proceedings, alluded to the lamented death of His majesty, observing that, had time allowed, notices would have been sent postponing the meeting, and that, as it was, he could not commence his address without expressing the regret felt at the sad event by the public in general and in particular by the members of a society which His majesty had been graciously pleased to honour with his patronage. Dr M. then proceeded to the business of the evening, but his remarks were of so desultory and at the same time so brilliant a character comprising not only observations on Geology, but on nearly the whole circle of its associate sciences that we shall prefer not to enter on a repetition of the whole series of his admirable and extensive observations……… Dr M was proceeding with further remarks when he suddenly checked himself in order to give way to his son, who, he stated, having inherited some of his own taste for geology, had been making researches in the vicinity of Chichester, his present place of residence, the results of which he would read in a paper prepared for the occasion, and would thus make his first debut as a geologist. The young gentleman accordingly gave, though with some trepidation incident to a first attempt, a description of the geological formation of the immediate vicinity of that city, which he described as referrible [sic] to the Tertiary epoch, and belonging to the same era as the Brighton cliffs. ……..Dr M. concluded with a beautiful quotation from a modern poet: -

That self-same law which moulds a tear

And bids it trickle from its source That law creates the sun and sphere

And holds the planets in their course

M. Ricardo next addressed the company, and commenced by complimenting his young friend, Mr. Mantell, on the zeal for science which he had so ably and so early displayed, and in wishing him all success in his career, and hoping that he might rival his father.

July 1 1837 BH A Ryghte Trewe Storie of a Walke and Talke abowte Geologie ande Historie God prosper long our Ladye Queene Our menne of syence alle What pleasynge walkes, what learned talkes, On Sussex Downes befalle Mantell, whoe late toe Lewes broughte His followers, fonde and trewe Now clymbed the Steyning Hills and soughte Fresh fyeldes and pastures newe! And showed againe, o’er vale and hille, With learned talke and toyle, The deedes of olde, and older stille, The wonders of the soyle! Fyrst, all the ryver halted wee, Whyle Mantell toke his stande, And tolde the wonders of the sea, And changes of the lande! “The insecte smalle,” quod he, “the whyle It flytts among the flowres, Thinkes them eternal: do ye smyle? Its errour is but owres! “Wee, tooe, throughoute lyfe’s lytell daye, Looks owre eache tranquill scene, And fondlie thinks ‘twill be for aye, And soe hath ever bene! But knowe, thatt once no ryver flowed Throughoute these smyling fyeldes; But farre off waters drayned the landes And ran thro’ dystant wealdes! And whenn some vaste expansyve force Broke upp the ocean’s bedde, ‘Twas thenn this ryver founde its cowrse, And thro’ these valleys spredde! And soe, when wee shall vanyshed bee, Like change shall then come owre; The sea be lande, the fyldes a strande, The rivere flowe noe more! Butt lett us nowe from Nature’s workes To deedes of mann resort; For knowe that yonder humble toune Was once a royall porte! Here Edwardes, Henryes sallyed for the,

Wyth banner and wyth lance; And ofte our monarches sayled from hence Toe conqueste and toe France! And when agaynste th’Armada’s force Our fathers dared to stryve, This porte sent syx and twentye shyppes, Ande London twenty fyve! Thus if wee Nature’s workes exhume, Or owre past hist’rie range, Wee fynde both mann and Nature’s doome Is one perpetuall change! But seeke we nowe the churche, and view Its ancyent sacred pyle; Where Saxon wyth the Norman arche Doth blende its varied style! And see, in forme of holye crosse Was builte the blessed fane To keep in mynde the Savyour’s losse, And mann’s eternall gayne! And now o’er hille and mounte, and dale, His followers Mantell broughte; And whyle he tolde the varyed tale, This was the lore he taughte; “The distant wealdes ye gaze upon’ Once swarmedde with monsters rare; There ranged the vast Iguanodon, The Hylaeosaurus there! And later yet a sea owrspredde The spot where now wee walke; And this was once an ocean’s bedde, The ocean of the chalke! And seas more late, in forme and date, Spredde owre the self-same strand; And manye a change, most wylde and strange, Reversed the sea and lande. And later styll, o’er yonder hyll, Didde tropycke creatures roame: The wild horse, deere, founde pasture here, The elephaunte a home! And this, owre valley and owre mounte, Didde Mantell holde hys cowrse; And pawsing laste beside a founte, He there described its sowrce. “This stone of sand, on which I stande,” He sayde, the stream besayde, “Beares deepe and darke, the rypple marke, Worn by a ryver’s tyde.

And Nature’s lawes, from self-same cawse, Have marked alike the clowde; And e’en the sunn hath grooves uponn Hys dym and dystante shrowde! And thence toe porche of Steyning churche, A fayre and statelie pyle; And there he told its beautyes olde, Of nave, and arche, and aysle. And next wee seeke the castled peake, And gayne its friendlie towre. The tyme wee fyxe to dyne is syxe, And, harke! It strykes the howre! There vyandes rare are spredde with care; And, thankes to frendes, wee fynde Refreshyng cheere provyded here, For bodye, and for mynde. For, harke! They alle, at Mantell’s calle, Have soughte the castell keepe; To heare once more recounted owre The change of lande and deepe! Anon, turn’d hee to historie, From earthes, and chalkes, and marles; And showed to syghte the lyne of flyghte, When fledde our second Charles, Whenn forced by fate, and Cromwell’s hate, He flew from Worcester fyelde, Ands soughte the chance of flyghte to France Thro’ owre Sussex Wealde! Looke out againe, in yonder lane His fierce pursewers meete; And rudelie tyde the kyng besyde, And shake hym in hys seate! But, thankes to love and heav’n above, Hee ‘scaped from danger’s snare; Achieved the flyghte to France by nyghte, And landed safelie there! And told hee of that lovyng wyfe, Who didde herr courage prove, And peryll’d libertie and lyfe For loyaltie and love! For mann, tho’ hee a traitor bee To trewth, to dutie’s lawes; Yet woman deare is styll sinscere To love, to honour’s cawse! Agayne hee tolde the storie olde, Yett ever, ever newe,

Of changes wyde, in lande and tyde, That earthe and oceane knewe! “Butt I will cease, and holde mye peace,” Enthusyaste Mantell saidde, Whyle cleare and bryghte before your syghte The charmes of Nature spredde. For, harke! From hylle and vale so stylle Ascends her evenyng hymn, That nowe dothe rayse her Maker’s prayse, And breathes alle love toe Hym! And marke her fyeldes, her woodes, her wealdes, Her panorama vaste; And see the whyle the sunne dothe smyle Hys bryghtest and hys laste! For joyes most sweete are alsoe fleete, The twylyghte shadowes felle; Night threwe owre alle her spangledde palle, And Mantell bade – Farewelle! Nowe yee, whoe blame this verse so lame, Writt by unlearnedd elfe [?] Thynke not hys lore, as myne, was poore, But goe next tyme yourselfe! You’ll synge, I ween, Long lyve owr Queene, And Mantell, long lyve hee; And whenn hee walkes, and whenn hee talkes, Maye I bee there to see!

July 8 1837 BH The conversazione of Tuesday evening last was less numerously attended than on previous evenings but the proceedings were characterised by very considerable interest.

July 22 1837 BH SUSSEX ROYAL INSTITUTION The usual conversazione took place on Tuesday evening last…… ……Dr. Mantell, at the request of Mr. Ricardo, lastly came forward and offered some extemporaneous remarks illustrative of the discourses which had just been delivered, and concluded by announcing that, as circumstances would probably render it necessary that he should shortly quit the study of geology altogether, he should forthwith deliver a series of six lectures, at the Town Hall on the six chief geological epochs. {details follow]

Aug 19 1837 BH SUSSEX ROYAL INSTITUTION The Conversazione took place on Tuesday last 15th August and was as usual numerously attended. {Report follows including Mantell on Hylaeosaurus specimen]

Aug 26 1837 BH COMMISSIONERS MEETING A Special Meeting of the Commissioners was held on Monday evening…for the purposes of receiving a communication from M. Ricardo Esq, in reference to a suggestion which had been made through him for the consideration of the body by the Earl of Egremont with respect to the appropriation of some part of the Town Hall as a place of reception for the valuable Museum of Dr Mantell. Mr Ricardo’s letter was read and stated that as it was considered highly desirable that Dr M’s splendid Museum should be permanently attached to the Town, it had been suggested by Lord Egremont, who had been consulted on the subject, whether if the permission of the Commissioners could be obtained, some part of the Town Hall might not be appropriated to this collection. …Lord Egremont…was of the opinion that it would be better for the town…if the place…were devoted to the purpose of receiving Dr M’s museum, which the noble Earl thought everyone would agree it was highly desirable should be preserved in the town. Mr. Furner thought, although the letter was addressed to Mr R. it was clearly written with reference to the commissioners, he apprehended Lord Egremont was paying the town a high compliment, he though the letter did not contain a direct volunteer on the part of the noble Earl to present the town with the collection of Dr M, yet it could not be mistaken that such was his lordship’s idea. It was most desirable however that the Commissioners should ascertain what were his lordship’s intentions; and therefore he would move the appointment of a committee to confer with Lord E and the committee of the Mantellian Museum Institution at present in existence with reference to the disposal of this collection. If the committee found the Commissioners could carry out the views of Lord E, it was very important that the town should not lose the attraction which this Museum has proved to be. Mr Holden said….that altho’ Dr M’s Museum might be a matter of gratification to many persons residing in the town, yet he doubted whether it would constitute an attraction to that class of visitor by whom Brighton was frequented, particularly when it was recollected that they had most of them opportunities of visiting the Brit. Mus.

Sept 7 1837 B Gazette also Sept 9 BH SUSSEX ROYAL INSTITUTION The usual conversazione took place on Tuesday….. ..Dr Mantell…mentioned his purpose of giving a final course of lectures on Geology, which would be intended to illustrate the science in a philosophical manner, and would

be divided into six discourses, each descriptive of a peculiar epoch in the History of the Ancient Earth. The announcement was received with a very considerable feeling of regret, since the removal of Dr Mantell is regarded with sorrow by every friend of science and by every well-wisher to the town. Measures, we are happy to add, are in progress for purchasing his museum and securing its permanent possession to this place, in which it forms one of the principal features of attraction.

Sept 9 1837 BH THE MANTELLIAN MUSEUM Considerable interest has recently been excited in the town respecting the unrivalled collection of organic remains formed by Dr M., which during the last year and a half, has been exhibited to the public under the auspices of the Sussex Royal Inst. Located at no.20 Steine. Dr M. being about to remove and being desirous to dispose of his collection, which has, indeed, become too extensive for a private individual, a natural anxiety was felt as to whether the museum would be removed from this place, or distributed by sale, in either of which cases it would have been lost to the town, or finally, whether sufficient public spirit was cherished to accomplish the purchase of the collection, and to ensure its permanent possession to a place of which it now forms one of the chief attractions. Various projects were devised, and the venerable Earl of Egremont in particular, the Patron of the Inst. Conceiving that a portion of the Town Hall might be advantageously employed as a depository for the collection, applied to the Commissioners of the town for a grant of a part of that building. The Commissioners were exceedingly desirous to meet the views of his Lordship, but certain legal difficulties arising as to whether that body were invested by the Local Act of Parliament with sufficient power to appropriate any portion of the property of the town for such a purpose, this part of the plan has been abandoned. We have however to congratulate our fellow townsmen on the probability that this splendid assemblage of organic remains, which, as a private collection, stands perhaps unrivalled, will not share the fate of other museums (that of the late Mr Brook’s for example), and will neither be sold in detail nor removed, and thus lost to the town. It has been determined to purchase the museum by proprietary shares of £25 each to be disposed of ere the whole sum at present required is raised & the permanent possession of the collection secured to the place. The Earl of Egremont, the Patron and Davies Gilbert Esq, the president, have also signified their intention to contribute towards the object as soon as a due proportion of shares shall have been taken by the public. We feel considerable satisfaction in laying these facts before the public, as we consider that the originators of the Instit. And the purchasers of the museum will confer a very considerable benefit on the place, by ensuring to it the possession of so valuable and attractive a collection, and will also render a very important service to science by preventing the dispersion of a museum which is so highly honourable to its founder Dr M., which thus preserved entire, will constitute a lasting memorial of his labours & his genius. We cordially recommend to every friend to science & to every well wisher to the town to join in contributing towards this highly desirable object & shall return to the subject when occasion requires.

Sept 16 1837 BH [Advert]

SUSSEX ROYAL INSTITUTION A course of six popular lectures on Geology by Gideon Mantell……. Saturday Sept 16 Saturday Sept 23 Saturday Sept 30 Saturday Oct 7 Saturday Oct 14 Saturday Oct 21 {Snippets from reports of these lectures follow, chosen where Mantell reveals something of himself or his circumstances, or relevant comments are made by the press themselves]

Sept 23 1837 BH [First lecture] The announcement that this distinguished lecturer was about to give a final series of discourses on his favourite science & the knowledge that the town would shortly be deprived of his talent and his eloquence, excited unusual interest, and the large room of the Town Hall was thronged on Saturday last with a numerous and brilliant audience. As there are many strangers amongst those who honour me this day with their presence, I beg to offer a few remarks, explanatory of the reasons which have induced me to take upon myself, in the midst of my professional duties, the arduous task of appearing as a public lecturer on that most interesting department of Natural Philosophy – Geology. Having for many years made fossil comparative anatomy my only relaxation from the toils of a laborious and extensive practice, the collection of organic remains which I had gathered together in the course of a considerable period, from investigations made in my daily round of country visits, began to acquire an European celebrity, through the writings of Cuvier, Bronggniart, Humboldt, and other eminent savants, who honoured my discoveries with their favourable notice. During the summer months visitors to my collection became so numerous that I was compelled to limit the admission of strangers to certain days when all were gratuitously admitted. This method I adopted when I first took up my residence in this town, but it was soon found impracticable from the impossibility of restricting visitors to the appointed days. I was therefore, in self-defence obliged to close my collection to the public, and hence the origin of the present Institution. I had in compliance with the wishes of my friends given lectures for charitable purposes when the Institution was contemplated and I was induced, in order to forward its interests to engage to give a series of discourses annually. The present lectures are designed to elucidate the philosophy of the science; at the close, if my time permit, it is my intention to give one on corals and one on the physiology of the nervous system. My course as a lecturer will begin and end at Brighton, for at the termination of this Session, should Providence allot me life and health, I shall remove to a less public but not less important field of usefulness.

Sept 30 1837 BH [Second lecture] [re the caves of Gaylenreuth]

And allow me to relate a circumstance which is still bright and fresh in my recollection, that when a youth, a mere boy, having read of these wondrous caves and their singular

contents, I used to long for an opportunity of visiting and exploring them, without, of course, anticipating that I should one day possess a collection of them myself.

Oct 7 1837 BH [Third lecture] [Fourth lecture]

Oct 21 1837 BH The Mantellian Museum Our readers are aware that an anxious wish has been felt by the members and friends of the Sussex Royal Institution to purchase the above invaluable collection, but fears were naturally entertained, that the enterprise of raising so large a sum as £3000 would be attended with considerable difficulty. We are happy to state, however, that these apprehensions have been dispelled, to a very considerable extent by the munificence of the venerable patron of the Institution – the Earl of Egremont – who on being applied to by the Earl of Munster, has desired his name to be enrolled as a subscriber of twenty shares - £500 - so that the promoters of the project have now attained the moral certainty that their hopes will be fulfilled. Much still remains to be done; between 30 & 40 shares of £25 each, being still to be disposed of, but after what has been affected, this sum may easily be raised in a town and county so opulent as our own, and with both of which this splendid collection is so intimately associated; for while it admirably illustrates the geological character of the district, it constitutes a very great attraction to the visitors of this place, by large numbers of whom it is constantly inspected. [more] [Also report of Conversazione]

Nov 18 1837 BH DR MANTELL’S LECTURE ON CORALS We regret that the crowded state of our columns last week prevented our giving a full report of Dr M’s lecture on corals but we cannot deny ourselves the pleasure of inserting the final remarks of this admirable address – [refs to the Creator…] I have thus brought to a close my last public attempt to foster & encourage a taste for scientific knowledge in this town; and if, in compliance with the prejudices and mistaken opinions of the day, I must abandon the pursuit of that department of Natural Philosophy on which I have so often dwelt with pleasure; yet I cannot without emotion bid farewell for ever to investigations which have afforded me such pure and elevated delight, and have served to beguile my mind under the trials & sufferings which have fallen to my lot…[poetry]… And if in the course of my lectures I have been so fortunate as to have succeeded in kindling in the hearts of some of my young and enquiring auditors that intense & endearing love & admiration of the knowledge and the works of the Creator which I feel in my own – if I have illuminated the mental vision with that light, which once kindled will never be extinguished, & which reveals to the soul the beauty and wisdom and harmony of the universe, I shall indeed rejoice, for my exertions will not have been in vain, for altho’ my humble name may soon be forgotten and all traces of my labour be

effaced, yet the influence of that knowledge, however futile it may be, which has emanated from my remarks, it will remain forever & by opening new & inexhaustible field of enquiry, prove a perpetual source of the most elevated gratification. For to one imbued with a taste of natural science, Nature unfolds her hoarded poetry, her hidden spells; to him there is a voice in the winds & the waves & he is, indeed the one – Who, by some secret gift of soul or eye In every spot beneath the smiling sun Sees where the springs of living waters lie. [Felicia Hemans (1793-1835)]

Also THE LATE EARL OF EGREMONT The death of the above nobleman, which took place, after a short illness, on Saturday night last, at Petworth, will be deeply lamented by the inhabitants of this town. [Obituary follows but contains no passages relevant to Mantell or the SRI]

Nov 27 1837 BH DR MANTELL’S LAST LECTURE We have so often recorded our own testimony of the merits of Dr Mantell as a lecturer, that we feel a peculiar gratification in citing the following eulogy of his last discourse from the columns of a metropolitan journal, the Morning Post, of the 17th inst.:- Dr Mantell closed his career as a lecturer at Brighton a few days since, by delivering a discourse at the Town Hall on the Physiology of the Nervous System, in aid of the funds of the Sussex County Hospital. [report follows]

Dec 2 1837 BH ANNIVERSARY DINNER OF THE BRIGHTON SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY INSTITUTION On Tuesday last the members of the above Institution held their Anniversary Dinner at the Sea House Hotel…. …….A variety of toasts followed; among them that of Dr Mantell, upon whom the Vice-president pronounced a warm but deserved panygeric, which elicited the general approbation of the company. [more follows]

Dec 16 1837 BH SUSSEX ROYAL INSTITUTION The Conversazioni were resumed on Tuesday evening last when Mr Richardson offered some remarks on the Ornithorhynchus….; and Dr Mantell delivered a series of

observations illustrative of the presents recently made to the Museum in a style of rapid and lively eloquence…A collection of fossils formed at Chichester by his son, who resides in that city, afforded opportunity for instructive comment, and for [?ing] on the advantages of imbuing the youthful mind with a taste for the study of nature. [more]

Dec 21 1837 BG SUSSEX ROYAL INSTITUTION & MANTELLIAN MUSEUM A Public meeting of this Institution was held at the Town Hall on Monday, when a numerous & most fashionable audience attended. Davies Gilbert Esq, Vice-President of the Royal Society & the president of this Institution having been called to the chair, stated that there would have been, as there was last year, & he hoped there would be in succeeding years, an anniversary dinner of the Institution, but for the lamented death of the Earl of Egremont……..They would have the advantage of an address from Dr Mantell. [follows] …Dr Mantell then eulogised the talents & assiduity of the Curator Mr Richardson, who had exerted himself most diligently to explain those hieroglyphics of nature to the visitors so as to give them the utmost delight and satisfaction. In conclusion Dr M. expressed his thanks for the kindness he had been listened to on this the last time he would have the pleasure in addressing an assemblage in Brighton.

Dec 23 1837 BH LOCAL AND PROVINCIAL NEWS We have been favoured with a copy of an engraving of a portrait of Dr Mantell which has just been published. The painting is by J.J.Masquerier, Esq., and unites the merits of extraordinary ability and finish as a work of art with striking resemblance and fidelity a portrait. The engraving is from the burin of J. Stepney, Esq., a talented artist, who is a native of this place, and who has done perfect justice in transferring to copper the merits of the original work of art. The portrait is dedicated to the Earl of Egremont, one of whose last acts of kindness was to grant permission for the dedication, and to extend his patronage to the young and deserving artist.

Also SUSSEX ROYAL INSTITUTION The anniversary meeting of this Institution was held at the Town Hall on Monday last, when Dr. Mantell delivered an address on the Rise and Progress of a Taste for Literary and Scientific Enquiry in this place…. Dr. Mantell now addressed the President and the company present, and for the space of an hour and a half described, in a style of brilliancy and eloquence surpassing even his usual powers of oratory, the rise and progress of a taste for knowledge and the prospects of science in this town. He commenced by a tribute to the munificence and liberality of their late regretted patron, the deceased Earl of Egremont. He was proud to mention that he had himself enjoyed the personal approbation and patronage of that lamented

Nobleman, because as all were aware, his patronage was itself an honour, since it never was bestowed indiscriminately, but in his own case was the reward which Lord Egremont conceived to be due to the ardour and zeal with which he (Dr Mantell) had prosecuted an important branch of science and explained the physical history of his native soil. …. On his arrival from Lewes, science could but be considered as at a very low ebb, notwithstanding the efforts made by many of its friends to create a zeal for its pursuits; and he would mention one gentleman in particular, M.Ricardo Esq., who was ever forward in every undertaking calculated to extend the knowledge and promote the happiness of the human race. That gentleman had lent his aid in the formation of a mechanics’ Institution, but the attempt had failed; he had also been the President of a Literary and Scientific Institution and Library in St. James’s Street, but, though circumstances had separated him from it, he had been one of its earliest patrons and friends. On my arrival in Brighton (observed Dr. M.) it was my endeavour to excite in others a taste for those studies from which I had myself derived so refined and exalted a pleasure, and with this view I published in one of our local journals (the Gazette) a series of papers entitled “News in Science” of which I now for the first time avow myself the author…. I also gave lectures on those subjects for purposes of charity, and my Museum was open to the public until the frequency and number of visitors, by intruding on my domestic comforts, compelled me to close my doors; and hence my friends and myself were induced to attempt the establishment of a Scientific Institution. Some of its members had despaired, and he believed still despaired, of its success; but though he believed its expenditure had in some slight degree exceeded its receipts, he felt convinced that its past career had been highly prosperous….Its lectures had, with some accidental exceptions, been extremely well attended; its soirées, devoted to the discussion of literary and scientific subjects, had been alike honoured with public favour and support… Some objections, he understood, had been entertained against the plan of their proceedings; and these objections, far from concealing, he would state, with a view to combat and remove them. It had been urged that Geology had occupied too much of the attention of the Institution, and that they ought to have attempted the whole circle of the Sciences rather than have directed their efforts to the cultivation of one. … But the fact was, Geology had by no means been studied in an exclusive manner in the Institution; other sciences had been pursued as well; lecturers had been engaged to discourse on other subjects… …And then, animated by the anxiety to defend his favourite pursuit; encouraged by the profound attention of an admiring auditory; and cheered by the approval of the venerable philosopher who occupied the Chair, Dr. Mantell entered on a vindication of Geology, and explained its relation to kindred sciences…. In a style of impassioned and brilliant eloquence, to which we regret we have neither space nor ability to do justice. We would observe (par parenthèse) that Dr. Mantell’s delivery is so extremely rapid and brilliant, as to defy, in a great degree, the efforts of the short-hand writer, and therefore to give a verbatim report of his discourses is next to impracticable. All that can be effected is to give the substance of his observations; the fluency, the fervour, the affluence of mind – the command of language – the force, and beauty, and variety of illustration, these must be heard to be appreciated as they deserve…. …Referring to his Museum, Dr. Mantell observed that it was now for disposal. It had become too extensive for the control of a single individual, and he was anxious to dispose of it to the various public institutions of the country, but he avowed that he had ever felt an ardent desire that it should be established in Sussex, and that the benevolent and enlightened wishes of their lamented Patron should be carried into effect by its being permanently established at Brighton….He himself was about to leave, and he should leave with the warmest feeling of gratitude for the kindness he had experienced in this place, where he had made many friends, and, he hoped and believed, not a single foe.

Dec 28 1837 BG MANTELLIAN MUSEUM It is with much regret we learn that, after all the efforts which have been made, the hope of perpetuating a Scientific Institution in this place is likely to be frustrated. Sufficient interest is not, it seems felt to complete the purchase of the Mantellian Museum, which if not purchased, will be removed and lost to Brighton, although we have reason to believe that, if in addition to the sum already raised, £1500 more could be subscribed, a result so little honourable to the town as the dispersion and removal of such a collection may be averted, for Dr M. we understand, feels a very natural desire that the collection should remain in his native county and to promote this object is ready to make a large sacrifice. If we open a work having reference to geological science, we find the peculiar geology of this county, and the labours and discoveries of Dr M. occupying a prominent position of its contents; that county, therefore, abounding in noblemen and gentlemen of wealth and intelligence should allow a collection to be dispersed – would certainly constitute a disgrace.

Dec 30 1837 BH SUSSEX ROYAL INSTITUTION The Conversazione took place on Tuesday 26th Inst… Mr. Mantell next adverted, in a tone of evident regret, to his approaching departure from Brighton, and the removal or dispersal of his Museum, which he feared would take place. He would now remove to another sphere, where, in accordance with public opinion, he should cease to cultivate Science in an avowed public manner, and should pursue it only as a private recreation. But as an amusement he should still devote to it his spare [time] and should feel a wish to infuse into his friends at Clapham some taste for Scientific enquiry which he had endeavoured, he trusted not without success, to introduce in Brighton…

Also THE MANTELLIAN MUSEUM Our readers will have perceived, by our report of Dr. Mantell’s address on Monday week, that the Museum is for disposal; and we regret to learn, from enquiries which, as subscribers, and therefore as parties interested in its success, we have felt ourselves called on to make, that the prospects of its being purchased and permanently attached to this town, which a short time since were bright and promising, are now involved in considerable difficulty and doubt. The causes which have produced this alteration we find chiefly have originated in the decease of the regretted patron of the Institution, the late Earl of Egremont, and the doubt whether his munificent intentions respecting it will be carried into effect; another obstacle exists in some apprehensions entertained by the subscribers as to the responsibility which they might incur in renting apartments for the exhibition of the collection; and, lastly, a difficulty is found in raising the sum required. So strong are felt to be these obstacles, that we believe many of the members consider the [ ] hopeless, and Dr. Mantell is about to offer the collection for [sale] partly to the public institutions

of the country, partly to private collections; and thus this invaluable assemblage of the instruments of nature will, we fear, be dispersed and lost to the nation. We must, however, beg respectfully to avow our opinion that these fears entertained are without foundation; that with due exertion the purchase may be effected; and that a result so little favourable, nay, we will add so prejudicial, to the place as the removal from it of so valuable a collection, may yet be prevented. The sum at which it is valued by Dr. Mantell, we hear, is [?] £7000, but we are informed he would be content with the advance of £3000, taking shares himself to the amount of £2000. The sum already raised by the Institution and its friends, exclusive of [?] £500 intended to be given by the Earl of Egremont, is, we hear, £1500; and we must say that this statement, which we have every reason to believe correct, appears to us by no means so unpromising as to warrant the abandonment of the proposed purchase. We will take the objections seriatim; and first we should not despair of the assistance promised by the Earl of Egremont; since, beside other reasons which might be stated, we learn, with some surprise, that no application has yet been made to his executors, though advertisements have appeared in the public journals, soliciting that all claims should be sent in; next, as to the responsibility of engaging premises; this objection would vanish with the possession of the Museum. Once possess such a collection, and by hiring a room to put it in would, we conceive, be a matter of no difficulty at all. Now, to come to the last, and, it appears to us, the only real impediment in the case, the raising the sum required. We are of opinion that this is an obstacle which, with some exertion, may also be easily overcome. Fifteen hundred pounds being already provided, there remains at the utmost but fifteen hundred more to raise; and to state that fifteen hundred pounds cannot be subscribed for such an object in a town and county so opulent as our own, is we believe, underrating the liberality and spirit of the public. The measure is, we conceive, to be accomplished, but of course it can only be effected by exertions of a vigorous nature. Without entering into lengthened details, it is quite obvious that the result can be effected if parties are disposed to retrieve it, simply by doubling their former efforts. The course we would advise, and we trust we shall not be though intrusive if we offer our advice on a subject which is one of public interest and importance is – that, while parties who have not yet contributed should now do so, those who have lent their assistance already should render it now in a double proportion. If the former subscriber of one share take two, and he of two contribute four, and so on; the result is plain, - instead of £1,500 you have £3000, the sum required. We may be told that this result is impracticable, that the money cannot be raised etc; but we really will but think so meanly of the town, the county and the Institution as to conceive that they will coolly allow such a collection to be removed, to the permanent loss of the town, and we will add, to its totally permanent disgrace; and however the event may be, we feel assured that, if the Museum is sold to other parties, and removed to another place; there will be universal sorrow and regret, and offers of support and assistance will be profusely rendered – when they are too late. Nay, we would presume still farther on the liberality of the public, and would say that, with every feeling of respect for those gentlemen who have proposed a return, in the hope of interest, we would hold out no inducement of the kind. We would arrange the prospectus anew; we would say to parties, “if you give your money, give it at once, without expectation of interest or return,” and we feel assured that the appeal would be responded to with liberality and public spirit. With regard to Dr Mantell himself, we have so often declared our sentiments as to him, that we shall content ourselves on this occasion with merely stating that we feel sincere regret that he should experience a moment’s delay or inconvenience. In offering him our humble tribute of admiration in styling him a naturalist of the highest order – a philosopher of the first class – an orator of first-rate powers, we are but echoing the sentiments of the universal public; and most anxious are we that the town should be honoured by being the depositary of those treasures which he has collected, and that the monuments of nature which he has assembled should be permanently established on that soil from which they have been exhumed. The contemplation of any other result is, indeed, revolting to the feelings. What, shall Brighton and Sussex be such a very Baeotia; [The Boeotian people, although they included great men like Pindar, Hesiod, Epaminondas, Pelopidas and Plutarch, were portrayed proverbially dull by Athenians

(cf. Boeotian ears incapable of appreciating music or poetry and Hog-Boeotians ,Cratinus.310] its inhabitants so insensible to the efforts of genius – to the treasures of nature, as to allow the productions of its soil, the records of its ancient physical history, to be borne away to other and more enlightened districts, and there become the pride of strangers and the disgrace of ourselves? And here we would observe that in an attempt to carry on a Scientific Institution, after the removal of the Museum, must be altogether hopeless. If any doubt had retained on this subject, the discourse of Dr Mantell on Monday week would have entirely removed it. Take away the collection, and the Institution will linger a while, and die; or it may rekindle into a book-club and news-room, but it will be nothing else; the very loss of such a collection would in itself be a death-blow to any Society presuming to the title of a Scientific Institution. Acquire the collection, indeed, and the Institution will go on and prosper; for, fixed on such a basis, it cannot fail in success. Most anxiously, then, would we recommend all classes to contribute to the purchase. To the rich and influential members of the Institution, who are several of them men of ample fortune, and some half-dozen of whom could settle the purchase at once, we would recommend the exercise of a liberality which cannot fail to produce a result the most satisfactory and honourable to themselves. To ladies we would recommend that they should imitate the example of one of their sex, who, we perceive, has contributed liberally to the object; and lastly we would urge [in?] measure on the wealthier and superior classes of the inhabitants; we would remind them that the removal of this collection, and the consequent extinction of this establishment, will deprive the town of a very important feature of its attractions; and we would [tell?] them, in the words of that shrewd observer, the late Lord Egremont, that it is in vain to make railroads to bring people here, if there are no intellectual attractions for them when they [come?]; and, as human nature is acted on by vanity and love of fame; and as weaker feelings mingle even with our best [?ives], if the purchase is effected, - and we by no means despair of the result, - let a tablet be placed in the Museum, inscribed with the names of the donors, that, in future times, those who come after us may point with pride to the record, and boast that their ancestors were contributors to such an object.

1838

Jan 6 1838 BH MANTELLIAN MUSEUM We have much pleasure in stating that, subsequently to our last publication, the friends of the establishment have in some measure rallied, and that fresh subscribers have been added to the list; Sir Richard Hunter, with his accustomed liberality, having taken four shares, and David Lyon Esq, of Goring having subscribed two shares. We would particularly recommend the example afforded by these gentlemen to other gentlemen of the county, for it is to them that the charge of indifference on the subject particularly applies. As in the case of other local establishments, it is on this place that the chief onus has fallen; and, while Brighton has sustained its character for liberality, and a considerable sum has been raised by the friends of the undertaking connected with the town, the contributions afforded by the county bear no relation to those raised here; indeed, a very considerable laxity and indifference is shown: and yet we will venture to assert there is not a county in Great Britain which possesses such a Museum which would allow it to be dispersed and removed from the soil whence it was exhumed, as we perceive will be the case with this collection unless more vigorous efforts are made by those who are interested in its preservation, and who would be eternally disgraced by its removal.

Jan 20 1838 BH THE MANTELLIAN MUSEUM I is with exceeding regret we learn that the managers of the Sussex Institution have come to the decision of abandoning all idea of purchasing the Museum, and consequently of carrying on a scientific society in this place. The character of these parties for intelligence, talent, sincerity and every honourable and praiseworthy feeling, stands so high as to render it a hazardous attempt to endeavour to question their motives or impugn their decision; yet we find a feeling generally prevalent that they are in error, and that their mistake exists on the laudable side of caution; that they are chargeable with timidity, and that in deciding that the town neither can or will support such an establishment, they have underrated both the spirit and the means which the place possesses. The grounds on which their decision has been formed we understand, are, first, the presumed impossibility of raising a sum sufficient to purchase the collection; and next, even supposing it purchased, the like impossibility of raising an annual revenue sufficient to defray the contingent expenses. But, with due deference, we conceive that neither of these objects are so impracticable as is supposed. First, as to the purchase. We are informed that £1500 have been raised in the Institution itself; and the intentions of the late Lord Egremont are carried into effect, this amount would be increased to £2000; and to suppose therefore that another £1000 cannot be raised, is, we are convinced, to do injustice to the feelings and the means of the public. Next, as to the revenue. We will allow the present income to be deficient, say £100 or £150 per annum; that deficiency may be easily made up by some ten or twenty friends of letters and of science, who would pledge themselves for a given space, - say 3, 5, or 7 years – to contribute £5 or £10 yearly to support the Institution, and such individuals, we know, are ready to come forward.

But we will not conceal the fact that if the Institution is to be perpetuated, more energy must be employed than has hitherto been exerted. We speak advisedly when we say that sufficient publicity has not been given to the subject. Nine-tenths of the community and even of the members of the Institution, we will venture to say, know nothing of the matter beyond what has been gratuitously made known through the columns of this journal. Take vigorous measures, solicit contributions, raise a general subscription, call a public meeting, let Dr. Mantell give us one of his brilliant orations and the matter is as good as settled. To conceive that, while £3000 may be raised for a Tennis Court, a place for grown up children to play ball in, while thousands may be raised for electioneering purposes, railroad purposes – for any purpose – for no purpose at all, that a sum so moderate the circumstances will admit cannot be raised to secure the town the possession of such a treasure – to rescue it from such a disgrace, is a conclusion to which we cannot bring ourselves, knowing as we do that a very different sentiment prevails among the whole public. Notwithstanding the limited publicity given to the subject, a very strong feeling we know exists in the town against the discontinuance of the establishment. And here, we must be very candid and speak a few wholesome truths. Brighton has lately experienced some severe bereavements. The removal by death of the late King, the Earl of Egremont, and the Duchess of St Albans has deprived us of patrons and friends whose loss has inflicted severe privation on the place. We have a change of times – a change of dynasty, and the question is, whether, from these and other causes re are not receding in public favour, and whether, if we lose this collection, and with it all hope of a literary and scientific institution we shall not have to deplore a still greater loss of patronage and support. Take from the place the only intellectual attraction (worthy of the name) which it possesses, and we certainly deprive it of, at all events, the most prominent inducement for the wealthy and educated classes to select it as their place of resort. We have had so many enquiries put to us on this subject, and we find so strong an interest to prevail, that we felt it our duty to lay these general facts before our readers. There are some matters of detail to which we shall probably revert on a future occasion; for example we find an opinion very prevalent that the Society would be benefited by an equalisation of the subscriptions, and that they should be all of one sum. These and other discussions we reserve for a future opportunity. One observation only, and we have done. We have no hesitation in declaring that it is in the power of a circle of individuals – nay, one single man, if he possesses but adequate energy and talent – to step forward and prevent the loss or removal of this invaluable collection. Has Brighton such an individual? We hope it boasts of many such. We shall see.

Feb 24 1838 BH DR MANTELL In transferring to our columns the following tributes to Dr Mantell – one the copy of a vote of thanks by the Members of the Scientific Institution of this place; the other the eulogium of Dr Silliman, editor of the American Journal of Science – we feel a particular gratification since we find that the fame of our distinguished savant is established in both hemispheres and our journal thus contains the testimony of two worlds in his favour: The following resolution was passed at a general meeting of the Sussex Royal Institution, held on Saturday last: - “Resolved on the motion of Horatio Smith Esq, seconded by Sir John Hall, that the members of this Institution, having learned with unfeigned regret, Dr M.’s contemplated departure from Brighton, beg to express their deep sense of the advantages he has conferred upon this town, by the general taste for scientific pursuits which he has diffused through the means of his Museum – of his enlightened conversaziones – and of his eloquent and admirable lectures. In most

reluctantly bidding him farewell, they desire to convey to him their unanimous and cordial wishes for his health, happiness and prosperity.” We copy from the American Journal of Science, containing Dr Mantell’s lecture on Zoophytes the following eulogium from the pen of the editor, Dr Silliman, himself a distinguished natural philosopher, as well as the most popular lecturer in the United States. “We have received from time to time, printed notices of the admirable lectures of Dr Mantell on Geology and other subjects, delivered at Brighton, England, and printed (in an abridged form) in the Brighton papers. Like all the productions of that highly gifted and enlightened man, they are replete with accurate science, with enlarged views of the relations of things and with happy moral applications. We have for some time intended to publish in this journal parts of these lectures, and occasionally to give them entire, believing that we can in no way gratify and instruct our readers more effectually in the science of which they treat. To the adept, they will prove an interesting review; and to the student, and especially the young lecturer, they will afford a fine model of a condensed, perspicuous, and beautiful style, with as much of accurate science as can well be communicated in a popular lecture. We are happy also in the opportunity of paying (consistently with the plan of our work) this mark of respect to a gentleman who is an ornament to his country, and to whom science, especially geology, comparative anatomy, and palaeontology, are greatly indebted.” Since the above was in type, we have been favoured with the sight of a certificate received by Dr Mantell, announcing his election as Honorary Member of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec.

Mar 10 1838 BH Dr Mantell leaves Brighton on Monday next to enter on professional practice at Clapham. We learn that he has just completed his new work entitled “The Wonders of Geology” forming the substance of an extensive course of lectures which he delivered here in the autumn of last year. Those who are desirous, therefore, to possess at once a compendious system of geology and a record of Dr Mantell’s discourses may unite both objects by the purchase of the forthcoming volume. It will be published early next month.

Also C. König Esq, Curator of the Fossil and Geological Department of the British Museum, arrived on Wednesday evening at the Royal York Hotel and left on Friday morning – his visit being for the purpose of inspecting Dr. M’s Museum. We have the painful satisfaction of stating that the report of Mr König is of a highly favourable character, and that there is every probability that this unique collection which so admirably illustrates the physical history of this county, and the removal of which will be a great loss to the town, will shortly be removed from Brighton and added to the stores of the national collection.

Mar 22 1838 BG [Advertisement] DR MANTELL’S NEW WORK

[re The Wonders of geology]………being the substance of a series of lectures delivered by Gideon Mantell Esq from notes taken by G.F. Richardson Esq. The curator of the Mantellian Museum.

Also A very considerable demand exists for Dr. Mantell’s forthcoming work, so that great efforts will be requisite to prepare a sufficient number of copies for the 2nd April. In addition to the literary and scientific merits of the work, its pictorial attractions cannot fail to ensure an extensive sale. The frontispiece representing the ancient Weald of Sussex is from the burin of Martin, and the work also contains numerous sections of strata and rocks beautifully coloured, together with some exquisite engravings of corals from designs by Miss Mantell and the Misses Duppa.

Mar 24 1838 BH We are happy to find it is intended to present Dr Mantell with a splendid piece of plate on his leaving Brighton, as a testimony of the esteem which is entertained for his character as an individual – of his ability as a general practitioner – and of his genius as a philosopher and a man of science. The value is fixed at £150, and the subscriptions, which are limited to one guinea each, are received by Mr Richardson, at the Institution, 20, Steine.

April 5 1838 BG The announcement of a work by Dr Mantell on that science to which he has achieved such numerous and valuable discoveries, naturally excited much attention; and we have pleasure in stating that the work, as might be expected, is calculated to add to the writer’s distinguished reputation. It was originally intended as a mere report of his lectures, from notes taken by the Curator Mr Richardson, but the task seems to have grown under his hands, until it forms not merely a report of his discourses, but a manual of Geology.

May 17 1838 CASTLE PLACE, LEWES, SUSSEX Most desirable modern freehold property belonging to and lately the residence of Dr Mantell. The above premises will be submitted to Auction by MR MANTELL at the Star INN, Lewes. On Weds 6th day of June precisely at seven o’clock unless previously disposed of by Private Contract when due notice will be given. All that elegant MANSION now in excellent repair situated in the best part of the High St. Lewes, in the occupation of Mr Benjamin Abbott at the yearly rent of £60. The front is of great architectural beauty in width 32ft comprising on the basement, two excellent kitchens with wine, beer and coal cellars, dairy and other offices. On the ground floor an entrance hall and four well furnished parlours. On the first floor a spacious drawing room (divided by folding doors) 31ft by 14, two best sleeping rooms and an extra dining room 21 feet by 16, four attics and a dressing room, garret etc. The out offices are well arranged and the whole fitted with closets, cupboards and every possible convenience, two pumps with excellent water and the usual fixtures.………

June 2 1838 BH Our readers will probably learn with satisfaction that Mr G.F. Richardson of the Mantellian Museum, has been appointed assistant curator in the department of geology and mineralogy in the British Museum. There were several candidates for the situation to which Mr Richardson has been preferred.

July 19 1838 BG Dr Mantell’s museum will soon be removed from Brighton to the British Museum. We are glad to find that this invaluable collection will, at least, not be dispersed. It ought never to have been removed from Brighton.

Aug 11 1838 BH DR MANTELL’S MUSEUM. We have much pleasure in announcing the satisfactory termination of the negotiations between the Trustees of the British Museum and Dr Mantell for the purchase of his unique collection of Fossil Organic Remains. All the arrangements as to the valuation, purchase etc having been completed, the collection will be transferred to the British Museum at the close of the present year. While we deeply regret the loss of the collection to this place, we cannot but feel gratified with its removal to so fitting a depository as the National Museum, where it will ever remain a source of instruction to future generations and a proud monument of the talents and genius of its distinguished founder. [Richardson’s 4 Lectures on Geology during this period]

Oct 12 1838 BG (also BH and BGuardian) SUSSEX ROYAL INSTITUTION 20, Old Steyne Brighton The members are particularly requested to attend a General Meeting on Saturday Oct 20th at Three o’clock precisely to make a final distribution of the property and funds of the Institution.

Oct 13 BH Among the visitors to the Sussex Royal Institution during the past week have been General Ashe…….etc

Nov 3 1838 BH The Mantellian Museum attached to the Royal Sussex Institution closed this week, and will be transferred as quickly as possible to the British Museum. We are happy to learn that there is a strong probability that the excellent Library of the Institution with the

Reading Rooms will be continued and that convenient rooms in a central position will be engaged for that purpose. Among the visitors to the Museum at the Sussex Royal Institution previous to its closing were: Dr Sigmund, etc etc.

Nov 24 1838 BH MANTELLIAN MUSEUM This unrivalled private collection was closed on the 1st Inst and persons appointed by the Trustees of the British Museum have since been constantly employed in packing up the specimens, for removal to the national collection. Spring vans have been engaged for the carriage of the specimens, and one heavily laden left on Wednesday, and safely deposited its precious freight in the British Museum. It is expected that the whole will be removed by 7th of next month.

Nov 29 1838 BH The valuable and, we may safely say, unique contents of the Mantellian Museum, which have been purchased for the British Museum, are now in the course of removal to London. We shall never cease to regret – although regret is now ineffectual – the loss of this treasure to the town.

Dec 20 1838 BG (also BH) SUSSEX ROYAL INSTITUTION The Mantellian Museum having been transferred to the British Museum, the above Institution is now removed to No.45 Old Steyne, adjoining the Western End of the Royal York Hotel, where it will be carried on under Rules of which a printed copy may be had on application to the Librarian. The Library consisting chiefly of standard works and books of reference, to which it is intended to make such yearly additions as the funds will afford, is now allowed to circulate among its members……… Annual Subscription £3, persons not permanently resident in Brighton, may be admitted on payment of £1 for two months.

Conclusion As to the eventual demise of the Institution, perhaps the best account is to be found in A Peep into the Past: Brighton in the Olden Time by John Bishop, published in 1892. He concludes that the proposal for remodelling the old society won no support and that an entirely new one was founded. A letter published in the Herald in 1902 describes the foundation of a proprietary Literary and Scientific Society in 1841, agreeing with Bishop (p.156). He also records that ‘the Mantellian very handsomely…presented the greater part of their library (in 1842) to its successor. This Society flourished for some 10 or 12 years until it too ground to a halt, but not before getting its own Royal support from Prince Albert. When the owners closed its doors they gave up their shares and raised a subscription among themselves to pay off their debts. In disbursing their assets, important seeds were sown. One was to result in the formation of a free public library, the ancestor of the modern Brighton & Hove Library Service. Another concerned the activities of the Committee in collecting objects with the intention of forming a museum. Soon afterwards, the Royal Pavilion, recently bought by the Brighton Corporation (1851) became the venue for the earliest manifestation of what was to become the first public museum in Brighton, now the Royal Pavilion & Museums. Indeed the Royal Literary and Scientific Society held a conversazione in the Pavilion in January 1853 and amongst the notable leaders was Henry Catt (1823 – 1903), later Henry Willett, whose collection of Cretaceous fossils was the first donation to the newly formed Brighton Museum in 1860. Mantell recorded his visit to Catt in September 1852, only six weeks before he died, when he … “Went to Mr. Henry Catt’s house with Mr. Potter and looked over his splendid chalk fossils.” (Dell 1983) Members of the Society also led the way that ultimately led to the formation of the first Board of Education for Brighton. And lastly, it was those members of the Society with an interest in natural history who laid down the first rules for the Brighton & Sussex Natural History Society in 1853 and which survived for over 100 years. The Sussex Royal Institution and Mantellian Museum can therefore be seen to have played a very significant role in the continuum that led to these important and significant developments of the mid-nineteenth century in Brighton. What perhaps emerges from a study of these newspaper reports is an early example of the ambivalent relationship between the press and celebrity. Mantell’s image was significantly moulded and promoted, especially by the Gazette and the Herald, until later the Guardian, perhaps for its own purpose or advantage, attempted to demolish the reputation of both Mantell and the Institution, just as easily and rapidly. References

Cadbury, D. 2000 The Dinosaur Hunters:

A True Story of Scientific Rivalry and the Discovery of the Prehistoric World London: Fourth Estate, 374p

Carder, T. 1990 The Encyclopaedia of Brighton

Lewes: East Sussex County Libraries.

Cooper, J.A. 2009 Gideon Mantell and the Brighton Press:

1834 – 1838 IN: What on Earth is under Sussex. Journal of the West Sussex History No.77 2008-2009, p.33-46

Cooper, J.A. 2010 The unpublished journal of Gideon

Mantell 1819-1852 [On-line: http://www.brighton-hove-rpml.org.uk/HistoryAndCollections/aboutcollections/naturalsciences/Pages/Theunpublishedjournalofgideonmantell.aspx]

Dean, D.R. 1999 Gideon Mantell and the Discovery of

Dinosaurs. Cambridge: CUP 290p.

Dell, S. (Ed) 1983 Gideon Algernon Mantell’s unpublished

Journal, June-November London: The Turnbull Library Record, 16, p.77-94

McGowan, C. 2002 The Dragon Seekers: How an

extraordinary circle of fossilists discovered the dinosaurs and paved the way for Darwin. Cambridge: Perseus Publishing.

Spokes, S. 1927 Gideon Algernon Mantell: Surgeon

and Geologist. London: John Bale & Sons. 263pp

Torrens, H.S. 1986 Uncurated Curators No.1:

George Fleming Richardson (1796 – 1848) Man of Letters, Lecturer and Geological Curator.

Geological Curator 4, p.249-272

gideon mantell in the brighton press 1834 – 38 :a ... · transcription john a. cooper, royal...

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