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PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
GLASS-BASED PHOTONIC STRUCTURES: ADVANCES AND PERSPECTIVES
Alessandro Chiasera1, Thi Ngoc Lam Tran1,2,3, Lidia Zur4,1, Anna Lukowiak5, Yann G. Boucher6,7, Alessandro Vaccari8, Damiano Massella9,1, Cesare
Meroni9,1, Stefano Varas1, Cristina Armellini1, Andrea Chiappini1, Alessandro Carpentiero1, Davor Ristic10,11, Mile Ivanda10,11, Francesco Scotognella12,13,
Silvia Pietralunga13, Stefano Taccheo14, Daniele Zonta2,1,15, Dominik Dorosz16, Roberta Ramponi13, Giancarlo C. Righini4,17, Maurizio Ferrari1,4
1IFN-CNR CSMFO Lab. and FBK Photonics Unit via alla Cascata 56/C Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy2Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Trento University Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
3Ho Chi Minh City University of Technical Education, 1 Vo Van Ngan Street, Linh Chieu Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam4Centro di Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Piazza del Viminale 1, 00184 Roma, Italy
5Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research PAS, Okolna St. 2, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland6CNRS FOTON (UMR 6082), CS 80518, 22305 Lannion, France
7École Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Brest, CS 73862, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France8FBK CMM-ARES Unit, Via Sommarive 18, 38123 Povo-Trento, Italy
9Department of Physics, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo-Trento, Italy10Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Materials Physics, Laboratory for Molecular Physics, Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb, Croatia
11Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Research unit New Functional Materials, Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb, Croatia12Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
13IFN-CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy14College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, UK
15Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, G11XJ, UK16AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
17MDF Lab. IFAC - CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
AGH University of Science
and Technology
Maurizio Ferrari [email protected]
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
❖WELCOME TO THE GLASS AGE
❖GLASS CERAMICS AND ENERGY TRANSFER
❖WHISPERING GALLERY MODES
❖1D MICROCAVITIES
❖ OPALS
❖CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
OUTLINE
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
WELCOME TO THE GLASS AGE
DAVID L. MORSE AND JEFFREY W. EVENSON - CORNING
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED GLASS SCIENCE, 7 [4] 409–412 (2016) DOI:10.1111/IJAG.12242
➢ Glass is one of the world’s most transformative materials.
➢ Featuring tremendous versatility and distinctive technical capabilities, glass has been responsible
for numerous cultural and scientific advancements from windows to optical fiber.
➢ Today, the pace of glass innovation is accelerating, thanks to scientists’ deep understanding of
glass physics and chemistry, combined with modern analytic and control technologies.
➢ We believe that the world has entered the Glass Age.
➢ We have an unprecedented opportunity to harness the unique capabilities of glass to solve some of
our world’s most urgent challenges, such as more effective healthcare, cleaner energy and water,
and more efficient communication.
➢ Realizing the potential of the Glass Age will require collaboration, resources, and support, but it is
an opportunity we cannot afford to waste.
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
GLASS – BASED NANOTECHNOLOGIES
• Light–matter interactions are stronger at small objects (micro- and nano-
scale) PHOTONIC GLASS-CERAMICS
« …smaller objects in nature are not just
scaled replicas of similar big objects and
in fact they have improved properties…»
Galileo «Dialogue Concerning Two New Sciences» (1638)
• High Q structures, with strong spatial localization of the field, well respond to this
principle and receive a great attention in many fundamental processes in photonics.
Great application potential in many areas including cavity QED, atom trapping, laserstabilization, microlasers, nonlinear optics, nonlinear-optical thin-film diagnostics, andevanescent-wave sensing. CONFINED STRUCTURES
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
GLASS – BASED NANOTECHNOLOGIES
Light control Photons management
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
YOU CAN SAVE ENERGY REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMING
LOW THRESHOLD LASER ACTION
p
p
th
hI
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
GLASS CERAMICS AND ENERGY TRANSFER
Lidia ZurThi Ngoc Lam Tran, Damiano Massella, Cristina Armellini, Yann G. Boucher, Alessandro Chiasera, Stefano Varas, Andrea Chiappini, Alessandro
Carpentiero, Dominik Dorosz, Roberta Ramponi, Giancarlo C. Righini, James Gates, Pier Sazio, Brigitte Boulard, Anna Lukowiak, Daniele
Zonta, Maurizio Ferrari
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
DOWN CONVERSION WITH TB3+/ YB3+
One green photon @ 488nm Two red photon @ 980 nm
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Low phonon energy ( 700 cm-1)
Rare earth solubility
Combine spectroscopic properties of the crystal with optical
properties of the glass
Determine the efficiency of the process
Optimize the rare earth ions content
DOWN-CONVERTERS SILICA-HAFNIA GLASS
CERAMICS
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
GLASS CERAMICS AS A CLASS OF
NANOCOMPOSITE PHOTONIC MATERIALS
✓ Nanoscale structural and optical fluctuation
Validation of the process: hafnia nanocrystals activated by rare earth ions embedded in
waveguides – Energy transfer efficiency enhanced by HfO2 NCs
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Composition (Yb concentration in mol%) 1% 2% 3%
Estimated transfer efficiency (in glass ceramic) 14% 24% 25%
Estimated effective quantum efficiency (in glass
ceramic)
114% 124% 125%
Estimated transfer efficiency (in glass) 2% 4% 6%
Estimated effective quantum efficiency (in glass) 102% 104% 106%
Tb3+/ Yb3+ DOWN CONVERSION EFFICIENCY
Pr3+/ Yb3+ down conversion efficiency
B. Dieudonné, B. Boulard, G. Alombert-Goget, A. Chiasera, Y. Gao, S. Kodjikian , M. Ferrari
“Up- and Down-conversion in Yb3+-Pr3+ co-doped fluoride glasses and glass ceramics”
Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 377 (2013) pp. 105-109. doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2012.12.025
70ZrF4–23.5LaF3–0.5AlF3–6GaF3 0.5% Pr3+/10 Yb3+ 191%
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
GLASS IO FABRICATION TECHNIQUE
THIN FILM DEPOSITION INDEX MODIFICATION
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
VACUUM SPUTTERING GAS PHASE LIQUID PHASE
Electron Beam
Evaporation;
Arc Evaporation;
Pulsed laser
deposition
RF Sputtering;
Magnetron
Sputtering;
Ion beam
sputtering
Chemical vapor
Deposition;
Plasma
enchanced CVD;
Atmospheric
pressure CVD
Sol-gel process
Spray Pyrolysis
Ion Exchange;
Ion Implantation;
UV writing;
Fs laser writing
GLASS - BASED INTEGRATED OPTICS TECHNOLOGIES
G.C. Righini, A. Chiappini “Glass optical waveguides: a review of fabrication techniques” Optical Engineering (2014)
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
SnO2 nanocrystals
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
452D
3/2,2P
3/24D
3/24D
7/2
2G
9/2
4D
5/2
2D
5/22D
7/22K
13/22P
3/24G
7/2
2K
15/2
4G
9/24G
11/22H
9/2,[
2G
9/2]
4F
3/2 4F
5/24F
7/2
En
erg
y [
x1
03 c
m-1]
4S
3/2
4F
9/2
4I9/2
4I11/2
4I13/2
4I15/2
2H
11/2
Innovative solution exploiting SnO2 nanocrystals
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Tin dioxide
(SnO2)
Photoluminescence spectra of xSnO2-(100-x)SiO2 doped
with 1 mol% of Er3+ (x= 10, 20, 30 mol%)
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Inte
nsi
ty (a.
u.)
wavelength (nm)
20% 10%
30%
ex
= 300nm
1456
1471
1478
1505
1522
1534
1552
1573
1591
Lidia Zur, Thi Ngoc Lam Tran, Marcello Meneghetti, Thi Thanh Van Tran, Anna Lukowiak, Alessandro Chiasera, Daniele Zonta, Maurizio Ferrari, Giancarlo C. Righini
“Tin-dioxide nanocrystals as Er3+ luminescence sensitizers: formation of glass-ceramics thin films and their characterization”
Optical Materials 63 (2017) pp.95-100 Special Issue to Celebrate G. Boulon doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2016.08.041
SnO2 Er3+
𝒉𝝂
SnO2
1) Energy transfer from SnO2 into Rare-Earth ions
increases the luminescence of Rare-Earth ions
2) SnO2 has a low phonon energy (630cm-1) that
reduces losses from non-radiative relaxation
3) SnO2 has transparency in range from visible to NIR
4) SiO2-SnO2 exhibits photorefractivity
(n -104 allowing writing of integrated circuits
by UV and visible light
SNO2 NCS AS SENSITIZERS FOR RARE EARTH IONS
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
TEM
Homogeneous distribution About 4 nm NCs
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Excitation spectra
280 320 360 4000
1000
2000
3000
4000 x = 25
x = 16
x = 8
Wavelength (nm)
280 320 360 4000
3000
6000 1100 C - 5h
1100 C - 30'
1000 C - 30'
900 C - 30'
800 C - 30'
Inte
nsity (
a. u
.)
Room temperature excitation spectra of 5D0 → 7F2 emission at 613 nm
The broad and strong band observed at 310 nm (4.0 eV) corresponds to the
SnO2 band-gap energy.
x=mol%SnO2
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
PL spectra
5D1
ex=351nm
580 590 600 610 620 630 640
1100°C
1000°C
900°C
7F
2
7F
17F
0
5D
0
Wavalength (nm)
Inte
nsity (
a.
u.)
800°C
For annealing temperature higher than 900 °C the
emission features typical of Eu3+ ion in a
crystalline like environment are predominant,
indicating that most part of Eu3+ ions are embedded
in SnO2 nanocrystals
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Enhanced fluorescence from Eu3+ in low-
loss silica glass-ceramic waveguides with
high SnO2 content
S.N.B. Bhaktha, F. Beclin, M. Bouazaoui, B. Capoen, A. Chiasera, M. Ferrari, C. Kinowski, G.C. Righini, O.
Robbe, S. Turrell, “Applied Physics Letters 93 (2008) pp. 211904-1/3.
Crack-free and low loss glass
ceramic waveguide 75SiO2-
25SnO2: Eu3+ fabricated by sol
gel, dip-coating method. Losses
remain below 0.8 dB/cm.
ex = 351 nm
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
High photosensitivity in low-loss sol-gel
SiO2 – SnO2 waveguides
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
n (
x 1
0-3
)
Cumulative Dose (kJ/cm2)
38 mJ/cm2
76 mJ/cm2
Effective index change at
1550 nm for the single mode
waveguide after the UV
irradiation at 248 nm as a
function of cumulative doses
used. The solid line is an
help for the eyes.
Anna Lukowiak, Lidia Zur, Thi Ngoc Lam Tran, Marcello Meneghetti, Simone Berneschi, Gualtiero Nunzi Conti, Stefano Pelli, Cosimo
Trono, B.N. Shivakiran Bhaktha, Daniele Zonta, Stefano Taccheo, Giancarlo C. Righini, Maurizio Ferrari “Sol–Gel-Derived Glass-
Ceramic Photorefractive Films for Photonic Structures”
Crystals 7 (2017) pp. 61_1/7 doi:10.3390/cryst7020061
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
High photosensitivity in low-loss sol-gel
SiO2 – SnO2 waveguides
A swelling of about 4 nm
was observed in UV
exposed regions
Lidia Zur, Thi Ngoc Lam Tran, Marcello Meneghetti, Maurizio Ferrari
“Sol-gel derived SnO2-based photonic systems”
in Handbook of Sol-Gel Science and Technology (2017) pp. 1-19, Springer International Publishing AG Eds. Lisa Klein, Mario Aparicio, Andrei Jitianu
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19454-7 Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19454-7 doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-19454-7_116-1
S.Berneschi, S.N.B. Bhaktha, A. Chiappini, A. Chiasera, M. Ferrari, C. Kinowski, S. Turrell, C. Trono, M. Brenci, I. Cacciari, G. Nunzi Conti, S. Pelli,
G. C. Righini “Highly photorefractive Eu3+ activated sol-gel SiO2 – SnO2 thin film waveguides”
Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 7604 (2010) pp. 76040Z-1/6
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
i. active Fabry-Perot cavity with passive
Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBR- FP);
ii. active Distributed-Feedback structure
(DFB);
iii.DFB with Quarter-Wave phase Shift
(QWS-DFB);
iv.DFB with Multiple Phase Shifts distributed
along the cavity (MPS-DFB)
DESIGN FOR PLANAR PHOTONIC STRUCTURES
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
1,50
1,52
1,54
1,56
1,58
1,60
30% SnO2
20% SnO2
refr
ac
tiv
e i
nd
ex
Wavelength (nm)
TE
TM
10% SnO2
Refractive index of (100-x)SiO2-xSnO2-0.5%Er3+
waveguides (x= 10, 20 and 30%) HT @1000°C for 1h
INCREASED REFRACTIVE INDEX
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 300050
60
70
80
90
100
Substrate
HT @ 1000°C for 1h
Tra
nsm
itta
nc
e (
%)
10% SnO2
15% SnO2
20% SnO2
25% SnO2
30% SnO2
Wavelength (nm)
Transmission spectra of xSnO2-(100-x) SiO2-0.5%Er3+, HT@1000°C for 1h
TRANSPARENT (UV-NIR)
70%SiO2-30%SnO2 -0.5%Er3+, HT@ 1000°C for 1h
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
1.450 1.475 1.500 1.525 1.550 1.575 1.600
633 nm
Beta
543 nm
Inte
nsit
y
1319 nm
1542 nm
M-line measurements of 70%SiO2-30%SnO2-0.5%Er3+ waveguides
Confinement calculation of 70%SiO2-30%SnO2-0.5%Er3+ waveguides @1542nm
propagation mode
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600airwaveguide
|E|2
x (m)
confinement: 82%
substrate
70%SiO2-30%SnO2 -0.5%Er3+, HT@ 1000°C for 1h
1,450 1,475 1,500 1,525 1,550 1,575 1,600
Beta
Inte
nsit
y
1542 nm
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Fabrication process: SOL-GEL
COMPOSITIONS(mol%)
xSnO2- (100-x)SiO2-yEr3+
x = 5, 10, and 15 mol%y = 0.5 mol%
HEAT-TREATMENTStabilized at 800°C for 1h
Annealed at 950°C
Absorption spectra of 95%SiO2-5%SnO2-0,5%Er3+
before and after heat-treatment at 950˚C for 100h
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
HT@950oC-110h(0.1
oC/min)
Before HT
Wavelength (nm)
Ab
so
rba
nc
e (
a.u
.)
REMOVAL OF WATER
Dried @80°C Stabilized @800°C
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
WHISPERING GALLERY MODES
Davor RisticMaurizio Mazzola, Maurizio Ferrari, Alessandro Chiasera, Anna Lukowiak, Yann G. Boucher, Stefano Varas, Cristina Armellini, Andrea Chiappini,
Alessandro Carpentiero, Mile Ivanda, Giancarlo C. Righini, Gualtiero Nunzi Conti, Silvia Soria
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Microsphere of diameter d and refractive index ns coated by a film of thickness t and refractive index nc.
G.C. Righini, Y. Dumeige, P. Féron, M. Ferrari, G. Nunzi Conti, D. Ristic, S. Soria., “Whispering gallery mode
microresonators: fundamentals and applications”, Rivista del Nuovo Cimento 34 (2011) pp. 435-488.
D. Ristić, A. Rasoloniaina, A, Chiappini, P. Féron, S. Pelli, G. Nunzi Conti, M. Ivanda, G.C. Righini, G. Cibiel, and M.
Ferrari “About the role of phase matching between a coated microsphere and a tapered fiber: experimental study” Optics
Express, 21 (2013) pp 20954-20963
Spherical microresonators WGMs
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
LASER WGMS COATED SPHERICAL RESONATORS
➢The effect of the coating on the whispering gallery modes was studied➢The coating used was 70 % SiO2 – 30% HfO2 doped with 0.3 mol % Er3+
➢The spheres (D=140±10 μm) were characterized using a tapered fiber
1515 1530 1545 1560 1575 1590 16050
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
P/ pW
Wavelength / nm
1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 15650
5
10
15
P/n
W
Wavelength / nm
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
1545 1550 1555 15600
1
2
3
4
5
1545 1550 1555 15600
1
2
3
4
1545 1550 1555 15600.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1545 1550 1555 15600.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
P/n
W
Wavelength / nm
Excitation at 1.48 μm
Laser power: 120 mW.
The peak power of the detected modes was
always in the range of nanowatts, the
highest power detected being 30 nW.
WGM modes are clearly visibleDifferent modes are excited depending on the position of the taper
N=1.6λ = 1550 nm (wavelength of the signal)
FSR is 3.7 nm corresponding to a microsphere of about 130 μmQ-factor is greater than the resolution of our detector (>3x104)
Glass coated microspheres – Laser WGMs
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
http://www.photonicatomsensors.com
• Biosensor for protein detection
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
1D MICROCAVITIES
Alessandro ChiaseraCesare Meroni, Stefano Varas, Osman Sayginer, Oreste Bursi, Anna Lukowiak, Yann G. Boucher, Alessandro Vaccari,
Iustyna Vasilchenko, Giorgio Speranza, Davor Ristic, Mile Ivanda, Francesco Scotognella, Stefano Taccheo, Dominik
Dorosz, Roberta Ramponi, Giancarlo C. Righini, Maurizio Ferrari
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
GLASS-DERIVED 1-D PHOTONIC CRYSTALS
One-dimensional photonic crystals
➢ ICT
➢ Lighting
➢ Laser
➢ Sensing
➢ Energy
➢ Environment
➢ Biological sciences
➢ Medical sciences
➢ Quantum optics
outstanding tool for new photonics,
being the simplest system to exhibit a
so-called photonic bandgap and
therefore one of the easiest to handle in
order to obtain tailored optical devices
Substrate - Si
Air
TiO2
SiO2
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
LUMINESCENCE ENHANCEMENT PHOTON MANAGEMENT
- One of the interesting features of the 1-D microcavities is the
possibility to enhance the luminescence, resonant with the cavity,
when the defect layer is activated by a luminescent species.
- When the cavity dimensions approach the wavelength of the
emission the density of electromagnetic states inside the cavity are
strongly perturbed and can lead to significant enhancement of the
luminescence quantum yield.
- This enhancement is achieved by increasing the number of the
localized modes coupled with the emitter
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
1-D PHOTONIC CRYSTALS FOR
LOW THRESHOLD LASER ACTION
When the spontaneous emission of the emitter, embedded in the
defect layer of a 1-D photonic crystal, is strongly enhanced the
possibility of low threshold lasing could take place.
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Hybrid 1-D microcavity: fabrication
SiO2 substrates
1) SiO2/TiO2 BRs deposition (RF sputtering)
2) Active layer deposition (sol-gel)
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Hybrid 1-D microcavity: fabrication
PMMA polymer matrix containing
CdSe-CdS-ZnS
Solution deposition process
SiO2/TiO2 BRs deposition (RF sputtering) SiO2 substrate
SiO2 substrate
Fabrication steps:
1) SiO2/TiO2 BRs
deposition by
RF sputtering
2) Active layer deposition
by solution process
3) Enclosing
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Excitation:
514.5nm 3mW CW
Excitation angle: 7°
Detection angle: 0°
14000 15000 16000 17000 18000
1
10
100
1000
10000
Inte
nsity (
counts
/s)
Wavenumber (cm-1)
FSR Thickness 20 m
Hybrid 1-D microcavity: Laser action
FSR
Coherent emission Spontaneous emission
Spontaneous emission
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
0.6 mW
Hybrid 1-D microcavity: Laser action
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.50
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Inte
nsity @
15
80
3 c
m-1 [cou
nts
/s]
Power [mW]
Excitation:
514.5nm CW
Excitation angle: 7°
Detection angle: 0°
Light power is enough to induce a
change in the refractive index of the
polymeric matrix:
the feature of the photonic crystals are
modified
A. Chiasera, J. Jasieniak, S. Normani, S. Valligatla, A. Lukowiak, S. Taccheo, D.N. Rao, G.C. Righini, M. Marciniak,
A. Martucci, M. Ferrari, “Hybrid 1-D dielectric microcavity: Fabrication and spectroscopic assessment of glass-based
sub-wavelength structures”, Ceramics International l41 (2015) pp. 7429-7433.
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Coherent emission from fully Er3+ doped monolithic 1-
D dielectric microcavity fabricated by rf-sputtering
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
SEM micrograph of the Er3+ doped 1D dielectric microcavity cross section. The bright and dark region corresponds to TiO2 and SiO2 layers,
respectively. The substrate is located on the bottom of the images and air on the top.
Morphology
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700
0
20
40
60
80
100
Tra
nsm
itta
nce [
%]
Wavelength [nm]
1550 1560 1570
0
1
2
Tra
nsm
itta
nce [
%]
Wavelength [nm]
Transmission spectrum of the cavity with two Bragg mirrors, each one consisting of ten pairs of SiO2/TiO2 layers in the region between 450 nm and 2500 nm.
The first order stop band ranges from 1300 nm to 1850 nm. The first order cavity resonance corresponds to the sharp maximum centered at 1559.2 nm.
Transmission
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
1556 1558 1560 1562 1564
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
No
rma
lize
d P
L I
nte
ns
ity
[a
.u]
Wavelength [nm]
at 24 mW
at 185 mW
4I13/2→4I15/2 photoluminescence spectrum of the cavity activated by Er3+ ions in 1D dielectric microcavity. The emission is recorded at 0 degree from the
normal on the samples upon excitation at 514.5 nm at the input power of 185 mW (red line) and 24 mW (blue line). 30 degree of excitation angle for both the
measurements.
4I13/2→4I15/2 photoluminescence spectrum
FWHM = 1.2 nm
FWHM = 2.4 nm
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
100
200
300
400
500
PL
In
ten
sit
y [
arb
. u
nit
s]
Pump Power [mW]
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.7
Emission
@1560 nm
FW
HM
[n
m]
FWHM
@1560 nm
4I13/2→4I15/2 photoluminescence peak intensity and FWHM (blue line) at 1560 nm as a function of 514.5 nm pump power with 0 degree of detection angle and
30 degree of excitation angle. Red and green line are the results of linear fit while the blue line is a guide for the eyes.
Peak intensity and FWHM vs Pump Power
Exciting at 514.5 nm / 30°
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Structure of the microcavity
Active Bragg Mirror: 10 alternated quarter wave layers TiO2 (172 nm) and SiO2 (262 nm) activatedwith 0.2 mol % of Er3+.Active layer: half wave (525 nm) SiO2 activated with 0.2 mol % of Er3+.The dark regions corresponds to SiO2 and the white regions corresponds to TiO2
OLD approach
NEW approach
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Transmission
Different number of layers
High number High Q
High number
Low
Transmittance
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 24000
20
40
60
80
100
Tra
sm
itta
nce
[%
]
Wavelenght [nm]
Each Bragg 5 couple - 10 layers: Q= 110 ± 1
Each Bragg 7 couple - 14 layers: Q= 226 ± 1
Each Bragg 10 couple - 20 layers: Q= 390 ± 1
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Emission Features – Bragg reflectors with 10 layers
1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 15800.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Inte
nsity [
Arb
itra
ry U
nits]
Wavelenght [nm]
Excitation by commercial tunghsten lamp 60W + Interference filter at 514.5 nm
Excitation by 514.5 nm Ar+ Laser not focalized 30 mW on the sample
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
• Excitation angle: 30°• Detecton angle: 0°
Emission Features – Bragg reflectors with 10 layers
0.00.51.0 10 20 30 40 50 600.000
0.005
1
2
3
4
Inte
nsity [
Arb
itra
ry U
nits]
Excitation Power, not focalized [mW]
Threshold 0.6 ± 0.1 mW
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Emission Features – Bragg reflectors with 14 layers
1500 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 16000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Inte
nsity[a
rbitra
ry u
nits]
Wavelength [nm]
Excitation 514.5 nm by excitation lamp sourcePower on the sample not measurable (<1 mW) Focalized on the sample (1mm2)
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Disordered 1-D photonic structures
Substrate - Si
Air
TiO2
SiO2
SEM micrograph of the microcavity composed by 14 couple of TiO2/SiO2 layers. To realize the
disordered photonic structure we have alternated layers of SiO2 and TiO2, with a thickness of (80 +
n) nm, where n is a random integer 0 n 40. In this way we obtain a random sequence of
thicknesses, between 80 and 120 nm.
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
BROAD BAND MIRRORS BASED ON
DISORDERED 1-D PHOTONIC STRUCTURES
(a)
(b)
Reflection of the CIE 1931 diagram by a 1-D photonic crystal (a) and a disordered 1-D
photonic structure (b)
average transmittance value of 0.7 was obtained for the
300 - 1200 nm transmission spectrum
This appealing behavior is due to interference between waves traveling in regions with
different optical paths, determined by the disordered distribution of stacked layer
thicknesses.
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Optical cavity with graphene
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Optical cavity with graphene: It is possible to fabricate a monolithic systems?
SiO2 substrate
1) SiO2/TiO2 BR deposition (RF sputtering)
2) Graphene layer deposition (Graphenea)
3) Second SiO2/TiO2 BR deposition (RF sputtering)
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 16000
20
40
60
80
100
Tra
nsm
ita
nce [%
]
Wavelenght [nm]
Without Graphene
With Graphene
Monolithic 1D Photonic crystal with
graphene layer in the defect
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
680 700 720 740 760 780 8000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Tra
nsm
itta
nce [A
rbitra
ry U
nits]
Wavelenght [nm]
Without Graphene Q= 152 ± 1
With Graphene Q= 115 ± 1
Monolithic 1D Photonic crystal with graphene layer in the defect
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Oscilloscope
Circulator
Fiber
Bragg Reflectors
Massive system with acoustic waves
Elastic material acting as cavity
Detector
0
0
0
Laser
Hybrid 1-D microcavity: acoustic sensor
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
OPALS AS STRAIN SENSORS
Andrea ChiappiniValentina Piccolo, Anna Lukowiak, Alessandro Vaccari, Cristina Armellini, Alessandro Carpentiero, Davor Ristic, Mile Ivanda, Silvia Pietralunga,
Stefano Taccheo, Giancarlo C. Righini, Daniele Zonta, Maurizio Ferrari
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
OPALS
fcc structure provides stable system from thermodynamical point of view
θ – incident angle, d – interplanar distance, 𝑙0 – initial length, D – spheres diameter
𝜆 = 2 ∙ 𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓2− 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 ∙ 𝑑
d =2
3D
𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓2 =𝑛𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠
2 ∙ 𝑓 + 𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
21 − 𝑓
f =74%
𝜆 = 2 ∙ 𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∙ 𝑑If θ = 0, then
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
3. Infiltration with PDMS• base : curing agent (3:1)
• 4h for curing at T = 65°.
FABRICATION: 3D PC
1. Producing polystyrene spheres (PSs):• mixture of water, surfactant (SDS), styrene,
polymerization initiator (𝐾2𝑆2𝑂6)
• desired dimension (𝐷𝑃𝑆 = 230𝑛𝑚) with low polydispersivity
2. Arranging the PS spheres into ordered
structure• vertical deposition of PSs onto Viton substrate
(50mm×15mm×1mm)
• constant temperature T = 50°
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
SENSITIVITY TO STRAIN
Δl – elongation
Δd - change of interplanar distance
λ
𝒅values after deformation
ʋ - Poisson coefficient;
𝜀𝑥, 𝜀𝑧- strain value along X,Z axis
𝜀𝑥
𝛥𝜆 = 2 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝜀𝑧 ∙ 𝑑0
𝛥𝜆 = −2 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑑0λ0
ʋ𝜀𝑥
𝜀𝑧=−ʋ𝜀𝑥
𝜆 = 2 ∙ 𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∙ 𝑑
𝑥
𝑧
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
TESTING 3D STRUCTURE
Unloaded Sample ( λ =583nm) Elongated Sample (λ =550nm )
Blue - shift
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
0 50 100 150 200540
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
580
585
strain [millistrains]
wavele
ngth
peak [
nm
]
500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
reflecta
nce [
abs.
units]
wavelength [nm]
[me]
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
reflecta
nce [
abs.
units]
wavelength [nm]
0 50 100 150 200540
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
580
585
strain [millistrains]
wavele
ngth
peak [
nm
]
[me]
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
0 50 100 150 200540
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
580
585
strain [millistrains]
wavele
ngth
peak [
nm
]
500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
reflecta
nce [
abs.
units]
wavelength [nm] [me]
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
0 50 100 150 200540
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
580
585
strain [millistrains]
wavele
ngth
peak [
nm
]
500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
reflecta
nce [
abs.
units]
wavelength [nm] [me]
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
0 50 100 150 200540
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
580
585
strain [millistrains]
wavele
ngth
peak [
nm
]
500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
reflecta
nce [
abs.
units]
wavelength [nm] [me]
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
0 50 100 150 200540
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
580
585
strain [millistrains]
wavele
ngth
peak [
nm
]
500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
reflecta
nce [
abs.
units]
wavelength [nm] [me]
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 7000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
reflecta
nce [
abs.
units]
wavelength [nm]
0 50 100 150 200540
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
580
585
strain [millistrains]
wavele
ngth
peak [
nm
]
[me]
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
69
Experimental performances
• sensitivity to strain -288 pm/μԑ
• inverse sensitivity 3.47 μԑ/pm
• resolution of the reflected peak ~100 pm
• instrumental resolution ~350 μԑ
• max measurable elongation >150 μԑ [= 15%]
• to appreciate a change in colour:∆λ > 10 nm
>35 μԑ [= 3.5%]
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
70
PCs vs. FBGs
Photonic crystals FBGs
• resolution of the reflected peak in the
order of ~100 pm
• width of the reflected peak in the order
of ~20pm
• reflected band depends on the
transversal strain
• the grating is deformed directly by the
strain of the support
• work in the visible (λ0~400-600 nm) • work in the infrared (λ0~1550 nm)
xeff dn e 02 xeff dn e 02
Anna K. Piotrowska Mechanochromic Photonic Crystals.... PhD defense, 14/12/2017
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
OPALS FOR PHOTONS MANAGEMENT
Andrea ChiappiniValentina Piccolo, Anna Lukowiak, Alessandro Vaccari, Cristina Armellini, Alessandro Carpentiero, Davor Ristic, Mile Ivanda, Silvia Pietralunga,
Stefano Taccheo, Giancarlo C. Righini, Daniele Zonta, Maurizio Ferrari
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Silica inverse opals
Latex opals as templates
PS Colloidal particles
D= 236nm
Monodisperse particles in DW solution.
1
2
3
4
Thermal heat-treatment
f HT:450°C
R: 0.1 °C/min
Silica solution
Spin deposition techniquef HT:900°C
0.3 mol % Er3+
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
1400 1500 1600 1700
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Inte
nsity (
a.u
.)
Wavelength (nm)
Room temperature photoluminescence spectrum of
the 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition of Er3+ ions
peak at 1540 nm
1490 nm
1567 nm
1617 nm 0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06
0,01
0,1
1
Inte
nsity (
a.u
.)
Time (s)
16.8±0.1 ms
η= 80%
Luminescence at 1.5µm
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Assessment of the chromatic behavior of colloidal
sensors
We assume an isotropic displacement of
the spheres assembled in the periodic
lattice fcc
Sketch of the isotropic displacement of the
spheres assembled in the periodic lattice
fcc of the colloidal crystal after solvent
application. Clock wise: initial state
(green colour), intermediate state (orange
colour), and final state (red colour) with
their respective reflectance peak shift.
The process is fully reversible
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Validation
Analyte Swelling
Tabulated*
Swelling
Calculated
Methanol 1.02 1.03
Tert-butyl 1.21 1.19
Agreement between the values
J. Lee et al. Analytical Chemistry 75 (2003) 6544-6554.
The assumption and the analytical
model have been verified by the
response of specific polar solvents
chromatic changes are caused by the
displacement of the spheres which at first
approximation may be considered a
homothetic expansion
𝑆 =𝑑111 𝑠
𝑑111 0
• Optical shift of the reflected peak
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
76Isomers and alcohol concentration
effn
nI
nS
nm30
nm22
RIU
nm
small water content in organic solvents (1% vol)
Nanoscale 7 (5), 1857-1863
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Isomers recognition
Static reflectance measurements
Dynamic reflectance measurements
Isomers of Butanol
• refractive index
• similar viscosity
• comparable polarizability
400 500 600 700 800
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Inte
nsity (
a.u
.)
Wavelength (nm)
tert-Butyl
2-Butyl
N-Butyl
0 50 100 150 200 250 300450
500
550
600
650
700
750
Time (s)
Wavele
ngth
(nm
)
0
2750
5500
8250
1,100E4
1,375E4
1,650E4
1,925E4
2,200E4
Tert-Butyl
0 50 100 150 200 250 300450
500
550
600
650
700
750
Time (s)
Wave
leng
th (
nm
)
0
3000
6000
9000
1,200E4
1,500E4
1,600E4
1,800E4
2,400E4
N-Butyl
0 50 100 150 200 250 300450
500
550
600
650
700
750
Time (s)
Wave
leng
th (
nm
)
2-Butyl
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
Cutting-edge glass based research is present in a huge amount of
areas crucial for the improvement of the quality of life:
➢ ICT
➢Lighting
➢Laser
➢ Sensing
➢Energy
➢Environment
➢Biological sciences
➢Medical sciences
➢Quantum optics
Conclusions and Perspectives
PHOTOPTICS 2018 6th International Conference on Photonics, Optics and Laser Technology- Funchal, Madeira – Portugal 26 January 2018
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research activity is performed in the framework of COST Action MP1401 Advanced fibre laser and
coherent source as tools for society, manufacturing and lifescience (2014-2018), ERANET-LAC FP7
Project RECOLA - Recovery of Lanthanides and other Metals from WEEE (2017-2019) and Centro
Fermi PLANS project. Lam Thi Ngoc Tran acknowledges the scholarship of the Ministry of Education
and Training, Vietnam International Education Development