gis: concepts, methods & tools - peer

1

Territories, Environment, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Joint Research Unit Cemagref - CIRAD - ENGREF

Pierre BAZILE

GIS: concepts, methods & toolsGIS: concepts, methods & tools

METIER METIER GraduateGraduate Training Course no. 2 Training Course no. 2 –– Montpellier Montpellier -- FebruaryFebruary 20072007

Information Management in Information Management in EnvironmentalEnvironmental SciencesSciences

Introduction to GISIntroduction to GIS

Structuring of geographic informationStructuring of geographic information

2 / 30

INTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATIONINTRODUCTION TO GIS: STRUCTURING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

INFORMATION SYSTEM AND ORGANIZATIONINFORMATION SYSTEM AND ORGANIZATION

CONTROL SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Problem Decision

Requests Information

Inputs

Outputs

EXTERNAL

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC

Data, rules, and

constraints of the

external universe

DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Actions

Personnel

3 / 30


AUTOMATIZATION OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEMAUTOMATIZATION OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEM

AUTOMATIZED INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

FORMALISABLE

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Data

model

Computer

Software: DBMS

(Database management system)

4 / 30


SPATIAL REFERENCE INFORMATION SYSTEMSPATIAL REFERENCE INFORMATION SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Semantic

data

model

Software: GISSpatial

data

model

Software: DBMS

Computer

(Geographic infomation system)

5 / 30


GIS: WHAT EXACTLY IS IT?GIS: WHAT EXACTLY IS IT?

The term GIS represents, in fact, 3 different concepts:

• An information system about a territory or project

• The databases describing this IS

• The IT solutions used (in particular: software)

One has to return to the basic concept!

Importance of the spatial component of the IS (localization of objects and processes, spatial interactions between elements)

6 / 30


REPRESENTING GEOGRAPHICAL DATAREPRESENTING GEOGRAPHICAL DATA

Duality of Geographical Information:

• Graphical information:The geographical objects, their localization, their topological relationships

• Thematic information:The descriptors of these objects, of these localizations

‘semantic’ data

500 Metres0

N

7 / 30


REPRESENTING GRAPHIC DATAREPRESENTING GRAPHIC DATA

Semantic

database

Semantic

database

Entities

Relationship

Spatial

representation

Spatial

representation

Entities

Relationships

Point

Line

Surface

Continuous

Tables

Adjacency

Inclusion

Proximity

Path

Link

8 / 30


CODING GEOMETRY : TWO MODESCODING GEOMETRY : TWO MODES

• image vs ‘line drawings’

• raster vs vector

9 / 30


VECTOR REPRESENTATIONVECTOR REPRESENTATION

bâtiment

route

lac

10 / 30


VECTOR REPRESENTATION: VECTOR REPRESENTATION:

‘SPAGHETTI’‘SPAGHETTI’

Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2.--------

xn,yn

Surface: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2--------

xn,yn(x0,y0)

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

P1 P2

x1,y1 x2,y2

x2,y2 x3,y3

x5,y5 x6,y6

x4,y4 x5,y5x1,y1 x2,y2

Data redundancy

Undefined relationships

11 / 30


VECTOR REPRESENTATION:VECTOR REPRESENTATION:

NETWORK TOPOLOGYNETWORK TOPOLOGY

Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L)

Nax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

No redundancy

Management of connectedness

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1x1,y1

x4,y4

N2

L2

N1N2

L3

N1x3,y3

x6,y6

N2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

12 / 30



SURFACE TOPOLOGYSURFACE TOPOLOGY

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6


Management of contiguity

Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L), Pg,PdNax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1

N2

P1U

L2

N1

N2

P2P1

L3

N1

N2

U

P2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

13 / 30


‘SPAGHETTI’ MODEL‘SPAGHETTI’ MODEL

• Entities

– point: x, y coordinates

– line: list of x,y coordinates corresponding to nodes

– sometimes polygons: set of x,y coordinates, forming a loop: the first coordinate

couple = last coordinate couple

� The spaghetti mode produces a visual effect of polygons but, most often, no polygon

entity is stored

• No spatial relationships between objects– unjoined arcs – unclosed polygons

� polygons cannot form a surface

– intersections without nodes at the crossing of two arcs

– Adjacent polygons that overlap or separated by ‘blanks’

Appearence

!

Reality

14 / 30


TOPOLOGICAL MODELTOPOLOGICAL MODEL

• Managing the connectedness and contiguity of objects

• 2 types of topology: – Planar topology

– Network topology

• Topological entities:– With permanent storage of the topology

• e.g.: ArcInfo coverage

– Taking into account only when editing (creating, updating); this data is called pseudo-topological.

• e.g.: shp (ArcView) or tab (MapInfo)

– With defined topological rules, varying depending on context

• e.g.: feature class within feature dataset in a geodatabase (ArcGIS)

15 / 30


DBMS LINK DESCRIPTIVE DATADBMS LINK DESCRIPTIVE DATA

Identifier Attributes of the surface

1

2

3

+1

+3+2

Identifier Attributes of the point

1

2

3

1

23

Identifier Attributes of the line

1

2

3

+1

+2

+3

LINK

Weak

Strong

Hybrid/Integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

16 / 30


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

extent

in Y or

rows

extent in X or columns

dx

dy

Size of the cell

(geometrical resolution)

Origin (X,Y)

N (orientation)

id attribute

1

2

3

Wheat

Grapevine

Forest

Identifier

RASTER PRESENTATIONRASTER PRESENTATION

17 / 30


RASTER REPRESENTATION: IMAGE DEPTHRASTER REPRESENTATION: IMAGE DEPTH

�Number of planes

�Depth of each planeboolean = 1 bit (21) 2 values: {0,1}byte = 8 bits (28) 256 values: {0,255}integer = 16 bits (216) 65536 values: {-32767,32765}...

Necessity of digital coding!

dz1

dz2

Thematic resolution

18 / 30


1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

RASTER REPRESENTATION: RASTER REPRESENTATION:

LINES AND POINTSLINES AND POINTS

1

2

3

The value chosen for the empty cell is selected by convention.

19 / 30



CONTINUOUS DATACONTINUOUS DATA

11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.212.0

11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.412.0

11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4

11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6

11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8

12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9

12.5 12.5 12.8

12.6 12.6 12.4 12.111.9

13.0 13.1 12.6 12.312.1

13.0 13.2 12.7 12.412.0

13.4 13.6 13.1 12.712.4

13.7 13.9 13.6 13.212.613.1 13.2

Direct representation of the

variable

Associated data: statistical

summary

20 / 30


DBMS LINK: DESCRIPTIVE DATADBMS LINK: DESCRIPTIVE DATAIdentifier Attributes of the

point

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3

LINK

Hybrid/integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

1

2

3

21 / 30


RASTER REPRESENTATION: IMAGE DATARASTER REPRESENTATION: IMAGE DATA

Map (scanned)

Orthophotography

Digital Elevation Model

22 / 30


FROM VECTOR TO RASTER: RASTERIZATION

FROM RASTER TO VECTOR: VECTORIZATION

VECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONSVECTOR/RASTER CONVERSIONS

23 / 30


VECTOR AND RASTER: VECTOR AND RASTER:

COMPLEMENTARITYCOMPLEMENTARITY• Raster:

– Grid of ‘independent’ cells

– Matrix calculations

– Redundancy – volume of information

• Vector:– Objects +- structured

– Information with low or no redundancy (depending on the structuring)

– Link with external databases

• Complementarity raster-vector

• Improvements in hardware architectures– Processor power / disk space

– Developments in raster solutions / image processing

24 / 30


SCALE AND ACCURACY SCALE AND ACCURACY -- 11

• Definition:Constant ratio between lengths measured on the map and the

corresponding lengths measured on the land.

• Expression:– Algebraic expression = scale ratio

map at 1:25,000

– Graphical expression by a scale bar representing the ratio

Graphical expression of scale: INDISPENSABLE

• Semantic confusion

25 / 30


• Significance of the scale:– Representation ratio

– Level of analysis of the studied phenomena

– Geometric accuracy of the information

• Level of approach of geographic space– Size of a zone representable at a given scale:

• A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000

• … : 6 km2 at 1:10,000

– Level of analysis:

Compartment scale, regional scale, national scale

• Geometric accuracy of the information


26 / 30


• Scale = representation ratioAccuracy = quality of geometric information

• 2 dimensions of accuracy:– resolution = size of an ‘elementary’ pixel

– localization accuracy: localization error

• Scale/accuracy confusion: 2 causes– assumption of the reader: each point is significant

– assumption of the producer: no unnecessary quality

• With ‘undesirable’ consequencesthe zoom syndrome


27 / 30


GEOGRAPHIC DATA QUALITY GEOGRAPHIC DATA QUALITY -- 11

Hardwares

Softwares

Methods

Users

Data

• Key-element of

any GIS project

• 70 to 80 % of

total project costs

28 / 30



• Acquiring data from:– Institutional: public agencies

– Private providers

– External contractors

– Internal digitalization

GIS software incorporate tools to create layer:

– features digitalization,

– calculation on one or many existing plans,

– Image processing

29 / 30



• Which use ?– To use or extract information from this document

– As based map (illustration or filling)

– To take measurements

– To analyze simultaneously several information plans (spatial

analysis)

• Whatever use, consider :– Precision of imported data

– Level of detail

– Reference system used (compatibility with local database)

– Data property (copyright)

Information

to be stored

in metadata

30 / 30


METADATA, TO GUARANTEE DATA METADATA, TO GUARANTEE DATA

QUALITYQUALITY

• Metadata = "data about data"– The procedures followed to acquire the data

– The precision et methods of measurements

– The age of the data and update

– The data coding

– The geographic referencing

– The geometry

– The attributes

• Absence of metadata– False interpretation

– Bad usage

– Erroneous perception of precision

Example of metadata's appearance

ArcCatalog (ESRI)

1


Pierre BAZILE






2 / 30



CONTROL SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Problem Decision


Inputs

Outputs

EXTERNAL

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC

Data, rules, and

constraints of the

external universe

DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Actions

Personnel

3 / 30




Inputs

Outputs

FORMALISABLE

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Data

model

Computer

Software: DBMS


4 / 30



INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Semantic

data

model


data

model

Software: DBMS

Computer


5 / 30









6 / 30






‘semantic’ data

500 Metres0

N

7 / 30



Semantic

database

Semantic

database

Entities

Relationship

Spatial

representation

Spatial

representation

Entities

Relationships

Point

Line

Surface

Continuous

Tables

Adjacency

Inclusion

Proximity

Path

Link

8 / 30





9 / 30



bâtiment

route

lac

10 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2.--------

xn,yn

Surface: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2--------

xn,yn(x0,y0)

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

P1 P2

x1,y1 x2,y2

x2,y2 x3,y3

x5,y5 x6,y6

x4,y4 x5,y5x1,y1 x2,y2

Data redundancy


11 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L)

Nax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

No redundancy


L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1x1,y1

x4,y4

N2

L2

N1N2

L3

N1x3,y3

x6,y6

N2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

12 / 30




1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6



Point: Id,x,y +


Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1

N2

P1U

L2

N1

N2

P2P1

L3

N1

N2

U

P2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

13 / 30



• Entities






entity is stored





Appearence

!

Reality

14 / 30












15 / 30




1

2

3

+1

+3+2


1

2

3

1

23


1

2

3

+1

+2

+3

LINK

Weak

Strong

Hybrid/Integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

16 / 30


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

extent

in Y or

rows


dx

dy

Size of the cell


Origin (X,Y)

N (orientation)

id attribute

1

2

3

Wheat

Grapevine

Forest

Identifier


17 / 30



�Number of planes



dz1

dz2

Thematic resolution

18 / 30


1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3



1

2

3


19 / 30




11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.212.0

11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.412.0

11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4

11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6

11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8

12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9

12.5 12.5 12.8

12.6 12.6 12.4 12.111.9

13.0 13.1 12.6 12.312.1

13.0 13.2 12.7 12.412.0

13.4 13.6 13.1 12.712.4

13.7 13.9 13.6 13.212.613.1 13.2


variable


summary

20 / 30



point

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3

LINK

Hybrid/integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

1

2

3

21 / 30



Map (scanned)

Orthophotography


22 / 30





23 / 30













24 / 30






map at 1:25,000




25 / 30






• A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000

• … : 6 km2 at 1:10,000





26 / 30









27 / 30



Hardwares

Softwares

Methods

Users

Data

• Key-element of

any GIS project

• 70 to 80 % of

total project costs

28 / 30











29 / 30







analysis)


– Level of detail



Information

to be stored

in metadata

30 / 30



QUALITYQUALITY




– The data coding


– The geometry

– The attributes


– Bad usage



ArcCatalog (ESRI)

1


Pierre BAZILE






2 / 30



CONTROL SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Problem Decision


Inputs

Outputs

EXTERNAL

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC

Data, rules, and

constraints of the

external universe

DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Actions

Personnel

3 / 30




Inputs

Outputs

FORMALISABLE

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Data

model

Computer

Software: DBMS


4 / 30



INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Semantic

data

model


data

model

Software: DBMS

Computer


5 / 30









6 / 30






‘semantic’ data

500 Metres0

N

7 / 30



Semantic

database

Semantic

database

Entities

Relationship

Spatial

representation

Spatial

representation

Entities

Relationships

Point

Line

Surface

Continuous

Tables

Adjacency

Inclusion

Proximity

Path

Link

8 / 30





9 / 30



bâtiment

route

lac

10 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2.--------

xn,yn

Surface: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2--------

xn,yn(x0,y0)

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

P1 P2

x1,y1 x2,y2

x2,y2 x3,y3

x5,y5 x6,y6

x4,y4 x5,y5x1,y1 x2,y2

Data redundancy


11 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L)

Nax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

No redundancy


L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1x1,y1

x4,y4

N2

L2

N1N2

L3

N1x3,y3

x6,y6

N2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

12 / 30




1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6



Point: Id,x,y +


Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1

N2

P1U

L2

N1

N2

P2P1

L3

N1

N2

U

P2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

13 / 30



• Entities






entity is stored





Appearence

!

Reality

14 / 30












15 / 30




1

2

3

+1

+3+2


1

2

3

1

23


1

2

3

+1

+2

+3

LINK

Weak

Strong

Hybrid/Integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

16 / 30


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

extent

in Y or

rows


dx

dy

Size of the cell


Origin (X,Y)

N (orientation)

id attribute

1

2

3

Wheat

Grapevine

Forest

Identifier


17 / 30



�Number of planes



dz1

dz2

Thematic resolution

18 / 30


1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3



1

2

3


19 / 30




11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.212.0

11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.412.0

11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4

11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6

11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8

12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9

12.5 12.5 12.8

12.6 12.6 12.4 12.111.9

13.0 13.1 12.6 12.312.1

13.0 13.2 12.7 12.412.0

13.4 13.6 13.1 12.712.4

13.7 13.9 13.6 13.212.613.1 13.2


variable


summary

20 / 30



point

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3

LINK

Hybrid/integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

1

2

3

21 / 30



Map (scanned)

Orthophotography


22 / 30





23 / 30













24 / 30






map at 1:25,000




25 / 30






• A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000

• … : 6 km2 at 1:10,000





26 / 30









27 / 30



Hardwares

Softwares

Methods

Users

Data

• Key-element of

any GIS project

• 70 to 80 % of

total project costs

28 / 30











29 / 30







analysis)


– Level of detail



Information

to be stored

in metadata

30 / 30



QUALITYQUALITY




– The data coding


– The geometry

– The attributes


– Bad usage



ArcCatalog (ESRI)

1


Pierre BAZILE






2 / 30



CONTROL SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Problem Decision


Inputs

Outputs

EXTERNAL

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC

Data, rules, and

constraints of the

external universe

DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Actions

Personnel

3 / 30




Inputs

Outputs

FORMALISABLE

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Data

model

Computer

Software: DBMS


4 / 30



INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Semantic

data

model


data

model

Software: DBMS

Computer


5 / 30









6 / 30






‘semantic’ data

500 Metres0

N

7 / 30



Semantic

database

Semantic

database

Entities

Relationship

Spatial

representation

Spatial

representation

Entities

Relationships

Point

Line

Surface

Continuous

Tables

Adjacency

Inclusion

Proximity

Path

Link

8 / 30





9 / 30



bâtiment

route

lac

10 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2.--------

xn,yn

Surface: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2--------

xn,yn(x0,y0)

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

P1 P2

x1,y1 x2,y2

x2,y2 x3,y3

x5,y5 x6,y6

x4,y4 x5,y5x1,y1 x2,y2

Data redundancy


11 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L)

Nax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

No redundancy


L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1x1,y1

x4,y4

N2

L2

N1N2

L3

N1x3,y3

x6,y6

N2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

12 / 30




1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6



Point: Id,x,y +


Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1

N2

P1U

L2

N1

N2

P2P1

L3

N1

N2

U

P2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

13 / 30



• Entities






entity is stored





Appearence

!

Reality

14 / 30












15 / 30




1

2

3

+1

+3+2


1

2

3

1

23


1

2

3

+1

+2

+3

LINK

Weak

Strong

Hybrid/Integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

16 / 30


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

extent

in Y or

rows


dx

dy

Size of the cell


Origin (X,Y)

N (orientation)

id attribute

1

2

3

Wheat

Grapevine

Forest

Identifier


17 / 30



�Number of planes



dz1

dz2

Thematic resolution

18 / 30


1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3



1

2

3


19 / 30




11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.212.0

11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.412.0

11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4

11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6

11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8

12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9

12.5 12.5 12.8

12.6 12.6 12.4 12.111.9

13.0 13.1 12.6 12.312.1

13.0 13.2 12.7 12.412.0

13.4 13.6 13.1 12.712.4

13.7 13.9 13.6 13.212.613.1 13.2


variable


summary

20 / 30



point

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3

LINK

Hybrid/integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

1

2

3

21 / 30



Map (scanned)

Orthophotography


22 / 30





23 / 30













24 / 30






map at 1:25,000




25 / 30






• A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000

• … : 6 km2 at 1:10,000





26 / 30









27 / 30



Hardwares

Softwares

Methods

Users

Data

• Key-element of

any GIS project

• 70 to 80 % of

total project costs

28 / 30











29 / 30







analysis)


– Level of detail



Information

to be stored

in metadata

30 / 30



QUALITYQUALITY




– The data coding


– The geometry

– The attributes


– Bad usage



ArcCatalog (ESRI)

1


Pierre BAZILE






2 / 30



CONTROL SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Problem Decision


Inputs

Outputs

EXTERNAL

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC

Data, rules, and

constraints of the

external universe

DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Actions

Personnel

3 / 30




Inputs

Outputs

FORMALISABLE

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Data

model

Computer

Software: DBMS


4 / 30



INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Semantic

data

model


data

model

Software: DBMS

Computer


5 / 30









6 / 30






‘semantic’ data

500 Metres0

N

7 / 30



Semantic

database

Semantic

database

Entities

Relationship

Spatial

representation

Spatial

representation

Entities

Relationships

Point

Line

Surface

Continuous

Tables

Adjacency

Inclusion

Proximity

Path

Link

8 / 30





9 / 30



bâtiment

route

lac

10 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2.--------

xn,yn

Surface: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2--------

xn,yn(x0,y0)

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

P1 P2

x1,y1 x2,y2

x2,y2 x3,y3

x5,y5 x6,y6

x4,y4 x5,y5x1,y1 x2,y2

Data redundancy


11 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L)

Nax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

No redundancy


L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1x1,y1

x4,y4

N2

L2

N1N2

L3

N1x3,y3

x6,y6

N2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

12 / 30




1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6



Point: Id,x,y +


Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1

N2

P1U

L2

N1

N2

P2P1

L3

N1

N2

U

P2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

13 / 30



• Entities






entity is stored





Appearence

!

Reality

14 / 30












15 / 30




1

2

3

+1

+3+2


1

2

3

1

23


1

2

3

+1

+2

+3

LINK

Weak

Strong

Hybrid/Integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

16 / 30


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

extent

in Y or

rows


dx

dy

Size of the cell


Origin (X,Y)

N (orientation)

id attribute

1

2

3

Wheat

Grapevine

Forest

Identifier


17 / 30



�Number of planes



dz1

dz2

Thematic resolution

18 / 30


1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3



1

2

3


19 / 30




11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.212.0

11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.412.0

11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4

11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6

11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8

12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9

12.5 12.5 12.8

12.6 12.6 12.4 12.111.9

13.0 13.1 12.6 12.312.1

13.0 13.2 12.7 12.412.0

13.4 13.6 13.1 12.712.4

13.7 13.9 13.6 13.212.613.1 13.2


variable


summary

20 / 30



point

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3

LINK

Hybrid/integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

1

2

3

21 / 30



Map (scanned)

Orthophotography


22 / 30





23 / 30













24 / 30






map at 1:25,000




25 / 30






• A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000

• … : 6 km2 at 1:10,000





26 / 30









27 / 30



Hardwares

Softwares

Methods

Users

Data

• Key-element of

any GIS project

• 70 to 80 % of

total project costs

28 / 30











29 / 30







analysis)


– Level of detail



Information

to be stored

in metadata

30 / 30



QUALITYQUALITY




– The data coding


– The geometry

– The attributes


– Bad usage



ArcCatalog (ESRI)

1


Pierre BAZILE






2 / 30



CONTROL SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Problem Decision


Inputs

Outputs

EXTERNAL

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC

Data, rules, and

constraints of the

external universe

DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Actions

Personnel

3 / 30




Inputs

Outputs

FORMALISABLE

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Data

model

Computer

Software: DBMS


4 / 30



INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Semantic

data

model


data

model

Software: DBMS

Computer


5 / 30









6 / 30






‘semantic’ data

500 Metres0

N

7 / 30



Semantic

database

Semantic

database

Entities

Relationship

Spatial

representation

Spatial

representation

Entities

Relationships

Point

Line

Surface

Continuous

Tables

Adjacency

Inclusion

Proximity

Path

Link

8 / 30





9 / 30



bâtiment

route

lac

10 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2.--------

xn,yn

Surface: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2--------

xn,yn(x0,y0)

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

P1 P2

x1,y1 x2,y2

x2,y2 x3,y3

x5,y5 x6,y6

x4,y4 x5,y5x1,y1 x2,y2

Data redundancy


11 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L)

Nax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

No redundancy


L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1x1,y1

x4,y4

N2

L2

N1N2

L3

N1x3,y3

x6,y6

N2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

12 / 30




1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6



Point: Id,x,y +


Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1

N2

P1U

L2

N1

N2

P2P1

L3

N1

N2

U

P2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

13 / 30



• Entities






entity is stored





Appearence

!

Reality

14 / 30












15 / 30




1

2

3

+1

+3+2


1

2

3

1

23


1

2

3

+1

+2

+3

LINK

Weak

Strong

Hybrid/Integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

16 / 30


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

extent

in Y or

rows


dx

dy

Size of the cell


Origin (X,Y)

N (orientation)

id attribute

1

2

3

Wheat

Grapevine

Forest

Identifier


17 / 30



�Number of planes



dz1

dz2

Thematic resolution

18 / 30


1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3



1

2

3


19 / 30




11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.212.0

11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.412.0

11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4

11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6

11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8

12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9

12.5 12.5 12.8

12.6 12.6 12.4 12.111.9

13.0 13.1 12.6 12.312.1

13.0 13.2 12.7 12.412.0

13.4 13.6 13.1 12.712.4

13.7 13.9 13.6 13.212.613.1 13.2


variable


summary

20 / 30



point

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3

LINK

Hybrid/integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

1

2

3

21 / 30



Map (scanned)

Orthophotography


22 / 30





23 / 30













24 / 30






map at 1:25,000




25 / 30






• A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000

• … : 6 km2 at 1:10,000





26 / 30









27 / 30



Hardwares

Softwares

Methods

Users

Data

• Key-element of

any GIS project

• 70 to 80 % of

total project costs

28 / 30











29 / 30







analysis)


– Level of detail



Information

to be stored

in metadata

30 / 30



QUALITYQUALITY




– The data coding


– The geometry

– The attributes


– Bad usage



ArcCatalog (ESRI)

1


Pierre BAZILE






2 / 30



CONTROL SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Problem Decision


Inputs

Outputs

EXTERNAL

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC

Data, rules, and

constraints of the

external universe

DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Actions

Personnel

3 / 30




Inputs

Outputs

FORMALISABLE

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Data

model

Computer

Software: DBMS


4 / 30



INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Semantic

data

model


data

model

Software: DBMS

Computer


5 / 30









6 / 30






‘semantic’ data

500 Metres0

N

7 / 30



Semantic

database

Semantic

database

Entities

Relationship

Spatial

representation

Spatial

representation

Entities

Relationships

Point

Line

Surface

Continuous

Tables

Adjacency

Inclusion

Proximity

Path

Link

8 / 30





9 / 30



bâtiment

route

lac

10 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2.--------

xn,yn

Surface: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2--------

xn,yn(x0,y0)

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

P1 P2

x1,y1 x2,y2

x2,y2 x3,y3

x5,y5 x6,y6

x4,y4 x5,y5x1,y1 x2,y2

Data redundancy


11 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L)

Nax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

No redundancy


L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1x1,y1

x4,y4

N2

L2

N1N2

L3

N1x3,y3

x6,y6

N2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

12 / 30




1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6



Point: Id,x,y +


Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1

N2

P1U

L2

N1

N2

P2P1

L3

N1

N2

U

P2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

13 / 30



• Entities






entity is stored





Appearence

!

Reality

14 / 30












15 / 30




1

2

3

+1

+3+2


1

2

3

1

23


1

2

3

+1

+2

+3

LINK

Weak

Strong

Hybrid/Integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

16 / 30


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

extent

in Y or

rows


dx

dy

Size of the cell


Origin (X,Y)

N (orientation)

id attribute

1

2

3

Wheat

Grapevine

Forest

Identifier


17 / 30



�Number of planes



dz1

dz2

Thematic resolution

18 / 30


1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3



1

2

3


19 / 30




11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.212.0

11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.412.0

11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4

11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6

11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8

12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9

12.5 12.5 12.8

12.6 12.6 12.4 12.111.9

13.0 13.1 12.6 12.312.1

13.0 13.2 12.7 12.412.0

13.4 13.6 13.1 12.712.4

13.7 13.9 13.6 13.212.613.1 13.2


variable


summary

20 / 30



point

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3

LINK

Hybrid/integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

1

2

3

21 / 30



Map (scanned)

Orthophotography


22 / 30





23 / 30













24 / 30






map at 1:25,000




25 / 30






• A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000

• … : 6 km2 at 1:10,000





26 / 30









27 / 30



Hardwares

Softwares

Methods

Users

Data

• Key-element of

any GIS project

• 70 to 80 % of

total project costs

28 / 30











29 / 30







analysis)


– Level of detail



Information

to be stored

in metadata

30 / 30



QUALITYQUALITY




– The data coding


– The geometry

– The attributes


– Bad usage



ArcCatalog (ESRI)

1


Pierre BAZILE






2 / 30



CONTROL SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Problem Decision


Inputs

Outputs

EXTERNAL

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC

Data, rules, and

constraints of the

external universe

DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Actions

Personnel

3 / 30




Inputs

Outputs

FORMALISABLE

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Data

model

Computer

Software: DBMS


4 / 30



INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Semantic

data

model


data

model

Software: DBMS

Computer


5 / 30









6 / 30






‘semantic’ data

500 Metres0

N

7 / 30



Semantic

database

Semantic

database

Entities

Relationship

Spatial

representation

Spatial

representation

Entities

Relationships

Point

Line

Surface

Continuous

Tables

Adjacency

Inclusion

Proximity

Path

Link

8 / 30





9 / 30



bâtiment

route

lac

10 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2.--------

xn,yn

Surface: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2--------

xn,yn(x0,y0)

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

P1 P2

x1,y1 x2,y2

x2,y2 x3,y3

x5,y5 x6,y6

x4,y4 x5,y5x1,y1 x2,y2

Data redundancy


11 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L)

Nax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

No redundancy


L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1x1,y1

x4,y4

N2

L2

N1N2

L3

N1x3,y3

x6,y6

N2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

12 / 30




1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6



Point: Id,x,y +


Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1

N2

P1U

L2

N1

N2

P2P1

L3

N1

N2

U

P2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

13 / 30



• Entities






entity is stored





Appearence

!

Reality

14 / 30












15 / 30




1

2

3

+1

+3+2


1

2

3

1

23


1

2

3

+1

+2

+3

LINK

Weak

Strong

Hybrid/Integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

16 / 30


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

extent

in Y or

rows


dx

dy

Size of the cell


Origin (X,Y)

N (orientation)

id attribute

1

2

3

Wheat

Grapevine

Forest

Identifier


17 / 30



�Number of planes



dz1

dz2

Thematic resolution

18 / 30


1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3



1

2

3


19 / 30




11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.212.0

11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.412.0

11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4

11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6

11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8

12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9

12.5 12.5 12.8

12.6 12.6 12.4 12.111.9

13.0 13.1 12.6 12.312.1

13.0 13.2 12.7 12.412.0

13.4 13.6 13.1 12.712.4

13.7 13.9 13.6 13.212.613.1 13.2


variable


summary

20 / 30



point

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3

LINK

Hybrid/integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

1

2

3

21 / 30



Map (scanned)

Orthophotography


22 / 30





23 / 30













24 / 30






map at 1:25,000




25 / 30






• A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000

• … : 6 km2 at 1:10,000





26 / 30









27 / 30



Hardwares

Softwares

Methods

Users

Data

• Key-element of

any GIS project

• 70 to 80 % of

total project costs

28 / 30











29 / 30







analysis)


– Level of detail



Information

to be stored

in metadata

30 / 30



QUALITYQUALITY




– The data coding


– The geometry

– The attributes


– Bad usage



ArcCatalog (ESRI)

1


Pierre BAZILE






2 / 30



CONTROL SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Problem Decision


Inputs

Outputs

EXTERNAL

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC

Data, rules, and

constraints of the

external universe

DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Actions

Personnel

3 / 30




Inputs

Outputs

FORMALISABLE

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Data

model

Computer

Software: DBMS


4 / 30



INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Semantic

data

model


data

model

Software: DBMS

Computer


5 / 30









6 / 30






‘semantic’ data

500 Metres0

N

7 / 30



Semantic

database

Semantic

database

Entities

Relationship

Spatial

representation

Spatial

representation

Entities

Relationships

Point

Line

Surface

Continuous

Tables

Adjacency

Inclusion

Proximity

Path

Link

8 / 30





9 / 30



bâtiment

route

lac

10 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2.--------

xn,yn

Surface: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2--------

xn,yn(x0,y0)

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

P1 P2

x1,y1 x2,y2

x2,y2 x3,y3

x5,y5 x6,y6

x4,y4 x5,y5x1,y1 x2,y2

Data redundancy


11 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L)

Nax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

No redundancy


L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1x1,y1

x4,y4

N2

L2

N1N2

L3

N1x3,y3

x6,y6

N2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

12 / 30




1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6



Point: Id,x,y +


Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1

N2

P1U

L2

N1

N2

P2P1

L3

N1

N2

U

P2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

13 / 30



• Entities






entity is stored





Appearence

!

Reality

14 / 30












15 / 30




1

2

3

+1

+3+2


1

2

3

1

23


1

2

3

+1

+2

+3

LINK

Weak

Strong

Hybrid/Integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

16 / 30


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

extent

in Y or

rows


dx

dy

Size of the cell


Origin (X,Y)

N (orientation)

id attribute

1

2

3

Wheat

Grapevine

Forest

Identifier


17 / 30



�Number of planes



dz1

dz2

Thematic resolution

18 / 30


1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3



1

2

3


19 / 30




11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.212.0

11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.412.0

11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4

11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6

11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8

12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9

12.5 12.5 12.8

12.6 12.6 12.4 12.111.9

13.0 13.1 12.6 12.312.1

13.0 13.2 12.7 12.412.0

13.4 13.6 13.1 12.712.4

13.7 13.9 13.6 13.212.613.1 13.2


variable


summary

20 / 30



point

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3

LINK

Hybrid/integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

1

2

3

21 / 30



Map (scanned)

Orthophotography


22 / 30





23 / 30













24 / 30






map at 1:25,000




25 / 30






• A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000

• … : 6 km2 at 1:10,000





26 / 30









27 / 30



Hardwares

Softwares

Methods

Users

Data

• Key-element of

any GIS project

• 70 to 80 % of

total project costs

28 / 30











29 / 30







analysis)


– Level of detail



Information

to be stored

in metadata

30 / 30



QUALITYQUALITY




– The data coding


– The geometry

– The attributes


– Bad usage



ArcCatalog (ESRI)

1


Pierre BAZILE






2 / 30



CONTROL SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Problem Decision


Inputs

Outputs

EXTERNAL

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC

Data, rules, and

constraints of the

external universe

DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Actions

Personnel

3 / 30




Inputs

Outputs

FORMALISABLE

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Data

model

Computer

Software: DBMS


4 / 30



INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Semantic

data

model


data

model

Software: DBMS

Computer


5 / 30









6 / 30






‘semantic’ data

500 Metres0

N

7 / 30



Semantic

database

Semantic

database

Entities

Relationship

Spatial

representation

Spatial

representation

Entities

Relationships

Point

Line

Surface

Continuous

Tables

Adjacency

Inclusion

Proximity

Path

Link

8 / 30





9 / 30



bâtiment

route

lac

10 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2.--------

xn,yn

Surface: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2--------

xn,yn(x0,y0)

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

P1 P2

x1,y1 x2,y2

x2,y2 x3,y3

x5,y5 x6,y6

x4,y4 x5,y5x1,y1 x2,y2

Data redundancy


11 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L)

Nax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

No redundancy


L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1x1,y1

x4,y4

N2

L2

N1N2

L3

N1x3,y3

x6,y6

N2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

12 / 30




1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6



Point: Id,x,y +


Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1

N2

P1U

L2

N1

N2

P2P1

L3

N1

N2

U

P2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

13 / 30



• Entities






entity is stored





Appearence

!

Reality

14 / 30












15 / 30




1

2

3

+1

+3+2


1

2

3

1

23


1

2

3

+1

+2

+3

LINK

Weak

Strong

Hybrid/Integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

16 / 30


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

extent

in Y or

rows


dx

dy

Size of the cell


Origin (X,Y)

N (orientation)

id attribute

1

2

3

Wheat

Grapevine

Forest

Identifier


17 / 30



�Number of planes



dz1

dz2

Thematic resolution

18 / 30


1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3



1

2

3


19 / 30




11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.212.0

11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.412.0

11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4

11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6

11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8

12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9

12.5 12.5 12.8

12.6 12.6 12.4 12.111.9

13.0 13.1 12.6 12.312.1

13.0 13.2 12.7 12.412.0

13.4 13.6 13.1 12.712.4

13.7 13.9 13.6 13.212.613.1 13.2


variable


summary

20 / 30



point

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3

LINK

Hybrid/integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

1

2

3

21 / 30



Map (scanned)

Orthophotography


22 / 30





23 / 30













24 / 30






map at 1:25,000




25 / 30






• A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000

• … : 6 km2 at 1:10,000





26 / 30









27 / 30



Hardwares

Softwares

Methods

Users

Data

• Key-element of

any GIS project

• 70 to 80 % of

total project costs

28 / 30











29 / 30







analysis)


– Level of detail



Information

to be stored

in metadata

30 / 30



QUALITYQUALITY




– The data coding


– The geometry

– The attributes


– Bad usage



ArcCatalog (ESRI)

1


Pierre BAZILE






2 / 30



CONTROL SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Problem Decision


Inputs

Outputs

EXTERNAL

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC

Data, rules, and

constraints of the

external universe

DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Actions

Personnel

3 / 30




Inputs

Outputs

FORMALISABLE

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Data

model

Computer

Software: DBMS


4 / 30



INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Semantic

data

model


data

model

Software: DBMS

Computer


5 / 30









6 / 30






‘semantic’ data

500 Metres0

N

7 / 30



Semantic

database

Semantic

database

Entities

Relationship

Spatial

representation

Spatial

representation

Entities

Relationships

Point

Line

Surface

Continuous

Tables

Adjacency

Inclusion

Proximity

Path

Link

8 / 30





9 / 30



bâtiment

route

lac

10 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2.--------

xn,yn

Surface: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2--------

xn,yn(x0,y0)

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

P1 P2

x1,y1 x2,y2

x2,y2 x3,y3

x5,y5 x6,y6

x4,y4 x5,y5x1,y1 x2,y2

Data redundancy


11 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L)

Nax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

No redundancy


L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1x1,y1

x4,y4

N2

L2

N1N2

L3

N1x3,y3

x6,y6

N2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

12 / 30




1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6



Point: Id,x,y +


Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1

N2

P1U

L2

N1

N2

P2P1

L3

N1

N2

U

P2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

13 / 30



• Entities






entity is stored





Appearence

!

Reality

14 / 30












15 / 30




1

2

3

+1

+3+2


1

2

3

1

23


1

2

3

+1

+2

+3

LINK

Weak

Strong

Hybrid/Integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

16 / 30


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

extent

in Y or

rows


dx

dy

Size of the cell


Origin (X,Y)

N (orientation)

id attribute

1

2

3

Wheat

Grapevine

Forest

Identifier


17 / 30



�Number of planes



dz1

dz2

Thematic resolution

18 / 30


1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3



1

2

3


19 / 30




11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.212.0

11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.412.0

11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4

11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6

11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8

12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9

12.5 12.5 12.8

12.6 12.6 12.4 12.111.9

13.0 13.1 12.6 12.312.1

13.0 13.2 12.7 12.412.0

13.4 13.6 13.1 12.712.4

13.7 13.9 13.6 13.212.613.1 13.2


variable


summary

20 / 30



point

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3

LINK

Hybrid/integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

1

2

3

21 / 30



Map (scanned)

Orthophotography


22 / 30





23 / 30













24 / 30






map at 1:25,000




25 / 30






• A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000

• … : 6 km2 at 1:10,000





26 / 30









27 / 30



Hardwares

Softwares

Methods

Users

Data

• Key-element of

any GIS project

• 70 to 80 % of

total project costs

28 / 30











29 / 30







analysis)


– Level of detail



Information

to be stored

in metadata

30 / 30



QUALITYQUALITY




– The data coding


– The geometry

– The attributes


– Bad usage



ArcCatalog (ESRI)

1


Pierre BAZILE






2 / 30



CONTROL SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

Problem Decision


Inputs

Outputs

EXTERNAL

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC

Data, rules, and

constraints of the

external universe

DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Actions

Personnel

3 / 30




Inputs

Outputs

FORMALISABLE

UNIVERSE

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Data

model

Computer

Software: DBMS


4 / 30



INFORMATION SYSTEM

Inputs

Outputs

INFORMATION

BASE

STATIC DYNAMIC

INFORMATION

PROCESSOR

Personnel

Semantic

data

model


data

model

Software: DBMS

Computer


5 / 30









6 / 30






‘semantic’ data

500 Metres0

N

7 / 30



Semantic

database

Semantic

database

Entities

Relationship

Spatial

representation

Spatial

representation

Entities

Relationships

Point

Line

Surface

Continuous

Tables

Adjacency

Inclusion

Proximity

Path

Link

8 / 30





9 / 30



bâtiment

route

lac

10 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2.--------

xn,yn

Surface: Id,

x0,y0x1,y1x2,y2--------

xn,yn(x0,y0)

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

P1 P2

x1,y1 x2,y2

x2,y2 x3,y3

x5,y5 x6,y6

x4,y4 x5,y5x1,y1 x2,y2

Data redundancy


11 / 30




Point: Id,x,y +

Line: Id, (L)

Nax1,y1x2,y2.--------

Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6

No redundancy


L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1x1,y1

x4,y4

N2

L2

N1N2

L3

N1x3,y3

x6,y6

N2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

12 / 30




1 2

1 2 3

4 5 6



Point: Id,x,y +


Nb

Node: Id,x,y

Surface: Id,

L1L2----

Ln

L1 L2 L3

N1

N2

L1

N1

N2

P1U

L2

N1

N2

P2P1

L3

N1

N2

U

P2

P1

L1

L2

P2

L2

L3

N1

x2,y2

N2

x5,y5

13 / 30



• Entities






entity is stored





Appearence

!

Reality

14 / 30












15 / 30




1

2

3

+1

+3+2


1

2

3

1

23


1

2

3

+1

+2

+3

LINK

Weak

Strong

Hybrid/Integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

16 / 30


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

extent

in Y or

rows


dx

dy

Size of the cell


Origin (X,Y)

N (orientation)

id attribute

1

2

3

Wheat

Grapevine

Forest

Identifier


17 / 30



�Number of planes



dz1

dz2

Thematic resolution

18 / 30


1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3



1

2

3


19 / 30




11.4 11.5 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.2 12.5 12.4 12.212.0

11.4 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.4 12.6 12.6 12.412.0

11.5 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.4

11.7 11.9 12.0 12.5 12.6

11.8 12.1 12.4 12.5 12.8

12.0 12.2 12.5 12.7 12.9

12.5 12.5 12.8

12.6 12.6 12.4 12.111.9

13.0 13.1 12.6 12.312.1

13.0 13.2 12.7 12.412.0

13.4 13.6 13.1 12.712.4

13.7 13.9 13.6 13.212.613.1 13.2


variable


summary

20 / 30



point

1

2

3


1

2

3


1

2

3

LINK

Hybrid/integrated

STRUCTURING

Layer -- Table

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 33 3

1

1 1 1

1

2

2

2

2

3

3 3 3

3

1

2

3

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Map (scanned)

Orthophotography


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map at 1:25,000




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• A4 sheet: 600 km2 at 1:100,000

• … : 6 km2 at 1:10,000





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Hardwares

Softwares

Methods

Users

Data

• Key-element of

any GIS project

• 70 to 80 % of

total project costs

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analysis)


– Level of detail



Information

to be stored

in metadata

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QUALITYQUALITY




– The data coding


– The geometry

– The attributes


– Bad usage



ArcCatalog (ESRI)

gis: concepts, methods & tools - peer

Documents