global gravity field models and the iag service icgem · tesseral. zonal. tesseral. sectorial....
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GlobalGravity Field Modelsand theIAG Service ICGEM(International Centre forGlobal Earth Models)
Franz BarthelmesGFZ German Research Centrefor GeosciencesTelegrafenberg14473 PotsdamSection 1.2
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Satellites Gravity Field: What can we measure?
orbit perturbations
Where are they come from?
Satellites + satellite altimetry+ terrestrial gravimetry
Global Gravity Field Models
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Global Gravity Field Models
acceleration differences inside the satellite Gradiometry
Satellites Gravity Field: What can we measure?
Where are they come from?
Satellites + satellite altimetry+ terrestrial gravimetry
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The Beginning: Sputnik 1
1957
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The first Measurements
Sputnik-observations in Potsdam
photo: V. Kroitsch
optical observation
1957: Sputnik 2 oblateness(Coefficient C2,0of sph. harm.)
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Optical Satellite Tracking
Baker Nunn(USA 1957)
AFU-75(USSR/Latvia 1967)
SBG(Germany/Jena 1966)
New technique: Laser
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Laser Ranging
pulsed laserphoton detectortime measurement
clockstart
clockstop
1975: Lageos-11975: Starlette1995: Lageos-21995: GFZ-1
parts of orbits
triple prism
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High–Low with GPS CHAMP
launch: 15.Juli 2000
satellite-to-satellite trackinghigh – low GPS
non-gravitational accelerations 3-d accelerometer
re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on 19.09.2010 after 10 years (design life: five years)
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Heigh–Low + Low–Low GRACE
GRACE: Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment
launch: 17.March 2002
satellite-to-satellite trackinghigh – low GPSlow – low microwaves
K-band (1.13-1.67cm)
non-gravitational accelerations 3-d accelerometer
still in orbit (design life: 5years) GRACE Follow on
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GOCE
satellite-to-satellite trackinghigh – low GPSmeasuring the non-gravitationalaccelerations active compensation
launch: 17.March 2009
Gravity Field and Steady State Ocean Circulation Explorer
Gradiometer re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on 11.11.2013
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Global Models – Improvement in History
Geoid differences of satellite-only models of the past to recent (“best”) combination solution as a function of spatial resolution
differences toEIGEN-6C4
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sperical harmonics
Mathematical Representation
zonaltesseralsectorial sectorialtesseral
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sperical harmonics
Mathematical RepresentationNmax
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Improvement of the Global Models
Pre-CHAMP (GRIM5)
Geoid [m]
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Improvement of the Global ModelsCHAMP 2004Geoid [m]
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Improvement of the Global ModelsGeoid [m] CHAMP 2010
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Improvement of the Global ModelsGeoid [m] GRACE 2004
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Improvement of the Global ModelsGeoid [m] GRACE 2010
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Improvement of the Global ModelsGeoid [m] GRACE + GOCE + surface data
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Change in Gravity Field from GRACELinear Trend from the model EIGEN-6 (time span: 1 Jan 2003 till 30 June 2009)
Geoid Equivalent Water Height (cm/year)
Ice Loss
Sumatra-EarthquakeDecember 2004
PostglacialUplift
Min: -27.2 cm/yMax: 11.2 cm/y
Ice Loss (?)
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ICGEM – A Service of the IAG
Commission 2 “Gravity Field”
IGFS - International Gravity Field Service
BGIInternational
Gravity BureauCNES Toulouse
IGeSInternationalGeoid ServicePolimi Milano
ICETInternationalCentre forEarth Tides
U.F. Polynesia
IDEMSInternational DEM ServiceDeMontfort UK
IGFSTechnicalCentreNGA
ICGEMInternationalCentre for
GlobalEarth Models
Since 2003
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Objectives / Status of ICGEM
• collecting and archiving of all existing global gravity field models
• making them available on the web
• use of standardised format (self-explanatory) ( accepted for GOCE / ESA)
• interactive visualisation of the models, their differences, and their time variation
• web-interface to calculate different gravity field functionals from the spherical
harmonic models on freely selectable grids (filtering included)
• evaluation of the models ( differences in the frequency domain, comparison
with GPS/levelling)
• answering of questions (online discussion forum / guest book)
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Table of available Models
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Interactive Visualisation Service
Geoid Gravity Anomaly
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Interactive Visualisation ServiceGeoid Differences of 2 Models
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Visualisation of Monthly Solutions
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Visualisation of Monthly Solutions
March 2006 March 2011 July 2011
Trendsannual
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Interactive Visualisation Service
Spherical Harmonics as Tutorial
zonal: l = 6, m = 0 sectorial: l = 9, m = 9 tesseral: l = 16, m = 9
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ProgramSHM2FUNC
Gravity Field Model(spherical harmonic coefficients)
Topography Model(gridded 1min x 1min → 2km)
(spherical harmonic coefficients)
Functionals of the GeopotentialHeight Anomaly, GeoidEquivalent Water Height
Gravity Anomaly, Gravity DisturbanceBouguer Anomalies
Potential, Gravity, Second R-derivative
Input forinterdisciplinary
Research
general interested
public
Calculation Service
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KnowledgePhysical GeodesyPotential Theory
Efficient ProgrammingFiltering
Gravity Field Model(spherical harmonic coefficients)
Topography Model(gridded 1min x 1min → 2km)
(spherical harmonic coefficients)
Functionals of the GeopotentialHeight Anomaly, GeoidEquivalent Water Height
Gravity Anomaly, Gravity DisturbanceBouguer Anomalies
Potential, Gravity, Second R-derivative
Input forinterdisciplinary
Research
general interested
public
Calculation Service
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Calculation Service
Web-Interface
Grids and Plots
Grid Area
FilteringTruncation
Reference System
ModelFunctional
Grid Density
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• height anomaly (on the Earth’s surface, on the ellipsoid)• geoid undulation• gravity anomaly (Molodensky, classical free air, spherical
approximation, Bouguer)• gravity disturbance (on the Earth’ surface, spherical
approximation)• gravity (on the Earth’ surface, on or above the ellipsoid)• gravitation (on or above the ellipsoid)• second radial derivative (on or above the ellipsoid)• equivalent water height (including elastic deformation)• potential (on or above the ellipsoid)
available functionals
~~
Calculation Service
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Explanation of the Functionals Explanation of the Filtering
Theory and Formulas Link to: Report STR09/02
Calculation Service
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• freely selectable grid areas
• automatic generation of plots
Calculation ofdownloadable Grids
Calculation Service
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Calculation Service
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Cross Sections(here: gravitation on and above the ellipsoid)
Calculation Service
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Evaluation of the Models
Comparisons in the spectral domain
plot for each model
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Evaluation of the ModelsComparisons with GPS-levelling data
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The G3-Browser (GFZ Grace Gravity Browser)
Greenland (south)
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The G3-Browser (GFZ Grace Gravity Browser)
Amazon
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The G3-Browser (GFZ Grace Gravity Browser)
Earthquake Sumatra 2004 (north)
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The G3-Browser (GFZ Grace Gravity Browser)
Earthquake Sumatra 2004 (north)
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Byproducts: Models of Moon, Mars and Venus
Mars
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Moon(GRAIL-mission)
Byproducts: Models of Moon, Mars and Venus
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“Geoid” of the Moonfrom GRAIL
Byproducts: Models of Moon, Mars and Venus
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ICGEM do NOT offer:research at the push of a button
But (hopefully) ICGEM:• is useful for educational purposes• helps to overcome obstacles in using the
global gravity field models• enables and stimulates research
Conclusion
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Thank You