gigabit ethernet serial link codes - working...

IEEE 802.3zGigabit Ethernet Rev 3.1 Slide 1 July 15, 1996Rich Taborek, amdahl Corp.

Gigabit EthernetSerial Link Codes

Proposal for serial link codes and receiver/transmitter states based on the PCS protocol requirements.

ContentsLink startup codesAutomatic link configuration dataSOP/EOP and Idle codesData and invalid character codesLink synchronization states

and protocols

The following companies have indicated their support for the concepts outlined in this proposal (in alphabetical order):

3Com, Amdahl, Cisco, Compaq, Granite, Packet Engines, Sun, VLSI Logic, and Xaqti.

IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Task Force

July 9, 1996

University of Twente,

Enschede, Netherlands

Richard Taborek

Corp.amdahl


Changes in Revision 3

v Howard Johnson - Corrected legend for S, T, H and R codes to indicate that running disparity is unchanged

v Howard Johnson - Change H (error code) to not replace R (carrier extension) when an invalid transmission character is detected.– H shall be used to replace invalid data characters and Start (S) and End (T)

delimitersv Steve Haddock - Packet burst support. R separates packets within a burst.

– The positive version of the S delimiter is now utilizedv Steve Haddock - Optimization of 8B10B codes assigned to define Ordered

Sets.


High-Level Assumptions

u Codings are based on 8B10B data codes (Dx.y) and special control characters (Kx.y) as defined in ANSI X3.230 FC-PH (Fibre Channel) Clause 11.

u Codings should take into careful consideration the error detection properties of code words selected.

u Codings are required for all primitives specified for the link startup sequence.u Codings should provide sufficient coding space for all automatic capability detection

parameters and shall be similar in nature to the base capability register defined in IEEE 802.3u clause 28.

u Automatic capability detection codings should allow for future expansion of the associated protocol.

u Codings are required for idle codes as well as a defer indication to be signaled during the idle sequence.

u Codings are required for IEEE 802.3 packets and bursts of packets during a carrier event.u Codings are required for packet start and end delimiters.u Coding is required for a bad packet information indication.u Coding is required for an indication which allows the carrier to be extended.u Coding is required for an indication which ensures that packet or carrier extension

always concludes on an odd-numbered character.


Nomenclature

u One or more data codes and special characters are grouped into transmission words.u Special transmission words called ordered sets are defined.u Packet delimiter ordered sets are used to mark packet boundaries.u Signal ordered sets are used to signal events.u Sequence ordered sets are repeated ordered sets used to signal states, carry information and

operate in environments with relatively (to frames) high error rates.u The link is not considered usable until Link Initialization is complete.u Synchronization is achieved when the receiver identifies the same transmission word

boundary on the received bit stream as that established by the transmitter at the other end of the link.

u The detection of Invalid Transmission Words is an indication that a receiver is out of synchronization.

u The clock recovery system in a receiver shall have sufficient hysteresis to prevent a single transmission error from causing it to go out of synchronization.

u A Loss_of_Synchronization Procedure defines the method by which the receiver changes from the Synchronization_Acquired state to the Loss_of_Synchronization state.

u The first transmission character of an ordered set transmitted over an operational link is transmitted in an even-numbered character position. Subsequent characters continuously alternate as odd and even-numbered characters.


8B10B Transmission Code

v 8B10B transmission code provides the following functions:– Improves transmission characteristics– Enables bit-level clock recovery– Improves error detection– Separates data symbols from control symbols– Derives bit and word synchronization

v 8-bit data bytes are encoded as 10-bit Data Characters.v 12 Special Characters are defined for special signaling.v One or more Data and/or Special Transmission Characters may be

grouped into Transmission Words.v Special Transmission Words called Ordered Sets are defined.v Ordered Sets are flexible building blocks which may be used for in-band

or out-of-band protocol functions.


Ordered Set Usage

v Various coding objectives suggest the the specification of multiple length ordered sets.– A single character ordered set is required to ensure that the packet or carrier

extension always ends on an odd-numbered character.– Multiple character ordered sets are required for sequences which include a

comma and communicate a small amount of information. Two-character ordered sets provide 16/20 bit alignment.

– The current requirements for automatic capability detection call for the communication of greater than 8 bits of information which requires either multiple 2 character sequences or the use of larger ordered sets. The use of 4 character ordered sets provides ample coding space and provides information within a single ordered set.

v Packets and sequences shall start only on even-numbered characters for consistency and error robustness.– This includes intermediate packets within a burst of packets.


Special Character Usage

v The K28.5 special character is chosen as the first character of all sequences for the following reasons:– Bits abcdeif make up a comma. A comma is a singular bit pattern which in the

absence of transmission errors cannot appear in any other location of a transmission character and cannot be generated across the boundaries of any two adjacent transmission characters.

– The comma can be used to easily find and verify character and word boundaries of the received bit stream.

– Bits ghj of the encoded character present the maximum number of transitions, simplifying receiver acquisition of bit synchronization.

v Special characters other than K28.5 are specified for single character ordered sets for alignment purposes or to provide timely function recognition.– Other special characters are chosen from the list of 12 available special

characters.– The list is reduced to 9 when special characters containing a comma are

excluded to prevent ordered set alignment on odd-numbered characters.


Defined Ordered SetsIDLE Sequence

v The I sequence is used to signal IDLE.– The I sequence effects the LINK_UP primitive which indicates that the link is

available to send packets.– The first I sequence following a packet or link configuration sequence shall

restore the current positive or negative running disparity to a negative value. Two I sequence codes are required for this purpose.

– All subsequent I sequences shall insure negative running disparity.– I sequences, including the first after a packet or link configuration sequence,

shall be capable of signaling link DEFER/NOT_DEFER status. Two additional I sequence codes are required for this purpose.

– I codes should have a high transition density to keep the receiver in optimum sync during the high-frequency IDLE sequence.

– A set of four I codes, I1, I2, I3 and I4, are defined consisting of a K28.5 special character followed by a data character.

– Distinct carrier events should be separated by IDLEs. When a receiver sees any IDLE, it drops carrier.


Defined Ordered SetsStart and End of Packet Delimiters

v The S delimiter is used to signal Start-Of-Packet (SOP).– A single character ordered set is desired in order to quickly assert the

CSMA/CD carrier indication.– S follows IDLE for the first packet during a carrier event.– S follows R for subsequent packets during a carrier event.

v The T delimiter is used to signal End-Of-Packet (SOP).– A single character ordered set is desired in order to assist in quick de-

assertion of the carrier indication.


Defined Ordered SetsAlign/Extend Sequence

v The R signal is used to force even-numbered character alignment for the first IDLE following a carrier event and to extend the carrier following a packet when necessary.– A single character ordered set is required.– If T is transmitted as an odd-numbered character, and the carrier is not

extended, T shall be followed by two successive R signals.u Two R's rather than none are required because of the possibility of

running disparity error propagation to characters beyond those during which the error occurred.

– If T is transmitted as an even-numbered character, and the carrier is not extended, exactly one R shall be transmitted after the T.

– Additional R's shall be transmitted following a T to extend the carrier as required. The last R to extend the carrier must be transmitted in an odd-numbered character position.

v R shall also be used to separate the packets within a burst.


Defined Ordered SetsInvalid Packet Delimiter/Signal

v The H delimiter and signal is used to replace individual invalid data and delimiters characters and mark those entities as invalid.– A single character ordered set is required.– An inter-station unit, such as a repeater, may substitute H for invalid

data and delimiters upon detection of invalid characters. – H shall not be used to replace R.

u The last H to extend the carrier must be transmitted in an odd-numbered character position.


Defined Ordered Sets LINK_NOT_AVAILABLE & LINK_CONFIGURATION

v The F sequence is used to indicate LINK_NOT_AVAILABLE.– The F sequence is signaled continuously while the associated receiver

attempts to acquire synchronization.

v The C Sequence is used to indicate LINK_CONFIGURATION.– C conveys a single parameter to the other end of the link.

u The parameter is a 16-bit config_register that includes bits sufficient to specify the capabilities of a PHY as well as an ACK bit.

u Config_Register format is styled after the Link Code Word (LCW) defined in IEEE 802.3u clause 28.

– Config_Register data bits are coded as the third and forth characters of the LINK_CONFIGURATION ordered set.

– The order of transmission of config_register data is encoded bits d0:d7 followed by encoded bits d8:d15.

u The transmitted bit streams bears little resemblance to order of the Config_Register.


Config_Register

Config_Register bit usage:D5/A0: Full duplex capableD6/A1: Half duplex capableD7/A2: Defer capableD8/A3: Long TopologyD9/A4: Short TopologyD13/RF: Remote FaultD14/ACK: AcknowledgeD15/NP: Next Page (Escape)

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15

S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 RF ACK NP

Selector Field Technology Ability Field


Listing of Ordered Sets

Code Function Encoding Beg. RD End RD

F LINK_NOT_AVAILABLE K28.5 D21.5 ? flipC LINK_CONFIGURATION K28.5 D10.5 config_reg ? ?I1 Flip Disparity/Not Defer K28.5 D5.6 + -I2 Flip Disparity/Defer K28.5 D26.1 + -I3 Disparity OK/Not Defer K28.5 D16.2 - -I4 Disparity OK/Defer K28.5 D2.2 - -S SOP K27.7 ? sameT EOP1 K23.7 ? sameR EOP2 K29.7 ? sameH EOPinvalid K30.7 ? same


Coding Distance of Characters Used in Ordered Sets

Char D21.5 D2.2 D16.2 D10.5 D26.1D2.2 7D16.2 7 4D10.5 6 7 7D26.1 6 3 5 4D5.6 4 7 4 6 10

v Minimum distance is 3, where, in both cases, the 3 bit positions are not successive.

v Data characters are chosen for high transition density, proper disparity control, and sufficient coding distance.


Link Information ExamplePart 1/2

802.3 info 8B10B codesLINK_NOT_AVAILABLE FLINK_NOT_AVAILABLE F

~ ~LINK_NOT_AVAILABLE FLINK_CONFIGURATION CLINK_CONFIGURATION C

~ ~LINK_CONFIGURATION CDisparity OK/Not Defer I3Disparity OK/Not Defer I3

~ ~Disparity OK/Not Defer I30 PREAMBLE S (single short packet)1 PREAMBLE Data = 101010102 PREAMBLE Data = 101010103 PREAMBLE Data = 101010104 PREAMBLE Data = 101010105 PREAMBLE Data = 101010106 PREAMBLE Data = 101010107 SFD Data = 101010118 DA Data = DA...

~ ~ LLC DATA Data = LLC DATA...

~ ~FCS1 Data = FCS1 octet...

802.3 info 8B10B codesFCS2 Data = FCS2 octet...FCS3 Data = FCS3 octet...FCS4 Data = FCS4 octet...EOP1 TEOP2 REOP2 R

~ ~EOP2 R (odd-num character)

Flip Disparity/Not Defer I1Disparity OK/Not Defer I3

~ ~Disparity OK/Not Defer I3Disparity OK/Defer I4Disparity OK/Defer I4

~ ~Disparity OK/Defer I4Disparity OK/Not Defer I3LINK_NOT_AVAILABLE F (error detected)LINK_NOT_AVAILABLE F

~ ~LINK_NOT_AVAILABLE FLINK_CONFIGURATION CLINK_CONFIGURATION C

~ ~LINK_CONFIGURATION C


Link Information ExamplePart 2/2

802.3 info 8B10B codesFlip Disparity/Not Defer I1Disparity OK/Not Defer I3

~ ~ Disparity OK/Not Defer I3Disparity OK/Defer I4Disparity OK/Defer I4

~ ~ 0 PREAMBLE S (1st packet of burst)1 PREAMBLE Data = 101010102 PREAMBLE Data = 101010103 PREAMBLE Data = 101010104 PREAMBLE Data = 101010105 PREAMBLE Data = 101010106 PREAMBLE Data = 101010107 SFD Data = 101010118 DA Data = DA...

~ ~LLC DATA Data = LLC DATA...

~ ~ FCS1 Data = FCS1 octet... FCS2 Data = FCS2 octet... FCS3 Data = FCS3 octet... FCS4 Data = FCS4 octet... EOP1 T (even char/no extension) EOP2 R

802.3 info 8B10B codes0 PREAMBLE S (2nd packet of burst) 1 PREAMBLE Data = 101010102 PREAMBLE Data = 101010103 PREAMBLE Data = 101010104 PREAMBLE Data = 101010105 PREAMBLE Data = 101010106 PREAMBLE Data = 101010107 SFD Data = 101010118 DA Data = DA...

~ ~LLC DATA Data = LLC DATA...

~ ~ FCS1 Data = FCS1 octet... FCS2 Data = FCS2 octet... FCS3 Data = FCS3 octet... FCS4 Data = FCS4 octet... EOP1 T (even char/no extension) EOP2 RFlip Disparity/Defer I2Disparity OK/Defer I4

~ ~ Disparity OK/Defer I4Disparity OK/Not Defer I3Disparity OK/Not Defer I3

~ ~


Link Initialization

v The link is not considered usable until Link Initialization is complete.– To perform link initialization, a station transmits a prescribed

sequence and simultaneously attempts to acquire bit and transmission word synchronization from the received signal.

– The sequence transmitted varies according to whether the link is initializing, has lost synchronization while initializing, or has completed initialization.

– Link initialization may occur during the transmission of the LINK_NOT_AVAILABLE, LINK_CONFIGURATION, or IDLE sequences.


Invalid Transmission Words

v The detection of Invalid Transmission Words is an indication that a receiver is out of synchronization.

v An invalid Transmission Word is recognized by the receiver when one of the following conditions is detected:– A Code Violation is detected within a Transmission Word;– A Special Character Alignment Error is detected. (e.g., a K28.5

character is received as an odd-numbered character, a non-K28.5 special character immediately follows a K28.5 character, a non supported special character is detected, etc.);

– An ordered set with improper Beginning Running Disparity received.


Running Disparity

v 8B10B code recognizes the idea of a Running Disparity (the difference between the number of 1’s and 0’s transmitted).– The sender keeps the running disparity around zero, the receiver checks the

sender.u After powering on or exiting diagnostic mode, the transmitter assumes the negative

value for its initial running disparity.u Upon transmission of any transmission character, the transmitter calculates a new

value for its running disparity.u After powering on or exiting a special mode, the receiver assumes either a positive

or negative initial running disparity.u Upon reception of any transmission character, the receiver determines whether the

character is valid and calculates a new value for its RD.u All IDLE ordered sets end with negative RD. I3 and I4 ordered sets also begin with

negative running disparity.u I3 or I4 ordered sets may be removed or added from an encoded bit stream by an

inter-station unit to compensate for differences in clock frequencies, one word at a time, without altering the beginning RD of the immediately preceding transmission word.


Synchronization States

v A receiver shall enter the Synchronization_Acquired state when it has achieved both bit and transmission word synchronization.– Signal_status=OK when a receiver is in the Synchronization_Acquired

state.

v The following four conditions shall cause an operational receiver to enter the Loss_of_Synchronization state.– Signal_status=NOT_OK when a receiver is in the

Loss_of_Synchronization state:1) Completion of the Loss_of_Synchronization procedure;2) Transition to power on;3) Exit from receiver reset condition;4) Detection of Loss_of_Signal.


Loss_of_SynchronizationProcedure States

v The following five detection states are defined as part of the Loss_of_Synchronization procedure:– State 1: No invalid transmission word has been detected (the

No_Invalid_Transmission_Word detection state).– State 2: The first invalid transmission word is detected (the

First_Invalid_Transmission_Word detection state).– State 3: The second invalid transmission word is detected (the

Second_Invalid_Transmission_Word detection state).– State 4: The third invalid transmission word is detected (the

Third_Invalid_Transmission_Word detection state).– State 5: The fourth invalid transmission word is detected (the

Fourth_Invalid_Transmission_Word detection state).v A receiver in the Synchronization_Acquired state may be in any of the first four

detection states listed above. A receiver in State 5 shall enter the Loss_of_Synchronization state.


Loss_of_Synchronization Procedure Transitions

v The following state transitions are defined as part of the Loss_of_Synchronization procedure:a) The first invalid transmission word is detected;b) An additional invalid transmission word is not detected in the next

two or fewer consecutive transmission words;c) An additional invalid transmission word is detected in the next two

or fewer consecutive transmission words;d) The receiver regains

synchronization;e) The receiver is reset;f) The receiver exits a previously

established reset condition.

State 1 State 2 State 3

State 5 State 4Reset

State 1a

b

c

b

e

f

c

cb

Synchronization_Acquired

d

Loss_of_Sync


Summary

v 8B10B codes and the proposed coding structure is efficient, robust, and flexible enough to meet Gigabit Ethernet PCS requirements.

v Follow-up activities:– Review Howard Johnson’s Proof of Robustness– Maintenance mode protocol and coding– Reserved codes– Other direction from the Task Force?

Gigabit Ethernet July 15, 1996 8B10B Valid Data Codes

Rich Taborek Amdahl Corp 1

Table 1 – Valid data characters

DataByteName

Bits

HGF EDCBA

Current RD – RD –Transition

Density

Current RD + RD +Transition

Density

CombinedTransition

Density

EndingRDabcdei fghj abcdei fghj

D0.0D1.0D2.0D3.0D4.0D5.0D6.0D7.0D8.0D9.0D10.0D11.0D12.0D13.0D14.0D15.0D16.0D17.0D18.0D19.0D20.0D21.0D22.0D23.0D24.0D25.0D26.0D27.0D28.0D29.0D30.0D31.0D0.1D1.1D2.1D3.1D4.1D5.1D6.1D7.1D8.1D9.1D10.1D11.1D12.1D13.1D14.1D15.1D16.1D17.1D18.1D19.1D20.1D21.1D22.1D23.1D24.1D25.1D26.1D27.1

000 00000000 00001000 00010000 00011000 00100000 00101000 00110000 00111000 01000000 01001000 01010000 01011000 01100000 01101000 01110000 01111000 10000000 10001000 10010000 10011000 10100000 10101000 10110000 10111000 11000000 11001000 11010000 11011000 11100000 11101000 11110000 11111001 00000001 00001001 00010001 00011001 00100001 00101001 00110001 00111001 01000001 01001001 01010001 01011001 01100001 01101001 01110001 01111001 10000001 10001001 10010001 10011001 10100001 10101001 10110001 10111001 11000001 11001001 11010001 11011

100111 0100011101 0100101101 0100110001 1011110101 0100101001 1011011001 1011111000 1011111001 0100100101 1011010101 1011110100 1011001101 1011101100 1011011100 1011010111 0100011011 0100100011 1011010011 1011110010 1011001011 1011101010 1011011010 1011111010 0100110011 0100100110 1011010110 1011110110 0100001110 1011101110 0100011110 0100101011 0100100111 1001011101 1001101101 1001110001 1001110101 1001101001 1001011001 1001111000 1001111001 1001100101 1001010101 1001110100 1001001101 1001101100 1001011100 1001010111 1001011011 1001100011 1001010011 1001110010 1001001011 1001101010 1001011010 1001111010 1001110011 1001100110 1001010110 1001110110 1001

567476545676565664565875567555474564665446765555545658764676

011000 1011100010 1011010010 1011110001 0100001010 1011101001 0100011001 0100000111 0100000110 1011100101 0100010101 0100110100 0100001101 0100101100 0100011100 0100101000 1011100100 1011100011 0100010011 0100110010 0100001011 0100101010 0100011010 0100000101 1011001100 1011100110 0100010110 0100001001 1011001110 0100010001 1011100001 1011010100 1011011000 1001100010 1001010010 1001110001 1001001010 1001101001 1001011001 1001000111 1001000110 1001100101 1001010101 1001110100 1001001101 1001101100 1001011100 1001101000 1001100100 1001100011 1001010011 1001110010 1001001011 1001101010 1001011010 1001000101 1001001100 1001100110 1001010110 1001001001 1001

567577645785654665656765556545475674765356765556645658755675

1012149

1413118

1013151111119

12129

111111151310101113109

108

149

11138

13121079

12141210101011118

1012101614119

121411

samesamesame

flipsame

flipflipflip

sameflipflipflipflipflipflip

samesame

flipflipflipflipflipflip

samesame

flipflip

sameflip

samesamesame

flipflipflip

sameflip

samesamesame

flipsamesamesamesamesamesame

flipflip

samesamesamesamesamesame

flipflip

samesame

flip

(continued)




(continued)

DataByteName

Bits

HGF EDCBA


Density


Density

CombinedTransition

Density



001 11100001 11101001 11110001 11111010 00000010 00001010 00010010 00011010 00100010 00101010 00110010 00111010 01000010 01001010 01010010 01011010 01100010 01101010 01110010 01111010 10000010 10001010 10010010 10011010 10100010 10101010 10110010 10111010 11000010 11001010 11010010 11011010 11100010 11101010 11110010 11111011 00000011 00001011 00010011 00011011 00100011 00101011 00110011 00111011 01000011 01001011 01010011 01011011 01100011 01101011 01110011 01111011 10000011 10001011 10010011 10011011 10100011 10101011 10110011 10111

001110 1001101110 1001011110 1001101011 1001100111 0101011101 0101101101 0101110001 0101110101 0101101001 0101011001 0101111000 0101111001 0101100101 0101010101 0101110100 0101001101 0101101100 0101011100 0101010111 0101011011 0101100011 0101010011 0101110010 0101001011 0101101010 0101011010 0101111010 0101110011 0101100110 0101010110 0101110110 0101001110 0101101110 0101011110 0101101011 0101100111 0011011101 0011101101 0011110001 1100110101 0011101001 1100011001 1100111000 1100111001 0011100101 1100010101 1100110100 1100001101 1100101100 1100011100 1100010111 0011011011 0011100011 1100010011 1100110010 1100001011 1100101010 1100011010 1100111010 0011

565667868874689676577676787666765658456365434565454553454764

001110 1001010001 1001100001 1001010100 1001011000 0101100010 0101010010 0101110001 0101001010 0101101001 0101011001 0101000111 0101000110 0101100101 0101010101 0101110100 0101001101 0101101100 0101011100 0101101000 0101100100 0101100011 0101010011 0101110010 0101001011 0101101010 0101011010 0101000101 0101001100 0101100110 0101010110 0101001001 0101001110 0101010001 0101100001 0101010100 0101011000 1100100010 1100010010 1100110001 0011001010 1100101001 0011011001 0011000111 0011000110 1100100101 0011010101 0011110100 0011001101 0011101100 0011011100 0011101000 1100100100 1100100011 0011010011 0011110010 0011001011 0011101010 0011011010 0011000101 1100

554756767875589676566676787756775767456466534674543554545654

10119

13111315121516149

1116181214121013131214121416141311121413101311158

10127

1211968

11139997

10107999

13118

sameflipflipflip

sameflipflip

sameflip

samesamesame


flipflip


flipflip

samesame

flipsame


sameflip

samesamesame


flipflip


flip

(continued)




(continued)

DataByteName

Bits

HGF EDCBA


Density


Density

CombinedTransition

Density



011 11000011 11001011 11010011 11011011 11100011 11101011 11110011 11111100 00000100 00001100 00010100 00011100 00100100 00101100 00110100 00111100 01000100 01001100 01010100 01011100 01100100 01101100 01110100 01111100 10000100 10001100 10010100 10011100 10100100 10101100 10110100 10111100 11000100 11001100 11010100 11011100 11100100 11101100 11110100 11111101 00000101 00001101 00010101 00011101 00100101 00101101 00110101 00111101 01000101 01001101 01010101 01011101 01100101 01101101 01110101 01111101 10000101 10001101 10010101 10011

110011 0011100110 1100010110 1100110110 0011001110 1100101110 0011011110 0011101011 0011100111 0010011101 0010101101 0010110001 1101110101 0010101001 1101011001 1101111000 1101111001 0010100101 1101010101 1101110100 1101001101 1101101100 1101011100 1101010111 0010011011 0010100011 1101010011 1101110010 1101001011 1101101010 1101011010 1101111010 0010110011 0010100110 1101010110 1101110110 0010001110 1101101110 0010011110 0010101011 0010100111 1010011101 1010101101 1010110001 1010110101 1010101001 1010011001 1010111000 1010111001 1010100101 1010010101 1010110100 1010001101 1010101100 1010011100 1010010111 1010011011 1010100011 1010010011 1010110010 1010

456444365674765456765656645658755675554756757765578767666567

001100 1100100110 0011010110 0011001001 1100001110 0011010001 1100100001 1100010100 1100011000 1101100010 1101010010 1101110001 0010001010 1101101001 0010011001 0010000111 0010000110 1101100101 0010010101 0010110100 0010001101 0010101100 0010011100 0010101000 1101100100 1101100011 0010010011 0010110010 0010001011 0010101010 0010011010 0010000101 1101001100 1101100110 0010010110 0010001001 1101001110 0010010001 1101100001 1101010100 1101011000 1010100010 1010010010 1010110001 1010001010 1010101001 1010011001 1010000111 1010000110 1010100101 1010010101 1010110100 1010001101 1010101100 1010011100 1010101000 1010100100 1010100011 1010010011 1010110010 1010

445434365675776457856546656567655565454767858764678767677567

89

118786

111012149

1413118

1013151111119

12129

111111151310101113109

108

14111315101514129

111416141214121313101214

flipsamesame

flipsame

flipflipflip

samesamesame

flipsame

flipflipflip


samesame


samesame

flipflip

sameflip

samesamesame

flipflipflip

sameflip

samesamesame


flipflip

samesamesame

(continued)




(continued)

DataByteName

Bits

HGF EDCBA


Density


Density

CombinedTransition

Density



101 10100101 10101101 10110101 10111101 11000101 11001101 11010101 11011101 11100101 11101101 11110101 11111110 00000110 00001110 00010110 00011110 00100110 00101110 00110110 00111110 01000110 01001110 01010110 01011110 01100110 01101110 01110110 01111110 10000110 10001110 10010110 10011110 10100110 10101110 10110110 10111110 11000110 11001110 11010110 11011110 11100110 11101110 11110110 11111111 00000111 00001111 00010111 00011111 00100111 00101111 00110111 00111111 01000111 01001111 01010111 01011111 01100111 01101111 01110111 01111

001011 1010101010 1010011010 1010111010 1010110011 1010100110 1010010110 1010110110 1010001110 1010101110 1010011110 1010101011 1010100111 0110011101 0110101101 0110110001 0110110101 0110101001 0110011001 0110111000 0110111001 0110100101 0110010101 0110110100 0110001101 0110101100 0110011100 0110010111 0110011011 0110100011 0110010011 0110110010 0110001011 0110101010 0110011010 0110111010 0110110011 0110100110 0110010110 0110110110 0110001110 0110101110 0110011110 0110101011 0110100111 0001011101 0001101101 0001110001 1110110101 0001101001 1110011001 1110111000 1110111001 0001100101 1110010101 1110110100 1110001101 1110101100 1110011100 1110010111 0001

698757876767567577635785654665656765556545474563554345654545

001011 1010101010 1010011010 1010000101 1010001100 1010100110 1010010110 1010001001 1010001110 1010010001 1010100001 1010010100 1010011000 0110100010 0110010010 0110110001 0110001010 0110101001 0110011001 0110000111 0110000110 0110100101 0110010101 0110110100 0110001101 0110101100 0110011100 0110101000 0110100100 0110100011 0110010011 0110110010 0110001011 0110101010 0110011010 0110000101 0110001100 0110100110 0110010110 0110001001 0110001110 0110010001 0110100001 0110010100 0110011000 1110100010 1110010010 1110110001 0001001010 1110101001 0001011001 0001000111 0001000110 1110100101 0001010101 0001110100 1000001101 0001101100 1000011100 1000101000 1110

698667866658456567644785654555656766456645564564665346755545

1218161311141613121311159

11131013141279

14161012108

1111101210121412119

1012118

109

138

10127

1111968

1113109

108

10

samesamesame

flipflip

samesame

flipsame


sameflip

samesamesame


flipflip


flipsamesamesame

flipsame

flipflipflip

samesamesameflip[

sameflipflipflip


same

(continued)




(continued)

DataByteName

Bits

HGF EDCBA


Density


Density

CombinedTransition

Density


D16.7D17.7D18.7D19.7D20.7D21.7D22.7D23.7D24.7D25.7D26.7D27.7D28.7D29.7D30.7D31.7

111 10000111 10001111 10010111 10011111 10100111 10101111 10110111 10111111 11000111 11001111 11010111 11011111 11100111 11101111 11110111 11111

011011 0001100011 0111010011 0111110010 1110001011 0111101010 1110011010 1110111010 0001110011 0001100110 1110010110 1110110110 0001001110 1110101110 0001011110 0001101011 0001

5455576445644436

100100 1110100011 0001010011 0001110010 0001001011 0001101010 0001011010 0001000101 1110001100 1110100110 0001010110 0001001001 1110001110 0001010001 1110100001 1110010100 1110

5454565444543436

108

109

101311889

118786

12


samesame

flipflip

sameflip

samesamesame

(concluded)



Table 12 – Valid special characters

SpecialCodeName

Current RD – Current RD +

Notes


K28.0 K28.1 K28.2 K28.3 K28.4 K28.5 K28.6 K28.7 K23.7 K27.7 K29.7 K30.7

001111 0100001111 1001001111 0101001111 0011001111 0010001111 1010001111 0110001111 1000111010 1000110110 1000101110 1000011110 1000

110000 1011110000 0110110000 1010110000 1100110000 1101110000 0101110000 1001110000 0111000101 0111001001 0111010001 0111100001 0111

Comma

Comma

Comma

sameflipflipflipsameflipflipsamesamesamesamesame

Notes

Comma - comma character

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