Gilded Age Gilded Age 1870-19001870-1900

• Pick up ClickersPick up Clickers

• Pick up C-NotesPick up C-Notes

• Get out Notebook log and LT SheetGet out Notebook log and LT Sheet

• GET OUT C-NOTES FROM SUBGET OUT C-NOTES FROM SUB

Very Laissez Faire Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt.Federal Govt.

Very Laissez Faire Very Laissez Faire Federal Govt.Federal Govt. From 1870-1900 Govt. did

verylittle domestically.

Main duties of the federal govt.:

Deliver the mail.

Maintain a national military.

Collect taxes & tariffs.

Conduct a foreign policy.

Exception administer the annual Civil War veterans’ pension.

Laissez Faire Government Laissez Faire Government refers to refers to

A.A. As little government intervention as As little government intervention as possible.possible.

B.B. As much government as possible.As much government as possible.

C.C. An equal amount of government An equal amount of government intervention.intervention.

D.D. [Option 4][Option 4][Default][MC Any][MC All]

Pendleton Civil Service Act of Pendleton Civil Service Act of 18831883

• A bipartisan commission enacted to A bipartisan commission enacted to make civil service appointments to make civil service appointments to federal jobs through a merit system federal jobs through a merit system based on a candidates performances based on a candidates performances on an examination. on an examination.

• Pros:Pros: Cleaned up Washington D.C.Cleaned up Washington D.C.

• Cons:Cons: Politicians had to turn Politicians had to turn elsewhere for political contributions. elsewhere for political contributions.

Although the Pendleton Act was helpful in Although the Pendleton Act was helpful in that the government could no longer pay for that the government could no longer pay for

politicians campaignspoliticians campaignsA.A. It directly set the path for cleaning up It directly set the path for cleaning up

WashingtonWashington’’s corrupt practices of s corrupt practices of lobbying.lobbying.

B.B. It made politicians turn toward It made politicians turn toward corporations (big businesses) for their corporations (big businesses) for their money.money.

Pendleton Act (1883)Pendleton Act (1883)Pendleton Act (1883)Pendleton Act (1883)

Civil Service Act.

The “Magna Carta” of civil service reform.

1883 14,000 out of117,000 federal govt.jobs became civilservice exam positions.

1900 100,000 out of 200,000 civil service federal govt. jobs.

The Rise of Political MachinesThe Rise of Political Machines

• Political MachinesPolitical Machines –an –an organized group of people that organized group of people that controlled the activities of a controlled the activities of a political partypolitical party– By giving voters services they By giving voters services they

needed, the machine won their needed, the machine won their vote and controlled city vote and controlled city governmentgovernment

• City BossCity Boss was head of Political was head of Political MachinesMachines– ControlledControlled

• Jobs in police, fire, and Jobs in police, fire, and sanitation departmentssanitation departments

• Agencies that granted licenses Agencies that granted licenses to businessesto businesses

• Money to fund large Money to fund large construction projectsconstruction projects

“All Politics center around the Boss”

View Gangs in New York Clip #1

Political MachinePolitical Machine

A.A. An easy way to voteAn easy way to vote

B.B. A group of people voted by constituentsA group of people voted by constituents

C.C. A group of people that sit on a council A group of people that sit on a council and hold town hall meetingsand hold town hall meetings

D.D. an organized group of people that an organized group of people that controlled the activities of a political controlled the activities of a political partyparty

Political MachinesPolitical Machines

• Political machines loved Political machines loved immigrants, WHY?immigrants, WHY?– Never voted, tried to sway Never voted, tried to sway

votes by bribery, votes by bribery, intimidation, and other intimidation, and other meansmeans

• Political machines used Political machines used power topower to– Rig electionsRig elections– Become wealthy from Become wealthy from

kickbackskickbacks-illegal payments-illegal payments– Control police force to stay Control police force to stay

out of troubleout of trouble

Who was Boss Tweed?Who was Boss Tweed?

• William M. TweedWilliam M. Tweed• Head of Head of Tammany HallTammany Hall

(New York’s powerful (New York’s powerful Democratic political Democratic political machine).machine).

• Led the Tweed Ring from Led the Tweed Ring from 1869-1871.1869-1871.

• Stole $30 to $200 million.Stole $30 to $200 million.

““Boss TweedBoss Tweed”” and Thomas Nast and Thomas Nast

• William “Boss” Tweed City Boss of City Boss of Tammany Tammany Hall-Hall- Democratic Democratic Political Machine in Political Machine in New York CityNew York City

• Thomas NastThomas Nast –political –political cartoonist who was cartoonist who was critical of machines critical of machines and Tweedand Tweed

Corruption in GovernmentCorruption in Government

• Patronage or Spoils System-Patronage or Spoils System- giving government jobs to loyal giving government jobs to loyal party workers or friends party workers or friends – Were not qualifiedWere not qualified– Used position to get money Used position to get money

from government (from government (graftgraft))• President James Garfield is is

assassinated by disappointed assassinated by disappointed office seeker favoring Spoils office seeker favoring Spoils SystemSystem

• President Chester Arthur signs President Chester Arthur signs Pendleton Civil Service Act of Pendleton Civil Service Act of 18831883

James Garfield

Charles Guiteau

View video #2

View video #3

Gilded Age-originGilded Age-origin

• Gilded Age --Period when Period when corruption existed in society but corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the was overshadowed by the wealth of the period wealth of the period ((““gildedgilded”” is is when something is when something is golden/beautiful on the surface golden/beautiful on the surface but is really cheap/worthless but is really cheap/worthless underneathunderneath

• Abuses in business and Abuses in business and government caused problems government caused problems for immigrants, laborers, and for immigrants, laborers, and farmersfarmers

• Term comes from a book written Term comes from a book written about the time period by Mark about the time period by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in 1873 Warner in 1873 The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age

View Intro to America’s Industrial Revolution

The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age

A.A. Period when prosperity existed in Period when prosperity existed in society and there was more wealth than society and there was more wealth than poverty.poverty.

B.B. Period of time when the gold strikes of Period of time when the gold strikes of California made it possible for a surplus California made it possible for a surplus of golf in America.of golf in America.

C.C. Period when corruption existed in Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the periodwealth of the period

Presidents of the Gilded AgePresidents of the Gilded Age

U.S. Grant 1869-1877

Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881

James Garfield 1881

Chester A. Arthur 1881-

1885

Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 and

1893-1897Benjamin

Harrison 1889-1893

William McKinley 1897-

1901

President GrantPresident Grant““Waving the Bloody ShirtWaving the Bloody Shirt””

• Popular War herePopular War here

• Republican Party, wants peace for Republican Party, wants peace for country.country.

• Wins Presidency, 500,000 votes from Wins Presidency, 500,000 votes from freed slaves.freed slaves.

• Corrupt AdvisorsCorrupt Advisors– Tweed RingTweed Ring– Whiskey RingWhiskey Ring

Presidents of the Gilded AgePresidents of the Gilded Age

U.S. Grant 1869-1877

Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881

James Garfield 1881

Chester A. Arthur 1881-

1885

Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 and

1893-1897Benjamin

Harrison 1889-1893

William McKinley 1897-

1901

Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes““RutherfraudRutherfraud””

• Orinigally Ohio GovernorOrinigally Ohio Governor(um…swing state (um…swing state anyone?)anyone?)

– Corrupt Cabinet Corrupt Cabinet

• Hayes/Tilden RaceHayes/Tilden Race– Race was so close184 electoral votes to 185 electoral votesRace was so close184 electoral votes to 185 electoral votes– Both sides Recampaigned.Both sides Recampaigned.

• Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877– If Hayes took office, then North would remove If Hayes took office, then North would remove

federal troops from south.federal troops from south.– IMPORTANCE: IMPORTANCE: END OF RECONSTRUCTION!END OF RECONSTRUCTION!

Presidents of the Gilded AgePresidents of the Gilded Age

U.S. Grant 1869-1877

Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881

James Garfield 1881

Chester A. Arthur 1881-

1885

Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 and

1893-1897Benjamin

Harrison 1889-1893

William McKinley 1897-

1901

James GarfieldJames GarfieldThe ShockerThe Shocker

• Ohio Governor (again..)Ohio Governor (again..)

• Running mate – Running mate – Chester ArthurChester Arthur

• Energetic and ready to clean up scandal.Energetic and ready to clean up scandal.

• Assassinated on September 19Assassinated on September 19– Survived 11 weeks before dying.Survived 11 weeks before dying.

• Only served about 5 monthsOnly served about 5 months– Survived 11 weeks before dying.Survived 11 weeks before dying.

Importance: Shocked politicians into reforming spoils system

1881: Garfield 1881: Garfield Assassinated!Assassinated!1881: Garfield 1881: Garfield Assassinated!Assassinated!

Charles Guiteau:I Am a Stalwart, and Arthur is President now!

Presidents of the Gilded AgePresidents of the Gilded Age

U.S. Grant 1869-1877

Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881

James Garfield 1881

Chester A. Arthur 1881-

1885

Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 and

1893-1897Benjamin

Harrison 1889-1893

William McKinley 1897-

1901

Chester ArthurChester ArthurThe ReformerThe Reformer

• Prosecuted corruption/fraud casesProsecuted corruption/fraud cases

• Pushed through the Pendleton ActPushed through the Pendleton Act– Good – Federal govt could no longer give Good – Federal govt could no longer give

money to politiciansmoney to politicians– Bad – Politicians turn towards corporations.Bad – Politicians turn towards corporations.

• Was such a Was such a reformerreformer in government, he in government, he offended his own partyoffended his own party

• Pushed out of Republican Nomination, Pushed out of Republican Nomination, died of cerebral hemorrhage.died of cerebral hemorrhage.

Presidents of the Gilded AgePresidents of the Gilded Age

U.S. Grant 1869-1877

Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881

James Garfield 1881

Chester A. Arthur 1881-

1885

Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 and

1893-1897Benjamin

Harrison 1889-1893

William McKinley 1897-

1901

Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland““Grover the GoodGrover the Good””

• Lawyer, 47, Governor of NYLawyer, 47, Governor of NY– Ruh roh….Involved in an affair….Ruh roh….Involved in an affair….

• Won by a slim marginWon by a slim margin• 11stst time Democrats in office since Civil War time Democrats in office since Civil War• Very fair, hoped to lower TariffsVery fair, hoped to lower Tariffs

– Surplus of 125 million/yearSurplus of 125 million/year

– Threatened monopoliesThreatened monopolies

– Republicans do NOT renominate, because of this Republicans do NOT renominate, because of this issue.issue.

– Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland

Presidents of the Gilded AgePresidents of the Gilded Age

U.S. Grant 1869-1877

Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881

James Garfield 1881

Chester A. Arthur 1881-

1885

Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 and

1893-1897Benjamin

Harrison 1889-1893

William McKinley 1897-

1901

Benjamin HarrisonBenjamin Harrison

• Republican PartyRepublican Party• Party bought votes for 20$ in swing states.Party bought votes for 20$ in swing states.

• Billion dollar CongressBillion dollar Congress– McKinley Tariff Act of 1890McKinley Tariff Act of 1890– Sherman Silver Purchase ActSherman Silver Purchase Act– Rural Voters rise upRural Voters rise up– Spent up to a billion dollars, first time that ever Spent up to a billion dollars, first time that ever

happenedhappened

Which PresidentWhich President’’s Cabinet was s Cabinet was responsible for the Whiskey Ring?responsible for the Whiskey Ring?

A.A. HarrisonHarrison

B.B. GrantGrant

C.C. HayesHayes

D.D. GarfieldGarfield

Which is the only President to serve 2 Which is the only President to serve 2 NON-consecutive terms?NON-consecutive terms?

A.A. HayesHayes

B.B. GrantGrant

C.C. ClevelandCleveland

D.D. HarrisonHarrison

HarrisonHarrison’’s Billion Dollar s Billion Dollar Congress referred toCongress referred to

A.A. The amount of money Congress The amount of money Congress appropriated that yearappropriated that year

B.B. The amount of money raised during that The amount of money raised during that year of Congressyear of Congress

C.C. The switch to the Gold StandardThe switch to the Gold Standard

D.D. [Option 4][Option 4]

Sum it UpSum it Up

• History Frame History Frame Gilded Age Wrap Gilded Age Wrap UpUp

Inventors/Inventions Inventors/Inventions

• Thomas EdisonThomas Edison– Perfected the light bulb in 1880, and Perfected the light bulb in 1880, and

motion picturemotion picture– Organized power plantsOrganized power plants– Established first research labEstablished first research lab

• Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell– Telephone (1876)Telephone (1876)

• Henry FordHenry Ford– Assembly LineAssembly Line

• George EastmanGeorge Eastman– Camera (1885)Camera (1885)

• Samuel MorseSamuel Morse– Telegraph (1837)Telegraph (1837)

• Wright BrothersWright Brothers– Airplane (1903)Airplane (1903)

• Christopher SholesChristopher Sholes– Typewriter (1867)Typewriter (1867)

• Guglielmo MarconiGuglielmo Marconi– RadioRadio

Samuel Morse

Alexander Graham Bell

19th Century Camera

19th Century Typewriter

Wright Brothers on 1903 Flight

Marconi

Inventor of the Assembly lineInventor of the Assembly line

A.A. Henry FordHenry Ford

B.B. Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell

C.C. Christopher SholesChristopher Sholes

D.D. Thomas EdisonThomas Edison

Rise of Big BusinessRise of Big Business

• CorporationsCorporations– Owned by many peopleOwned by many people– Treated by law as personTreated by law as person– Those who own-own shares of stockThose who own-own shares of stock

• StockStock– Allows companies to spread out financial risk Allows companies to spread out financial risk

and raise moneyand raise money– Allows large workforceAllows large workforce

Rise of Big BusinessRise of Big Business

• CostsCosts– Fixed vs OperatingFixed vs Operating

• Pre Civil War – High Operating, low fixedPre Civil War – High Operating, low fixed• Post Civil War – Low Operating, high fixedPost Civil War – Low Operating, high fixed

• Advantages of Big Business CorporationsAdvantages of Big Business Corporations– Operate in economic recessionsOperate in economic recessions– Produce more fast and cheapProduce more fast and cheap– Small business couldnSmall business couldn’’t compete.t compete.

The Steel IndustryThe Steel Industry’’s Impact on s Impact on AmericaAmerica

• Bessemer Process-Bessemer Process- developed around 1850 developed around 1850 injected air into molten iron injected air into molten iron to remove impurities and to remove impurities and make steel-a lighter, more make steel-a lighter, more flexible, rust resistant flexible, rust resistant metalmetal

• Steel is used in railroads, Steel is used in railroads, farm equipment, canned farm equipment, canned goodsgoods

• Engineers use steel to Engineers use steel to create skyscrapers and create skyscrapers and longer bridges (Brooklyn longer bridges (Brooklyn Bridge)Bridge) View Steel Industry

Video

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

• Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie– Industrialists who made Industrialists who made

a fortune in steel in the a fortune in steel in the late 1800late 1800’’s, as a s, as a philanthropists, he gave philanthropists, he gave away some $350 away some $350 million.million.

• John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller– Industrialists who made Industrialists who made

a fortune in the oil a fortune in the oil refining industryrefining industry

– U.S. Standard OilU.S. Standard Oil

[Enter question here][Enter question here]

A. a person who seeks to promote the welfare of others, especially by the generous donation of money to good causes

B.B. Someone who promotes themselves by Someone who promotes themselves by way of propagandaway of propaganda

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

• J.P. MorganJ.P. Morgan– Industrialists who Industrialists who

started U.S. Steel from started U.S. Steel from Carnegie Steel and Carnegie Steel and other companies. other companies. Became 1Became 1stst Billion dollar Billion dollar Corporation.Corporation.

– Bailed out the U.S. Bailed out the U.S. economy on more than economy on more than one occasion. one occasion.

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

• Vertical Integration Vertical Integration – – Andrew Andrew CarnegieCarnegie– A process in which a A process in which a

company buys out all of the company buys out all of the suppliers. (Ex. coal and iron suppliers. (Ex. coal and iron mines, ore freighters, rr mines, ore freighters, rr lines)lines)

• Horizontal Consolidation Horizontal Consolidation –John –John D Rockefeller (Monopoly)D Rockefeller (Monopoly)

-A process in which a company -A process in which a company buys out or merges with all buys out or merges with all competing companies (JP competing companies (JP Morgan bought out Carnegie Morgan bought out Carnegie steel and other companies)steel and other companies)

A process in which a company buys out or A process in which a company buys out or merges with all competing companiesmerges with all competing companies

A.A. Vertical Integration Vertical Integration

B.B. Horizontal IntegrationHorizontal Integration

Rise of Big BusinessRise of Big Business

• MonopoliesMonopolies– Single company controls the entire market.Single company controls the entire market.– John D. Rockefeller controlled 90% of oil John D. Rockefeller controlled 90% of oil

market.market.– Outlawed eventually, business leaders would Outlawed eventually, business leaders would

create trusts instead.create trusts instead.

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

• TrustsTrusts -A group of -A group of separate companies separate companies placed under the placed under the control of a single control of a single managing boardmanaging board

• Critics called these Critics called these practices unfair and practices unfair and the business leaders the business leaders ““Robber BaronsRobber Barons””

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

• Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism– Used DarwinUsed Darwin’’s theory to s theory to

explain businessexplain business– Natural Selection, Survival of Natural Selection, Survival of

the Fittestthe Fittest– Govt. should not interfere Govt. should not interfere – Laissez-faireLaissez-faire -policy that US -policy that US

had followed since inception had followed since inception to not allow govt. to interfere to not allow govt. to interfere with businesswith business

• Captains of IndustryCaptains of Industry– A positive idea that industrial A positive idea that industrial

leaders worked hard and leaders worked hard and deserved their wealthdeserved their wealth

Carnegie Hall

Carnegie Library

Vanderbilt University

Captains of IndustryCaptains of Industry

A.A. complete control of a product or servicecomplete control of a product or serviceB.B. positive idea that industrial leaders positive idea that industrial leaders

worked hard and deserved their wealthworked hard and deserved their wealth

C.C. A group of separate companies placed A group of separate companies placed under the control of a single managing under the control of a single managing boardboard

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

• Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth -belief -belief that the wealthy are that the wealthy are ““chosen by Godchosen by God”” to be to be successful and were successful and were therefore responsible to therefore responsible to look out for the well being look out for the well being of those less fortunate. of those less fortunate. Many Industrialist shared Many Industrialist shared wealth although rarely wealth although rarely through direct welfare. through direct welfare. Started museums, etc. Started museums, etc.

• MonopolyMonopoly-complete control -complete control of a product or serviceof a product or service

The Rise of Big BusinessThe Rise of Big Business

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890of 1890– Law outlawing a Law outlawing a

combination of combination of companies that companies that restrained interstate restrained interstate trade or commerce; trade or commerce; important to prevent important to prevent monopolies. Not monopolies. Not initially enforced initially enforced properly.properly.

Benjamin Harrison

“What can I do when both Parties insist on kicking”

Gospel of Wealth was written byGospel of Wealth was written by

A.A. RockefellerRockefeller

B.B. CarnegieCarnegie

C.C. FordFord

D.D. VanderbiltVanderbilt

Gospel of Wealth StatedGospel of Wealth Stated

A.A. Belief that the wealthy are Belief that the wealthy are ““chosen by chosen by GodGod”” to be successful and were therefore to be successful and were therefore responsible to look out for the well being responsible to look out for the well being of those less fortunate.of those less fortunate.

B.B. Belief that the wealthy are destined to Belief that the wealthy are destined to create a gap between rich and poor.create a gap between rich and poor.

C.C. Belief that the wealthy have no obligation Belief that the wealthy have no obligation to help the poor.to help the poor.

RailroadsRailroads

• Rapid construction accelerated nationRapid construction accelerated nation’’s s industrialization and linked country industrialization and linked country together.together.

• Increased markets for many productsIncreased markets for many products

• American Railway AssociationAmerican Railway Association– Crashes, scheduling errors due to different Crashes, scheduling errors due to different

time zones.time zones.– Divided country into four different time zones.Divided country into four different time zones.

Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

• Completed in four yearsCompleted in four years– 400 rails for each mile, each rail took 10 400 rails for each mile, each rail took 10

spikesspikes– Workers on Union PacificWorkers on Union Pacific

• Immigrants, ex convicts, farmers, cooks, etcImmigrants, ex convicts, farmers, cooks, etc

– Workers of Central PacificWorkers of Central Pacific• Hired 10,000 workers from China – 1.00 a dayHired 10,000 workers from China – 1.00 a day..

• May 10, 1869, Promontory Summit, Utah.May 10, 1869, Promontory Summit, Utah.– Connected Union Pacific and Central Pacific.Connected Union Pacific and Central Pacific.

“The trains pulled up facing each other, each crowded with workmen…The officers and invited guests formed on each side of the track….Prayer was offered; a number of spikes were driven in the two adjoining rails… and thus the two roads were welded into one great trunk line from the Atlantic to the Pacific” - Mine Eyes Have Seen

Impact of Railroads on America Impact of Railroads on America during the Gilded Ageduring the Gilded Age

• BenefitsBenefits– Stimulated growth of other Stimulated growth of other

industries (steel, iron, coal, lumber, industries (steel, iron, coal, lumber, glass)glass)

– Helped cities growHelped cities grow– Helped increase westward Helped increase westward

expansion of Americaexpansion of America– Standard time zones were created Standard time zones were created

to get everyone on correct timeto get everyone on correct time• CorruptionCorruption

– Charged much higher rates to Charged much higher rates to western farmerswestern farmers

– Credit Mobilier Scandal 1868Credit Mobilier Scandal 1868• Union Pacific Union Pacific • Fake construction companyFake construction company• Bribed members of CongressBribed members of Congress• Represented corruption of Represented corruption of

periodperiod

View Corruption in Railroads

Poor Working Conditions in the Late Poor Working Conditions in the Late 18001800’’ss

• Most factory workers worked Most factory workers worked 12 hour days, 6 days a week12 hour days, 6 days a week

• Steel mills often demanded Steel mills often demanded 7 days a week7 days a week

• No vacations, sick leave, No vacations, sick leave, unemployment unemployment compensation, or workers compensation, or workers compensation for injuries on compensation for injuries on the jobthe job

• Children as young as 5 often Children as young as 5 often worked as much as 12 or worked as much as 12 or sometimes 14 hours a day, sometimes 14 hours a day, for as little as .$27 a day.for as little as .$27 a day.

Video on factory work

The Rise of Labor UnionsThe Rise of Labor Unions

• The Purpose of a labor The Purpose of a labor union was union was ““strength in strength in numbers.numbers.”” Attempted to Attempted to gain better working gain better working conditions and pay.conditions and pay.

• The Knights of LaborThe Knights of Labor– Was the first union to accept Was the first union to accept

workers of all races and workers of all races and gender. Pushed for 8 hour gender. Pushed for 8 hour workday, equal pay for workday, equal pay for women, accepted skilled women, accepted skilled and unskilled workersand unskilled workers

The Knights of Labor pushed for The Knights of Labor pushed for all of the following, exceptall of the following, except

A.A. 8 hour work day8 hour work day

B.B. Equal pay for womenEqual pay for women

C.C. Accepted all races and gendersAccepted all races and genders

D.D. Pushed for insurance payPushed for insurance pay

The Rise of Labor UnionsThe Rise of Labor Unions

• The American The American Federation of Labor Federation of Labor (AFL)-(AFL)- Accepted only Accepted only skilled white males, skilled white males, won higher wages and won higher wages and shorter work weeks for shorter work weeks for its membersits members

• Head of AFL was Head of AFL was Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

The Rise of Labor UnionsThe Rise of Labor Unions

• Industrial Workers of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or WobbliesWorld (IWW) or Wobblies– Created in 1905, was a Created in 1905, was a

radical group of mostly radical group of mostly unskilled workers who unskilled workers who believed in socialismbelieved in socialism

– SocialismSocialism-an economic -an economic or political philosophy or political philosophy that favors public (or that favors public (or social) control of social) control of property and income.property and income.

SocialismSocialism

A.A. Economic or political philosophy that Economic or political philosophy that government should stay out of the affairs government should stay out of the affairs of business.of business.

B.B. economic or political philosophy that economic or political philosophy that favors public (or social) control of favors public (or social) control of property and income property and income

Setbacks for Labor UnionsSetbacks for Labor Unions

• Great Railroad Strike of Great Railroad Strike of 18771877– RR workers strike to protest RR workers strike to protest

wage cutwage cut– Violence erupted in many Violence erupted in many

cities for a weekcities for a week– President Rutherford B. President Rutherford B.

Hayes sends in Federal Hayes sends in Federal Troops to put down strikeTroops to put down strike

– ScabScab –worker called in by an –worker called in by an employer to replace strikersemployer to replace strikers

– Courts and Federal govt. Courts and Federal govt. often sided with business often sided with business during Gilded Ageduring Gilded Age

Setbacks for Labor UnionsSetbacks for Labor Unions

• Haymarket Riot 1886Haymarket Riot 1886– Workers protesting and Workers protesting and

holding demonstrations in holding demonstrations in Haymarket Square ChicagoHaymarket Square Chicago

– Speakers are socialist and Speakers are socialist and anarchist (no govt.)anarchist (no govt.)

– Police arrive and bomb is Police arrive and bomb is thrown at police killing some thrown at police killing some and causing riotand causing riot

– Public blames labor unions Public blames labor unions and views them as radical, and views them as radical, violent, and mostly violent, and mostly foreignersforeigners

Setbacks for Labor UnionsSetbacks for Labor Unions

• Homestead Strike-1892Homestead Strike-1892– Workers strike against Workers strike against

Carnegie Steel plantCarnegie Steel plant– Henry Frick was anti-union Henry Frick was anti-union

leader of plantleader of plant– Homestead StrikeHomestead Strike

• Pullman Strike 1894Pullman Strike 1894– Railroad industry strike in Railroad industry strike in

which 120,000 striking which 120,000 striking railroad workers were railroad workers were stopped only by the stopped only by the intervention of the federal intervention of the federal governmentgovernment

Which strike reduced the membership Which strike reduced the membership of the Knights of Labor?of the Knights of Labor?

A.A. The Pullman StrikeThe Pullman Strike

B.B. Panic of 1873Panic of 1873

C.C. Haymarket RiotHaymarket Riot

D.D. Great Railroad Strike of 1877Great Railroad Strike of 1877

While many business leaders dealt with While many business leaders dealt with small unions, big business unions small unions, big business unions

A.A. Were slow to grow and make changeWere slow to grow and make change

B.B. Quickly made change and helped Quickly made change and helped conditionsconditions

Problems of Rapid UrbanizationProblems of Rapid Urbanization

• Urbanization-Urbanization- growth of growth of citiescities

• 3 reasons cities grew in 3 reasons cities grew in late 1800late 1800’’s and early s and early 19001900’’ss– New immigrants arrived in New immigrants arrived in

cities for workcities for work– As farm machines replaced As farm machines replaced

farmers they moved to citiesfarmers they moved to cities– African Americans left South African Americans left South

after Civil War and came to after Civil War and came to Northern cities.Northern cities.

View Rise of NYC video

ImmigrationImmigration• New ImmigrantsNew Immigrants

– From Eastern or From Eastern or Southern Europe Southern Europe and Asiaand Asia• Italy, Greece, Italy, Greece,

Austria-Hungary, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Serbia, Russia, Serbia, Japan, ChinaJapan, China

• Old ImmigrantsOld Immigrants– Northern/ Western Northern/ Western

Europe:Europe:• England, France, England, France,

Sweden, Germany, Sweden, Germany, SpainSpain

New Immigrants included all of New Immigrants included all of the following EXCEPTthe following EXCEPT

A.A. RussianRussian

B.B. SerbiaSerbia

C.C. JapanJapan

D.D. EnglandEngland

““Old immigration” 1600-1850Old immigration” 1600-1850• Original settlers – Original settlers –

English, Scots, Germans, English, Scots, Germans, Irish, ScandinaviansIrish, Scandinavians

• Protestant (Baptist, Protestant (Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, Methodist, Lutheran, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Episcopal, Presbyterian, etc.)etc.)

• Africans brought to Africans brought to America through slaveryAmerica through slavery

““New Immigrant Groups“New Immigrant Groups“

Italians

Jewish

Russians and Slavs

Balkans and Eastern Europe

New Immigration (1880-1930)New Immigration (1880-1930)

• 24 million immigrants 24 million immigrants • mostly from Eastern, Southern Europe and Mediterranean, were illiterate and mostly from Eastern, Southern Europe and Mediterranean, were illiterate and

poorpoor• Came from countries with no democratic or capitalist traditionsCame from countries with no democratic or capitalist traditions

Push and Pull of ImmigrationPush and Pull of Immigration

Push from HomePush from Home Pull to U.S.Pull to U.S.

• FamineFamine• WarWar• DiseaseDisease• UnemploymentUnemployment• Poverty Poverty • Oppression Oppression

(political)(political)

• JobsJobs• Freedom Freedom

(political & (political & religious)religious)

• LandLand• FamilyFamily• New startNew start

The New Immigrants came to America to The New Immigrants came to America to escape freedom in their old country.escape freedom in their old country.

A.A. TrueTrue

B.B. FalseFalse

[Default][MC Any][MC All]

Ethnic neighborhoodsEthnic neighborhoods• Collection of people in one Collection of people in one

area by language or area by language or nationalitynationality

– Mostly poorMostly poor– Very overcrowdedVery overcrowded

• SuburbsSuburbs

– Transportation Transportation allowed wealthier allowed wealthier people to move away people to move away from the overcrowded from the overcrowded citiescities

New vs Old ImmigrationNew vs Old Immigration

New ImmigrationNew Immigration Old ImmigrationOld Immigration• From Southern & From Southern &

Eastern Europe Eastern Europe (Italian, Polish, (Italian, Polish, Russian, etc.)Russian, etc.)

• Mostly CatholicMostly Catholic

• Illiterate Illiterate

• Unskilled Unskilled

• Mostly from Mostly from Western Europe Western Europe (Irish & German)(Irish & German)

• Religiously they Religiously they were Protestantwere Protestant

• Literate Literate

• Skilled LaborSkilled Labor

1888 Puck Magazine cartoon about American businessmen 1888 Puck Magazine cartoon about American businessmen encouraging immigration for cheap labor which hurts encouraging immigration for cheap labor which hurts

AmericansAmericans

The New ImmigrantsThe New Immigrants

• Ellis Island-Ellis Island- In New In New York harbor where York harbor where most European most European immigrants came to immigrants came to get processedget processed

• Angel Island-Angel Island- In San In San Francisco where most Francisco where most Asians entered USAsians entered US

• Culture ShockCulture Shock• Melting PotMelting Pot

If immigrants did not pass the medical If immigrants did not pass the medical exam upon entering Ellis Islandexam upon entering Ellis Island

A.A. They would be allowed to enter the US, They would be allowed to enter the US, but would have to go to the hospital firstbut would have to go to the hospital first

B.B. They would would more than likely be They would would more than likely be shipped back to where they came from.shipped back to where they came from.

C.C. They were placed in a holding cell until They were placed in a holding cell until their ailment passed. (i.e. lice, cold, fever)their ailment passed. (i.e. lice, cold, fever)

The New ImmigrantsThe New Immigrants

• 1882-Chinese Exclusion 1882-Chinese Exclusion Act-Act- prohibited Chinese prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the laborers from entering the country. Was not lifted country. Was not lifted until 1943.until 1943.

• GentlemenGentlemen’’s Agreements Agreement 19071907– was reached – was reached between U.S. and Japan in between U.S. and Japan in which Japan agreed to which Japan agreed to restrict immigration to the restrict immigration to the U.S. U.S.

Political Cartoon depicting how Chinese immigrants workers lived and regular American workers lived. Rats, Yummy!

Immigration Political CartoonsImmigration Political Cartoons

• StationsStations– For each station, you will complete the For each station, you will complete the

questions about the political cartoons.questions about the political cartoons.– Be prepared to answer clicker questions Be prepared to answer clicker questions

about them at the end.about them at the end.

Immigration Political CartoonsImmigration Political Cartoons

Green: LeaderGreen: LeaderMake sure everyone stays on task and read/start the discussionsMake sure everyone stays on task and read/start the discussions

Blue: Time ManagerBlue: Time ManagerKeep track of timeKeep track of time

Yellow: SummarizerYellow: SummarizerSummarize the meaning of each cartoonSummarize the meaning of each cartoon

Orange: ReporterOrange: ReporterShare out at the endShare out at the end

Purple: MotivatorPurple: MotivatorHappy Happy Joy Joy – Encourage everyone!Happy Happy Joy Joy – Encourage everyone!

Who do the bandits represent?Who do the bandits represent?

A.A. anarchistsanarchists

B.B. Those with epilepsyThose with epilepsy

C.C. Importers of prostitutesImporters of prostitutes

D.D. ConvictsConvicts

E.E. All of the aboveAll of the above

A

The railroads between the The railroads between the immigrants representimmigrants represent

A.A. The idea that immigrants were closing in The idea that immigrants were closing in on middle Americaon middle America

B.B. The idea that these two groups came to The idea that these two groups came to America specifically for jobs building America specifically for jobs building railroads.railroads.

C.C. A faster approach to destroying AmericaA faster approach to destroying America

B

What is the artist’s attitude What is the artist’s attitude towards immigration?towards immigration?

A.A. Unsure of how immigrants will assimilate Unsure of how immigrants will assimilate into the land.into the land.

B.B. Positive, seeing as America was born as Positive, seeing as America was born as melting pot of immigrants melting pot of immigrants

C.C. Negative, foreigners will threaten Negative, foreigners will threaten American valuesAmerican values

D.D. [Option 4][Option 4]

C

The artist is _______ to the The artist is _______ to the problems facing immigrantsproblems facing immigrants

A.A. uninteresteduninterested

B.B. hypocriticalhypocritical

C.C. sympatheticsympathetic

D

Uncle Sam represents _____ in Uncle Sam represents _____ in the cartoonthe cartoon

A.A. JesusJesus

B.B. AllahAllah

C.C. NoahNoah

D.D. MosesMoses

This political cartoon artist is This political cartoon artist is _______ of the immigrants_______ of the immigrants

A.A. sympatheticsympathetic

B.B. BitterBitter

C.C. fearfulfearful

How has the artist portrayed the How has the artist portrayed the immigrants?immigrants?

A.A. Dirty and poorDirty and poor

B.B. Middle to upper classMiddle to upper class

C.C. Unsure of their decisionUnsure of their decision

D.D. Unwilling to boardUnwilling to board

Business Buys InfluenceBusiness Buys Influence

• What is a Tariff?What is a Tariff? A tax imposed by a A tax imposed by a government on imported and exported government on imported and exported goods. Manufacturers support this goods. Manufacturers support this because they keep prices for imports high because they keep prices for imports high (i.e. Buy Local). Consumers oppose this (i.e. Buy Local). Consumers oppose this because it adds to the cost of their because it adds to the cost of their product. product.

Cleveland vs. HarrisonCleveland vs. Harrison

• ClevelandCleveland– Elected 1884 (1Elected 1884 (1stst

Democrat in 28 yrs.)Democrat in 28 yrs.)– Opposed high tariffs Opposed high tariffs

because they because they increased prices.increased prices.

– Lost to Harrison in Lost to Harrison in 1888, but won in 1892 1888, but won in 1892 (only President to (only President to serve two non-serve two non-consecutive terms).consecutive terms).

• HarrisonHarrison– Ran against Cleveland Ran against Cleveland

in election of 1888.in election of 1888.– Campaign financed by Campaign financed by

large companies.large companies.– Supported high tariffs Supported high tariffs

and wanted them even and wanted them even higher. higher.

– Passed Passed McKinley Tariff McKinley Tariff Act of 1890Act of 1890..

What was the McKinley Tariff What was the McKinley Tariff ActAct

• Passed by Congress in Harrison’s Passed by Congress in Harrison’s Administration. Administration.

• Raised Tariffs to their highest levels yet. Raised Tariffs to their highest levels yet. • When Cleveland was elected again in When Cleveland was elected again in

1892, he tried to limit tariff levels, but 1892, he tried to limit tariff levels, but ultimately failed. ultimately failed.

• When McKinley won in 1896 he raised When McKinley won in 1896 he raised tariffs again. tariffs again.

The Tariff IssueThe Tariff IssueThe Tariff IssueThe Tariff Issue After the Civil War, Congress raised

tariffs to protect new US industries.

Big business wanted to continue this;consumers did not.

1885 tariffs earned the US $100 mil. in surplus!

Mugwumps opposed it WHY???

President Cleveland’s view on tariffs????

Tariffs became a major issue in the 1888presidential election.

Changing Public Changing Public OpinionOpinion

Changing Public Changing Public OpinionOpinion Americans wanted the federal govt. to

dealwith growing soc. & eco. problems & to curbthe power of the trusts:

Interstate Commerce Act – 1887

Sherman Antitrust Act – 1890

McKinley Tariff – 1890

Based on the theory that prosperityflowed directly from protectionism.

Increased already high rates another 4%!

Rep. Party suffered big losses in 1890 (evenMcKinley lost his House seat!).

Problems in CitiesProblems in Cities

• 1. Housing shortages- 1. Housing shortages- TenementTenement – crowded apartment building with – crowded apartment building with poor standards of sanitation, poor standards of sanitation, safety, and comfortsafety, and comfort

• 2. 2. TransportationTransportation –struggled to –struggled to keep up with growthkeep up with growth

• 3. 3. Clean waterClean water – was difficult to – was difficult to produce and transportproduce and transport

• 4. 4. Waste and garbageWaste and garbage removal removal was a challenge and often was a challenge and often neglectedneglected

• 5. 5. Fires Fires were very commonwere very common– Great Chicago FireGreat Chicago Fire -1871 -1871– San Francisco EarthquakeSan Francisco Earthquake

19061906• 6. 6. CrimeCrime rose with urbanization rose with urbanization

A trip down Market Street video

Early Reforms to fix problems of Early Reforms to fix problems of UrbanizationUrbanization

• Settlement HouseSettlement House – –Community center Community center organized to provide organized to provide various services to urban various services to urban poorpoor

• Hull HouseHull House -1889 – most -1889 – most famous settlement house famous settlement house established by Jane established by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Addams and Ellen Gates StarrStarr

• Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel Movement –social reform movement –social reform movement that sought to fix social that sought to fix social problems in the name of problems in the name of JesusJesus

Impact of Railroads on America Impact of Railroads on America during the Gilded Ageduring the Gilded Age

• BenefitsBenefits– Stimulated growth of other Stimulated growth of other

industries (steel, iron, coal, lumber, industries (steel, iron, coal, lumber, glass)glass)

– Helped cities growHelped cities grow– Helped increase westward Helped increase westward

expansion of Americaexpansion of America– Standard time zones were created Standard time zones were created

to get everyone on correct timeto get everyone on correct time• CorruptionCorruption

– Charged much higher rates to Charged much higher rates to western farmerswestern farmers

– Credit Mobilier Scandal 1868Credit Mobilier Scandal 1868• Union Pacific Union Pacific • Fake construction companyFake construction company• Bribed members of CongressBribed members of Congress• Represented corruption of Represented corruption of

periodperiod

View Corruption in Railroads

Standard Oil Cartoon based on Ida B. Tarbell’s book- The History of Standard Oil