global climate - web.nmsu.edu
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Global Climate
Chapter 17Chapter 17April 23, 2009
Climatic Controls• Climate controls
Climatic Controls
– Latitude– Land and waterLand and water– Ocean currents
P ili i d– Prevailing winds– Pressure cells– Mountain
barriers– Altitude
This shows average annual sea-level temperatures in oF
Regions of Rising & Sinking AirRegions of Rising & Sinking Air
Global patterns of temperature and precipitation areprecipitation are affected by global cells ofglobal cells of rising and sinking air, which run meridionally north to southnorth to south
Observed Precipitationp
N th t th tt f i i d i ki i h l t di tNorth-to-south patterns of rising and sinking air help to predict precipitation, but zonal variation in land masses and ocean currents create deviations from these predictions.
Topographic Controls on ClimateTopographic Controls on Climate
Westerly winds blowing moist air from the Pacific Ocean encounter several mountain ranges that create patterns of rising air and precipitation followed by sinking air and warm dry rain shadows.
Climate ClassificationsClimate ClassificationsTh A i t G k• The Ancient Greeks– Tropical, temperate, and polar zone– Not enough zones to describe climate
• The Köppen System– Waldimir Köppen– Related vegetation and climate in order to predict g p
climate types in areas without climate data• The Thornthwaite Systemy
– P/E ratio, P/E Index– Potential Evapotranspirationp p
Köppen Climate Classification GroupsKöppen Climate Classification Groups
• A = Topical Moist: no winterB D P t ti l t i ti• B = Dry; Potential evapotranspiration > precipitation
• C = Moist Mid-Latitude with mild winterD M i t Mid L tit d ith i t• D = Moist Mid Latitude with severe winter
• E = Polar: cold, T<10°C,• H = Highland
More ClassificationsMore ClassificationsAf Tropical rain forest Dfa humid continental long hot Af Tropical rain forestAm Tropical monsoonAw Tropical wet and dry
Dfa humid continental long hot summer
Dfb humid continental long cool Aw Tropical wet and dryBW Arid desertBS Semi-arid
gsummer
Dfc subpolar cool short summerBS Semi aridCfa Humid subtropicalCfb Cfc Marine
Dw Dry winterET polar tundraCfb Cfc Marine
Cs Mediterranean dry summer
EF Polar ice capH Highlandsummer
Cw Dry winter
g
AfAfIquitos Peru
Tropical wet
Iquitos, Peru
wet climate
AwAwTimbo, Guinea
Tropical wet and dry climate
BWhBWh
Arid desertArid desert climate
Phoenix, AZ
BWh
Arid desertArid desert climate
6
8
ion (in
)
4
thly Precupitat
2
Anv
erage Mon
t
Average annual precipitation 10.6 cm (4.19 inches)
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
A
BSkBSk
Dry, semi-id l
Denver, COarid, cool climate
CfaCfa
Humid sub- Mobile, ALtropical climate
CfbCfb
Humid marine Port Hardy, climate Canada
Csb Csa
Coastal Mediterranean Interior Mediterranean
DfcDfc
Moist C ti t Fairbanks AKContinental Sub polar
Fairbanks, AK
polar
ETET
Polar tundraPolar tundra
Barrow, AKBarrow, AK
Elevation Controls on ClimateElevation Controls on Climate
Ascending a mountain brings changes in temperature and precipitation, and so to will bring changes in vegetation types and micro-climates, as illustrated i thi k t h th t f l d t t d d i h tin this sketch that moves from grassland to tundra and icecap across a short distance of 180 km, and up a steep elevation of 4 km.
Extremes from last 30 yearsExtremes from last 30 years
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2007/dec/extreme-cities.html
Extremes from last 30 yearsExtremes from last 30 years
Climate Anomalies 2008Climate Anomalies 2008
From NCDChttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/2008/ann/significant-extremes2008.gif
Daily Climate SummaryDaily Climate SummaryThis is the climate summary for WednesdayReport published Thursday
Climate database
p p y
Indicates normal temperatures and precipitation and records
Annual Precipitation 2008Annual Precipitation 2008
Total Precipitation map from:
Jan to Dec 2008 Precipitation % of Normal map:http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/2008/dec/precip.dfn.ytd-cont-200812.gif
Total Precipitation map from:http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/regional_monitoring/us_12-month_precip.shtml
Drought TrackingDrought Tracking
Cloud ClimatologyCloud Climatology
• International Satellite Cloud Climatology Projectj
Average January Cloud Coverg y
Based on 2002-2006 MODIS Aqua daytime imagery