global change research from the ground up. 100011001200140013001600150018001700190020002100 1 0 4 3...
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![Page 1: Global Change Research from the Ground Up. 100011001200140013001600150018001700190020002100 1 0 4 3 2 5 Mean global temperature anomalies: last 1000 yrs](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649e805503460f94b8474b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Global Change Research from the Ground Up
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1000 1100 1200 14001300 16001500 18001700 1900 2000 2100
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Mean global temperature anomalies: last 1000 yrs
indirect measuresdirect
measures
projections
IPCC (2001)
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Projected changes in average annual water runoff by 2050, relative to average runoff for 1961-1990
IPCC (2001)
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IPCC (2001)
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)
Atmosphericnitrogen deposition
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global environmental change
elevated CO2 warming precipitation nitrogen
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Percentage change in average annual total Australian wheat yield for CO2 (levels of 700 ppm)
IPCC (2001)
rainfall change
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global environmental change
elevated CO2 warming precipitation nitrogen
![Page 9: Global Change Research from the Ground Up. 100011001200140013001600150018001700190020002100 1 0 4 3 2 5 Mean global temperature anomalies: last 1000 yrs](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062519/56649e805503460f94b8474b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
global environmental change
elevated CO2 warming precipitation nitrogen
additive effects?
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Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment(1998-present)
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Jasper Ridge, California Toronto, Ontario
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Jasper Ridge, California Toronto, Ontario
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Native perennial grasses (Danthonia californica and Nassella pulchra)
Non-native annual grasses (Avena barbata, A. fatua, Bromus hordeaceus and Lolium multiflorum)
Non-native forbs (Geranium dissectum, Erodium botrys and Crepis vesicaria)
Native annual forbs (Hemizonia congesta and Epilobium brachycarpum)
Annual grassland
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The annual grassland as a model system
1. Small individuals = community level treatmentsin a small area
2. Annual lifecycle = treatments over multiple generations
3. Established plant and soil microbial communities
20 cm
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
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Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment(1998-present)
CO2 - free air emitters: ~ 680 ppm
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open top chamber for CO2 delivery
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Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment(1998-present)
NO3- - application: 7 g N m-2 y-1
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Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment(1998-present)
heat - infrared lamps: 1-2 °C
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Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment(1998-present)
H2O - irrigation: ambient + 50%
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NO3- H2Oheatcontrol
heatNO3
-
heatH2O
NO3-
H2O
NO3-
heatH2O
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NP
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ambient CO2
NO3- H2Oheatcontrol heat
NO3-
heatH2O
NO3-
H2ONO3
-
heatH2O
(Shaw et al. 2002)
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NO3- H2Oheatcontrol
heatNO3
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680 ppm CO2
NO3- H2Oheat heat
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NO3-
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-
heatH2O
(Shaw et al. 2002)
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heatH2O
(Shaw et al. 2002)
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Dukes et al. (2005)
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Dukes et al. (2005)
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Fire!July 2003
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Net primary production
NO3- added
NP
P (
g d
w m
-2)
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NO3- added
ambient CO2
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NNN
N
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Col 1
NO3- added
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ambient CO2
elevated CO2
Annual grasses
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N N
NO3- ***
B *NO3
- X CO2 **
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Herbivore effects
Slug feeding preferences and abundance in plots explain over 50% of variation in productivity
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Lessons learned from the JRGCE:
1. Global change will result in changes in ecosystemproductivity and plant species composition
2. Unforeseen interactions of climate change withnitrogen pollution and elevated CO2
Wildcards: influence of disturbance and herbivores
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Davis (1981)
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Invasive species
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My current research:Winter warming and N deposition
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tem
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°C)
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air
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Agricultural field near London, ON
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tem
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air soil surface
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
continuous snow cover
Agricultural field near London, ON
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Effects of freezing on soil
soil aggregatedisruption
microbial lysis
plant litter breakdown
root lysis
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leaching losses of C, N and P
CO2, N2O
Effects of freeze-thaw
soil aggregatedisruption
microbial lysis
plant litter breakdown
root lysis
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Long-term warming and N deposition experiment
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Long-term warming and N deposition experiment
Objective:
To explore the interactive effects of climate warming and increased atmospheric N deposition on a temperate ecosystem
- specific emphasis on winter warming
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Grasses:Poa pratensis (Kentucky blue grass) – perennial Bromus inermis (smooth brome) – perennial
Forbs:Solidago altissima (tall goldenrod) – perennial Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle) – perennial
Medicago lupulina (black medick) – annual/perennial, legumeMelilotus alba (white sweet-clover) – annual/perennial, legumeLotus corniculatus (bird’s foot trefoil) – perennial, legume
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110 V AC soilsurface
150 Wceramic infraredheater
reflector
weatherprooflightbulb socket
metal pipe
Heating bracket (heats 3 plots)
Side view:
height-adjustablebracket
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1 m
Block design
1 plot
= dummy heater
= IR heater(n=10)
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1 m
1 plot
= dummy heater
= IR heater
heated-all year
heated-late-fall
to spring
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1 m
1 plot
= dummy heater
= IR heater
heated-all year
heated-late-fall
to springN
N
N
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Soil monitoring
- soil temperature- 2 and 5 cm depth- hourly
- volumetric water content- 0-15 and 0-30 cm depth- hourly
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Te
mp
era
ture
(ºC
)
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0
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15
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25
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35
Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May
Tre
atm
en
t -
am
bie
nt
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1
2
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2006 2007 2008
winter warmedwarmed
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- PTFE/quartz lysimeters- no retention/contamination- durable- 50 cm depth
Soil water collection
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Terry BellSoil microbial enzyme activities
and microbial community structure
Jennifer HutchisonPrimary production and
plant species composition
Paul Mensink and Eric MoiseInvasive wood snails
Michelle TurnerNitrogen leaching losses
and net mineralization
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Gra
ss d
ry m
as
s (
g m
-2)
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ambie
nt
win
ter w
arm
ed
war
med
ambie
nt
win
ter w
arm
ed
war
med
N
NN
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Cirsium
Lotus
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NDVI - Plant Greenness
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0 20 40 60
ND
VI
0.0
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ambientwinter warmedwarmed
April 3 June 110 20 40 60
0.0
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0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
ambientnitrogen
April 3 June 11
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Net Ecosystem Exchange