gis geographic information systems an overview thomas reynolds csi668 may 7, 2001
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GIS
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
An Overview
Thomas ReynoldsCSI668
May 7, 2001
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What Is GIS ?
• Automated Systems, for the• Capture,• Storage, • Retrieval, • Analysis, and • Display• of Spatial Data
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Spatial Data - What Where
• Streets, Houses, Trees, Schools, etc.• Water Lines, Sewer Pipes• Minerals, Oil, Aquifers, Soil Types• Telephone Lines, Electric Power Lines• Political Boundaries, Zip Codes• Mountains, Rivers, Lakes• Wildlife Habitat, Marketing Areas
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Automated
• That's why we're here, right ?• Developed 1950's to Present• One Influence for Improving Graphics• Growth Curve Presently Steepening
Up• Databases, Processing, Displaying,
Communicating• May be Huge, Entirely Automated
Datasets – eg Satellite Images
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(image from www.gisdatadepot.com/helpdesk/100k/ny100.jpg)
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Some VocabularyLots of Acronyms
• Not just maps, "themes", the waterline – street – electric power line, etc. layers
• "RS" remote sensing• "GPS" global positioning systems• "GML" geographic markup language• "OGC" Open GIS Consortium• "AM/FM" automated mapping &
facilities management• "SVG" scalable vector graphics
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Some More Basic Concepts
• Raster vs Vector• Topology• Projection• Registration• Geographic Reference• Geocode• So GIS != CAD
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GIS:GIS: The Whole Picture
• A working GIS is an integrated whole of five components: hardware, software, data, personnel, and methods.
• Hardware can be big internet servers to standalone personal computers.
• Software ranges from multi-thousand dollar unix systems to free.
• Anything real is potential data.• People and methods make the rest
work.
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TRAVEL TIMES
BLUE :
Shortest
GREEN :
Middle
MAGENTA :
Longest
______________
F : Fire Station
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Tools, Products
• MapInfo www.mapinfo.com• ESRI www.esri.com• GRASS www.baylor.edu/grass• IDRISI www.idrisi.clarku.edu• TNT* www.microimages.com• Oracle
technet.oracle.com/products/spatial• Smallworld www.smallworld-us.com• Garmin www.garmin.com
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(image from www.idrisi.clarku.edu/03PROD/gallery/Decrisk2.jpg)
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Location Based Services - LBS
• Booming development• Traditional programming jobs, lots of java• People may talk about the global virtual
world of the internet, but the world is still a real, spatial one.
• Info exchange anywhere, everywhere• Built upon GIS, wireless, and the Internet• GIS provides and structures the
information• Wireless handles the communication
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LBS
• You are your cell phone• What information is where you are, and
what information can come from somewhere else to you wherever you are?
• But 1st, where are you?• Need open standards--wherever you are,
your connectivity can transfer good info• The info itself must be structured so it
isn't hidden solely because not readable• And the info should include spatial
references
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Maybe Not Utopia, Though
" 'Ubiquitous Geospatial Information' will empower individuals and nations to become better informed and act more intelligently for the good of all. It is a vision of the not too distant future that will improve the health, wealth, and security of individuals, communities, and nations around the globe."
( www.geojava.com/GettingStarted/tutorials/Ubiquitous-2.1.1.1.2.hmtl, 05/2001, no author shown )
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What Makes This Possible?
• Java, the language of the Internet
• WAP, Wireless Application Protocol
• XML, Extensible Markup Language
• GML, Geography Markup Language
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GML
• Based on XML• A simple text-based language that can
be understood anywhere• Can express relationships among geo-
spatial entities in one database or in databases distributed around the Internet
• Can be used to specify elements which can be interpreted to make maps
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GML Mapmaking
(image from www.geojava.com/company/galdos/articles/GMLMapMaking_gml.htm)
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GML Code
( from www.geojava.com/company/galdos/articles/GML3.htm)
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<!-- ==============================================================global declarations [ from Schema www.opengis.net/namespaces/gml/core/feature.xsd ] ============================================================-- >. . .<!-- some basic geometric properties of features --><element name="_geometryProperty" type="gml:GeometryPropertyType" abstract="true"/><element name="geometryProperty" type="gml:GeometryPropertyType" /><element name="boundedBy" type="gml:BoundingShapeType"/>
<element name="pointProperty" type="gml:PointPropertyType" substitutionGroup="gml:_geometryProperty"/><element name="polygonProperty" type="gml:PolygonPropertyType" substitutionGroup="gml:_geometryProperty"/><element name="lineStringProperty" type="gml:LineStringPropertyType" substitutionGroup="gml:_geometryProperty"/><element name="multiPointProperty" type="gml:MultiPointPropertyType" substitutionGroup="gml:_geometryProperty"/> . . .<!-- common aliases for geometric properties --><element name="location" type="gml:PointPropertyType" substitutionGroup="gml:pointProperty"/><element name="centerOf" type="gml:PointPropertyType" substitutionGroup="gml:pointProperty"/><element name="position" type="gml:PointPropertyType" substitutionGroup="gml:pointProperty"/> . . .<element name="coverage" type="gml:PolygonPropertyType" substitutionGroup="gml:polygonProperty"/><element name="edgeOf" type="gml:LineStringPropertyType" substitutionGroup="gml:lineStringProperty"/><element name="centerLineOf" type="gml:LineStringPropertyType" substitutionGroup="gml:lineStringProperty"/> . . .
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Further References
• www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/giswww.html• www.albany.edu/~ls973/newmaps.html• www.opengis.org• www.tenlinks.com/MapGIS/products/
develop• www.geojava.com• spatialnews.geocomm.com/education• www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk/geotools• gis.about.com• www.geoplace.com