Creation of Digital Map of DCRUST, MurthalusingGeographical Information System

Project Report

Submitted by

RITU MALHOTRA ASHISH TYAGI

For partial fulfilment of the CERTIFICATE COURSEInCOP 101: GIS AND REMOTE SENSING

DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,MURTHAL, SONEPAT, HARYANA -131039Creation of Digital Map of DCRUST, MurthalUsingGeographical Information System

Project Report

Submitted byPAWAN KUMAR

For partial fulfilment of the CERTIFICATE COURSEInCOP 101: GIS AND REMOTE SENSING

DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,MURTHAL, SONEPAT, HARYANA -131039

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled Digitization of map of DCRUST, Murthal, is a faithful record of work carried out by Mr. Pawan kumar as a part of their project for the certificate course of GIS and Remote Sensing under the supervision of Mr. Har Amrit Singh Sandhu, Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, DRUST, Murthal.

Mr. Har Amrit Singh SandhuAsst. Professor,Civil Engineering DepartmentDCRUST, Murthal.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTIt takes heartfelt pleasure in acknowledging our gratitude to Mr. Har Amrit Singh Sandhu, Assist. Professor, CED, DCRUST, Murthal for enabling us to complete this project and inspiring us to strive for excellence. We gratefully acknowledge his complete involvement with this piece of work and friendly support, enlightening discussions, timely suggestions and valuable words helping me in all possible ways throughout our project. We find it difficult to pen down our deepest sense of gratitude towards our parents who had always been a guiding light to us by just holding our fingers and leading us through all ups and downs, at the same time we wont forget our brother & sister for their love, understanding and overwhelming support. We would thank almighty for all his love and blessings showered on us not only during this course but in every step of our life.

Jan, 2013 pawan kumar

CONTENTSS. NoDescriptionPage no

1.Abstract6

2.Purpose7

3.Introduction8

4.Study Area12

5.Software Review13

6.Literature Review15

7.Methodology17

8.Conclusion18

ABSTRACTDigitizingordigitizationis the representation of anobject, image, sound, documentor asignal(usually ananalog signal) by a discrete set of its points or samples. The result is calleddigitalrepresentationor, more specifically, adigital image, for the object, anddigital form, for the signal. Strictly speaking, digitizing means simply capturing an analog signal in digital form. For a document the term means to trace the document image or capture the "corners" where the lines end or change direction. The digitizing applications are rapidly evolving around the world as computers are becoming an essential office and home equipment. Urban and Town Planning, Libraries, Corporate, Government, Armed Forces, Museums and Educational and Research organizations are looking at various efficient storage and distribution applications. By linking local markets through digitization, technology has created the global market. It has flattened the hierarchy of business by cutting out inefficient layers and middleman, so that the producer can reach the consumer directly. It has also "empowered" the individual consumer and producer by increasing his access to information, his capacity to process that information and his capacity to reach out directly to other consumers and producers almost without restraint.

PURPOSEThe purpose of this study is to construct a method for estimating the amount of uncertainty introduced when analog maps are converted into digital data in a vector based geographic information system (GIS). There is a substantial need to obtain reliable estimates of error associated with digital data to better inform data analysis, interpretation and decision-making. The main priority of research into issues of accuracy and uncertainty associated with GIS is to "develop an adequate means of representing and modeling the uncertainty and error characteristics of spatial data and to develop GIS related methods and techniques that cm explicitly take error into account during their operations with spatial data".

INTRODUCTIONMap making has been one of the most important achievements for humankind as it was because of this humankind was able to spread throughout the globe. New lands were discovered and inhabited and in all these activities the role of maps cannot be underestimated. Thus, for ages maps have been used to portray the surface of the earth on to a paper. But while viewing the maps, one generally tends to forget that each line or point depicted on the map actually represents a considerable area on the surface of earth. Thus, if lines present on the maps are not presented accurately, it means that a large area of land becomes disputed. Now we have an age of digital revolution. Right from digital movies and digital music to digital information, theinternethas played a major role in accelerating this digital revolution. Maps have become a part of this digital revolution and internet mapping is the 'in' thing now. The main issue of discussion is the ways and means of depiction of maps in digital form and the probable reasons for the occurrence of such errors in the process.Behind the success of this mapping technology is a major role played by the technology of capturing data in digital form. Data forms the backbone of the GIS industry. Spatial data is available mostly in analogue form i.e. in the form of maps, imageries, aerial photographs etc. Perhaps the biggest bottleneck in the GIS industry is the proper reproduction of the analogue data into digital form. The process of converting an analogue map into a digital format is known as "Digitisation". Although the most important technique of data input and storage in a GIS, digitisation is also one of the most expensive and time consuming aspects of data input in a GIS. The digital capture of data from the analogue sources viz. maps, imageries, aerial photographs etc. is carried out in two different methods, manual digitisation and heads up digitisation (i.e by raster scanning using optical scanners).Manual DigitisationManual digitisation is carried out on a digitisation table which looks like a drafting table containing a mouse-like device with crosshairs called a 'puck'. The digitisation tableworksin a sophisticated manner similar to a tracking device electronically recording the positions of points and lines. It is embedded with a mesh of fine wires forming a grid like surface and this is draped or covered with some smooth surface. On this surface is mounted the map or the imagery which is to be digitised. The map is then taped to the surface which prevents the map from any types of movement. The puck is placed on the map and the electronics of the system working on electrostatic system in conjunction with the wire grid picks the signals from the puck and converts the position of the puck into a digital signal. This signal is processed by a software in the computer converting the signal gets into X-Y co-ordinates depicting the position of the puck. Thus the features on the map or imagery are literally traced out by the puck. A very important aspect in this regard is the correct choice of the co-ordinate system referred to as projection system, so that the features present on the curved surface of the earth is projected properly on to a flat map. Many new digitisation softwares support a variety of projection systems but while working with a paper map, the projection used by the base map should be known and the software should be set accordingly.

The spatial data stored forms the raw data for a GIS environment. Spatial data from the maps are stored in the form of points, lines and polygons. This means that features on the maps are represented digitally in three different forms i.e. points, lines and polygons. In point mode individual locations (like cities, villages etc. depending upon the scale of the map) are recorded by positioning the puck over the point and generating a single table co-ordinate pair. In a line mode, the lines are digitised by recording the co-ordinate positions of the starting point and the end point of the line segment. This is true for a straight line. However, curved lines are digitised by breaking up the curved line into a series of straight lines and recording the co-ordinates of these series of points. A polygon is a series of closed and interconnected lines. They are generally digitised in the form of a series of straight lines but the last and the first point of this series coincide with each other.Digitisation results in tracing the map or other analogue feature into digital form in which each feature has a proper locational identity. To ensure that each point is displayed in its original location a few steps have to be maintained while digitising. First, three general points (or reference points) located outside the map area, preferably the corners of the map, are digitised. This helps in defining the position of the map with respect to the table. This ensures that if the map is displaced, then the new corners are to be only digitised and no other changes are to be made within the map area. The next and the most important step is to register and define several control points with a minimum of four points. Control points refer to points on the map whose real geographic co-ordinates are known. This is required for transforming the digital map into a similar projection as the original map such that each feature on the digital map displays its correct geographic location. After these preliminary steps, the features on the map are traced out using the puck in the form of points, lines and polygons with each feature having the correct geographic location.Heads-Up DigitisationAnother very commonly used method of digitisation is the on-screen digitisation or 'heads-up digitisation'. This method of digitisation is very similar to manual digitisation except that the base map or image is already in a digital raster form i.e. in the form of a digital image. It is known as 'heads-up digitisation' because the attention of the user is focussed up on the computer screen and not on a digitisation tablet. The main idea in this type of digitisation is to convert this digital image into a form usable in the GIS environment i.e. in a form such that each feature on the map has a geographic co-ordinate associated with it. In this method, the first step is to convert the paper maps or imageries into a digital image. This is accomplished using a scanner. A scanner automatically captures map features, text, and symbols in the map as individual cells, or pixels, and produces an automated digital image in raster format. But this raster image lacks any geographic information which has to be inputted manually. For this, the digital image is displayed on the screen and zoomed to a comfortable level such that all the features on the digital images can be easily traced out on the screen itself to create new layers or themes. For this method also choosing the proper projection is necessary. In a similar manner, control points with known geographic locations are identified and marked based on which the geographic co-ordinates of all the features in the map is known. Another improvement in on-screen digitisation is the interactive tracing method which automates the line tracing method in such a way that it traces one line at a time automatically under the guidance of the operator.

Advantages of Digital MapsAccurate Directions: Digital maps are equipped with real-time satellite data (global positioning system, or GPS), so you are receiving the most accurate and current information. Backtrack Easily: Most digital map allows you to retrace your steps by pressing a few buttons. If your traditional map is overly used, this task could be quite difficult. Records and Archives: Digital maps keep a complete history of your trip. You can archive your directions. The next time you take that route, the directions you followed can easily be retrieved. Determine Exact Location: No need to ask for directions. A digital map identifies your current, exact location if you happen to get lost. Search by Location: By entering the name of your desired location (for example, a specific address orbusiness) in the search field, a digital map provides a list of possible locations. You can select the location that meets your needs. Accurate Calculation of Distance:A digital map accurately calculates the distance of a trip. You do not have to estimate the distance (or probable time) when you use a digital map.Accuracy in Digitisation ProcessA very important aspect of digitisation is the accuracy of the digitised products. Spatial accuracy of the features depicted on the map is very important for a good GIS database. But accuracy of the digitised map depends on a number of different types of errors. The most important of which are geodetic, machine, cartographic, manuscript and random errors. Geodetic error crops out of the improper choice of a projection system. This is because maps present the three-dimensional face of the surface into a two-dimensional paper according to a projection system. Digitisation in a different projection system results in inaccurate placement of features such that the map and the digitised image do not overlap each other. Machine error is an inherent error which cannot be removed but can only be minimised. It depends on the accuracy of the digitisation table and maybe introduced while conversion from analogue to digital form of the map. Cartographic errors are errors that are present in the source map itself and which get transferred into the digital form of the map. The source maps may sometimes depict inaccurate results because of incorrect interpretations or because of incorrect drafting of features as seen on the map. Manuscript errors are introduced based on the quality of the source maps. Paper maps are known to shrink with time. Any warping, stretching, folding or wrinkling of the original map will affect the digitisation process as proper co-ordinates of such maps cannot be placed. Apart from this, the quality of digitisation also depends upon the operator who is digitising the maps. An experienced digitiser can digitise the maps with more accuracy and speed as compared to a newly appointed digitiser. Similarly, on-screen digitisation is more accurate as compared to manual digitisation as the images for on-screen digitisation are scanned at higher resolutions such that the operator can zoom the image to the scale of the original raster data and digitise with a higher level of accuracy. But ultimately the quality of digitisation still remains with the operator.

STUDY AREAMurthalis a big village inSonepat districtofHaryanain northernIndiaand 48 kilometers from the national capitalNew Delhi. About 20 years ago Murthal was just another village along the National Highway-1 and now it is one of the fastest growing village in the region.Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, formerlyChhotu Ram State College of Engineering, Murthal(CRSCE) started in 1987 and is the first government engineering college in the State ofHaryana. The campus will alsohouse the Central Institute of Plastics Engineering, established by the Act of Parliament shortly. The university has been awarded with the TechnicalEducationQuality Improvement Programme Phase - II (TEQIP Phase-II) of the World Bank Project. The university is located on National Highway No. 1 at a distance of 50km from I.S.B.T.,Delhiand at a distance of 8km fromSonepatrailway station. The sprawling campus of the College has been developed on 273 acres (1.10km2) of land which falls within the industrial and commercial belt extending from Kundli to Panipat. The site has a strategic location in that it is near the national capital while being in the clean and unpolluted environment of the country side. Murthal lies on the geometrical coordinates of 29020 N, 77050E.

REVIEW OF SOFTWARE

ARC GISEsri'sArcGISis ageographic information system(GIS) for working with maps and geographic information. It is used for creating and using maps; compiling geographic data; analyzing mapped information; sharing and discovering geographic information; using maps and geographic information in a range of applications; and managing geographic information in a database.The system provides an infrastructure for making maps and geographic information available throughout an organization, across a community, and openly on the Web.ArcGIS includes the followingWindowsdesktop software: Arc Reader, which allows one to view and query maps created with the other ArcGIS products; ArcGIS for Desktop, which is licensed under three functionality levels: ArcGIS for Desktop Basic (formerly known asArcView), which allows one to view spatial data, create layeredmaps, and perform basicspatial analysis; ArcGIS for Desktop Standard (formerly known asArcEditor), which in addition to the functionality of ArcView, includes more advanced tools for manipulation ofshape filesandgeodatabases; or ArcGIS for Desktop Advanced (formerly known asArc Info), which includes capabilities for data manipulation, editing, and analysis.

ComponentsArcGIS for Desktop consists of several integrated applications, includingArcMap,ArcCatalog,ArcToolbox, andArcGlobe. ArcCatalog is the data management application, used to browse datasets and files on one's computer, database, or other sources. In addition to showing what data is available, ArcCatalog also allows users to preview the data on a map. ArcCatalog also provides the ability to view and manage metadatafor spatial datasets.ArcMap is the application used to view, edit and query geospatial data, and createmaps. The ArcMap inferface has two main sections, including atable of contentson the left and the data frame(s) which display the map. Items in the table of contents correspond with layers on the map.ArcToolbox contains geoprocessing, data conversion, and analysis tools, along with much of the functionality in ArcInfo. It is also possible to usebatch processingwith ArcToolbox, for frequently repeated tasks.ERDAS IMAGINEERDAS IMAGINEis aremote sensing applicationwithraster graphics editorabilities designed by ERDAS forgeospatialapplications. The latest version is 2011, version 11.0.4. ERDAS IMAGINE is aimed primarily at geospatial raster data processing and allows the user to prepare, display and enhance digital images for mapping use ingeographic information system(GIS) or incomputer-aided design(CADD) software. It is a toolbox allowing the user to perform numerous operations on an image and generate an answer to specific geographical questions.By manipulating imagery data values and positions, it is possible to see features that would not normally be visible and to locate geo-positions of features that would otherwise be graphical. The level of brightness, or reflectance of light from the surfaces in the image can be helpful with vegetation analysis, prospecting for minerals etc. Other usage examples include linear feature extraction, generation of processing work flows ("spatial models" in ERDAS IMAGINE), import/export of data for a wide variety of formats,orthorectification, mosaicking of imagery, stereo and automatic feature extraction of map data from imagery.TRIMBLE HAND HELD GIS (JUNO SB)

Mobile GIS is the use of geographic data in the field on mobile devices. It's an evolution of how the enterprise database is used and managed within an organization. Mobile GIS integrates three essential components; Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), rugged handheld computers, and GIS software. Bringing these technologies together, makes the enterprise database directly accessible to field based personnelwhenever and wherever it is required.

LITERATURE REVIEW Maps have been the main source of data for geographic analysis for many years. "The primacy of maps is an unquestioned premise of the field." However, maps serve not only geographers. The shift from analog to digital maps has expanded the utility of maps for many disciplines. The digital map allows for the manipulation of data in ways that are not possible with paper maps. Analog maps have traditionally been difficult to use for overlay analysis and are frequently, but incorrectly,often treated as being 100% accurate. The increased speed and power of computers allows spatial information to be processed faster than ever before. The transition from analog to digital map has benefited many areas of map analysis but has raised substantive issues regarding spatial data handling. Chrisman noted that "numbers in a database create an illusion of accuracy and the computer opens new ways of potential abuse." Goodchild (1996) argues that users expect GIS databases to be developed with the "principles of scientific measurement". Much of the necessary research into spatial processes and spatial statistics and resulting conflicts is just beginning.One of the major issues in the use and analysis of digital data is that of accuracy and the lack of knowledge regarding spatial error. Accurate data is important for GIS but is often overlooked or dismissed in applications and is very rarely specified on output products. The map user generally has no idea of map accuracy and output is often assumed to represent a higher level of accuracy than it actually contains.A GIS allows users to produce maps and models by combining various sets of spatial data. Two GIS capabilities that excite enthusiasm among potential users are the ability to change map scales and the ability to efficiently overlay maps in any order desired by the user. It is this ability to manipulate mapped information that makes a GIS so valuable. However, researchers and decision-makers can be misled due to misunderstandings in the imprecision inherent in cartographic forms of representation and the compounding of errors when map scales are changed and when maps are merged.Digital spatial data should not be subject to the same limited methods of determining accuracy that are associated with paper maps. Many spatial databases have been converted from paper maps without considering the uses of the resulting data or the intended use of the paper map. The paper map is a communication device transmitting the cartographer's view of reality to the map reader. Initial cartographic research focused on this communication model and gave scant regard to accuracy. "That model diverted attention away from the data gatherer and the map maker toward the transmission process; it thereby down played problems of data accuracy and precision and those of representation." "Cartographers feel little need to communicate information on accuracy, except indirectly through map quality statements or in detailed legends." Openshaw states "there is a remarkable lack of information about the level of errors in maps and remotely sensed data and, there are seemingly no available tools for measuring error in the outputs, and no methodology for assessing their significance."One of the main features of a GIS is the ability to produce "new" information. The users of maps and other GIS products want to combine information from many sources to aid in decision making and they want the information to contain as little uncertainty as possible.The determination of an accuracy level should be based on the intended use of the information. The acceptable level of accuracy is "that level where the costs of making thewrong decision are equal to the costs of acquiring more accurate information". Inaccuracies can lead to false perceptions about the data which can lead to faulty decisions

METHODOLOGY AT GLANCE

StepsDescriptionSoftware usedSpecifies

1Image cropping ERDASRemoval of photo edges

2Georeferencing imageERDAS

3Add Shape filesArcGIS 10.1Describes various fields and attributes

4Location Trimble Hand-Held GISCollected coordinates of concerned features

5Finalize the mapArcGIS 10.1

CONCLUSIONDigitizing is a strenuous event that requires intense concentration and places a premium on an operator's psychological and physiological ability to discern the centre of a line and follow the centre of the line with the cursor. Efforts have made by us to add all the existing features of DCRUST on the digital map by using softwares mentioned earlier.

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