gilded age industrialism and culture unit via ap united states history
TRANSCRIPT
Gilded AgeGilded Age Industrialism and Industrialism and
CultureCulture
Unit VIAUnit VIA
AP United States HistoryAP United States History
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons?
►Using four business entrepreneurs as case studies for American innovation, industrial growth, and expansion of capitalism.
►Cornelius Vanderbilt►Andrew Carnegie►John D. Rockefeller►J.P. Morgan
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:Cornelius Vanderbilt and Railroads
► Transportation► Railroads► Granger Movement
The Business of Railroads► Rate Wars► Pools
Competing lines fixed prices and divided business for max profits
► Grange Lines Midwest farmers dependent on rail
lines for shipping High freight rates impoverished
farmers
Farmers vs Railroads► Granger Movement
Granger laws Cooperatives
► Munn v. Illinois (1877) States could regulate private
companies if they served the public interest, I.e. grain elevators, railroads
► Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886) States could not regulate interstate
commerce► Interstate Commerce Act (1886)
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
► Farmers’ Alliance Ocala Platform (1890)
► Free silver► Low interest loan systems► Decreased tariffs► Government regulation of
communication and transportation► Graduated income tax► Favored direct election of Senators
Gilded Age Press and Literature► Newspapers and Magazines
Sensationalism and scandals Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World William Randolph Hearst’s The New
York Journal Editorials and investigative journalism
► Fiction and Realism Mark Twain
►The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn►The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today
Jack London►The Call of the Wild
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:Andrew Carnegie and Steel
► Steel► Vertical Integration► Urbanization and Cities► Gospel of Wealth► Labor Unions and
Strikes
Vertical Integration► Carnegie acquired all
aspects of steel production
► Limited competition, maximized profits, lowered prices
Bessemer Process► Oxidation of iron ore to
remove impurities Steel is lighter, stronger,
rust-resistant
► Carnegie and Steel Adopted and adapted
Bessemer Process to steel plants
Increased supply of quality steel dropped steel prices
Abundance of steel significantly impacted American industrial growth and expansion
Steel Production
Steel and Urbanization► Skyscrapers► Infrastructure
Grand Central Station Brooklyn Bridge
► Urban Innovation Mass Transit
► Elevated rails► Cable cars► Subways
Elevators Central steam-heating
systems
NYC 1850
NYC c. 1900
Gilded Age Architecture
Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1894)Louis Sullivan“form follows function”
Carson Mansion (1886)Victorian
Fireproof houseFrank Lloyd Wright
Gilded Age Art
Breezing Up (A Fair Wind) (1876)Winslow Homer
Cross Streets of New York (1899)Everett ShinAshcan School
New York (1911)George Bellows
Gilded Age Urbanization► 20% of Americans lived in
cities by 1860► 40% of Americans lived in
cities by 1900
Urban Problems
► Overcrowding Tenement Living
► Pollution► Crime► Sanitation/Water
Treatment► Disease
Urban and Social Reform► Social Gospel
Post-millenialism Based on Matthew 6:10 “Thy kingdom come,
Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven” “What would Jesus do?” (1896)
► Josiah Strong Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present
Crisis (1885)► "The Anglo-Saxon is the representative of two
great ideas, which are closely related. One of them is that of civil liberty. Nearly all of the civil liberty of the world is enjoyed by Anglo-Saxons: the English, the British colonists, and the people of the United States....The other great idea of which the Anglo-Saxon is the exponent is that of a pure spiritual Christianity.The Anglo-Saxon is the representative of two great ideas, which are closely related. One of them is that of civil liberty. Nearly all of the civil liberty of the world is enjoyed by Anglo-Saxons: the English, the British colonists, and the people of the United States....The other great idea of which the Anglo-Saxon is the exponent is that of a pure spiritual Christianity."
► New Denominations Christian Science Pentecostals Jehovah’s Witness Salvation Army
Urban and Social Reform► Settlement House
Established in poor urban neighborhoods
Provided education, daycare, and health services
Middle class volunteers
► Jane Addams and Hull House Based in Chicago
Urban and Social Reform► Jacob Riis
How the Other Half Lives (1889)► Henry George
Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth: The Remedy (1879)
"Take now... some hard-headed business man, who has no theories, but knows how to make money. Say to him: "Here is a little village; in ten years it will be a great cityóin ten years the railroad will have taken the place of the stage coach, the electric light of the candle; it will abound with all the machinery and improvements that so enormously multiply the effective power of labor. Will in ten years, interest be any higher?" He will tell you, "No!" "Will the wages of the common labor be any higher...?" He will tell you, "No the wages of common labor will not be any higher..." "What, then, will be higher?" "Rent, the value of land. Go, get yourself a piece of ground, and hold possession." And if, under such circumstances, you take his advice, you need do nothing more. You may sit down and smoke your pipe; you may lie around like the lazzaroni of Naples or the leperos of Mexico; you may go up in a balloon or down a hole in the ground; and without doing one stroke of work, without adding one iota of wealth to the community, in ten years you will be rich! In the new city you may have a luxurious mansion, but among its public buildings will be an almshouse."
Gospel of Wealth► Based on an article written by Andrew
Carnegie► Guardians of the nation’s wealth► “All revenue generated beyond your own
needs should be used for the good of the community.”
► “In bestowing charity, the main consideration should be to help those who will help themselves; to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so; to give those who desire to use the aids by which they may rise; to assist, but rarely or never to do all. Neither the individual nor the race is improved by alms-giving.”
Labor Wages and Conditions► Time and Pay
Average work week for industrial worker: 60 hours
Average hourly rate for unskilled industrial worker: $0.10
Iron law of wages► Conditions
Poor ventilation and heavy equipment
In 1882, average of 675 workers killed each week
► No benefits No vacation days, sick leave,
health insurance, workers’ compensation, pensions
► Child Labor As young as 5 years old 12-14 hours for $.27 ($6.65)
Hours and Wages of Industrial Workers (1875-1891)Year Average Daily Hours Index of Average Daily
Wages (Jan 1860 = 100)
1875 9.9 169.2
1876 9.9 158.6
1877 9.9 146.3
1878 9.9 140.7
1879 9.9 137.9
1880 9.9 142.7
1881 9.9 160.1
1882 9.9 165.1
1883 9.9 166.0
1884 9.9 168.5
1885 9.9 169.9
1886 9.8 170.3
1887 9.7 170.1
1888 9.7 170.9
1889 9.6 170.1
1890 9.6 172.7
1891 9.4 172.5
Unions vs. Management
► Industrialization, mass production, use of semiskilled workers = devalued labor
► Poor and dangerous working conditions, immigrants, and meager salaries = upset workforce
► Collective bargaining to appeal for better conditions, higher salaries, benefits
► Union Methods political action and efficacy,
strikes, picketing, boycotts, slowdowns
► Industrialization, mass production, use of semiskilled workers = increased profits
► Poor and dangerous working conditions, immigrants, and meager salaries = increasing profits and satisfied management
► Developed image of unions and organized labor as un-American, socialist, anarchist
► Management Methods lockouts, scabs, blacklists,
yellow-dog contracts, government/private force, court injunctions
Labor Unions► Knights of Labor (1869)► Terence V. Powderley► Platform
Open to blacks, women, most immigrants, Catholics, unskilled and semi-skilled workers
Cooperatives and anti-trusts 8-hour workday, child labor laws
► Tactics Arbitration and strikes
► American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1886)
► Organization of national craft unions of skilled workers
► Samuel Gompers► “Bread and Butter”
Higher wages Shorter working hours Better working conditions
► Tactics Arbitration and strikes Political lobbying with Democratic Party
Great Railroad Strike of 1877► July 14-September 4, 1877► Causes
Panic of 1873 Class conflict with wage cuts
and unemployment► Events
Strikers forced rail stoppages Federal troops engaged
strikers Riots and massacres
► Impact Would lead to better
organization of workers and labor unions
Legislation to limit unions and preparations for potential conflicts
Haymarket Riot of 1886► May Day (May 1st)
Strike begins of harvesting workers► May 3rd
Police sent to protect strikers Fight broke out and one person
killed and several injured► May 4th Protest
Anarchists planned demonstration against police brutality
Police dispersed crowd of 2,000► Bombing
A pipe bomb exploded and killed 7 police officers
Police fired into crowd killing 4► Trial
8 innocent anarchists convicted of murder in a show trial
4 hanged, 1 committed suicide, 3 pardoned by governor
Homestead Strike ► June 30-July 6, 1892► Henry Frick
Manager of Carnegie Steel Pursued wage cuts due to lower
steel prices Attempted to weaken steel workers
union
► Events Frick orders a lockout and hires
scabs Use of Pinkertons to disperse
strikers President Harrison ordered federal
troops to break the strike
► Impact Weakened steel workers union Tarnished Carnegie’s reputation
Pullman Strike (1894)► Pullman Palace Car Company
Established “model town” for workers In response to Panic of 1893, wages cut
but not rents and town costs ► Strike
Eugene V. Debs Workers blocked transport of Pullman
cars Pullman Co. linked them to mail cars President Grover Cleveland deployed
federal troops and court injunctions to enforce postal service
► Opinion Most Americans opposed the strike
► Including AFL and Samuel Gompers
► In Re Debs (1895) Supreme Court ruled federal court
injunctions to enforce interstate commerce constitutional
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:John D. Rockefeller and Oil
► Horizontal Integration► Standard Oil
Trusts and monopolies
► Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)
► Gilded Age Society► Social Darwinism
Horizontal Integration
Standard Oil Trust► Tactics
Lowered prices to drive out competitors (rate wars)
Threatened companies to sell to Standard Oil (buyouts)
Bribed railroads to buy Standard Oil fuel (rebates, kickbacks)
Bribed Congress members► Trusts and Monopolies
Controls prices Limits competition
Antitrust Movement► Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Prohibits any “contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce”
► United States v. E.C. Knight Co. (1895) Sugar refining monopoly tested Sherman Antitrust Act Regulation applied to commerce and not manufacturing
Bosses of the Senate
“What a funny little government”
Scientific Management“Taylorism”
► Frederick W. Taylor► Designed hierarchies and
subdivisions of labor Managers plan, schedule, train,
and supervise Workers perform assigned tasks
best suited to skills► Time management► Effects
Managerial class Efficiency Labor resentment
Henry Ford and Model T
► Assembly Line Mass production of
products through sequential assembly
► Worker Treatment Paid decent wages Provided benefits
► Model T (1908) Low-cost product for
affordable price
Gilded Age Socioeconomics► Socioeconomic gap
extensively widened By 1890s, 10% of Americans
controlled 90% of the nation’s wealth
► Statistics Total national wealth in 1860:
$16 billion Total national wealth in 1900:
$88 billion National wealth per capita in
1860: $500 National wealth per capita in
1900: $1100► Expansion of middle
class/white-collar workers► 2/3 of population were wage
earners
Gilded Age Women► Upper-class and middle-class women
College educated Increased independence Involved in social reforms Gibson Girl and New Woman
► 20% of American women worked as wage earners Most single women; 5% married Low-income families required women in
workplace
► Female-based Jobs Typical home-associated industries:
► textiles, foods, domestic servants
New types of jobs: ► secretaries, bookkeepers, typists,
communication operators
Temperance and Reform► Temperance Organizations
National Prohibition Party (1869)
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) (1874)
Antisaloon League (1893) Carrie Nation
► “Hatchetations”
► Reform Groups Planned parenthood Humane societies Anti-prostitution
Immigration► Massive Influx
16.2 million immigrants (1850-1900)
8.8 million (1901-1910)► Old Immigrants
Northern and Western Europe
► New Immigrants Southern and Eastern
Europe; Asia Catholics, Jews
Immigrant Issues► Sociopolitical Enemies
Nativists Josiah Strong - Our Country
► Legislation Immigration Acts of 1882, 1891
► Forbid convicts, lunatics, idiots, diseased, disabled Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
► Chinese immigration ban for 10 years► Chinese prevented from becoming citizens
► Political Machines Employment, housing, social services for votes
► Ethnic Neighborhoods Little Italy Chinatown
Ellis Island
“…Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore…”
Emma Lazarus - The New Colossus, 1883
Social Darwinism
► Herbert Spencer “Survival of the fittest” Wealth a result of hard work and
brilliance Poor and unfortunate were lazy
► Fueled and Influenced… Laissez-faire economics Racism Nativism Imperialism Eugenics Horatio Alger Myth
Captains of Industry OR Robber Barons:J.P. Morgan and Electricity
► Banking and Financing► Corporations► Science and
Innovation► Consumerism
Corporations
► American Telephone and Telegraph Co. (1885) J.P. Morgan Co. financed merger of
Bell and communication companies
► General Electric (1892) J.P. Morgan merged Edison General
Electric and Thomas-Houston Electric Company
► U.S. Steel (1901) J.P. Morgan bought Carnegie Steel
and merged with other steel companies
Becomes first billion dollar company in world
Corporate Mergers - 1895-1910
Electricity► Thomas Edison
The Wizard of Menlo Park Incandescent light bulb
►Safer than kerosene lamps►New York City
Direct current (DC)►Edison developed system of power
stations
► Nicola Tesla Alternate current (AC)
►Transfer of electricity faster and farther
Gilded Age Innovation► Sewing Machine (1855)
Isaac Singer► Transatlantic cable (1866)
Cyrus Field► Dynamite (1866)
Alfred Nobel► Typewriter (1867)
Christopher Scholes► Air brakes (1868)
George Westinghouse► Mail-order catalog (1872)
A.M. Ward► Blue jeans (1873)
Levi Strauss► Barbed wire (1873)
Joseph Glidden► Telephone (1876)
Alexander Graham Bell*► Phonograph (1877)
Thomas Edison► Incandescent Light bulb
(1879) Thomas Edison*
► Cash register (1879) James Ritty
► Universal stock ticker (1885) Thomas Edison
► Transformer (1885) Nikola Tesla
► Gasoline automobile (1885) Karl F. Benz
► Skyscraper (1885) William Le Baron Jenney
► Film roll and Kodak camera (1889) George Eastman*
► Motion picture camera (1891) Thomas Edison*
► Radio (1895) Guglielmo Marconi
► Subway (U.S.) (1895)► X-ray (1895)
Wilhelm C. Rontgen► Powered flight (1903)
George and Wilbur Wright► Alkaline battery (1906)
Thomas Edison► Model T (1908)
Henry Ford
Monumental Innovation► Charles Alderton
Experimented with various syrups and flavorings
► Robert Lazenby Developed Dr. Pepper by 1885 Patented and incorporated by
1891
► St. Louis World’s Fair and Exposition (1904) Introduces Dr. Pepper to the world Along with hot dogs, hamburgers,
and ice cream cones
Number of Patents Issued
Gilded Age Academics► Educational Reforms
Public Education► Comprehensive education► Compulsory Education► Most states required 8-14 year olds to
attend schools► Kindergartens► Led to 90% literacy rate
Colleges and Universities► Increased through federal legislation and
philanthropy► Women’s colleges and universities
By 1910 40% of college students were women
► Black colleges and universities
► Science Charles Darwin and Evolution Technological Innovation
► Social Sciences Scientific method applied to behavioral
sciences Development of psychology, sociology,
political science
Consumerism► Wide variety of mass
produced goods led to new marketing and sales
► Brand names and logos► Department stores
R.H. Macy’s► Chain stores
Woolworth’s► Grocery stores► Mail order catalogs
Montgomery Ward Sears, Roebuck, Co.
Gilded Age Music► Mainstream Music
John Philip Sousa – The March King
► The Washington Post► Stars and Stripes Forever► Semper Fidelis
Screamers – Circus Marches► Entry of the Gladiators
► Popular Music Ragtime
► Originated from black communities combining African syncopation and classical music
► Scott Joplin The Entertainer
The Blues► Originated c. 1890 from Deep
South based on ballads among slaves
► Lyrics mostly soulful and melancholy