global alliances to build interdisciplinary research for

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR CSIR-CENTRAL LEATHER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Global Alliances to Build Interdisciplinary Research for Leather: CSIR-CLRI Initiatives

A report as a background to the theme of Leather Research Industry Get-together 2013

LEATHER RESEARCH INDUSTRY GET TOGETHER

47th EDITION 2013

CSIR- CENTRAL LEATHER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

3


Global Alliances for Enhancing Interdisciplinary Strength for

Leather Research and Technology Development

A short documentary on the efforts of CSIR-CLRI to build offshore partnerships, with emphasis on those involving

present generation of CSIR-CLRI

THIS REPORT CAN ALSO BE ACCESSED ON THE CLRI WEBSITE (www.clri.nic.in)

First published in 2013

The report is based on inputs received from individual staff members of the institute. The committee constituted by the Conveners LERIG 2013 is only responsible for its compila-tion. This report, in that sense may be taken as a guidance document for building future relationships. None of the facts presented have been officially verified through appropri-ate administrative procedures and any factual error or omission is not the responsibility of the committee.

CreditsDr. KJ SreeramDr. P Thanikaivelan Dr. B MadhanMr. Abhinandan KumarDr. SV SrinivasanDr. K Sri Bala Kameswari Dr. J Raghava RaoDr. NK Chandrababu


4

Contents

Chapter 1

Alliances for enhancing technological competence .....................05

Chapter 2

Alliances for dissemination of institutional competence.............16

Chapter 3

Advanced training in cutting edge science.......................................23

Chapter 4

Landmark collaborations..........................................................................30

Chapter 5

Transforming into a global education hub........................................45

5


Enhancing the Institutional Technology CompetenceTanners Get-Together Leading the Path to Enhancing Institutional CompetenceAt a time when the Central Leather Research Institute was established, several leading research institutions around the world were catering to the needs of the leather industry. What differentiated the Institute from the rest of the world was its emphasis on remaining in constant partnership with both industry and academia.

Though not ascertainable in strongest terms, perhaps the first instance of a need for global alliance on technology transfer on leather and leather products was stressed in 1980 during the meeting of United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), where 12 countries participated. This meeting held at CLRI had representations from FAO as well as ILO. This was taken further by Mr Ferenc Schmel, Industrial Development Officer, UNIDO, who in his BM Das Memorial Lecture in 1993 shared the UNIDO experience in implementing technical assistance projects in developing countries. The association of CLRI with UNIDO continued through implementation of Cleaner Processing Technologies in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. This association continues even today, through the establishment of the UNIDO-CLRI Centre for Salt-Free Tanning in December 2012 as well as through projects for implementation of Best Practices in Tanning and Footwear Units in Tamilnadu under Cluster Development Programs. This centre would demonstrate the zero chrome tanning system to at least six tanneries by June 2013.

FAO delegation at CSIR-CLRI

1


6

The XII Plan program of CLRI focuses on identifying hitherto unexplored raw materials for leather manufacture – a lead received from a panel discussion on south-south cooperation on raw material resource management in 1987, where experts from UK, Bangladesh, Argentina, Nigeria, Sudan, China and Indonesia participated.

Way back in 1964, the legendary second Director of CLRI conceived the concept of leather week. A salient outcome of a “brains trust meet” was to identify future trends in theory and practice of mineral tanning. The Institute assembled leather luminaries such as Prof. A. Kuntzel, from the Technical University, Darmstadt; Dr FF Miller from BASF; Dr T Thorstensen from Thorstensen Laboratories USA along with researchers from Hungary, Japan, South Africa, UK, USA and West Germany. The release of the APO notes on leather is a major highlight of this event, which enabled the researchers then at CLRI to listen and interact with the then world’s best in Leather Science and Technology.

Asian Productivity Organization (APO) delegates during the inauguration of

training program (1963)

From 1965, the Tanners Get-together (TGT) commenced. Every year notable researchers from across the globe delivered the BM Das Memorial lecture, which provided an opportunity for the researchers at CLRI as well as the participants from the industry and academia to listen to the global best in leather science. TGT – 1967 saw Dr H Anderson from Australia, Ing Z Kotasek and Mr R Telisek from Czechoslovakia, Mr Nijkamp from The Netherlands and Dr Toth from Hungary discussing on leather for footwear.

That a Leather Auxiliaries Laboratory would set an important milestone in the history of the Institute was perhaps initiated in 1969, when Mr Nijkamp from The Netherlands, Mr JS Mudd from UK, Mr Felice Ambrosini from Italy and Mr John Burchill, the UN expert at CLRI spoke on leather auxiliaries, including lacquers and lacquer emulsions at the 1969 TGT. In 1978, an exclusive TGT for leather auxiliaries

7


was also organized. This was followed by a lecture in 1985 on “Perspectives in Oils and Fats” by Dr G Lakshminarayana from RRL Hyderabad. That the Leather Auxiliaries Laboratory went on to deliver technologies for India’s first ever synthetic fatliquors is perhaps an outcome of such exposure to global research on leather. Continuing on the exposure to researchers from best of Global Chemical Houses, such as Dr D Lach of BASF, who spoke at the institute on aluminium tanning agents in 1985, the institute went on to deliver two aluminium based synthetic tanning agents – Alutan and Alcrotan. That Alutan was to go ahead and change the face of chrome tanning – through a closed loop tanning methodology is one of the important research leads of the Institute, adopted by many an industry in India and translated to the world in association with the The Netherland Organization (TNO) of The Netherlands.

Environmental research had an early beginning at the Institute. Several researchers from abroad spoke of advancements in research leading to pollution abatement from the industries including leather at various TGT’s. Notable is a lecture on “Rationalization of Environmental Problems of Beamhouse Operations” at the 1978 TGT by Dr FF Miller of BASF Germany. By 1996-1997, environmental issues had taken the forefront of the leather industry. The collaboration between CLRI and TNO was vital in bringing good practices in leather processing to the leather industry in India. The Tanners Body, AISHTMA recognized this effort by presenting the AISHTMA Platinum Jubilee Award. Cost– Effective Management of Pollution was the theme for discussion in LERIG of 1997, where researchers such as Prof. AD Covington (UK), Prof. Z Kotasek (France), Dr M Aloy (France), Dr JW von Groenstijn (The Netherlands) presented their views and delegates from Madagascar, Kenya and Australia shared their experiences.

CLRI was not far behind in adopting modern technologies to interact with the global fraternity. As early as 1994, Indian experts held face to face interaction with Mr Nicholas Brown, USA, Mr Roger Beeby, UK and Prof. Heidemann, Germany through video conferencing mode – leading to a strategy for creating a niche market for Indian products in the West.

Relevance of CLRI and India in global leather research had progressed effectively through the years. The first ever IULTCS congress in Asia was held in 1999 at CLRI, with Satellite Symposiums organized in Calcutta, Delhi and Chennai. For the first time in the history of the congress, 21 countries where leather research is pursued participated in the congress. This congress was an eye-opener for several nations to subsequently come forward to collaborate with CLRI. CLRI goes forward to organize yet another congress in 2017.


8

IULTCS, 1999 at CSIR-CLRI

Benchmarking the global best practices is an ideal step forward to enhance productivity, quality and cost effectiveness in the leather industry. CLRI had grown into a Research Institute to reckon with and perhaps in terms of its capacity and manpower the largest Leather Institute of the world. LERIG of 2003 brought global best researchers to discuss on Global Benchmarks for Leather Sector, where Mr Karsten Schutt of Germany highlighted the need for having market intelligence as a prerequisite for developing countries – an aspect which CLRI has been stressing through the years and for which, CLRI established the Economics research wing at CLRI during the early years of the Institute and supplemented it with the Centre for Operational Management and Policy (COMPLETE) in the 90s. CLRI had proven its capabilities in the Benchmarking area on Grants through two-phase Benchmarking Program for Technology Upgradation in Ethiopian Tanneries during 2011-12 on consultancy mode.

Trends in Collagen – Taking Institutional Competence in Collagen GloballyCLRI did recognize a need to take research in basic science hand in hand with applied research leading to technology. First of its kind, a seminar on collagen was conceived and organized by CLRI in 1960 wherein global researchers were participated. A seminar on biological aspects of leather manufacture was conducted in 1968, wherein Dr F Verzar from Switzerland emphasized the need for the institute to undertake collagen research. Collagen research and the institute’s organic linkage with Prof. GN Ramachandran, the proposer of triple helical structure of collagen was to stay since then. CLRI went on to organize two other international conferences on collagen in 1999 and 2008, bringing to the world’s best researchers in collagen

9


science. Today, technologies developed by CLRI on collagen based wound healing materials have provided smiles to several patients in India and the success of the same has led to international companies taking interest in sourcing collagen based material technologies from the institute.

Seminar on Collagen conducted in 1960 at CSIR-CLRI attracted Global researchers

Collaborating with the Global Best in Environmental Technology

Collaborators Period Salient Features

The Netherlands Organization (TNO), The Netherlands, British Leather Corporation (BLC), UK, Haskoning, Walker Leather. Dr JSA Langerwerf as Project Manager

1993-98 End-of-pipe treatment and chrome management. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), techno-economic solutions to dissolved solids problem, utilization of chrome sludge, improved chrome recovery and high exhaust chrome tanning implemented in several tanneries in India. About 400 individual chrome recovery units and about 10 central chrome recovery systems in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and other Asian & African countries were implemented. Bricks from chrome sludge developed in association with CSIR-NIIST (then RRL TVM). Brought out newsletters and workers manual for benefit of grassroot workers. Mobile units for electrodialysis, chrome recovery etc. developed for demonstration. Presented more than 7 joint papers in international conferences. Project facilitated 25 exchange visits between Europe and India.


10

UNIDO, Regional Program for South Asia, Austria

1996-99 To develop sustainable technologies on effluent treatment plant and chrome recovery system in Nepal and Bangladesh. Implementation of chrome recovery system in Nepal and Bangladesh, especially individual treatment plants in Nepal and a major plan for relocation of tanneries with CETP for Bangladesh were the outcome of this project.

UNIDO, Regional Program for South Asia, Austria and The Netherlands Organization (TNO), The Netherlands

1996-99 To develop sustainable technologies on biological liquefaction of fleshings using UASB reactors. An innovative technology on biological liquefaction of fleshings using wastewater from the UASB system was developed. This resolves the technical difficulties in liquefying the fleshings by mechanical means and also reduce the capital and operation cost in the disposal of waste fleshings from the tanneries. Based on the success of the project, an applied R & D project was implemented in one of the Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) in India with the financial support of Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Ministry of Non-conventional & Renewable Energy Sources (MNRE), CSIR and Tanning Industry (Dindigul CETP).

Australian Centre for Interna-tional Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Australia

2002-08 Salinity reduction in tannery effluents in India and Australia. Chilling of raw material, air drying, dry-salting of skins and Direct chrome liquor recycling (DCLR) developed and demonstrated under Indian conditions. Through joint research DCLR technology developed by ACIAR for chrome management redeveloped into one for salinity reduction in Indian conditions. Technology implemented at one unit in Erode. Salient features of the collaboration includes 8 publications, 3 visits from India to Australia, 10 from Australia to India and development of a mobile chiller unit for demonstration purpose.

11


Snapshots from TNO Collaboration

UASB unit Chrome recovery unit


12

Snapshots from ACIAR Collaboration

Low salt application Project monitoring meeting

Direct chrome liquor recycling Implementation in tannery

13


Collaborating with the Global Best in Meat Handling Systems

Collaborators Period Salient FeaturesInternational development research centre (IDRC), Canada

1991-97 To study the status of small ruminant livestock management and meat production systems in Tamilnadu, AP and Rajasthan and develop alter-native meat production systems relevant to India. Established the Rural Meat Production Centre at Chennur, AP and organized workshops.

Workshop conducted at CLRI during IDRC collaborative project


14

Collaborating with the Global Best in Leather ProductsCollaborators Period Salient FeaturesUNDP/ AFPA France

1993-94 Skill up-gradation of CLRI personnel in leather garment and goods design and manufacture; To organize and conduct various training programs in leather garments/goods design and manufacture; To develop skilled manpower for Indian leather garment/goods industries. Training conducted in leather garment design and manufacturing (250 diploma level and 400 certificate level), and leather goods design and manufacturing (200 diploma level and 450 certificate level). Upgraded the skill level of workers of Indian Leather garment/ goods industries through Industry sponsored training programmes. Facilities for training established at CLRI

The Ministry of Development Cooperation, The Netherlands

1989-93 To study the gender division of Indian footwear industry, assess the technological changes in Indian footwear industry and their impact on footwear sector and to identify the interventions to improve the women employment opportunities in the footwear industry.Extensive field work has been carried out in several important centres of footwear industry - traditional as well as modern industry clusters – and brought out a comprehensive report by the team from CLRI. On the part of University of Amsterdam, several intensive studies have been carried out by the young scholars on marketing channels of small producers. Based on the study, a workshop was conducted on “Women employment in industry – the case of Indian footwear“ to discuss the findings and identify the future interventions for improving the women employment in footwear industry. The Proceedings of the work shop has been brought out.

UNDP-NLDP (Optimer Hardsoft KFT, Hungary)

1993-2001 The study identified the length, width ranges required to cover the need of the local population for footwear, defined proportions and rules of constructing shoe lasts required for providing well fitting and healthy footwear. The statistical averages, empiric standard deviations, ranges of each measured and derived data were computed for each geographic region within each basic size group as well as for the sample population of that particular size group. The ‘students’ t-test’ was applied to test whether a geographic region differs significantly from the foot sizes representing the entire country. The ‘F-test’ was also applied to compute the reliability. To investigate all possible combinations of the data fields and various types of relationships, the ideal correlation and regression analysis was also carried out. Analysis of the various statistical descriptions helped us formulate the parameters for the geometric modeling of the “last”. Institute enabled with Automated Image capturing devices and software for Image processing

15


Leather product making facility created at CLRI in collaboration with UNDP/AFPA, France

Study on women employment in footwear industry by CLRI under The Netherlands collaboration


16

Disseminating Institutional CompetenceThrough the years, the Central Leather Research Institute has progressed to become a name to reckon with in research areas relating to bioinorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, polymer science etc. The good mix of basic science research coupled with technology development in the case of leather and leather products has led to the institution establishing a stronghold in delivering technological assistance for leather and allied industries both in India and elsewhere. A compilation of some strategic support rendered by CLRI – leading to a true Global image is presented here. This includes to both industries and nations.

Technologies for Industries

Company Period Objectives SetM/s Monomer Chemical Industry, Dubai, UAE

1998 CAACO system for the treatment of wastewater from chemical industry (80 m3/day)

M/s PROTETIKA, a.s. Slovenská republika and M/s. Avanti Leathers, Chennai

1998-2000 The rehabilitation sandals were specifically designed for comfort and pain mitigation in children with flat foot deformity. The rehabilitation sandals were designed as a medical-aid with mathematically derived anatomically shaped step-on sections. This is useful both for prevention as well as for medical treatment of fallen arches. With these sandals, walking is comfortable with significant improvement in the subjects’ “Gait” pattern.

M/s Rhodia Consumer Specialities, UK

2001-02 Evaluation of THPS as a tanning agent in leather processing

M/s Elf Ato Chem, France 2002-03 Evaluation of fluorocompounds in leather processing

M/s Paradise Toys, Sri Lanka 2003 CAACO system for the treatment of wastewater from toy manufacturing industry (120 m3/day)

2

17


DuPont de Nemours International S.A. Geneva, Switzerland & USAINVISTA (International) S.A. Switzerland

2003-2006 Identify areas in shoe-making where Leather with Lycra may be beneficially utilized to provide for optimum fit and comfort to the wearer whilst reducing fabrication costs. Possible applications for therapeutic use also investigated

M/s Dow Chemicals, USA 2006-07 Evaluation of Oxazolidine in Leather processing

M/s Bio-Collagen Technologies Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2009 Bioproducts Laboratory of CSIR-CLRI has transferred various processes and products to prepare biomaterials based on collagen, fibrin, hydroxyapatite, demineralised bone matrix etc.

M/s Nalco, Indonesia 2012 FICCO system for the treatment of wastewater from automotive industry (50 m3/day)

M/s Al – Ahli Leather Factory Company LtdM/s. Qatar Leather & Fur Factory (Saudi Arabia and Qatar)

2012 Salt free zero emission chrome tanning

UNIDO, Austria 2012-2013 UNIDO evinced interest in salt free chrome Tanning Technology for implementing in Tamilnadu cluster tanneries and in future all over the world. CLRI agreed to demonstrate the technology in Six tanneries.


18

Signing MOU with DuPont for footwear from leather with Lycra

UNIDO signing agreement for salt free chrome tanning

19


CAACO system installed at M/s Paradise Toys, Sri Lanka

Collagen film for wound dressing


20

Country Level Support

Country Period Objectives Set

Sri Lanka 1997 UNIDO Subcontract for the implementation of cleaner leather processing methods in four Sri Lankan tanneries

Bangladesh 2000 UNIDO Subcontract for the implementation of cleaner leather processing methods in seven Bangladesh tanneries

Nepal 2003 UNIDO training workshop for the benefit of Nepalese Tanners.

Kyrgyzstan 2003 German Technical Co-operation (GTZ), Kyrgyzstan carried out a project on “Sector Assessment- Leather Industry” with the help of CLRI. An assessment of selected key parameters describing the current and future prospects of the Kyrgyzstan leather sector and suggestions for a possible course of action for its growth and promotion was made.

Sudan 2009-10 In 2009, CLRI experts were requested to participate Meet in Africa, considered as the greatest African leather industry assembly, in Khartoum by UNIDO. Experts met delegates from various countries and discussed upon the possibilities of technological intervention of CSIR-CLRI, especially in African countries with the largest raw material resources, to help them emerge as a major player in the global leather market. In 2010, CLRI was awarded a contract for assessing the needs of leather industry in Sudan by UNIDO under Investment Promotion Technical Assistance Programme (ITAP) for Sudan. The contract was successfully completed and a Technical Report submitted to UNIDO and Government of Sudan. The findings were also discussed in a seminar conducted for the purpose at Khartoum, Sudan in 2011.

21


Snapshots from Sri Lanka collaboration supported by UNIDO

Snapshots from Bangladesh collaboration supported by UNIDO


22

Delegation from Nepal, 2003

Visit to Leather Incubation Centre, Sudan University

Meeting with Exhibitors during the Business Session at Khartoum, Sudan

23


Advanced Training in Cutting Edge Science

While several Government sponsored programs exist for individual scientists for enhancing their skills through training in institutes of repute worldwide, two major sponsoring agencies have been the CSIR – through the Raman Fellowship and DAAD fellowship and the DST – through BOYSCAST and DAAD fellowships. The details on these programs can be obtained from the websites: csir.res.in and dst.gov.in. A compilation of the training received in recent years is provided in this document. An insight on how this training has benefited the institute is also provided.

Sponsoring program Place of training and period

Salient aspects

CSIR – Raman Max Planck Inst. for Biophys. Chem., Gottingen, 1999

Phase transitions and molecular assemblies using Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of novel organic moleculesBased on the training and existing competence in the field, a concerted effort to design organized structures on Langmuir films has been established at CLRI.

CSIR – Raman University of Florida, USA 2009

Unraveling the mechanism of oxalate enzymesDeeper understanding of the methodology employed for unraveling enzyme mechanism provided the researcher an opportunity to undertake similar research at CLRI

3


24

CSIR - DAAD Max Planck Institute fur Polymer Forschung, Mainz, Germany, 1989-90

Conducting /semiconducting functional organic materials and structure-property studies of polymers/copolymers for the application of eco friendly finishing techniques like powder coatingThe training has led to a new area of research at CLRI

CSIR – DAAD Technical University Hamburg, Germany, 1995 - 97

Possibility to extract biomaterials from slaughter house and beam house products/waste using supercritical fluidsThe training enabled the researcher to progress into other aspects such as supercritical fluids for leather processing

CSIR – DAAD Technical University Dresden, Germany, 1997-98

Interaction of porphyrin and Triton X-35 in non-aqueous environment

CSIR – DAAD University of Kalsruhe, Germany, 1997-98

Developments in the field of drying using fluidized bed coating and granulation systems.

CSIR – DAAD Max Planck Institute of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Mulheim, Germany, 1998

Preparation and identification of structure of a dinuclear iron(III) complex with six terminally coordinated azides.

CSIR – DAAD University of Marburg, Germany, 1999

Structure-property studies on poly-thiophenes containing fused aromatic side chains were conducted. Their light emitting diode characteristics were also studied.

CSIR – DAAD Max Planck Institute for colloids and interfaces, Berlin, FRG, 2000

Synthesis and self-assembly characteristics of polymerizable surfactants. Research has led to the strengthening of colloid and interface science research at CLRI

CSIR – DAAD Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany, 2007

Effect of crosslinking on the structure and dynamics of water in collagen fibers was studied.

CSIR – DAAD Technical University, Chemnitz, Germany, 2007

Physico-chemical studies on functionalized polythiophene. Effect of termainal groups on mesogenic side chains on the thin film characteristics was studied.

25


CSIR – DAAD Heidelberg Institute of Theoretical Studies, Germany, 2008-09

To study the structure, stability and degradation of collagen.

CSIR – DAAD Reutlingen University, Lederinstitut Gerberschule Reutlingen (LGR), Germany, 2009

To study and analyze the feasibility of manufacture of automotive upholstery leathers through environmentally clean and green technology. Reverse leather processing trials on South German cow hides were made for the manufacture of eco-benign upholstery leathers.

CSIR – DAAD University of Gottingen, Germany, 2010

The project used specifically designed micro and nano capsules of lipid/protein systems on porous substrates as a tool to quantify spreading and adhesion of cells like human fibrobalsts (HBF), keratinocytes and neutrophils to these surfaces.

CSIR – DAAD Fraunhofer –Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology (IPK), Berlin, 2011

Enterprise and factory planning, Quality and environmental management, knowledge management and bench marking leading to sustainable leather production

CSIR – DAAD Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany, 2011

Specific methanogenic activity and biogas production of vegetable wastes like banana leaves, steam and pedencle have been carried out as per VDI 4630 method (German method).

INSA – DFG University of Gottingen, Germany, 2008

The work focused on extra cellular matrix (ECM) protein-Laminin with emphasis on specific Laminin peptides. Vesicle-peptide interactions on pore suspending membranes were demonstrated.

NIH Grant California State University Northridge (CSUN),USA, 2004

Understanding the microstructure of micelle assemblies of surfactants in presence of a polymerisable amino acid derivative. Research has led the researcher to investigate micellar assemblies further


26

DST BOYSCAST Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA, 2005-06

Strength related properties of leathers as a function of gauge length were studied and a relation with the weak-link theory was derived. Led the researcher to further develop reverse processed glove leathers for military applications in collaboration with Chemical Laboratory, CSIR-CLRI.

DST BOYSCAST Imperial college, London, UK, 2006

To extract DNA plasmid from Escheria Coli and to introduce site directed mutagenesis. Results showed that DNA was modified/ changed from Glycine to Aspartic acid and Asparagine to Serine.

DST BOYSCAST Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey,Piscataway, New Jersey, USA, 2007-08

To understand the influence of primary sequences on the structural stability of collagen using various biophysical techniques.

DST BOYSCAST University of Oklahoma, USA, 2008-09

Advanced materials – including nanobiotechnology. Synthesis of liposome – phage self assembled systems for drug delivery and photodynamic therapy. Led to the researcher collaborating with CSIR-CCMB on nanotechnology for health under the XI plan network project

Indo–Japan (DST – JSPS) University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 2008-10

Molecular engineering of Aspergillus niger lipase for hydrolysis of biodegradable plastics. The lipase gene of Aspergillus niger coded for 297 amino acids and the gene has been cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris.

Indo–Bulgaria (DST – MES) University “Prof. Ass. Zlatarov”, Burgas, Bulgaria, 2009-12

An amperometric nanostructured urease biosensor biosensor was developed for determination of urea using electrodeposited rhodium on a polymer membrane and immobilized urease.

27


USIEF Fulbright–Nehru Rice University, Houston, USA, 2010-11

To prepare ultra-lightweight structural nanobiocomposite materials from leather industry wastes for enhanced multifunctionality and biodegradability. A stable magnetic nanocomposite of collagen and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was prepared and applied for environmental remediation.

DBT-Overseas Associateship

Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA, 2009

It was shown that CD14 signaling reciprocally controls collagen deposition and turnover to regulate the development of lyme arthritis

DST-DAAD PPP Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Germany, 2006-08

High resolution infrared spectroscopy and quantum chemical studies on the interaction of oligo–polypeptides with metal ions in the presence of competing water environment

DST-EU Jacobs University, GermanyUniversity of Calabria, ItalyCNRS UMR, FranceStockholm University,Sweden2009-12

Development of new materials for hydrogen powered mobile applications

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Canada

University of Saskatchewan, Canada, 1988-89

Conductance and NMR studies of aqueous solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and chloride (CTAC) in the postmicellar region have been investigated in the absence and presence of the additives

National Science Council, Taiwan

National Taiwan University, Taiwan, 2002-03

Technical upgradation through design of improved process control systems for chemical dosing and semi automation to feeding system to tanning drums has been achieved.

British Council University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, 1992

Synthesis of model compounds for active sites of water splitting enzyme of photosystem II.


28

Snapshots from advanced training in

cutting edge science

Aspergillus niger grown using tri-substrate fermentation

Stability of collagen peptides using NMR

29


Collagen waste-iron oxide nanobiocomposite fiber bundle

An individual ZnNC-encapsulated liposome


30

Landmark CollaborationsINDO-DUTCH CooperationSupport for environmental protection activities of low-income countries is one of the main objectives in bilateral international collaboration of the Directorate General for International Cooperation (DGIS) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in The Netherlands. Within the framework of a bilateral program for collaboration between India and The Netherlands a contract on the prevention of environmental pollution was signed. It was decided to target environmental projects in Kanpur and Mirzapur, two cities along the Ganges that had already been selected for participation in the Ganga Action Plan. In 1988, a three member Dutch Mission headed by Prof. C.J. Colon of TNO visited India. Similarly, a three member team from CLRI comprising of Dr. R.B. Mitra, Dr. T. Ramasami and Dr. S. Rajamani visited TNO, The Netherlands. The need to strengthen the institutional systems was identified to achieve better environmental benefits in the leather sector in India.

In 1987, Occupational Health Program was introduced to the Hindustan Chamber of Commerce of Kanpur, the Tanners Federation of India and the tannery owners. The program team prepared a structured approach for an extensive base-line survey on occupational injuries and diseases, which was executed in 1988/89. This was followed by a preliminary hazard analysis, conducted by a multidisciplinary team in three representative tanneries in October 1989.

First UASB at Kanpur under Indo-Dutch project

4

31


The team consisted of members of the program, the Director and Assistant Director of Industrial Hygiene of the Kanpur Regional Labor Institute, the Deputy Medical Director of the Directorate of Factories Uttar Pradesh, and the tannery process expert of the Indo-Dutch Project. The complete ‘hazard’ team discussed the results of the analysis with the scientist-in-charge of the Central Leather Research Institute and with the head of the Preventive and Social Medicine Department of Kanpur Medical College to formulate viable interventions for the improvement of working conditions. The results of the hazard analysis were then disseminated to tannery owners and senior tannery managers from 36 tanneries during the workshop. The theme was ‘How to increase productivity while taking care for working conditions’. A model ‘walk-through’ survey was organized in a few tanneries with a preformatted observation check list to demonstrate possible improvement sites to tannery owners.The workshop was concluded by discussing possible industrial modifications. During the following years, tannery owners, assisted by the program team, installed industrial modifications at their own expense. These consisted of local exhaust ventilation, machine guards, trolleys and a system for mechanized transportation of hides. This program has led pathway to subsequent programs in leather sector by TNO in cooperation with CLRI later in 1993.

MODEUROP CollaborationA collaborative effort between the institute and DSI, Germany, Council of Leather Exports and Indian Shoe Federation – the MODEUROP has been going on since 1994. This initiative is to bring to the fore the ability of the Indian Leather Industry to take pro-active measures in fashion forecasting and design development by providing a scientific shoe design development focus in the areas of color forecasting, range building, design and retail analysis. The outcome envisaged is to strengthen the Indian footwear design capabilities which would be reflected in product quality enhancement.

Salient outcome realized till date arewThe MODEUROP initiative has been very successful in catapulting India into the foreyards of fashion. We dictate the world’s fashion colours today.wCustomized COLOUR CARDS for leading exporters conceptualized, designed and brought out by CLRI have helped the world recognize India’s capabilities of being abreast of fashion and delivering quality leathers and products. It has enhanced ‘IMAGE INDIA’.wWe are in step with the latest Trends and the colour card is globally first released in India giving a huge Business Advantage to the Indian manufacturers.wGuide the Industry with ‘input information’ to help them design their collections in line with the latest Trend Directions and thus achieve a higher success rate in the acceptability of their designs and collections.


32

Snapshots from MODEUROP collaboration

European Commission ProgramEU supported an Indo-European Initiative to develop new technologies for rendering leather processing cleaner with a view a long term objective of promoting global trade. The Initiative has brought five Nations namely Austria, Bangladesh, Germany, India and UK together to address jointly under a partnership mode some of the lingering problems of the leather sector in gaining eco-sustainability from 2003 to 2005.

Tannery effluent compositions vary greatly but contain in all cases sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl–) and sulphate (SO4)2– .ions. Treated effluents can be of considerable value for crop irrigation where there is a shortage of good quality water. Agriculture is a significant contributor to GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in India and provides

33


employment to bulk of people surpassing the contribution to other sectors. Tamil Nadu is one of the water-starved states in India. Large quantity of water is drawn for conventional usage in agriculture. In addition, due to the growth of traditional industries such as tanneries and textiles, which use large quantities of water, lead to rapidly depleting ground water resources. The discharge of polluted wastewater from these traditional industries, particular with high salinity, causes damage to soil, groundwater quality and resulted in decrease in the agricultural productivity year by year.

Salient outcome realized arew Two silicate based curing methods have been developed and evaluated. From the study, it was well established that Silicates can be successfully used for the long-term preservation of hides and skins and the subsequent manufacture of commercially acceptable leathers. w Lime-free beam house operations involving the use of silicate in place of lime has been standardized.w A fibre stabilization process using pretreatment with silicate has also been evaluated.w The effect of silicate bearing waste water on growth of certain plants has been studied and the study reveals that Silicates in tannery wastewaters are not detrimental to plant health but in contrast, common salt at levels normally found in tannery effluents is highly detrimental.w Distribution of silicates and chromium and auxiliaries used within the leather has been studied and correlation between silicon distribution and chromium and auxiliaries distribution established by SEM-EDX and NMR studies.


34

Snapshot from silic-salt collaboration

Ethiopian Connection Benchmarking Program IMinistry of Trade and Industry (MOTI) of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) had enrolled the services of the CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI) by invitation for the Benchmarking Program aimed at the Technology Upgradation of selected seven Ethiopian tanneries. CSIR-CLRI has taken up the bench marking program with the primary objective of transforming the Ethiopian tanning sector through capacity building to enable them to produce finished leathers for International market in competitive manner by improving the efficiency and effectiveness of these units through productivity enhancement. This mission in Ethiopia enables technological transformation necessary to bring about quantum jump in the export performance of the sector by five fold in the next five year. Salient outcome realized are

wPrior to the interventions, the tanneries were producing predominantly semi-processed leathers from sheep and goat skins for export and poor quality finished leathers from bovine hides for leather product industries catering to the local market. wAfter the conclusion of the consultancy project, the technology status in the selected tanneries got upgraded for producing finished leathers from sheep and goat skins with quality suitable for export markets and finished leathers from bovine hides with improved quality and value addition for local product industry to cater to local market as well as for export.

35


wAfter the end of six month of direct interventions in the project, the Steering Committee chaired by the State Minister for Industry and Trade has expressed satisfaction on the final outcome and recommended for the continuation of efforts in the second phase for strengthening and sustaining technological capabilities in the seven tanneries and for extending the benefits to 4 more tanneries

Snapshots from Ethiopian collaboration – Benchmarking I

Quality assessment (Hafde Tannery)


36

Improved material handling by introducing horses with wheels (Hafde Tannery)

Shades developed (Colba Tannery)

37


Products developed (Colba Tannery)

Benchmarking Program IIBased on the success achieved in the first phase of the Bench Marking Programme for the Technology Upgradation of Tanning Sector in Ethiopia, the Government of Ethiopia through their Ministry of Industry has awarded another consultancy project to CSIR-CLRI for augmentation of efforts made in the first phase as well as to extending the programme to more number of tanneries. In the second phase, 11 tanneries were selected including the old seven tanneries involved in the First phase. The main objective of the second phase of the programme is capacity building in the eleven tanneries leading to self-sustainability in terms of competence building in the areas of research & development, technical upgradation, product & quality standardization and productivity enhancement with system formulation and implementation for production of finished leathers for export.Salient outcome realized are


38

w The interventions made by CSIR-CLRI has helped in establishment of the Ethiopian Tanning Industry as reliable suppliers of quality finished leathers in the International Market.

w After the conclusion of the Phase-II consultancy project, the technology status in the selected tanneries got upgraded for producing finished leathers from sheep and goat skins with quality suitable for export markets and finished leathers from bovine hides with improved quality and value addition for local product industry to cater to local market as well as for export.

w The Ethiopian tanneries have graduated into exporters of finished leathers and some tanneries have now stopped exporting semi-processed leathers.

w With the success achieved in building technological capabilities for the production of quality finished leathers for Global Market through the programme, the Government has introduced duty for restricting the export of semi-processed crust leathers to reap fully the benefits from the success of the programme.

w The overall appreciation for CSIR-CLRI gained from the success of this project has resulted in the award of another contract for the Institute for the Twinning arrangement for capacity building in the Ethiopian leather research institute, Leather Industries Development Institute (LIDI).

Snapshots from Ethiopian

collaboration – Benchmarking II

Practical training

39


Products developed/ commercialized (Dire Tannery)

Products developed/ commercialized (Wallia Tannery)


40

Products developed (Kombolcha Tannery)

Presentation on the outcome of the programme during mid and final Steering Committee Meeting

41


Benchmarking Team (India- Ethiopia)

Twinning Program The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is aiming for a giant leap in leather and leather products sectors in line with the national vision. Leather Industry Development Institute (LIDI) has been established by the Govt. of Ethiopia primarily to serve the leather and leather products sectors. In order to contribute to the realization of the national vision, LIDI needs to undergo a major transformation of becoming a globally competitive centre of excellence in the field of leather. The TWINNING project is structured, planned and will be carried out taking into account the principal objective of transforming LIDI. The ultimate transformation would enhance LIDI’s capability to offer all the needed services and support for the whole leather value chain. The major objectives of the project are as follows.

w Creating and providing intellectual and skilled manpower to cater to the requirements of the industry

w Providing technical support in all the spheres of leather and leather product sectors

w Providing services to the industry such as testing, certification and establishing norms or standards

w Forecasting the global market dynamics and preparing the Ethiopian leather and leather products sectors to meet the changing requirements

w Creating functional tripartite linkage among the industry, R&D/laboratories and industry to start real time activities in research and training during the twinning period.


42

Footwear Design and Development Institute (FDDI) has been identified as a partner for activities related to the areas of footwear and leather goods. CSIR-CLRI would be the lead institute under which FDDI shall carryout the activities. The total project cost is 5.44 Million US$. The project commenced from July 2011 and the programme was formally launched on 19th September 2011 at Sheraton hotel, Addis Ababa.

Snapshots from Ethiopian collaboration – Twinning program

43


Vietnam Cooperation CLRI delegation comprising Dr. A.B. Mandal, Director, CSIR-CLRI and Dr. N.K. Chandrababu visited Leather and Shoe Research Institute (LSRI), Vietnam in September 2012 and discussed with Director and the scientists of the Institute in order to find the areas of co-operation for collaboration between LSRI and CSIR-CLRI. The issues discussed were mainly focused on cleaner technology options and effluent treatment technologies. Director, CSIR-CLRI made presentations on the emerging clean tanning and end-of-pipe treatment technologies from research efforts in the institute, which was well received. There were vibrant interactions from the participants and both institute and industry representatives have shown keen interest in getting more information on many of the technologies presented.

The Letter of Intent (LoI) was signed by Directors of both the Institutes for Technical Consultancy and Collaboration in the areas of cleaner leather processing, wastewater treatment, research and human resources development in leather and footwear science and technology.

Subsequently, a delegation from Vietnam comprising of Prof. Dr. Ngo Dai Quang, Director, Mr Vu Ngoc Giang, Deputy Director, Leather and Shoe Research Institute (LSRI) and Mr Pham Hoang Ha, Principal Official Asia and Africa Division, MoST (DIC), Vietnam visited CLRI during the period 28-29 November 2012 for finalizing the proposal for a Collaborative Research program in Science and Technology in the area of “Research cooperation on waste water treatment and application of cleaner leather manufacturing technologies” aimed at capacity building in LSRI to help the Vietnam leather industry to meet the growing technological changes in Global leather sector. It has been decided to fit the proposal to DST format for a Joint Research Project of India–Vietnam under the Programme of Cooperation of Science and Technology. The proposal and the MoU were signed by Dr A.B. Mandal, Director, CSIR-CLRI and Prof. Dr. Ngo Dai Quang, Director, LSRI in the presence of all the team members.


44

Snapshots from Vietnam collaboration

45


Global Education HubPrior to independence, tanning activity in India was limited and controlled by a few British managed tanneries. First World War was indirectly responsible for the emergence of institutions for training of technicians needed for the supervision of the leather production needed by army in India. The first tanning school was established at Madras in 1914. Then came other schools at Kanpur, Kolkata, Jalandhar etc. These tanning schools provided vocational training. The need for a professional degree in leather technology was recognized, just prior to the dawn of independence. With the munificent donation of Rs.5,00,000 ( in 1940s) from the great philanthropist Dr. Alagappa Chettiar, the university of Madras established Alagappa Chettiar College of Technology in 1944, to offer different courses in technology. Courses in Leather and Textile technologies were introduced from 1945 in the University of Madras. These programs of two years duration after bachelor’s level education in basic science led to B.Sc (tech) degree. In the same year, the then Vice Chancellor of University of Madras suggested that Central Leather Research Institute be founded in Madras as a constituent laboratory of Council of scientific and industrial research(CSIR). CSIR, New Delhi supported the institution of Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI) by offering a block grant of Rs.60,000 from 1945 onwards. Twin objective of education and research were combined in one body, Central Leather Research Institute.

CSIR-CLRI in collaboration with Anna University now conducts courses in Leather Technology leading to B. Tech., M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees and courses in Footwear Science & Engineering leading to M.Tech and Ph.D. Programmes. CSIR-CLRI is a centre of higher learning and research leading to doctoral programmes of various Universities and in the disciplines of Biological, Chemical Engineering, Information and Physical Sciences. A synergising academy in Anna University and a vibrant, ready-to-absorb leather industry made this trinity research-academy-industry a reality. HRD service was CLRI’s sprouting mandate since its inception. CLRI offers also a number of short-term and long-term vocational programmes.

Vocational programmes can be described as Autonomous programs of CLRI because the entire courses were designed and run solely by CLRI. RCEDs (Regional Centers for Extension and Development) of CLRI helped in learning the societal alignment and market prevailing in different regions of the country. Thus, CLRI offered location-specific diploma courses (harness and saddlery leather processing in Kanpur, leather products in Jalandhar and Kolkata) through its RCEDs. By this way, CLRI championed the cause of primary and secondary level HRD for leather sector to some extent, in the country.

5


46

Recently, CLRI upgraded all its modular programs into Diploma level (Leather goods, leather garments and leather footwear) each spanning one year. It is a move to stuff every course with a wholesome package.

Specialized programmes such as industry-specific executive programs target top personnel from leather industry. These are short-term (2-4 weeks) refresher courses but completely tailor-made. These are innovative in making the candidates participate not only in learning but also in setting up the curricula and syllabi.

CSIR-CLRI has been providing leather related education not only to the Indian nationals but also to several foreign nationalities in a variety of above-mentioned programmes. So far, 343 candidates from more than 50 countries have undergone training at CLRI. A list of countries from which the students have visited CLRI along with the number of students from each country is given in the following table.

Country No. of People Country No. of PeopleAfghanistan 4 Mongolia 3Attapeu, Laos 2 Malta 2Bahamas 1 Mauritius 2Bangladesh 10 Myanmar 11Barbados 2 Namibia 3Belize 1 Nepal 30Cameroon 1 Nigeria 17China 3 Pakistan 3Cyprus 1 Papua New Guinea 2Czechoslovakia 1 Philippines 16Egypt 5 Rwanda 1Eritrea 1 Samoa 1Ethiopia 55 Saudi Arabia 2Fiji Island 1 Sierra Leone 2Finland 2 Singapore 1France 1 Somalia 4Germany 1 Sri Lanka 5Ghana 4 Sudan 19Guyana 6 Swaziland 2Indonesia 4 Syria 1Italy 2 Tanzania 19

47


Iran 6 Thailand 3Iraq 1 Turkey 2Jamaica 3 Uganda 3Japan 2 Vietnam 4Kenya 24 West Indies 6Lebanon 1 Yemen 1Malawi 5 Zambia 10Malaysia 12 Zimbabwe 6

CSC sponsored regional training workshop (June 1999) on cleaner production in

leather sector for participants from common wealth countries

Delegation from Leather and Leather Products Technology Institute (LLPTI), Ethiopia


48

Visit of Delegation from Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa – Leather

and Leather Products Institute (COMESA/LLPI), Ethiopia in 2006

Personnel from Department of Veterinary Services, Veterinary research laboratory, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, Kenya undertaking Diploma in

Footwear Manufacture in 2007

49


Workshop on “Cleaner Leather Processing and Wastewater Treatment Technology” organized for the delegation from Leather and Shoe Research Institute, Vietnam,

December 2012

Global Academic Alliances of CSIR-CLRI

*Countries benefited from training at CSIR-CLRI, Chennai


50

International publications emerged from global alliances of CLRI

1. W.A. Goedel, N. Somanathan,V. Enkelmann and G. Wegner, Steric effect in 3 substituted polythiophenes comparing band gap, non linear optical susceptibility and conductivity of poly (3 cyclo hexyl thiophene) and poly (3 n hexyl thiophene), Makromol. Chem. 1992, 193, 1195 1206.

2. A.B. Mandal, L. Wang, K. Brown and R.E. Verrall, Conductance and NMR studies of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and chloride micelles in the presence of several additives, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1993, 161, 292-298.

3. N. Somanathan and G. Wegner, Comparative studies on Poly (3 cyclohexyl thiophene) with Poly alkyl thiophene, Synth. Met. 1995, 75, 123.

4. N. Somanathan and G. Wegner, Mechanical properties of conducting Poly (3 cyclohexyl thiophene) films, Polymer 1996, 37, 1891.

5. N. Somanathan and G. Wegner, Synthesis and characterization of copolymers of 3-n-hexyl thiophene with 3-cyclohexyl thiophene, Acta Polym. 1999, 50, 145.

6. B.U. Nair and T. Weyhermuller, Preparation and structure of a dinuclear iron(III) complex with six terminally coordinated azides: A precursor for multidimensional network, Chem. Lett. 2000, 416-417.

7. B. Geetha, L. Katharina and A. Markus, Comb like copolymers with octadecyl side chain and carboxyl functional sites: Scope for efficient use in miniemulsion polymerization, Macromolecules 2000, 33, 9228-9232.

8. G. Hemakanthi, A. Dhathathreyan, T. Ramasami and D. Mobius, Formation of nickelhydroxy sulfide precursor and nickel sulfide in Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of a nickel complex of octadecylsuccinic acid, Thin solid Films 2001, 384, 206-211.

9. G. Hemakanthi, A. Dhathathreyan, B.U. Nair, T. Ramasami, D. Mobius and T. Schaffer, Control of size of PbI2 nanocrystals using Langmuir-Blodgett films of n-octadecyl succinic acid, Colloids Surf. A 2001, 181, 115-121.

10. G. Hemakanthi, B.U. Nair and A. Dhathathreyan, Langmuir films of amphiphilic schiff base of O-Vaniline and its metal complexes, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2001, 341, 407-411.

11. G. Hemakanthi, A. Dhathathreyan and D. Mobius, Complexation of metal ions in monolayers of amphiphilic schiff bases at liquid/air interface, Colloids Surf. A 2002, 198, 443-452.

12. N. Vedaraman, G. Brunner, C. Srinivasakannan, B.V. Ramabrahmam and P.G. Rao, Solubility of N-CBZ derivatised amino acids in supercritical carbon dioxide, J. Supercrit. Fluids 2004, 30, 119-125.

13. N. Vedaraman, G. Brunner, C. Srinivasakannan, C. Muralidharan, P.G. Rao and K.V. Raghavan, Extraction of cholesterol from cattle brain using supercritical carbon dioxide, J. Supercrit. Fluids 2004, 32, 231-242.

51


14. N. Vedaraman, C. Srinivasakannan, G. Brunner, B.V. Ramabrahmam and P.G. Rao, Experimental and modeling studies on extraction of cholesterol from cow brain using supercritical carbon dioxide, J. Supercrit. Fluids 2004, 34, 27-34.

15. L.J. Milton Gaspar, B. Geetha, B.S.R. Reddy, R. Radha and P. Miroslav, Effect of N-Glycinylmaleamic Acid on Microstructural Characteristics and Solubilization Properties of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Micellar Assemblies, Langmuir 2004, 20, 9029.

16. K.J. Sreeram, R. Ramesh, J. Raghava Rao, N.K. Chandrababu, B.U. Nair and T. Ramasami, Direct Chrome Liquor Recycling Under Indian Conditions: Part 1. Role of Chromium Species on the Quality of the Leather, J. Am. Leather Chem. Ass. 2005, 100, 233-242.

17. K.J. Sreeram, R. Ramesh, S. Ramalingam, J. Raghava Rao, N.K. Chandrababu, B.U. Nair and T. Ramasami, Direct Chrome Liquor Recycling Under Indian Conditions: Part 2. Pilot Scale Tanning Studies, J. Am. Leather Chem. Ass. 2005, 100, 257-264.

18. V.G. Vaidyanathan, T. Weyhermuller and B.U. Nair, J. Subramanian, DNA damage induced by a chromium(III) Schiff base complex is reversible under physiological condition, J. Inorg. Biochem. 2005, 99, 2248-2255.

19. V. Uma, M. Kanthimathi, T. Weyhermuller and B.U. Nair, Oxidative DNA cleavage mediated by a new copper(II) terpyridine complex: Crystal structure and DNA binding studies. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2005, 99, 2299-2307.

20. P. Thanikaivelan, D.C. Shelly and S.S. Ramkumar, Gauge Length Effect on the Tensile Properties of Leather, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 101, 1202-1209.

21. P. Thanikaivelan, K. Krishnaraj, B. Chandrasekaran, D.C. Shelly and S.S. Ramkumar, Influence of Test Length on the Tensile Properties of Upholstery Leather: Relation to Weak Link Theory, J. Am. Leather Chem. Ass. 2007, 102, 10-15.

22. R. Indumathy, S. Radhika, M. Kanthimathi, T. Weyhermuller and B.U. Nair, Cobalt complexes of terpyridine ligand: Crystal structure and photocleavage of DNA, J. Inorg. Biochem. 2007, 101, 434-443.

23. R. Indumathy, M. Kanthimathi, T. Weyhermuller and B.U. Nair, Cobalt complexes of terpyridine ligands: Crystal structure and nuclease activity, Polyhedron 2008, 27, 3443-3450.

24. N. Vedaraman, C. Srinivasakannan, G. Brunner, P.G. Rao, Kinetics of Cholesterol Extraction Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide with Cosolvents, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47, 6727-6733.

25. B. Brodsky, G. Thiagarajan, B. Madhan, K. Kar, Triple-helical peptides: An approach to collagen conformation, stability, and self-association. Biopolymers 2008, 89, 345-53.

26. B. Madhan, J.X. Xiao, G. Thiagarajan, J. Baum and B. Brodsky, NMR monitoring of chain-specific stability in heterotrimeric collagen peptides, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13520-21.


52

27. A. Dhathathreyan and C. Steinem, Interactions of laminin peptides with phospholipids in Langmuir films and vesicles, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2008, 464, 226-229.

28. D.L. Bodian, B. Madhan, B. Brodsky and T.E. Klein, Predicting the clinical lethality of osteogenesis imperfecta from collagen glycine mutations, Biochemistry 2008, 47, 5424-32.

29. S. Saravanabhavan, P. Thanikaivelan, J.R. Rao, B.U. Nair, T. Ramasami and D.C. Shelly, Performance and Eco-Impact of Reverse Processed Hair Sheep Gloving Leather, J. Am. Leather. Chem. Assoc. 2008, 103, 303-313.

30. D.C. Shelly, P. Divya, P. Thanikaivelan, B. Peng and C. Hodges, Performance evaluation of pelts and leather from domestic hair sheep crossbreeds, J. Am. Leather Chem. Ass. 2009, 104, 202-211.

31. N. Somanathan, C.K. Pandiyarajan, W.A. Goedel and W.C. Chen, Physico-mechanical studies on the langmuir-blodgett films of polythiophene containing mesogenic side chains, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. 2009, 47, 173-182.

32. G. Sathyaraj, T. Weyhermuller and B.U. Nair, Synthesis, characterization and DNA binding studies of new ruthenium(II)bisterpyridine complexes, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 284-291.

33. R. Indumathy, T. Weyhermuller and B.U. Nair, Biimidazole containing cobalt(III) mixed ligand complexes: Crystal structure and photonuclease activity, Dalton T. 2010, 39, 2087-2097.

34. N.G. Edwinoliver, K. Thirunavukarasu, R.B. Naidu, M.K. Gowthaman, T. Nakajima Kambe and N.R. Kamini, Scale up of a novel tri-substrate fermentation for enhanced production of Aspergillus niger lipase for tallow hydrolysis. Biores. Technol. 2010, 101, 6791-6796.

35. N.N. Fathima, M. Baias, B. Blumich and T. Ramasami, Structure and dynamics of water in native and tanned collagen fibers: Effect of crosslinking, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2010, 47, 590-596.

36. K.J. Sreeram, S. Narayan, G. Abbineni, A. Hayhurst and C.B. Mao, Architectonics of Phage-Liposome Nanowebs as Optimized Photosensitizer Vehicles for Photodynamic Cancer Therapy, Mol. Cancer Ther. 2010, 9, 2524-2535.

37. R.S. Sundar, R. Gopalakrishnan, R.C. Wade and V. Subramanian, Structural Basis for the Varying Propensities of Different Amino Acids To Adopt the Collagen Conformation, J. Phys. Chem. B 2011, 115, 2593–2607.

38. S. Bikash, S. Anju, A. Gnanamani, R.L. Patsey, J. Edwin Blalock and T.J. Sellati, CD14 Signaling Reciprocally Controls Collagen Deposition and Turnover to Regulate the Development of Lyme Arthritis, Am. J. Pathol. 2011, 178, 724-734.

39. B.K. Gupta, V. Rathee, T.N. Narayanan, P. Thanikaivelan, A. Saha, Govind, S.P. Singh, V. Shanker, A.A. Marti and P.M. Ajayan, Probing a Bifunctional Luminomagnetic Nanophosphor for Biological Applications: A Photoluminescence and Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Study, Small 2011, 7, 1767-1773.

53


40. B.K. Gupta, P. Thanikaivelan, T.N. Narayanan, L. Song, W. Gao, T. Hayashi, A.L.M. Reddy, A. Saha, V. Shanker, M. Endo, A.A. Marti and P.M. Ajayan, Optical bifunctionality of europium-complexed luminescent graphene nanosheets, Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 5227-5233.

41. A. Dhathathreyan, Real-Time Monitoring of Invertase Activity Immobilized in Nanoporous Aluminum Oxide, J. Phys. Chem. B 2011, 115, 6678-6682.

42. G. Sathyaraj, T. Weyhermuller and B.U. Nair, Crystal Structure and Thermal Studies of Ruthenium(II) Bisimidazolylterpyridine Hexafluorophosphate Complex. J. Chem. Crystallogr. 2011, 41, 353-358.

43. S. Rajalakshmi, T. Weyhermuller, A.J. Freddy, H.R. Vasanthi and B.U. Nair, Anomalous behavior of pentacoordinate copper complexes of dimethylphenanthroline and derivatives of terpyridine ligands: Studies on DNA binding, cleavage and apoptotic activity, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 608-617.

44. V.M. Manikandamathavan, R.P. Parameswari, T. Weyhermuller, H.R. Vasanthi and B.U. Nair, Cytotoxic copper (II) mixed ligand complexes: Crystal structure and DNA cleavage activity, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 4537-4547.

45. J.X. Xiao, B. Madhan, Y.J. Li, B. Brodsky and J. Baum, Osteogenesis Imperfecta Model Peptides: Incorporation of Residues Replacing Gly within a Triple Helix Achieved by Renucleation and Local Flexibility, Biophys. J. 2011, 101, 449-58.

46. Y. Velichkova, I. Yavor, I. Marinov, R. Ramesh , N.R. Kamini, N. Dimcheva, E. Horozova and T. Godjevargova, Amperometric electrode for determination of urea using electrodeposited rhodium and immobilized urease, J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 2011, 69, 16-175.

47. P. Thanikaivelan, N.T. Narayanan, B.K. Pradhan and P.M. Ajayan, Collagen based magnetic nanocomposites for oil removal applications, Sci. Rep. 2012, 2, 230 (7p).

48. M. Ashokkumar, T.N. Narayanan, A. L. M. Reddy, B. K. Gupta, B. Chandrasekaran, S. Talapatra, P.M. Ajayan and P. Thanikaivelan, Transforming collagen wastes into doped nanocarbons for sustainable energy applications, Green Chem. 2012, 14, 1689-1695.

49. M. Ashokkumar, K.M. Sumukh, R. Murali, N.T. Narayanan, P.M. Ajayan and P. Thanikaivelan, Collagen-chitosan biocomposites produced using nanocarbons derived from goatskin waste, Carbon 2012, 50, 5574-5582.

50. G. Sathyaraj, D. Muthamilselvan, M. Kiruthika, T. Weyhermuller and B.U. Nair, Ferrocene conjugated imidazolephenols as multichannel ditopic chemosensor for biologically active cations and anions, J. Organomet. Chem. 2012, 716, 150-158.

51. G. Sathyaraj, D. Muthamilselvan, M. Kiruthika, T. Weyhermuller and B.U. Nair, Ruthenium(II) 3+2+1 mixed ligand complexes: substituent effect on photolability, photooxidation of bases, photocytotoxicity and photonuclease activity. Dalton T. 2012, 41, 8460-8471.


54

52. G. Sathyaraj, D. Muthamilselvan, M. Kiruthika, T. Weyhermuller and B.U. Nair, Oxidative Cleavage of DNA by Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing a Ferrocene/Non-Ferrocene Conjugated Imidazole Phenol Ligand, Organometallics 2012, 31, 6980-6987.

53. S. Rajalakshmi, T. Weyhermüller, M. Dinesh and B.U. Nair, Copper(II) complexes of terpyridine derivatives: A footstep towards development of antiproliferative agent for breast cancer. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2012, 117, 48-59.

54. V.M. Manikandamathavan, V. Rajapandian, A.J. Freddy, T. Weyhermüller, V. Subramanian and B.U. Nair, Effect of coordinated ligands on antiproliferative activity and DNA cleavage property of three mononuclear Cu(II)-terpyridine complexes. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 57, 449-458.

55. R. Indumathy, T. Weyhermuller, V. Rajapandian, V. Subramanian and B.U. Nair, An unusual oxidation of the imidazolyl ring in a cobalt terpyridyl complex: Crystal structure and photonuclease activity of the transformed cobalt terpyridyl complex, Polyhedron 2012, 43, 159-169.

56. T. Nakajima-Kambe, N.G. Edwinoliver, H. Maeda, K. Thirunavukarasu, M.K. Gowthaman, K. Masaki, S. Mahalingam and N.R. Kamini, Purification, cloning and expression of an Aspergillus niger lipase for degradation of poly(lactic acid) and poly(ε-caprolactone), Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 2012, 97, 139-144.

57. K. Jariashvili, B. Madhan, B. Brodsky, A. Kuchava, L. Namicheishvili and N. Metreveli, UV damage of collagen: Insights from model collagen peptides, Biopolymers 2012, 97, 189-98.

55


Other publications emerged from global alliances of CLRI (Conferences, Books, National Journals, etc.)

1. R. Schwarz, W.A. Goedel, N. Somanathan, C. Bubeck, U. Scheunemann, W. Hickel and G. Wegner, Determination of the optical constants of a polythiophene thin films, Springer series in Solid State Sci., Vol.107 “Electronic properties of polymers”, ed. H. Kuzmann, M.Mchring and S.Roth, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1992, 107.

2. J. Raghava Rao, B.G.S. Prasad, R. Venba, S. Rajamani, T. Ramasami, A.D. Covington, A.I. Long and J.S.A. Langerwerf, New Methods of Chrome Recovery and Reuse with Lower Sulfate Discharge, Poster paper presented in XXIII IULTCS Congress, Friedrichshafen, May 1995.

3. S.K. Thampy, P.K. Narayanan, D.K. Chauhan, J.J. Trivedi, V.K. Indusekhar, J. Raghava Rao, B.G.S. Prasad, S. Rajamani, T. Ramasami, R. Creusen and J.S.A. Langerwerf, Electrodialysis for Management of Sulfate and Chromium in Leather Processing, Poster paper presented in XXIII IULTCS Congress, Friedrichshafen, May 1995.

4. N.K. Chandra Babu, R. Ramesh, N. Sambasiva Rao, J. Raghava Rao, T. Ramasami, A.D. Covington, J.S.A. Langerwerf and (Late) W.P. Walker. High Exhaustion or Near-Zero Waste Chrome Tanning Methodologies, Poster paper presented in XXIII IULTCS Congress, Friedrichshafen, May 1995.

5. N.K. Chandrababu, J. Raghava Rao, P. Sambasiva Rao, R. Ramesh, M. Suresh Babu, T. Ramasami, J.S.A. Langerwerf, A.D. Covington and W. Walker, Low Waste Closed Loop Chrome Tanning Method, Proceedings of 30th LERIG, CLRI, Madras, 1995, 23-36.

6. T. Ramasami, J. Raghava Rao, N.K. Chandrababu, R. Venba, B.U. Nair, B.G.S. Prasad, T.S.K. Mahadevan, K.G.K. Warrier, K. Muraleedharan Nair, A.D. Damodaran, J.S.A. Langerwerf, J. Van der Zwan and A.H. de Vries, Overview of Viable Better Chrome Management Technologies for the Indian Leather Sector, Proceedings of 30th LERIG, CLRI, Madras, 1995, 1-9.

7. J.S.A. Langerwerf, J.V. Groenstijn, A.D. Vries, T. Ramasami, S. Rajamani, N.K. Chandrababu, J. Raghava Rao, A.D. Covington, A. Long, K.M. Nair and K.G.K. Warrier, Effective Management of Sulphur and Chrome Compounds: A Corner Stone of Integral Clean Chrome Leather Technology (ICCLT), The Leather Manuf., 1998, 116, 12-23.

8. J. Raghava Rao, S. Rajamani, N.K. Chandrababu, P.S. Rao, R. Ramesh, R. Suthanthararajan, B.U. Nair, K.M. Nair, K.G.K. Warrier, T. Ramasami and S.A. Langerwerf, Surveillance of Chromium in Tanning: A Revisit, “Science and Technology for Leather Into the Next Millennium”, Proceedings of the XXV IULTCS Congress, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 1999, 295-301.

9. J. Raghava Rao and M. Subba Rao, Chrome Recovery and Closed Pickle-Chrome Tan Recycling Methods, Regional Training Workshop on Cleaner Production in Leather Sector, CSC-CLRI, CLRI, Chennai, June 1999.


56

10. G. Hemakanthi, A. Dhathathreyan, T. Ramasami and D. Mobius, Preparation of copper sulphide clusters in organic-inorganic composites of Langmuir-Blodgett films of amphiphilic Schiff bases, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. Chem. Sci. 2001, 113, 147-155.

11. N. Somanathan and J.H. Wendorff, Novel Polythiophene derivatives emitting light (electro luminescence) in narrow wavelength range, Papers presented in National Seminar on Physics of Materials for electronic and Opto-electronic devices (NSPMEOD’ 02), held at J.N.V. University, Jodhpur, 2002, February 25 –27.

12. C.A. Money, Utilization of total dissolved solids by tannery effluent irrigation, Proc. Global Benchmarks for Leather Sector, CLRI, Chennai, January 2003.

13. C.A. Money and N.K. Chandra Babu, Salinity reduction in tannery effluent, Proc. XXVIII IULTCS Congress, Florence, 2005

14. The potential of silicates in leather production Part 1 of 4 - Salt-free curing of hides and skins: Reducing the salt content of tannery effluents, World Leather, February/March, 2006, 25-29.

15. The potential of silicates in leather production Part 2 of 4 - Benefits within new chemical procedures and the development of a new commodity, World Leather, April, 2006, 33-35.

16. The potential of silicates in leather production Part 3 of 4 - Utilization of soaking liquors for irrigation, World Leather, May 2006.

17. The potential of silicates in leather production Part 4 of 4 - Research into leather related silicon chemistry, World Leather, June/July, 2006, 40-42.

18. C.A. Money, N.K. Chandra Babu, Salinity reduction in tannery effluent, Leather Int. Jan/Feb 2006, 208, 30.

19. T. Ramasami, N.K. Chandra Babu, C. Muralidharan, J. Raghava Rao, P. Saravanan and C.A. Money, TDS still a problem for tanneries in India, Leather Int. June 2007, 28.

20. T. Ramasami, N.K. Chandra Babu, C. Muralidharan, J. Raghava Rao, P. Saravanan and C.A. Money, Salinity reduction in tannery effluent, Proc. LERIG, BEST for Indian Leather Sector, CLRI, Chennai, January 2007, 20-26.

global alliances to build interdisciplinary research for

Documents