GLOBAL HISTORYGLOBAL HISTORYReview Review - AFRICA- AFRICA

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BELIEF SYSTEMS: in Africa & Asia

Animism Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Confucianism & Daoism Legalism & Shintoism

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BELIEF SYSTEMS: Animism

• Things in Nature have SPIRITSThings in Nature have SPIRITS

• IMPACT:IMPACT:

- Appreciation & respect for things in Nature - Ancient Egyptians prayed to “the God of the Nile … the Giver of Life”

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PRE-HISTORICPRE-HISTORIC ? ? ? BCE? ? ? BCE

• PaleolithicPaleolithic (Old Stone Age) (Old Stone Age)- 4 million years ago- 4 million years ago- STONE tools/ CAVES / HUNTING- STONE tools/ CAVES / HUNTING

• Neolithic RevolutionNeolithic Revolution (30,000 BCE ) (30,000 BCE )- agriculture- agriculture- begin civilizations- begin civilizations- often “subsistence” agriculture- often “subsistence” agriculture

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Which of the following occurred during the Neolithic Revolution?

1. the change from hunting and food-gathering to farming2. a war for independence3. a rejection of Paleolithic values by Neolithic people4. the movement of people across the land bridge from North America to Asia

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Which of the following occurred

during the Neolithic Revolution?

1. the change from hunting and food-gathering

to farming2. a war for independence3. a rejection of Paleolithic values by Neolithic people4. the movement of people across the land bridge from North America to Asia

. . . Leads to development of cities & later civilizations. . . Ancient Egypt . .

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The Neolithic Revolution is often considered a turning point in history because

(1) city dwellers learned to control fire(2) societies became more nomadic(3) nuclear families evolved into extended families(4) permanent settlements developed in river Valleys

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The Neolithic Revolution

is often considered a turning point in history because

(1) city dwellers learned to control fire(2) societies became more nomadic(3) nuclear families evolved into extended families

(4) permanent settlements developed in river Valleys

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What was an important result of the Neolithic Revolution?

(1) Food supplies became more reliable. (2) New sources of energy became available. (3) People became more nomadic. (4) Populations declined.

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What was an important result of the Neolithic Revolution?

(1) Food supplies became (1) Food supplies became more reliable. more reliable. (2) New sources of energy became available. (3) People became more nomadic. (4) Populations declined.

What is one characteristic of a society that practices subsistence agriculture?

(1) growth of surplus crops for export(2) production of crops mainly for its own use(3) establishment of large state-owned farms(4) dependence on the use of slave labor for the production of crops

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What is one characteristic of a society that practices subsistence agriculture?

(1) growth of surplus crops for export(2) production of crops mainly for its own use(2) production of crops mainly for its own use(3) establishment of large state-owned farms(4) dependence on the use of slave labor for the production of crops

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3500 BCE - 500 BCE - Ancient Civilizations

• Sumeria & Mesopotamia… Tigris & Euphrates Rivers

• Ancient Egypt ... Nile River

• India … Indus River

• China ... Huang He (Yellow) River13

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EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

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Ancient Civilizations:

Sumeria/Mesopotamia

• Code of Hammurabi- set of written laws

• Cuneiform- writing system

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Ancient Civilizations:

Ancient Egypt

• Pharaoh [Absolute Monarch] Pharaoh [Absolute Monarch]

• Pyramids Pyramids

• HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics

• Polytheistic religionPolytheistic religion

• Irrigation systemIrrigation system

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Which would be a primary source of information about Ancient Egypt?

1. A history of ancient Egypt, written by an English scholar 2. Hieroglyphics on a wall inside a pyramid 3. A novel about the love affairs of Cleopatra 4. Your world history book

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Which would be a primary source of information about Ancient Egypt?

1. A history of ancient Egypt, written by an English scholar 2. Hieroglyphics on a wall inside a pyramid 3. A novel about the love affairs of Cleopatra 4. Your world history book

PRIMARY SOURCE = 1st … original source … first hand account … you were there & saw what happened

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Golden Ages

• DEFINITION… great achievements in art, literature, science, math, architecture … etc.

• Examples… Gupta, Elizabethan Era, Athens

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The Age of Pericles in Athens, the Gupta Empire in India, and the Tang dynasty in China all experienced a golden age with

1. advancements in the principles of democratic governments 2. outstanding contributions in the arts and sciences 3. the end of foreign domination 4. the furthest expansion of their borders

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The Age of Pericles in Athens, the Gupta Empire in India, and the Tang dynasty in China all experienced

a golden age with

1. advancements in the principles of democratic governments

2. outstanding contributions in the arts and sciences 3. the end of foreign domination 4. the furthest expansion of their borders

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Throughout history, many cultures experienced GOLDEN AGES. This means that these cultures

1. had little regard for the well-being of the people.2. were military dictatorships.3. had periods of intellectual and economic growth.4. lasted only a brief period of time.

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Throughout history, many cultures

experienced GOLDEN AGESGOLDEN AGES. . This means that these cultures

1. had little regard for the well-being of the people.2. were military dictatorships.

3. had periods of intellectual 3. had periods of intellectual and economic growth.and economic growth.4. lasted only a brief period of time.

Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa

• Mali EmpireMali Empire- Timbuktu & Mansa Musa- Timbuktu & Mansa Musa

• Songhai EmpireSonghai Empire

• BeninBenin

• ZimbabweZimbabwe

• BantuBantu27

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The contributions of the ancient civilizations of Ghana, Axum, Kush, and Mali demonstrates that

1. industrial technology was needed for African civilizations to develop 2. many African civilizations developed in southern Africa 3. most of the African Continent was unified under a single political system 4. advanced societies developed in Africa before Europeans colonized this region

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The contributions of the ancient civilizations

of Ghana, Axum, Kush, and Mali demonstrates that

1. industrial technology was needed for African civilizations to develop 2. many African civilizations developed in southern Africa 3. most of the African Continent was unified under a single political system 4. advanced societies developed in Africa before Europeans colonized this region

. . . west African Trade: gold & salt . . . 30

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Much of the wealth of the West African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali was gained from the

(1) sale of slaves to Europeans (2) taxation on goods brought by Indian merchants(3) creation of colonies on the Mediterranean coast (4) control of the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt

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Much of the wealth

of the West African kingdoms of Ghana and Mali was gained from the

(1) sale of slaves to Europeans (2) taxation on goods brought by Indian merchants (3) creation of colonies on the Mediterranean coast

(4) control of the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

• Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution- Land Enclosure + Science- Land Enclosure + Science

• Mass Production by machine• Great Britain FIRST due to

* Materials * Coal * Markets* Technology* Ports

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IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM 2 2

Nationalism + Industrialism

= ImperialismImperialism + War [ i.e. Great Britain … “Victorian Age” ]

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Land controlled by Great Britain .. 1900

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Imperialism & mercantilism helped bring about the Industrial Revolution by

1. increasing markets and the demand for goods. 2. increasing the power of feudal lords. 3. reducing the size of the middle class. 4. reducing the wealth of European monarchs.

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Imperialism & mercantilism helped bring about the Industrial Revolution by

1. increasing markets and the demand for goods. 2. increasing the power of feudal lords. 3. reducing the size of the middle class. 4. reducing the wealth of European monarchs.

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One way in which Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kenneth Kaunda are similar is that they all

1. supported the United Nations military action in the Persian Gulf War. 2. rejected financial aid from the World Bank.3. played a major role in independence movements in Africa.4. opposed the Pan-African movement.

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One way in which Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kenneth Kaunda are similar is that they all

1. supported the United Nations military action in the Persian Gulf War. 2. rejected financial aid from the World Bank.

3. played a major role in 3. played a major role in independence movements in Africa.independence movements in Africa.4. opposed the Pan-African movement.

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Before a nation can begin to industrialize, that nation must first develop

1. a democratic government 2. a rigid class structure 3. a strong religious foundation 4. an adequate food supply

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Before a nation can begin to industrialize, that nation must first develop

1. a democratic government 2. a rigid class structure 3. a strong religious foundation

4. an adequate food supply

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A main characteristic of laissez-faire capitalism was

1.government control of the economy 2.an increased number of government rules 3.that government did not interfere with business 4.government ownership of business

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A main characteristic of laissez-faire capitalism was

1.government control of the economy 2.an increased number of government rules

3. that government did not interfere with business 4.government ownership of business

Laissez-faire … “leave it alone” … let business regulate itself … competition in the market place … PriceChopper … ShopRite … Stop & Shop

Mr. Adam Smith wrote “Wealth of Nations”- he was behind this idea

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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a theory that economic conditions would significantly improve for the working class only when 1. governments accepted the capitalist system 2. workers (the proletariat) negotiated with the capitalists 3. the owners (the bourgeoisie) became the ruling class 4. workers (the proletariat) controlled the means of production

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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a theory that economic conditions would significantly improve for the working class only when 1. governments accepted the capitalist system 2. workers (the proletariat) negotiated with the capitalists 3. the owners (the bourgeoisie) became the ruling class

4. workers (the proletariat) controlled the means of production

Workers get to keep the profits …

HINT: Please make sure you know the vocab terms which are underlined …

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The needs of the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Europe greatly contributed to the

(1) growth of overseas empires (2) beginning of the triangular trade (3) development of international peacekeeping organizations (4) promotion of political and economic equality in North America and Australia

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The needs of the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Europe greatly contributed to the

(1) growth of overseas empires (2) beginning of the triangular trade (3) development of international peacekeeping organizations (4) promotion of political and economic equality in North America and Australia

Factories need raw materials … cotton grown in India, diamonds from South Africa… sugar (cane) from Cuba

These items, which are not available in Europe are then refined (processed) & sold back to the colonies

IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM 2 2

•“Berlin Conference” (Late 1800s)

- “Scramble for Africa” - Imperialism - Colonialism - Mercantilism

•Suez Canal49

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One of the most important motives for the European “Scramble for Africa” in the late 1800s was that Africa provided a source of

(1) raw materials used in industry(2) religious inspiration(3) free labor for the Americas(4) technologically innovative practices

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One of the most important motives

for the European “Scramble for Africa” (Berlin Conference)in the late 1800s was that Africa provided a source of

(1)(1) raw materials used in industry raw materials used in industry (back in factories in Britain, (back in factories in Britain, Germany & France) Germany & France)(2) religious inspiration(3) free labor for the Americas(4) technologically innovative practices

• Africa- Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)- Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya [ Mau Mau ] )- Rwanda (Tribalism: Hutu vs Tutsi)- Sudan: Dafur (Ethnic fighting: Arab vs African)+ PAN – AFRICANISM … OAU

• South Africa- 1910- Apartheid.. whites (Boers/Afrikaaners) vs Bantus - Nelson Mandela

POST World War II: POST World War II: AFRICAAFRICA

NATIONALISM - - - > INDEPENDENCENATIONALISM - - - > INDEPENDENCE

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Africa .. “carved up” the Europeans (Berlin Conference)

Africa - “gaining its independence” … Post World War II … 1945 - 1990 54

Laws of APARTHIED .. A part / separate

• 1949 – Mixed Marriage Law .. Prohibited marriages between white people and people of other races.

• 1950 .. Group Areas Act .. creating different residential areas for different races. Led to forced removals of people living in "wrong" areasSEGREGATED LIVING … Johannesburg (white) … Soweto (black)

• 1952 .. Natives Act .. the Pass Laws .. .. forced black people to carry identification with them at all times. .. A pass included a photograph, details of place of origin, employment record, tax payments, and encounters with the police. 55

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The Fight against Apartheid

• 1960s - Sharpeville Massacre ... white police attack Africans protesting against the Pass Laws

• 1970s - Soweto ... African children attacked for protesting against having to learn AFRIKAAN

• (language of white South Africans)• 1990s: Nelson Mandela released from jail ... becomes

President of South Africa . retired several years ago

• ... still much to be done to overcome affect of Apartheid ... economically, socially 57

Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu are similar in that both sought to

1. make Africa more industrial than agricultural. 2. put an end to the policy of apartheid. 3. run for political office. 4. achieve their goals using military force.

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Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu are similar in that both sought to

1. make Africa more industrial than agricultural. 2. put an end to the policy of apartheid. 3. run for political office. 4. achieve their goals using military force.

. . . World pressure . . .

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During the 20th & 21st centuries there has been much bloodshed in Rwanda and Darfur (Sudan).

On cause of this is

1. tribalism2. monotheism3. global warming4. democracy

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During the 20th & 21st centuries there has been much bloodshed in Rwanda and Darfur (Sudan).

On cause of this is

1. tribalism2. monotheism3. global warming4. democracy

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The term Pan-Africanism can best be defined as a movement whose purpose is to

1. promote African unity 2. support cultural diversity 3. encourage European investment in Africa 4. advocate a return to colonial conditions

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The term Pan-Africanism can best be defined as a movement whose purpose is to

1. promote African unity 2. support cultural diversity 3. encourage European investment in Africa 4. advocate a return to colonial conditions

TRIBALISM: Rwanda

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TRIBALISM: Rwanda

• early 1990s … Hutu vs Tutsi … ETHNIC CLEANSING • 850,000 people massacred in first 100 days• 11% of all females … 535,000 women were raped

• LIFE EXPECTANCY• Female: 39.2 years• Male: 38.14 years

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TRIBALISM: Sudan - Darfur

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TRIBALISM: Sudan - Darfur• Sudan … 80 different ethnic groupsSudan … 80 different ethnic groups

• Began … 2003 Began … 2003 • between 2 Muslim groups between 2 Muslim groups … vs the Sudan government … vs the Sudan government• 400,000 dead = GENOCIDE400,000 dead = GENOCIDE• 10,000 dying every month10,000 dying every month

• 2.5 million refugees … (people forced to flee)2.5 million refugees … (people forced to flee) … 15,000 dying each month in the refugee camps … 15,000 dying each month in the refugee camps … Lack of clean water … Lack of clean water … … diarrhea & malnutrition leading causes of death in the camps

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Many of the new African nations are having difficulty uniting their people because

1. there are many disloyal Europeans. 2. many people are still influenced

by their religion. 3. most African nations are still ruled by Europeans. 4. many people are loyal to their tribes than they are to their nations.

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Many of the new African nations are having difficulty uniting their people because

1. there are many disloyal Europeans. 2. many people are still influenced

by their religion. 3. most African nations are still ruled by Europeans. 4. many people are loyal to their tribes than they are to their nations.

. . . TRIBALISM vs Nationalism

. . . . . . Rwanda . . . . 69

What would a study of the recent civil wars in Sudan, Rwanda, and Bosnia-Herzegovina (Yugoslavia) show about these conflicts?

1. Ethnic conflict was not a factor in the late 20th century. 2. The United Nations was successful in resolving these disputes. 3. Genocide was used as a political and military tactic. 4. Civilians were not affected by these disputes.

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What would a study of the recent civil wars in Sudan, Rwanda, and Bosnia-Herzegovina (Yugoslavia) show about these conflicts?

1. Ethnic conflict was not a factor in the late 20th century.

2. The United Nations was successful in resolving these disputes.

3. Genocide was used as a political and military tactic.

4. Civilians were not affected by these disputes.

… contributing factors in all conflicts: ethnic traditions vs modern-day nationalism

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In the 1990s, which two countries dominated the headlines because genocide was occurring in those countries?

1. Switzerland and Poland2. Vietnam and Singapore3. Sudan and Rwanda4. Costa Rica and Jamaica

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In the 1990s, which two countries dominated the headlines because genocide was occurring in those countries?

1. Switzerland and Poland2. Vietnam and Singapore

3. Sudan and Rwanda4. Costa Rica and Jamaica

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In many African nations, a sense of national unity has been difficult to achieve because of the

1. desire not to offend former colonial rulers 2. Lack of strong national leaders3. lack of natural resources 4. Hostility between ethnic groups

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In many African nations, a sense of national unity has been difficult to achieve because of the

1. desire not to offend former colonial rulers 2. Lack of strong national leaders3. lack of natural resources

4. Hostility between ethnic groups

GLOBAL COOPERATIONCOOPERATION

• United Nations = PEACEPEACE … (collective security)… (collective security)... U.N. Security Council... U.N. Security Council

• OAS (Latin America)OAS (Latin America)

• OAU (Pan- Africanism)OAU (Pan- Africanism)

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The major goal of the United Nations is to

1. decrease world trade2. increase the size of colonial empires3. establish democracy in all nations4. maintain peace among nations

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The major goal of the United Nations is to

1. decrease world trade2. increase the size of colonial empires3. establish democracy in all nations

4. maintain PEACE among nations

… U.N. Security Council ...

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One barrier to (something that slows) economic progress

in developing African nations has been a shortage of

1. hot weather.2. unskilled workers.3. armies and navies.

4. money.

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One barrier to (something that slows) economic progress

in developing African nations has been a shortage of

1. hot weather.2. unskilled workers.3. armies and navies.

4. money.

. . . Pan- Africanism . . . . . . . . WATCH “skilled” vs “Unskilled” 80

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A major reason the United Nations has been more successful than the League of Nations is that the United Nations has

1. had greater participation on the part of the major powers 2. avoided programs to aid economic development in developing nations 3. eliminated war among its members 4. removed all trade barriers between members

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A major reason the United Nations has been more successful than the League of Nations is that the United Nations has

1. had greater participation on the part of the major powers 2. avoided programs to aid economic development in developing nations 3. eliminated war among its members 4. removed all trade barriers between members

The United States, who was behind the League of Nationsnever joined … some countries who did join only followed the League’s rules when it met their convenience or was of benefit to them

GLOBAL ISSUESISSUES

• Human Rights (Civil Liberties) • Overpopulation• Disease

• desertification• deforestation

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Which statement about the impact of the AIDS epidemic in both Africa and Southeast Asia is most accurate?

1. Life expectancy in both regions is declining.2. The availability of low-cost drugs has cured most of those infected.3. The introduction of awareness programs has eliminated the threat of the disease.4. Newborn babies and young children have not been affected by the disease.

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Which statement about the impact of the AIDS epidemic in both Africa and Southeast Asia is most accurate?

1. Life expectancy in both regions is declining.2. The availability of low-cost drugs has cured most of those infected.3. The introduction of awareness programs has eliminated the threat of the disease.4. Newborn babies and young children have not been affected by the disease.

HINT:… Another term for “AIDS” is a “disease” which kills people around the world

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Which problem in the savanna regions of Africa is caused by population pressures and overuse of the land?

1. rain forest destruction2. desertification3. air pollution4. flooding

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Which problem in the savanna regions of

Africa is caused by population pressures and overuse of the land?

1. rain forest destruction

2. desertification3. air pollution4. flooding

HINT:

… desertification = soil erosion … to become a desert

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• NATURAL RESOURCES

- “fresh” water, oil, gold, uranium,

navigable rivers

• OR LACK OF - Natural resources … water, energy

- “fresh” water - energy sources: oil, nuclear, water, wind - navigable waterways

GeographyGeography

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• Manipulation of resources … control flooding … hydroelectricity

- Aswan Dam (Egypt) - Three Gorges Dam (China)

• Desalinization … fresh water from salt water… Saudi Arabia

GeographyGeography

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• Slash & Burn Agriculture

• Deforestation for Timber

GeographyGeography

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Which characteristic did the early civilizations that developed along the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates, and the Hwang-Ho (Yellow River) have in common?

1. Each society’s religious beliefs were based on monotheism.2. Urban communities were built using iron and steel tools.3. The form of government in each community was based on male suffrage.4. Transportation and communication were promoted by a mild climate, fertile soil, and natural waterways.

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Which characteristic did the early civilizations that developed along the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates, and the Hwang-Ho (Yellow River) have in common?

1. Each society’s religious beliefs were based on monotheism.2. Urban communities were built using iron and steel tools.3. The form of government in each community was based on male suffrage.

4. Transportation and communication were promoted by a mild climate, fertile soilsoil, and natural waterwaterways. 92

GLOBAL ProblemsProblems

• Environmental- Desertification …. Desert expands, farmland decreases

- Deforestation

• Natural Resources

- Water - Trees: paper, furniture, housing

- Arable Land …. You can “grow” food

- Energy:

* Coal * Nuclear * Trees * Hydroelectric93

DESERTIFICATION

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Which of the following demonstrates “desertification”?

1.Malaysians chopping down trees in the rainforest.2.Knights in shining armor headed towards Jerusalem.3.Winds coming off the Sahara devouring valuable Egyptian farmland4.An earthquake occurring off the coast of Japan generating a tidal wave

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Which of the following demonstrates “desertification”?

1.Malaysians chopping down trees in the rainforest.2.Knights in shining armor headed towards Jerusalem.

3.Winds coming off the Sahara devouring valuable Egyptian farmland4.An earthquake occurring off the coast of Japan generating a tidal wave

Desertification = desert sands expanding … covering land

GLOBAL ProblemsProblems

• Overpopulation - Hunger, Famine, Infant Mortality - China (1 Child Policy) - India (Sterilization)

• Urbanization * Slums * Labor Abuse *Modern ?

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The term “infant mortality rate” deals with

1. Abundant crops … large amounts of food2. Global warming3. Child labor in the 19th century4. The # of children who do not live to past 2 years old

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The term “The term “infant mortality rateinfant mortality rate” deals with” deals with

1. Abundant crops … large amounts of food1. Abundant crops … large amounts of food2. Global warming2. Global warming3. Child labor in the 193. Child labor in the 19thth century century

4. The # of children who do 4. The # of children who do not live to past 2 years old not live to past 2 years old

“mortality = death”… thus they’re asking how many children die