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1 Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany Gliederung Einführung: Technik en miniature Basis-Prozesse der Mikrotechnologie þ Spezielle Technologien der Mikromechanik Design von Mikrokomponenten Mikrosensoren und Mikroaktoren Case Studies Piezoresistive Sensoren Formgedächtnis-Aktoren Magnetische Mikrosysteme Optisches Mikrofon Mikrofluidische Systeme Mikroplasmaquellen Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany Silicon Bulk Micromachining Check valve Silicon grid Removal of large amounts of silicon substrates Basic structures: diaphrams, beams, bridges, channels, cavities Anisotropic etchants: KOH, EDP, TMAH Etch stops: p + silicon, p-n junction Etch masks: SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 Vibration sensor

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Page 1: Gliederunggraduierten-kurse.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/SoSe2006/lectures/Heidelberg_2006...Boss Membrane Boss Mask Compensating element ... Etching (1) The {111} octahedron and its extended

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Gliederung

Einführung: Technik en miniatureBasis-Prozesse der Mikrotechnologie

þ Spezielle Technologien der MikromechanikDesign von MikrokomponentenMikrosensoren und MikroaktorenCase Studies

• Piezoresistive Sensoren• Formgedächtnis-Aktoren• Magnetische Mikrosysteme• Optisches Mikrofon• Mikrofluidische Systeme• Mikroplasmaquellen

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Silicon Bulk Micromachining

Check valve Silicon grid

Removal of large amounts of silicon substratesBasic structures: diaphrams, beams, bridges, channels, cavities

Anisotropic etchants: KOH, EDP, TMAH

Etch stops: p+ silicon, p-n junction

Etch masks: SiO2, Si3N4

Vibration sensor

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Anisotropic Wet Etching (1)

Etch rates depend on:Crystal directionEtch solution

Example: KOH, 30%, 70 ºCR(100) : R(110) : R(111) ≈ 40 : 80 : 1

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Anisotropic Wet Etching (2)(100)

(111)Frontside mask

p+-dopedSi membrane

(111)

Backside mask

54.7º

p+-dopedSi membrane

<100>(111) Self-limiting etches

<110>Slanted (111)Vertical (111)

Slanted (111)

(111)

70.5º

109.5º

Top view

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Underetching of Convex Corners

Mask

Compensatingelement

Example: underetchingof convex mask corners

Well-defined cornersemerge from compen-sating mask elements

Defining the manufacturing sequence of silicon micro components several con-straints due to incompatibilities of materials and processes have to be considered

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Boss Membrane

Boss

Mask

Compensating elementK = 2 · etch depthL = 1.6 K

Boss with spiral suspension

Page 4: Gliederunggraduierten-kurse.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/SoSe2006/lectures/Heidelberg_2006...Boss Membrane Boss Mask Compensating element ... Etching (1) The {111} octahedron and its extended

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Laser Machining and Anisotropic Etching (1)

The {111} octahedron and its extended form for visualization of possible micro channels in silicon

Schematic view of possible micro channels in silicon formed by intercepting the extended octahedron with the surfaces of (100), (110), and (111) wafers

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Laser Machining and Anisotropic Etching (2)

Experimental setup

Si

(110) Si

(100) Si

Laser beamMasking layer

w

Damaged zone

d

d

d/w = 0.35

d/w = 0.71

{111}{111}

Page 5: Gliederunggraduierten-kurse.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/SoSe2006/lectures/Heidelberg_2006...Boss Membrane Boss Mask Compensating element ... Etching (1) The {111} octahedron and its extended

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Laser Machining and Anisotropic Etching (3)

Micro channels and vertical-walled shafts fabricated in (110) silicon by photolithography, laser machining, and anisotropic etching

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Laser Machining and Anisotropic Etching (4)

Monolithic beams with triangular cross-section fabricated in (110) silicon

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Deep Silicon RIE

Bioreactor Microgripper

250 µm

Etch rate 4 µm / minselectivity Si : photoresistabout 80 : 1

Deep RIE based on an ASE process has revolutionized bulk silicon micro-machining

90° sidewall profiles possible through thewaferGeometric freedom

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

ASE Process

Alternating passivation / etch cyclesPassivation

C4F8 plasma deposits fluorocarbonpolymer

Mask

Sidewall polymericpassivation (nCF2)

Silicon

CFx+

CFx+

nCFx*

nCFx*

EtchSF6 plasma etches siliconIon bombardment provides etch directionalityEtch directionality removes polymer from baseat much higher rate than from side-walls

Silicon

CFx

SFx+

SFx+

F*

SiFx

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

ICP Etch System

13,56 MHz

RF Match.Unit

Weighted Clamp

Pumping Port

Helium CoolingGas Inlet

RF Match.Unit

Ceramic Process Chamber

Process Height

Wafer/Sample

MESC CompatibleIsolation Valve

Temperature ControlledBellows Sealed Electrode

Plasma Chamber

Gas Inlet

13,56 MHz

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

ICP Operation Principle

Time varying B fieldLow loss dielectricchamber wall

RF13,56 MHz

MatchingUnitInduced electric field E

Coil

A time varying axial magnetic field induces an azimuthalelectric field which effectively confines the plasma current

The circulatory current path does not intersect the chamber walls which minimizes contaminants or particles resulting from direct chamber sputtering

The energy of ions impinging on the wafer surface can be independently controlled by using RF biasing

tBE∂∂

−=×∇

Typical process pressure: 1 - 100 mtorrplasma density: ca. 5·1011/cm3

Ion Energy (~ RF bias) dependent on the RF table power Ion Current (Plasma Density) dependent on ICP power

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Wafer Bonding

Joining of two or more substrates in order to createsealed cavities and complex 3D structures

Silicon fusion bonding: bonding of silicon wafers by thermal treatment

Anodic bonding:bonding of silicon to glass/silicon by applying an electric field

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Silicon Fusion Bonding

RCA clean to create hydro-philicsurfaces with hydroxyl groupsSi wafers brought together and adhere due to the bonding of hydroxyl groups and Van derWaals forcesWafers annealed in N2 or O2 at a temperature above 800 ºCH2 freed from the surface hy-droxyl groups and diffuses out leaving Si-Si and Si-O bonds

Buried cavity under a silicon membrane

Thinning of top wafer

Fusion bonding

Processingof twowafers

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Anodic Bonding

Si wafer placed on heated plate (450 ºC) and a glass wafer placed on top with a high negative voltage applied to the glass (200 V to 1000 V)As glass is heated, the positive Na ions become mobile and drift to-words the negative electrodeA depletion region is formed in the glass at the Si interface, resulting in a high field at the interface and forcing intimate contactThe oxygen atoms from the glass bond to the Si in the wafer, forming a hermetic seal

+ + + + + + + + +

- - - - -

Kathode

Anode

Glass

Silicon

Hot plate

Na2O - O2- + Na+

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Inspection of Bonding Quality

Inspection of bonding quality using an IR cameraAbove: imperfect bonding (interference fringes)Bottom: perfect bonding

Check valve

Silicon membrane Pump

chamber

Silicon

Edge seal

Glass cover

Membrane-typemicro pump

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Surface Micromachining (1)

Micromotor Case Western Reserve University

Microresonator UC Berkeley GyroscopRobert Bosch GmbH

Microstructures are fabricated on the surface of the waferStructural layers: material layers that form the final free-standing or movablemicrostructures (e.g. polysilicon)Sacrificial layers: material layers that separate the structural layers and are removed in the final step of fabrication (e.g. silicon dioxide)Release: the step of dissolving the sacrificial layers (predominantly RIE)

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Surface Micromachining (2)

RotorStator Bearing post Bearing

Flange underetch Flange

PolysiliconSiO2

Substrate

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

SREAM Process

SREAM - Single Crystal Reactive Etching and MetallizationMicromachining is performed in the top few microns of the substrateCombines the advantages of both bulk and surface micromachining

Oxide mask

First deep trench etch

PECVD oxide layer

Removal of oxide

Second trench etch

Isotropic plasma etch

Final step: metal sputtering

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Miniaturisierte Quarz-Resonatoren

Array von Quarz-Resonatoren für biochemische Analysen in Flüssig-keiten (Dickenscherschwinger)

Wafer mit Quarz-Stimmgabeln

hergestellt mittels nasschemischer

Ätztechnik10 mm

Quarzstimmgabeln

2.5 mm

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Anisotropes nasschemisches Ätzen von Quarz

Dreidimensionale Darstellung der Ätzraten in NH4HF2

Temperaturabhängigkeit der ÄtzratenÄtzprofile von Quarzblanks mit -Schnitt

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Ätzapparatur zum nasschemischen Ätzen von Quarz

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Standardprozess für das nasschemische Ätzen von Quarz

Kantenprofil (48% HF / 40% NH4F-Lösung im Verhältnis 3:2, T = 82 °C)

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Fabrication of FOTURAN Microstructures (1)

1. UV Exposure

mask

glass

2. Heating 4. Diffusion bonding

3. Anisotropic etching

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Fabrication of FOTURAN Microstructures (2)

Two layered structurePlate thickness: 150 µm

Diameter top layer: 1.5 mmDiameter bottom layer: 30 µm

Hole diameter: 1 mmHole depth: 1.5 mm

connecting technique: thermal diffusion bonding

Channels: 500 x 500 µm

Layer 1: unstructuredFOTURAN substrate

Layer 3: unstructuredFOTURAN substrate

Layer 2: structured FOTURAN substrate

mgt mikroglas technik AG

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

High Aspect Ratio Micro Structures

Based on depth lithography, electroplating, and molding

Extends the range of materials and forcesMetals, ceramics, polymersCollimated X-rays: LIGAUV light and thick resists: Poor man‘s LIGA

Micro turbine (nickel) FZ Karlsruhe Micro valve (SU8)

Pneumaticmicro gripper (SU8)

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

LIGA-Technik

LIGA (Lithographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung)Strukturhöhen: 100 µm ... mmLaterale Auflösung im SubmikrometerbereichWerkstoffe: Metalle, Polymere, Keramiken

REM-Aufnahmen einer mit dem LIGA-Verfahren hergestellten Trenndüsenstrukturdurch Röntgentiefen-lithographie erzeugte primäre Resiststruktur

durch Galvanoformung erzeugte primäre

Struktur aus Nickel

durch Abformung erzeugte sekundäre Kunststoffstruktur

durch galvanische Metallabscheidung erzeugte sekundäre

Nickel-StrukturFZ Karlsruhe

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

LIGA-Technik: Prozessschritte (1)

Page 16: Gliederunggraduierten-kurse.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/SoSe2006/lectures/Heidelberg_2006...Boss Membrane Boss Mask Compensating element ... Etching (1) The {111} octahedron and its extended

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

LIGA-Technik: Prozessschritte (2)

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

LIGA-Masken

Transparenz verschiedener Werkstoffe für Röntgenstrahlung mit λ = 1 nm

Arbeitsschritte:Herstellung der Trägerfolien (z.B. Be, Si, BN)Strukturierung der Resistschicht einer Zwischenmaske (z.B. Photolithographie)Goldgalvanik der Absorberstrukturen der Zwischenmaske (< 3 µm)Kopieren der Zwischenmaske zur Arbeitsmaske (weiche Röntgenstrahlung, 0.5 – 2 keV)Goldgalvanik der Absorberstrukturen der Arbeitsmaske (> 10 µm)Röntgentiefenlithographie (2 – 15 keV)

)(λ

chE ⋅=

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Synchrotron-Strahlungsquellen

Spektrale Brillianz als Funktion der Photonenenergie für verschiedene europäische Synchrotronstrahlungs-quellen

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

UV-Tiefenlithographie

Optimierte Novolak-basierte Positivresists (AZ-Lacke), Lackdicke < 100 µmNegativresist SU8 (Epoxydharz), Lackdicke < 1 mm)

Belackunginfolge der mitrotierenden lösemittel-haltigen Atmosphäre werden turbulen-te Strömungen an der Lackoberfläche vermieden und eine gleichmäßigere Schichtdicke erreicht SU8-

Strukturen

3 µm Graben in 14 µm AZ-Lack

42 µm hohe AZ-Lack-Struktur

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Positivresist auf Novolak-Basis

Optimierter Prozess für das hochviskose Resist AZ 9260 (Clariant):

Schichtdicken von 90-100 µm strukturierbar10 µm breite Strukturen in 90 µm Schichtdicke auflösbar: Aspektverhältnis von 9 sehr steile und glatte Lackflanken in einem Winkel von 92° zum SubstratUV-Tiefenlithographie zur Herstellung von Galvanoformen

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Negativresist auf Epoxidharz-BasisOptimierter Prozess für das photosensitive Epoxidharz SU8:

Schichten von mehreren 100 µm strukturierbar10 µm breite Strukturen in 360 µm Schichtdicke auflösbar: Aspektverhältnis von 36 senkrechte und glatte Flanken hohe thermische und chemische BeständigkeitIsolations- und Planarisierungsschichten in magnetischen Mikrosystemenmikromechanische Komponenten

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Micro Coils for Magnetic MEMS

Spiral structure• planar coil• vertical flux generation• simple conductor fabrication• flux guiding structures complex in

multi-layers

Helical and 3-D meander structure• three dimensional coil• horizontal flux generation• simple fabrication of flux guiding structures • conductor fabrication complex in multi-layers

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Grundsätzlicher Aufbau und Anforderungen

Metalle und Legierungen • galvanisch abscheidbar• Cu und Au für Leiter• NiFe für magnetische

Flussführungsstrukturen

Photoresist• hochauflösend für

tiefenlithographische Galvanoformen

Isolationsmaterial• mehrfach strukturierbar

(Trockenätzen) • Galvanoform für

magnetische Kernstrukturen

Isolationsmaterial• photostrukturierbar

(vias)• planarisierend

Page 20: Gliederunggraduierten-kurse.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/SoSe2006/lectures/Heidelberg_2006...Boss Membrane Boss Mask Compensating element ... Etching (1) The {111} octahedron and its extended

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Spiralspulen mit SU8-Isolation und NiFe-Kern

Startschicht

NiFe-Kernboden

Spulenlagen

NiFe-KernIsolations-schichten

Substrat

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Helixspulen mit SU8-Isolation und NiFe-Kern

oberer Leiter

Durchkontaktierung (Via)

NiFe-KernIsolations-schichten

Substratunterer Leiter

Helixspule mit NiFe-Ringkern Vertikale Mäanderspule um Polstrukturen

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Spanende Mikrobearbeitung

Spanende Verfahren mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide: Drehen, Fräsen, Bohren

Spanende Verfahren mit geometrisch unbestimmter Schneide: Schleifen

Mikroschleifen, einkristallines Silizium

Gefräste Strukturen, Messing

Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Mikrofunkenerosion

Drahterodieren Senkerodieren

Elektroden für das funkenerosive Bohren, Durchmesser 40 µm und 12 µm

LIGA-Funkenerosion: Elektroden und funkenerodiertes Getrieberad

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Institute for Microtechnology - Technical University of Braunschweig - Germany

Mikrourformen und Mikroumformen

Mikroumformen• Stanzen• Biegen• Warmmassivumformung• Kaltmassivumformung• Prägen

Mikrourformen• Kunststoffspritzguss

(Thermoplaste)• Pulverspritzguss

(metallische und keramische Werkstoffe)

Spritzgegossene Labormuster: Mikrogetrieberadsystem (Kunststoff), Mikro-Zahnräder(Al2O3, ZrO2)