GIS at the CrossroadsGIS at the Crossroads

From Where is What and Wow, to Why and So WhatFrom Where is What and Wow, to Why and So What

Berry & Associates // Spatial Information SystemsBerry & Associates // Spatial Information Systems

2000 South College Ave, Suite 300, Fort Collins, CO 805252000 South College Ave, Suite 300, Fort Collins, CO 80525

Phone: (970) 215-0825 Email: jberry@innovativegis.comPhone: (970) 215-0825 Email: jberry@innovativegis.com

…visit our website at …visit our website at www.innovativegis.com/basiswww.innovativegis.com/basis

Presented byPresented by Joseph K. BerryJoseph K. Berry

GIS is more different than it is GIS is more different than it is similar to similar to

traditional mapping and data traditional mapping and data analysisanalysis

CA/HI/NV/Guam ESRI Regional Users’ Group CA/HI/NV/Guam ESRI Regional Users’ Group ConferenceConference

January 14, 2001 – Sacramento, California January 14, 2001 – Sacramento, California

Theme/Thesis Theme/Thesis

GIS technology has evolved fromGIS technology has evolved from … …

WhereWhere isis

WhatWhat and and

WowWowto…to…

WhyWhy andand

So WhatSo What

Automated CartographyAutomated Cartography

Geo-Query and Thematic MappingGeo-Query and Thematic Mapping

Flashy GraphicsFlashy Graphics

Analysis and Data MiningAnalysis and Data Mining

Decision Support Systems Decision Support Systems and Visualizationand Visualization

...and has ...and has radically changedradically changed what a map is and how it is used what a map is and how it is used(Berry)(Berry)

Historical Setting and GIS EvolutionHistorical Setting and GIS Evolution

Traditional MappingTraditional Mapping manually drafted map manually drafted map

Computer MappingComputer Mapping automates the cartographic process (70s) automates the cartographic process (70s)

Spatial Database ManagementSpatial Database Management links computer mapping techniques with links computer mapping techniques with

traditional database capabilities (80s)traditional database capabilities (80s)

GIS ModelingGIS Modeling representation of relationships withinrepresentation of relationships within

and among mapped data (90s) and among mapped data (90s)

……so where are we headed and so where are we headed and what what have we learned along the way?have we learned along the way?

??(Berry)(Berry)

““Where is What and Wow” InteractionsWhere is What and Wow” Interactions The mapped data can be queried by interacting with the The mapped data can be queried by interacting with the

map (where) or database (what) through a map (where) or database (what) through a Query Query LadderLadder……1)1) Select forest type Aspen, Select forest type Aspen, SP1= AwSP1= Aw2) Select old Aspen stands, 2) Select old Aspen stands, Age > 96 yearsAge > 96 years

……so what’s new?so what’s new?

ConnectivityConnectivity and and Map DeliveryMap Delivery

Database Database ContainersContainers and and Map AccessMap Access

Massive Worlds, Massive Worlds, www.massiveworlds.net (Berry)(Berry)

MapTrials, MapTrials, www.maptrails.com

MapTrials, MapTrials, www.maptrails.com

FlagshipFlagship versus versus Application-SpecificApplication-Specific Solutions Solutions

Where is What and Wow toWhere is What and Wow to WhyWhy and So Whatand So What – – AnalysisAnalysis and Data Miningand Data Mining

Vector-basedVector-based processing provides processing provides Thematic Mapping and Geo-Query Thematic Mapping and Geo-Query capabilities that capabilities that repackage existing repackage existing spatial dataspatial data as reports and displays as reports and displays

Grid-basedGrid-based processing provides processing provides Spatial Analysis and Spatial Analysis and Data Mining Data Mining capabilities that capabilities that derive derive new informationnew information on on relationships within relationships within and among mapped and among mapped datadata

(Berry)(Berry)

Hiking and Emergency Vehicle TravelHiking and Emergency Vehicle Travel

……as slope increases travel as slope increases travel becomes increasingly becomes increasingly difficult until impossible. difficult until impossible.

Slope MapSlope Map

Impedance to traverse a grid cellImpedance to traverse a grid cell

(Berry)(Berry)

The The redred tones are easily tones are easily accessible, accessible, blueblue tones difficult tones difficult and and graygray identifies inaccessible identifies inaccessible areas– map values are in areas– map values are in minutes.minutes.

Variable-Width BuffersVariable-Width Buffers (Line-of-sight)(Line-of-sight)

Line-of-Sight BufferLine-of-Sight Buffer– identifies all – identifies all land locations (clipped) within 250m land locations (clipped) within 250m that can be seen from the road… that can be seen from the road…

250m “viewshed” of the road250m “viewshed” of the road

Line-of-Sight NoiseLine-of-Sight Noise– locations hidden – locations hidden behind a ridge or farther away from a behind a ridge or farther away from a source (road) greatly decrease noise source (road) greatly decrease noise levels.levels.

(Berry)(Berry)

Line-of-Sight Line-of-Sight ExposureExposure– notes – notes the number of time the number of time each location in each location in the buffer is seenthe buffer is seen

Enabling technologiesEnabling technologies

Data processing approachData processing approach

Where is What and Wow toWhere is What and Wow to WhyWhy and So Whatand So What – – AnalysisAnalysis and and Data MiningData Mining

(Berry)(Berry)

A new application of the A new application of the Spatial TechnologiesSpatial Technologies……

GPS, GIS plus IDIGPS, GIS plus IDI

……that utilizes that utilizes spatial spatial relationshipsrelationships in a field for in a field for site-specific management site-specific management

of the fieldof the field

Where is WhatWhere is What

Do What and WhereDo What and Where

Why and So WhatWhy and So What

Spatial InterpolationSpatial Interpolation (Geographic Distribution)(Geographic Distribution)

(Berry)(Berry)

““Surface ModelingSurface Modeling” is similar to slapping a big chunk of modeler’s clay ” is similar to slapping a big chunk of modeler’s clay over the “data spikes,” then taking a knife and cutting away the excess to over the “data spikes,” then taking a knife and cutting away the excess to

leave a leave a continuous surfacecontinuous surface that encapsulates the peaks and valleys implied that encapsulates the peaks and valleys implied by the spatial pattern of the field samplesby the spatial pattern of the field samples

Visualizing Spatial RelationshipsVisualizing Spatial Relationships

(Berry)(Berry)

What spatial What spatial relationships do relationships do you see?you see?

Interpolated Spatial DistributionInterpolated Spatial Distribution

Phosphorous (P)

……do relatively high levels do relatively high levels of P often occur with high of P often occur with high levels of K and N?levels of K and N?

……how often?how often?

……where?where?

The Precision Ag ProcessThe Precision Ag Process (Fertility example)(Fertility example)

(Berry)(Berry)

(Cyber-Farmer, Circa 1990)(Cyber-Farmer, Circa 1990)

Variable Rate ApplicationVariable Rate Application……fertilization rates vary for the different fertilization rates vary for the different clusters “clusters “on-the-flyon-the-fly””

……groups of “floating balls” in data space groups of “floating balls” in data space identify locations in the field with similar data identify locations in the field with similar data patterns– patterns– data zonesdata zones

…a map stack is a spatially organized set of numbers

Where is What and Wow to Why andWhere is What and Wow to Why and So WhatSo What – – DSSDSS and Visualizationand Visualization

GIS Modeling Framework GIS Modeling Framework – application models are developed by – application models are developed by logically sequencing map analysis operations. A graphical user logically sequencing map analysis operations. A graphical user interface enables users to modify model inputs similar to using a interface enables users to modify model inputs similar to using a spreadsheet program to analyze financial data– “spreadsheet program to analyze financial data– “what if…what if…” scenarios” scenarios

(Berry)(Berry)

GIS Modeling FrameworkGIS Modeling Framework (Processing Levels)(Processing Levels)

(Berry)(Berry)

Campground LocationCampground Location – the best places to locate a campground– the best places to locate a campground

Box = base or derived mapLine = analysis operation

Rows = decision criteria

Gently Sloped Near Roads Near Water Views of Water Westerly AspectGently Sloped Near Roads Near Water Views of Water Westerly Aspect

are…are…

Gently Sloped

Near Roads

Near Water

Views of water

Westerly Aspect

Linking Concepts and Code Linking Concepts and Code (Analysis Scripts)(Analysis Scripts)

……map analysis logic ingrained in the map analysis logic ingrained in the flowchart is linked into GIS commandsflowchart is linked into GIS commands

(Berry)(Berry)

Gentle slopesGentle slopes

Near roadsNear roads

Near waterNear water

Good views Good views

WesterlyWesterly

CalibrateCalibrate

CombineCombine

MaskMask

Interactive DSSInteractive DSS (“Stamping” Model Logic)(“Stamping” Model Logic)

(Berry)(Berry)

……interactive interactive Map PedigreeMap Pedigree becomes part of a derived map’s becomes part of a derived map’s metadatametadata

Where is What and Wow to Why andWhere is What and Wow to Why and So WhatSo What – – DSS and DSS and VisualizationVisualization

(Berry)(Berry)SportsTracker (MapTrek, 1998)SportsTracker (MapTrek, 1998)

Image DrapingImage Draping ---- is an established technique in GIS. Draping a is an established technique in GIS. Draping a topographic or thematic map onto a 3-D terrain surface is effective but topographic or thematic map onto a 3-D terrain surface is effective but relies on abstract colors, shading and symbols. relies on abstract colors, shading and symbols.

““Map Abstraction”Map Abstraction”

Creating Realistic LandscapesCreating Realistic Landscapes

(Berry)(Berry)Virtual Forest (Innovative GIS, 1998)Virtual Forest (Innovative GIS, 1998)

Geometric ModelingGeometric Modeling ---- builds a scene of realistic features, builds a scene of realistic features,

such as trees, from a given viewpoint based on GIS inventories of such as trees, from a given viewpoint based on GIS inventories of tree types and densities. tree types and densities.

““Virtual Reality”Virtual Reality”

Landscape VisualizationLandscape Visualization (Steps in 3-D Rendering)(Steps in 3-D Rendering)

(Berry)(Berry)

Step 1) 3-D Terrain SurfaceStep 1) 3-D Terrain Surface Step 2) Polygon ContainersStep 2) Polygon Containers Step 3) Surface TextureStep 3) Surface Texture

Step 4) Tree ObjectsStep 4) Tree Objects Step 5) Final CompositionStep 5) Final Composition Step 6) Atmospheric EffectsStep 6) Atmospheric Effects

““Laying the Carpet”Laying the Carpet”

““Pouring the Trees”Pouring the Trees”

Visualizing Forest ConditionsVisualizing Forest Conditions

(Berry)(Berry)

SummerSummer

WinterWinterAfter SnowfallAfter Snowfall

……changing the changing the landscape’s landscape’s carpetcarpet

and and objects objects to to simulate different simulate different

conditionsconditions

After FireAfter FireBefore FireBefore Fire

Landscape VisualizationLandscape Visualization (GIS Rendering)(GIS Rendering)

(Berry)(Berry)

Landscape VisualizationLandscape Visualization (Clear cut)(Clear cut)

(Berry)(Berry)

Landscape VisualizationLandscape Visualization (Water retention cut)(Water retention cut)

(Berry)(Berry)

3-D Rendering As the Next Wave of Wow3-D Rendering As the Next Wave of Wow

(Berry)(Berry)

TheThe striking realismstriking realism of the rendered visualizations enhanceof the rendered visualizations enhance

communication of management plans in a more effective form.communication of management plans in a more effective form.

The integration of GIS The integration of GIS and visualization and visualization

technologies provides antechnologies provides an operational platformoperational platform for natural resource for natural resource professionals and the professionals and the general public to general public to consider the aesthetic consider the aesthetic impacts of landscape impacts of landscape alternatives. alternatives.

““point and click” data retrieval point and click” data retrieval

Landscape VisualizationLandscape Visualization (Video Mapping)(Video Mapping)

(Berry)(Berry)

Documenting “real-world” conditionsDocumenting “real-world” conditions

Click on photo for an online demo Click on photo for an online demo

… …see see http://www.mediamapper.com/ “Examples” for more demos “Examples” for more demos

Multimedia GISMultimedia GIS can be can be used to document actual used to document actual conditions.conditions.

Video Mapping geo-registers…Video Mapping geo-registers…

Streaming VideoStreaming Video Still ImagesStill Images AudioAudio TextText DataData

……of existing landscape characteristicsof existing landscape characteristics

High Rendering FidelityHigh Rendering Fidelity

Landscape VisualizationLandscape Visualization (Real and Cognitive worlds)(Real and Cognitive worlds)

(Berry)(Berry)

Multimedia MappingMultimedia Mapping enables capture data and images within enables capture data and images within its actual spatial context...its actual spatial context... ““what iswhat is””

3-D Rendering 3-D Rendering enables users to visualize forest inventory enables users to visualize forest inventory data and simulate... data and simulate... ““what could bewhat could be””

““physical space physical space to to decision spacedecision space” ”

DSS DSS enables users to interact with application enables users to interact with application logic... logic... ““what if…what if…””

Spatial AnalysisSpatial Analysis and and Data MiningData Mining are used to translate the real world are used to translate the real world into decision into decision environments…environments…

So WhatSo What

WhyWhy

GIS Technology In TransitionGIS Technology In Transition

An Appraisal of Past Experience and Probable FutureAn Appraisal of Past Experience and Probable Future

(Berry)(Berry)

GIS technology has evolved fromGIS technology has evolved from … …

WhereWhere is is WhatWhat and and Wow Wow …to …to WhyWhy and and So WhatSo What

……for more importation online, seefor more importation online, see

… … we’ve covered a lot, any questions? we’ve covered a lot, any questions?

Now, or pigeonhole me during Now, or pigeonhole me during the conference.the conference.